Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency features a dramatic portrait of the Cigar Galaxy, or Messier 82 (M82). 



Through the lens of the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope, we see a galaxy so full of life that it seems almost restless, brimming with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hubble-detects-awe-inspiring-newborn-star/">newborn stars</a> and streaked with clouds of dust and gas.&nbsp;



Located 12 million light-years away in the constellation Ursa Major, the galaxy has earned its reputation as one of the most energetic star factories in the universe.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-galaxy-on-fire-with-stars">A galaxy on fire with stars</h2>



The Cigar Galaxy is no ordinary system. It’s what astronomers call a starburst galaxy, meaning it produces new stars at a furious rate. In fact, M82 is forming stars 10 times faster than our own Milky Way.&nbsp;



This frantic pace fuels the birth of massive clusters - each one containing hundreds of thousands of stars shining far brighter than typical star clusters.



Such explosive activity does not last forever. Starburst phases are intense but relatively short-lived on cosmic timescales.&nbsp;



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/evidence-that-earth-is-inside-a-colossal-structure-big-galaxy-ring/">Galaxies</a> like M82 burn through their star-making material quickly, which is why astronomers are eager to study them in detail while the activity is underway.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-glowing-heart-of-the-cigar-galaxy-nbsp">Glowing heart of the Cigar Galaxy&nbsp;</h2>



At the center of M82 lies its most striking feature: the galaxy’s glowing, star-filled heart. This region is packed with “super star clusters,” the stellar equivalents of bustling cities.&nbsp;



Clouds of gas and dust weave through the scene, partially obscuring the brilliant light and sculpting the view into a dramatic tapestry.



“A close-in view of the galaxy’s core shows bright bluish light radiating from stars, with a thick lane of dark gas running across the middle,” noted <a href="https://esahubble.org/images/potw2537a/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESA</a>.



“Reddish strands of dust thread outward, casting delicate shadows that make the scene even more dynamic.”&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-history-of-celestial-snapshots">A history of celestial snapshots</h2>



Hubble has looked at M82 many times before. Its 2012 Picture of the Week highlighted the galaxy’s dramatic starburst regions, and the telescope even showcased the galaxy in 2006 to celebrate its <a href="https://esahubble.org/news/heic0604/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">16th birthday</a>.&nbsp;



More recently, the James Webb Space Telescope has joined the effort, capturing infrared <a href="https://esawebb.org/news/weic2410/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">images</a> in 2024 and again in early 2025. These complementary views give astronomers a fuller picture. Webb can pierce through dust clouds that block visible light.



The newest release, however, is different. It includes data from Hubble’s High Resolution Channel, a sub-instrument of the Advanced Camera for Surveys. Installed in 2002, this channel was designed for ultra-detailed studies of crowded stellar environments.&nbsp;



For five years, it delivered some of Hubble’s sharpest views of galaxies like M82 before an electronics failure in 2007 shut it down. This image brings together that data, revealing details not seen in earlier Hubble portraits of the galaxy.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-starburst-galaxies-nbsp">Significance of starburst galaxies&nbsp;</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/black-hole-found-hiding-in-a-pure-starburst-galaxy/">Starburst galaxies</a> like M82 are laboratories for understanding stellar birth on the grandest scale. By studying how stars form under such extreme conditions, astronomers gain insights into how galaxies evolve and how cosmic environments shape the stars within them.&nbsp;



These galaxies also provide a window into the past, since conditions in starbursts may resemble those in the early universe, when galaxies were forming stars at similarly high rates.



Beyond the science, there’s something strikingly human about looking at such images. The Cigar Galaxy’s fiery core is more than an astronomical curiosity - it’s a reminder that galaxies are dynamic, living systems.&nbsp;



Galaxies form, they change, and they fade, all while shaping the stars that eventually give rise to planets and, perhaps, life itself.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-capturing-the-cigar-galaxy-nbsp">Capturing the Cigar Galaxy&nbsp;</h2>



As telescopes continue to probe M82, new details will no doubt emerge. Hubble’s legacy data, paired with Webb’s ongoing infrared observations, allow astronomers to trace the galaxy’s starburst activity across wavelengths and time.&nbsp;



Together, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/webb-telescope-may-reveal-how-fast-the-universe-is-expanding/">telescopes</a> reveal a portrait of cosmic energy, one that has fascinated scientists and the public alike for decades.



For now, this latest image captures the Cigar Galaxy in a state of near frenzy - its heart ablaze with stars, its features sculpted by dust and gas, and its story still unfolding 12 million light-years away.



Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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Hubble reveals the Cigar Galaxy in stunning new detail

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency features a dramatic portrait of the Cigar Galaxy, or Messier 82 (M82). Through the lens of the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope, we see a galaxy so full of life that it seems almost restless, brimming with newborn stars and streaked with clouds of dust and gas.&nbsp; Located 12 million light-years away in the constellation Ursa Major, the galaxy has earned its reputation as one of the most energetic star factories in the universe....

Today's Image of the Day from NASA features the spiral galaxy NGC 2566, which is located 76 million light-years away in the constellation Puppis. The striking image was captured by the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope.



“A prominent bar of stars stretches across the center of this galaxy, and spiral arms emerge from each end of the bar. Because NGC 2566 appears tilted from our perspective, its disk takes on an almond shape, giving the galaxy the appearance of a cosmic eye,” said <a href="https://phys.org/news/2024-12-hubble-spies-spiral-galaxy-ngc.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>.



“As NGC 2566 appears to gaze at us, astronomers gaze right back, using Hubble to survey the galaxy's star clusters and star-forming regions.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-complex-appearance-of-ngc-2566">Complex appearance of NGC 2566</h2>



NGC 2566 lies at a considerable distance from Earth, making it a challenging object for amateur astronomers to observe in detail without powerful telescopes.&nbsp;



It can be seen in the Southern Hemisphere sky and is better observed from locations with minimal <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-light-pollution-influences-interest-in-astronomy/">light pollution</a>.&nbsp;



The galaxy's arms are populated with young, bright stars, regions of active star formation, and interstellar gas and dust - giving it a dynamic and complex appearance.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-measuring-the-ages-of-stars">Measuring the ages of stars</h2>



According to NASA, data from Hubble is especially valuable for studying stars that are just a few million years old. “These stars are bright at the ultraviolet and visible wavelengths to which Hubble is sensitive.”



“Using these data, researchers can measure the ages of NGC 2566's stars, which helps piece together the timeline of the galaxy's star formation and the exchange of gas between star-forming clouds and the stars themselves.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-star-formation-in-galaxies">Star formation in galaxies</h2>



Star formation in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/shapes-of-one-million-galaxies-hint-at-the-universes-origins/">galaxies</a> is a fascinating and complex process that unfolds over millions of years. It begins in vast clouds of gas and dust, known as molecular clouds, which are often found in the spiral arms of galaxies or in regions of irregular or starburst galaxies.&nbsp;



These clouds provide the raw material for star formation, consisting primarily of hydrogen and helium, with trace amounts of heavier elements.



As the molecular clouds collapse under their own gravity, regions within them begin to condense and fragment, forming dense clumps. Within these clumps, protostars emerge. Their formation is driven by the gravitational pull drawing in surrounding gas.&nbsp;



During this process, the gas heats up due to increasing pressure, eventually igniting nuclear fusion in the core, signaling the birth of a new star.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rates-of-star-formation">Rates of star formation</h2>



The rate of star formation varies across galaxies is influenced by numerous factors. In spiral galaxies like the Milky Way, star formation is most active in the spiral arms, where density waves compress gas and dust, triggering the collapse of molecular clouds.&nbsp;



Elliptical galaxies, which often have little cold gas and dust, typically exhibit low rates of star formation or none at all.



On the other hand, starburst galaxies experience episodes of exceptionally high star formation, often triggered by <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/webb-captures-a-galaxy-collision-with-a-radiant-smile/">galactic collisions</a> or interactions.



These events can funnel large amounts of gas into central regions, leading to intense star-forming activity. However, such bursts are usually short-lived on cosmic timescales, exhausting the available gas quickly.



The environment within a galaxy also plays a significant role. Stellar winds and supernova explosions from existing stars can both inhibit and promote star formation. They may disperse gas, preventing further collapse, or compress nearby clouds, triggering new star formation.&nbsp;



As galaxies evolve over time, the availability of gas diminishes, leading to a gradual decline in star formation activity.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-puppis-constellation-nbsp">The Puppis constellation&nbsp;</h2>



The Puppis constellation in the southern sky represents the stern of a ship. It was once part of a larger constellation known as Argo Navis, which depicted the mythical ship of Jason and the Argonauts.&nbsp;



However, Argo Navis was later divided into three separate constellations: Puppis, Carina (the keel), and Vela (the sails). Puppis is the largest of these three and contains many notable celestial objects.



This constellation is home to several bright stars, including Naos (Zeta Puppis), a hot, massive star that emits intense ultraviolet radiation. Puppis also hosts a wide variety of deep-sky objects, such as open <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/stunning-star-clusters-captured-in-the-extreme-outskirts-of-the-milky-way/">star clusters</a> and nebulae.&nbsp;



Among these, Messier 46 and Messier 47 stand out. Both are beautiful star clusters that are visible through binoculars or small telescopes. The region is dense with stars because it lies along the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/milky-way-collision-may-change-everything-we-know-about-our-galaxy/">Milky Way</a>, making it a prime area for stargazing and astrophotography. 



Image Credit: NASA



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Eye in the sky: A galaxy that appears to be gazing back

Today's Image of the Day from NASA features the spiral...

It was dated in the early 20th century. After a painful search for his house’s history, he discovered that the wine cellar had to be closed up because it was built without planning permission. But what about the giant bubble and plastic?

Illegal Build

It was dated in the early 20th century. After a...

As James and Sarah later found out, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nanotoxicology-could-help-assess-the-risks-of-microplastics/">plastic</a> sheet was the easiest way to recover the yard’s appearance and reintroduce fertile soil without having to write a pricey check to demolish the structure and buy soil from scratch. They learnt that the mysterious grass bubble was a phenomenon known as a ‘lawn blister’.

Explanations

As James and Sarah later found out, the plastic sheet...

A lawn blister happens most commonly in lawns that have a plastic sheet underneath the grass surface. This plastic sheet is used in lawns that have bad soil in order to encourage healthy grass to grow. The plastic is placed over the bad soil and new fresh soil is placed on top where grass will then grow and flourish. But here’s how the strange occurrence happens…

Lawn Blister

A lawn blister happens most commonly in lawns that have...

Although rare, water can sometimes find its way under the plastic layer and get trapped. The water will continue to build with nowhere to go causing the grass to grow and rise with the mounting pressure. In James’ case, the night of thunderous rainfall did the trick. Luckily, there was no burst pipe, but did James put himself in danger bursting it?

The Cause

Although rare, water can sometimes find its way under the...

Although they may look threatening, they aren’t dangerous but that doesn’t mean you shouldn’t be careful. Depending on the size of these lawn blisters, they can end up flooding your lawn. So make sure to pave a path for the water to drain to avoid ruining your yard with excessive water. And even though James dealt with the situation well, not everybody agreed…

Treat With Caution

Although they may look threatening, they aren’t dangerous but that...

Jodie was well aware of her surroundings and what she was about to do, but she couldn’t just walk away. The wolf was visibly panicked as it watched her creep closer to it. It tried desperately to get as far away from her as possible, but its paw was caught in a trap. She could hear something moving behind her and quickly stopped what she was doing to look over her shoulder.&nbsp;At first she noticed a single silhouette appear from between the trees, and suddenly, more and more silhouettes were appearing. They were staring at her as they slowly walked towards her. She could see puffs of their breath in the cold air around them.&nbsp;

Mysterious Silhouettes

Jodie was well aware of her surroundings and what she...

Growing up in Colorado, she had loved animals for as long as she could remember, especially canines. She fantasized about someday meeting a wolf in the wild and how she would react to seeing one. But several years later, as an adult, her dream came true. But it wasn’t at all what she had imagined it would be. She had it all planned out, but those plans didn’t matter. These wolves didn’t care at all.

Animal Lover

Growing up in Colorado, she had loved animals for as...

When Jodi decided to volunteer for the Colorado Wolf and Wildlife Center, she was nervous. Although she was excited, she didn’t know what to expect. But she had wanted to meet a wolf for so long now, and she was finally going to make it happen. When the opportunity presented itself, she took it. She was grateful that this also gave her the opportunity to help animals in need. But she never would have expected this.

Golden Opportunity

When Jodi decided to volunteer for the Colorado Wolf and...

Tired,Woman,Runner,Taking,A,Rest,After,Running,Hard,In

Heat does more than make us uncomfortable. It quietly chips away at human performance and shortens the life of devices and materials.



The challenge has been measuring that damage cleanly and comparing it across very different systems. A fresh framework now shows how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humid-heat-days-are-a-growing-threat-to-public-health/">temperature</a> rise pulls down reliability and speeds wear.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-heat-harms-systems">How heat harms systems</h2>



The physics here sits inside thermodynamics, the study of how energy moves and changes form. 



When a system runs, a slice of useful energy turns into heat, and that heat can reorganize a material’s microstructure in ways that add up to damage over time.



This work comes from <a href="https://people.utwente.nl/j.a.osara" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dr. Jude A. Osara</a>, an assistant professor in the Faculty of Engineering Technology at the <a href="https://www.utwente.nl/en/">University of Twente</a>. 



His project asks a simple question with big consequences, how much of what fails in real systems comes from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/heat-is-making-crop-harvests-wildly-unpredictable/">temperature</a> rise itself.



Heat also raises entropy, a measure of internal disorder, and entropy links to both performance and degradation. 



The key is to separate what heat does from what the main job of the system is doing, whether that is moving a bike crank, storing charge, or sliding a bearing.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-measuring-heat-damage">Measuring heat damage</h2>



Osara introduces microstructurothermal (<a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7515188/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MST</a>) entropy, a term that captures the specific contribution of temperature rise to change inside a system. 



In <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2673-3161/6/3/62" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tests</a> with a lithium-ion cell, the framework found that temperature rise accounted for about 37 percent of total degradation during discharge.



That number matters because it is easy to ignore heat when the main signal feels dominant. 



A battery’s current looks big compared with its <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cement-of-the-future-cooling-cities-and-cutting-emissions/">heat</a>, and an athlete’s power meter looks louder than their skin temperature, yet the thermal side still bites into durability.



The framework also distinguishes transformation, how performance is changing right now, from degradation, the lasting loss of health. 



Keeping those threads apart makes it easier to see when cooling restores capacity and when it only slows the slide.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-heat-in-bodies-and-batteries">Heat in bodies and batteries</h2>



“My calculations show that heat is not just a by-product, but an active mechanism that impairs performance and accelerates degradation,” said Dr. Osara. 



In the same analysis, elite cyclists training at 32°C (89.6°F) showed a 27 percent higher cardiovascular load than at 23°C (73.4°F).



Exercise studies back up that picture with measured outcomes. A classic <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11104310/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">study</a> of 11 elite road cyclists recorded roughly a 6.5 percent drop in power output during a 30 minute time trial at 32°C compared with 23°C.



The battery world tells a similar story, and it is not just the average <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/extreme-heat-is-scrambling-reptile-reproduction/">temperature</a> that matters. 



Even small <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s44172-023-00124-w" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">thermal gradients</a> speed damage, with one study showing that a 3°C (37.4°F) difference inside a single cell drove a 300 percent increase in degradation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-heat-in-mechanical-systems">Heat in mechanical systems</h2>



In mechanical systems like<a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/journal-bearing" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"> journal bearings</a>, friction creates both wear and heat. When cooling is poor, that heat raises local temperatures, changes material properties, and speeds the breakdown of the surfaces in contact.&nbsp;



Tests have shown that once the temperature rise passes certain thresholds, the damage rate grows far more quickly than expected from friction alone.



Greases and lubricants face similar problems. Their microstructures soften or chemically change when exposed to elevated temperatures. 



Even when the load or pressure is constant, heat shifts the balance toward earlier failure, shortening service life. 



By applying the MST framework, these small but steady losses can be tracked and managed with more precision.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-keeping-systems-cool">Keeping systems cool</h2>



The stakes are growing, fast. Globally, electricity use for cooling is projected to more than double by 2050, according to a UN <a href="https://www.unep.org/resources/global-cooling-watch-2023" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">report</a>.



For engineers, the takeaway is straightforward. Keep the MST term small by limiting heat generation, improving heat spread, and holding temperature in the device’s sweet spot.



For clinicians and athletes, the same logic applies. Cooler skin and steadier core temperature reduce cardiovascular strain, support output, and lower risk.



For operators and maintainers, the numbers help prioritize actions. If a third of a battery’s degradation rides on temperature rise, smarter tribology choices, better airflow, or active cooling are not add-ons, they are life-extenders.



For students, the framework shows how to make a clean energy balance that includes both the useful work and the thermal side. 



It also shows why reversible, near-isothermal steps can act like “healing” in rechargeable cells, because they add energy while holding dissipation near zero.



The study is published in <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2673-3161/6/3/62" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Applied Mechanics</a>.



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Heat quietly destroys both mechanical and human performance from the inside out

Heat does more than make us uncomfortable. It quietly chips...

Tires do not just wear down on the road, they shed tiny particles and additives that end up in people. A recent human biomonitoring study measured 150 urine samples in South China and looked for two tire related chemicals.



Those chemicals are 6PPD and 6PPD-quinone, a transformation product that forms when 6PPD reacts during use. The researchers reported high detection across participants.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-6ppd-chemicals-in-humans">6PPD chemicals in humans</h2>



<a href="https://researchportal.port.ac.uk/en/persons/henry-obanya" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Henry Obanya</a> of the <a href="https://researchportal.port.ac.uk/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Portsmouth</a> has warned that tire pollution deserves its own category because it behaves differently from typical plastic fragments. 



That concern lines up with what the lab data are showing in people. Both 6PPD and 6PPD-quinone were present in the urine dataset. 



Concentrations were not uniform across groups. Median 6PPD-quinone levels were higher in pregnant women than in adults and children, and the team estimated a daily excretion of about 273 nanograms per kilogram of body weight for pregnant women.



The results also pointed to coexposure. The authors saw a strong correlation between 6PPD and its quinone form, which fits what we know about how the parent compound transforms inside and outside the body.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-6ppd-enters-human-bodies">How 6PPD enters human bodies</h2>



Tire wear releases particles and additives that move through air and water, then settle in soil and dust. These residues can be inhaled, swallowed with food, or brought indoors on shoes and clothing.



Multiple assessments place tire wear among the top sources of plastic particles in the environment. 



Tires contribute roughly one quarter of primary microplastics in global <a href="https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/2017-002-En.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">estimates</a>, which helps explain why tire related chemicals are now turning up widely.



Traffic exposes cities and suburbs to these particles every day. Roads funnel debris into storm drains and waterways, and braking and cornering keep generating fresh wear particles.



Households are not sealed off from this stream. Particles and the chemicals attached to them can accumulate in indoor dust, which is another route of exposure for families.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fish-deaths-as-a-warning-sign">Fish deaths as a warning sign</h2>



Before scientists saw 6PPD-quinone in people, they saw what it did to fish. A 2021 <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33273063/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">paper</a> identified 6PPD-quinone as the tire derived chemical in urban runoff that causes rapid deaths in returning coho salmon.



Those findings reshaped how researchers view tire additives in the environment. The compound is potent for several fish species, so even short pulses during rain events can be dangerous for sensitive salmonids (salmon, trout, and charr).



This is not just a West Coast story. Similar chemistry can play out in any watershed where busy roads meet streams, especially near culverts and outfalls during the first flush of rain.



Wildlife effects will not map cleanly onto human risk, but they do set off alarms. When a transformation product is this toxic to aquatic life, it makes sense to track where it goes and how people encounter it.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-6ppd-in-human-urine">6PPD in human urine</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tire-particles-flood-freshwater-with-toxic-microplastics/">Tire</a> makers add 6PPD to protect rubber from cracking due to ozone and oxygen. That protection helps tires last, but it also creates a steady source of chemical residues as tread wears down.



6PPD-quinone forms from that same protective chemistry. The quinone is more mobile in water, it travels with stormwater runoff, and it shows up in roadway puddles and creek water after rain.



The human urine results fit with what we know about metabolism. In vitro tests with human liver material showed that 6PPD gets rapidly depleted, which helps explain why we see more of the quinone form in urine than the parent compound.



Exposure likely comes from several pathways at once. People living near busy roads, working around traffic, or handling contaminated dust may face higher combined exposure over time.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-regulators-are-starting-to-do">What regulators are starting to do</h2>



Environmental agencies are beginning to set benchmarks for aquatic life. In 2024, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (<a href="https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2024-05/6ppd-q-screening-value-2024.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EPA</a>) issued acute aquatic life screening values for 6PPD-quinone to guide short term protection for sensitive fish.



Those values are not full water quality criteria, but they matter. They give states and cities a reference point for roadway runoff controls and for testing stormwater treatment designs.



Scientists are also working on better detection methods. More sensitive monitoring of road runoff, sediments, and indoor dust can reveal where exposure is highest and how to reduce it.



Communities are trying tire particle capture ideas at the curb and on vehicles. It will take careful testing to prove what actually cuts concentrations in real settings.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tires-6ppd-and-human-health">Tires, 6PPD, and human health</h2>



The human biomonitoring signal is clear. People are picking up tire related chemicals, and one of them, 6PPD-quinone, is present in most samples from the study population.



Health effects in people remain uncertain. That is why researchers stress long term tracking and comparisons across ages, jobs, and neighborhoods.



“We urgently need to classify tyre <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tea-bags-release-millions-of-plastic-particles-during-brewing/">particles</a> as a unique pollution category,” said Obanya. The case for treating tire pollution as a distinct issue is growing.&nbsp;



That step would focus research and standards on the chemicals most likely to cause harm. It would also help separate tire wear from other plastic sources that behave differently in the environment.



For now, the science points to a practical takeaway. Tracking these compounds in water, dust, and urine will show where exposure is highest and which fixes actually work.



Communities do not have to wait for a single silver bullet. Runoff treatment, smarter road design, and better tire formulations can each chip away at the problem if they are tested and verified.



The study is published in <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.estlett.2c00821#" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Environmental Science &amp; Technology Letters</a>.



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Toxic chemicals from tires are detected in human urine, including pregnant women

Tires do not just wear down on the road, they...

On July 29, a powerful 8.8 magnitude earthquake rocked the ocean floor off Russia’s Kamchatka Peninsula, triggering a tsunami that raced across the Pacific Ocean. 



Though the waves didn’t cause much damage, the event did something just as important - it tested a new kind of tsunami detection system. And the system worked.



This system didn’t use underwater sensors or buoys. It didn’t rely on the usual seismic warning tools either. It looked up - to space.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tsunamis-shake-air-and-sea">Tsunamis shake air and sea</h2>



When a tsunami forms, it’s not just the water that moves. The surface of the ocean can rise and fall across huge areas, all at once. That giant motion pushes air above it. 



The pressure waves shoot up into the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-may-amplify-the-impacts-of-geomagnetic-storms/">upper atmosphere</a> and keep going - thousands of miles per hour, all the way into the ionosphere. That’s where satellites fly and GPS signals travel.



As those waves move through the atmosphere, they bend and stretch radio signals. You can’t hear or see it happening, but NASA’s new system can catch the signs.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-guardian-bends-signals-into-warnings">GUARDIAN bends signals into warnings</h2>



The GNSS Upper Atmospheric Real-time Disaster Information and Alert Network (GUARDIAN) uses data from over 350 satellite ground stations spread across the world.



These stations are constantly communicating with satellites that make up what’s called the Global Navigation Satellite System - or GNSS - which includes GPS and similar systems.



Normally, ground systems fix distortions in these signals to get accurate location data. But GUARDIAN looks at those distortions instead. When it sees a certain kind of signal bending - the kind that happens after a tsunami shakes the sky - it starts pulling together a picture. 



If it finds something suspicious, it notifies experts within minutes. And that’s exactly what happened during the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/swot-satellite-captures-tsunami-triggered-by-kamchatka-earthquake/">Kamchatka earthquake</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-earthquake-validates-the-new-system">Earthquake validates the new system</h2>



A day before the earthquake hit, the GUARDIAN team launched two new components of the system. 



One was an artificial intelligence tool trained to spot important atmospheric changes. The other was a new messaging system designed to send alerts faster. When the earthquake struck, both parts kicked into action.



“GUARDIAN functioned to its full extent,” said Camille Martire, one of the developers of the technology at <a href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/">NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a>.



The GUARDIAN system flagged signs of a tsunami just 20 minutes after the quake. It detected the signals of an approaching wave about 30 to 40 minutes before the water reached Hawaii and other locations around the Pacific.



“Those extra minutes of knowing something is coming could make a real difference when it comes to warning communities in the path,” said JPL scientist Siddharth Krishnamoorthy.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tsunami-detection-in-record-time">Tsunami detection in record time</h2>



GUARDIAN can detect changes in the atmosphere from a tsunami threat in near real time. Within 10 minutes of collecting the data, it can build a snapshot showing the effects of a tsunami reaching the upper atmosphere.



While it still requires trained experts to interpret the information, the system is one of the fastest tools available for tsunami monitoring.



Today, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-study-proposes-using-ai-to-improve-tsunami-warnings-in-tourist-areas/">tsunami warnings</a> mostly rely on seismic data and deep-ocean sensors. These methods work well, but they aren’t perfect. Some undersea quakes don’t cause tsunamis. And ocean sensors are expensive and spread thin across the vast ocean.



“NASA’s GUARDIAN can help fill the gaps,” said Christopher Moore, director of the NOAA Center for Tsunami Research. “It provides one more piece of information, one more valuable data point, that can help us determine, yes, we need to make the call to evacuate.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-looking-up-to-save-lives">Looking up to save lives</h2>



What makes GUARDIAN different is where it’s looking from. It’s watching the sky to learn what’s happening in the sea. It doesn’t care what caused the waves - <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/can-we-detect-major-earthquakes-months-in-advance/">earthquake</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/can-a-volcano-be-stopped-before-it-erupts-to-give-ample-warning-to-citizens/">volcano</a>, landslide, or even strange weather patterns. 



It simply detects when something big has moved in the ocean and picks up the signs that ripple through the atmosphere.



This tool can sense evidence of a tsunami up to about 745 miles from a ground station. In the best-case scenarios, this could give coastal towns near these stations up to 1 hour and 20 minutes to prepare and evacuate.



Bill Fry, who leads the United Nations working group for tsunami warning in the Pacific, noted that this approach represents a major shift in how warnings can be issued.



“GUARDIAN is absolutely something that we in the early warning community are looking for to help underpin next generation <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-era-in-forecasting-ai-will-improve-extreme-weather-warnings/">forecasting</a>,” said Fry.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-guardian-s-tsunami-alerts">GUARDIAN's tsunami alerts</h2>



One big plus of GUARDIAN is that it’s not tied to one country. It uses open data from NASA’s global satellite network, making it available to other nations that need fast, reliable information.



“Tsunamis don’t respect national boundaries,” said Adrienne Moseley, co-director of the Joint Australian Tsunami Warning Centre. “We need to be able to share data around the whole region to be able to make assessments about the threat for all exposed coastlines.”



The Kamchatka event didn’t destroy buildings or flood towns. But it showed how much time a few extra minutes can buy when you’re racing against a wall of water. And it proved that a system watching the sky can help protect what’s on the ground.



Image Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech



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NASA can now detect a tsunami forming from space

On July 29, a powerful 8.8 magnitude earthquake rocked the...

Frequent heading in amateur soccer is linked with microstructural changes inside the brain’s folds. Those changes also track with slightly poorer scores on memory and thinking tests. The results point to an association, not proof of harm, but they flag a vulnerable layer that may reveal early injury.



Led by Michael L. Lipton, MD, PhD, at <a href="https://www.columbia.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Columbia University</a>, a new study focused on how everyday soccer might affect the brain in non-professional athletes. The authors stress that the findings are observational and cannot prove cause and effect.



“While taking part in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/your-brain-reacts-to-sports-like-it-does-to-religion/">sports</a> has many benefits, including possibly reducing the risk of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/speech-pattern-wfd-that-is-a-clear-indication-a-person-is-in-cognitive-decline/">cognitive decline</a>, repetitive head impacts from contact sports like soccer may offset those potential benefits,” Lipton said.&nbsp;



“Our study found that people who experienced more impacts from headers had more disruptions within a specific layer in the folds of the brain, and that these disruptions were also linked to poorer performance on thinking and memory tests.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-soccer-heading-and-brain-impacts">Soccer heading and brain impacts</h2>



The researchers enrolled 352 amateur soccer players, average age 26. For comparison, they also included 77 athletes in non-collision sports, average age 23. All participants reported their soccer activity for the prior year so the team could estimate head impacts from heading.&nbsp;



Players were then grouped by heading frequency, from the lowest exposure to the highest. Self-reports suggested a wide range of exposure. The highest group averaged about 3,152 headers per year.&nbsp;



The lowest group averaged 105. While any self-report can be imperfect, the spread provided a way to see whether brain measures varied with estimated impacts.



Through advanced brain imaging, the team focused on juxtacortical white matter. This is the thin layer of wiring that runs just beneath the brain’s gray matter in the cerebral cortex. In simple terms, it sits in the creases and ridges and carries signals between nearby cortical areas.



The scans tracked how water molecules move within that tissue. In healthy, well-organized white matter, water tends to move in a more orderly way. When the structure is disrupted, that movement looks more disorganized.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-the-scans-revealed">What the scans revealed</h2>



Compared with the low-heading group and the non-collision athletes, players in the highest heading group showed greater disruption in this juxtacortical layer. As estimated headers increased, the organization of water movement declined.&nbsp;



That pattern suggests worsening microstructure in the tissue lining the brain’s folds. The orbitofrontal region - just above the eye sockets - stood out. Disruptions there partially explained the link between repeated heading and lower cognitive scores.



Participants took standard tests of thinking and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/memory-isnt-only-stored-in-our-brains-other-cells-can-remember-too/">memory</a>. Players who performed worse tended to have more disorganized water movement in the juxtacortical white matter.&nbsp;



The relationship does not prove that one causes the other. However, it does show that the brain changes and test scores rise and fall together in a meaningful way.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-the-folds-may-be-vulnerable">Why the folds may be vulnerable</h2>



The cortex folds to pack more brain surface into a limited space. That creates many short, local connections running through the juxtacortical layer.&nbsp;



Repetitive, low-level impacts might stress this thin wiring over time. If so, measuring this layer could help detect subtle injury earlier than conventional scans, which often look normal after mild impacts.



The research cannot prove that heading caused the changes. The heading counts were based on memory, which can be off.&nbsp;



Other factors - sleep, stress, or prior injuries - could also play a role. Still, the association is consistent and points to a specific, testable target for future studies. Larger, longer studies that track players over time and include objective head impact sensors will be key.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-needless-impacts-of-soccer-heading">Needless impacts of soccer heading </h2>



“Our findings suggest that this layer of white matter in the folds of the brain is vulnerable to repeated trauma from heading and may be an important place to detect <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/concussions-alter-brain-signals-that-are-crucial-for-memory-and-focus/">brain injury</a>,” Lipton said.



“More research is needed to further explore this relationship and develop approaches that could lead to early detection of sports-related head trauma.”



Amateur players who head the ball more often show measurable differences in the brain’s thin white-matter layer along the cortex folds. Those differences also align with slightly lower performance on thinking and memory tests.&nbsp;



The results don’t prove harm, but they highlight a sensitive brain region that may help detect trouble earlier - and they raise practical questions about how to keep the joy and benefits of soccer while reducing needless head impacts.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.neurology.org/doi/10.1212/WNL.0000000000214034" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Neurology</a>.



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Soccer heading linked to changes in brain folds

Frequent heading in amateur soccer is linked with microstructural changes...

oficial-trabajar-mas-de-seis-horas-derecho-15-minutos-descanso -

Arctic sea ice helps steer winter weather in North America and Europe, sometimes in ways that catch people off guard.



When the ice cover shrinks or thins, the ocean and atmosphere trade heat differently. That can affect large-scale winds that guide cold outbreaks and storms.



Scientists have long tracked how less ice can alter the energy balance in the Arctic and ripple into weather patterns farther south. The effect is not automatic, and it plays out alongside many other climate drivers.



<a href="https://nsidc.org/about/about-nsidc/what-we-do/our-people/walter_meier" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Walt Meier</a> of the National Snow and Ice Data Center (<a href="https://nsidc.org/home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NSIDC</a>) has studied these changes for decades. His team’s monitoring work helps explain why regional cold snaps can still happen in a warming world.



Cold spells are more likely when high-latitude winds weaken and meander. That sets the stage for lobes of Arctic air to slip into the midlatitudes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-arctic-ice-and-the-polar-vortex">Arctic ice and the polar vortex</h2>



The Arctic vortex is a persistent low-pressure circulation that, when strong, holds frigid air near the pole. Sometimes it weakens, and when that happens, cold air can spill south.



<a href="https://www.earth.com//news/why-global-warming-hasnt-ended-extreme-winter-cold/">The polar vortex</a> is a massive circulation of cold, low-pressure air that normally stays centered over the Arctic. 



At times, this circulation can weaken and shift away from its usual position. When that happens, the jet stream, which normally flows in a fairly tight pattern, becomes more wavy and irregular. These waves allow frigid Arctic air to break free and move southward. 



The result can be sharp temperature drops across large areas of the United States, heavy snow in the Great Lakes region, and prolonged cold spells in parts of Canada and Europe.



Not every cold snap is a polar vortex event. Still, the vortex is a useful signal to watch as winter approaches.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-satellites-saw-in-2025">What satellites saw in 2025</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/forever-chemicals-threaten-arctic-wildlife-and-human-health/">Arctic</a> sea ice reached a record low winter maximum on March 22, 2025, at 5.53 million square miles. That was the lowest maximum in the 47-year satellite record.



By August, the long-term summer decline continued. For August 2025, the downward linear trend in extent was 9.8 percent per decade relative to 1981 to 2010, with the month averaging 2.09 million square miles of ice.



The age mix of the pack matters too. Multiyear ice now makes up only a small fraction of what it was in the 1980s, and the oldest ice is minimal.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sea-ice-sunlight-and-heat">Sea ice, sunlight, and heat</h2>



Brightness plays a critical role in how the Arctic interacts with sunlight, since ice, snow, and open water each reflect or absorb energy differently. 



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/antarctic-sea-ice-collapse-linked-to-a-sudden-surge-in-ocean-salt/">Sea ice</a> and snow bounce much of the sun’s radiation back into space, while darker ocean water soaks it up and stores the heat. 



This difference in reflectivity helps determine how fast the region warms, how stable the ice cover remains, and how much energy feeds into the atmosphere above.



“The ocean reflects only 6 percent of the incoming solar radiation,” stated the National Snow and Ice Data Center. 



Sea ice reflects 50 to 70 percent, so a loss of ice lets the ocean absorb more heat, which can slow ice growth later.



Warmer open water also feeds heat and moisture back to the air. That exchange can thicken clouds, nudge pressure systems, and reshape the near-surface winds that herd <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cold-spot-in-the-atlantic-could-signal-big-trouble-for-global-climate/">cold</a> air.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-different-types-of-ice">Different types of ice</h2>



Not all sea ice is the same. First-year ice is relatively thin, usually less than four feet thick, and still salty because it has not yet flushed out the brine trapped during its formation. 



It develops in autumn, grows through winter, and often melts away in summer.



Multiyear ice survives at least one melt season and is typically 6.5 to 13 feet thick. It is harder to break, stores less brine, and tends to resist melt longer than younger ice.



When first-year ice dominates, the pack is thinner and easier for storms to fracture. That can increase leads, speed up drift, and change how quickly early-winter cold can build.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tracking-arctic-sea-ice-changes">Tracking Arctic sea ice changes</h2>



Satellites observe and analyze <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/antarctic-sea-ice-collapse-linked-to-a-sudden-surge-in-ocean-salt/">sea ice</a> day and night through clouds using microwave sensors. These instruments distinguish ice from open water and track daily changes over the entire Arctic.



Researchers track the height of sea ice above the water to figure out how thick it is overall. 



When those measurements are combined with records of how the ice moves and how long it has survived, scientists can tell if the ice cover is becoming thinner, younger, or breaking apart more easily.



Field teams still drill and sample ice to ground-truth the satellite record. Those spot checks, along with buoys and ship surveys, keep the long-term record reliable.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-to-watch-this-winter">What to watch this winter</h2>



A recent <a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2025GL116175" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">paper</a> finds a temporary slowdown in the rate of Arctic sea ice loss since 2005, consistent with natural variability. That pause does not mean the ice is healthy or that winters will turn mild.



The record-low winter maximum in 2025 left a thin starting point for autumn growth. Thin ice forms more quickly, but it also fractures and melts more easily under winds and warm spells.



Winter outcomes will depend on how the stratospheric vortex behaves, the placement of high and low pressure over the Arctic, and ocean heat near the ice edge. 



If the vortex weakens for weeks, expect a greater chance of sharp cold snaps in parts of the United States, Canada, and Europe.



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Scientists warn that what happens in the Arctic does not stay in the Arctic

Arctic sea ice helps steer winter weather in North America...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lHHxOej4QfE
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Researchers found a correlation between Alzheimer's disease and traffic pollution.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-invisible-threat-in-urban-air">Invisible threat in urban air</h2>



City dwellers face an unseen danger with every breath. New findings from Emory University researchers suggest that fine particulate matter from <a href="http://earth.com/news/traffic-related-air-pollution-might-increase-alzheimers-risk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">vehicle emissions may significantly elevate the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease</a>. The study examined brain tissue samples from 224 individuals who had confirmed diagnoses and volunteered their brains for scientific research.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-disturbing-connections-emerge">Disturbing connections emerge</h2>



Scientists analyzed neuritic plaques — protein clusters that characterize Alzheimer's — while mapping each participant's exposure to PM2.5 particles based on residential location and surrounding traffic density. The correlation proved more alarming than anticipated. Individuals experiencing higher pollution exposure showed nearly double the likelihood of elevated plaque accumulation in brain tissue.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-timing-matters">Timing matters</h2>



The research team discovered that pollution exposure during the final year before death demonstrated the strongest association with brain changes. This timeline suggests relatively rapid impacts from environmental toxins on neural health. The connection remained robust even after accounting for various demographic and health factors.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genetic-vulnerability-patterns">Genetic vulnerability patterns</h2>



Perhaps most concerning, people lacking the APOE gene—which naturally predisposes individuals to Alzheimer's — exhibited more than twice the susceptibility to pollution-related brain damage. Study author Dr. Anke Huels noted this indicates environmental elements like air contamination could trigger the disease in cases where hereditary factors don't explain.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-public-health-implications">Public health implications</h2>



These findings, published in <a href="https://www.neurology.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Neurology</a>, underscore the critical importance of air quality regulations in urban planning. The research suggests that implementing stricter emission controls and promoting alternative transportation could serve as powerful tools in Alzheimer's prevention.



As cities worldwide grapple with growing traffic congestion and aging populations, this study highlights an urgent need for comprehensive approaches to environmental health that protect both our lungs and our minds.



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Traffic fumes may trigger Alzheimer's

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lHHxOej4QfE Researchers found a correlation between Alzheimer's disease and traffic...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that scientists never expected.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hidden-waters-beneath-ancient-craters">Hidden waters beneath ancient craters</h2>



Scientists have made a startling discovery that challenges everything we thought we knew about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/saturn-moon-mimas-has-remarkably-young-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Saturn's moon Mimas</a>. Beneath the heavily cratered surface that earned it the nickname "Death Star" lies a global ocean that formed just 5 to 15 million years ago—a remarkably young age by cosmic standards.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cassini-data-reveals-orbital-secrets">Cassini data reveals orbital secrets</h2>



The discovery, led by Dr. Valéry Lainey of the <a href="https://observatoiredeparis.psl.eu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Observatoire de Paris</a>, emerged from careful analysis of <a href="https://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>'s Cassini spacecraft data. By studying subtle irregularities in Mimas's orbit around Saturn, researchers detected the gravitational signature of liquid water hidden 20 to 30 kilometers beneath the moon's icy shell.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-an-unlikely-ocean-world">An unlikely ocean world</h2>



At only 400 kilometers in diameter, Mimas seemed like the least likely candidate to harbor a subsurface ocean. Unlike other ocean moons such as Europa and Enceladus, which show clear surface signs of internal activity, Mimas displays no obvious hints of the liquid water beneath its ancient, crater-scarred exterior.



"Mimas is a small moon, and its heavily cratered surface gave no hint of the hidden ocean beneath," explained Dr. Nick Cooper from <a href="https://www.qmul.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Queen Mary University of London</a>, a study co-author.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-astrobiology">Implications for astrobiology</h2>



The ocean's recent formation makes Mimas a prime target for studying how oceans develop and potentially support life. This discovery adds another member to the exclusive club of ocean worlds in our solar system, each offering unique insights into the conditions necessary for habitability.



The research, published in <a href="https://www.nature.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a> journal, demonstrates how advanced orbital analysis can reveal hidden features of celestial bodies, opening new possibilities for understanding ocean formation throughout the cosmos.



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Scientists discover unexpected young ocean on Saturn's cratered moon Mimas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ 'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K0DuSr87SHY
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">57 million-year ice age mystery solved by Australian scientists.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-when-earth-became-a-frozen-wasteland">When Earth became a frozen wasteland</h2>



Imagine Earth as a giant snowball, frozen solid from the North Pole to the equator. This wasn't the plot of a science fiction movie – it was our planet's reality 700 million years ago during an extreme ice age that has puzzled scientists for decades.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-discovery">The discovery</h2>



Australian researchers from the <a href="https://www.sydney.edu.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Sydney</a> have finally cracked one of geology's greatest mysteries: what caused the Sturtian glaciation and why it persisted for an unprecedented 57 million years. This period occurred long before dinosaurs roamed the Earth, when no complex plants or multicellular animals existed.



Dr. Adriana Dutkiewicz, the study's lead author, describes a world completely unlike today's climate. "Imagine the Earth almost completely frozen over," she explained. "The planet was blanketed in ice from poles to equator, and temperatures plunged."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-combination-of-climate-factors">The combination of climate factors</h2>



The research team discovered that this massive freeze resulted from a "double whammy" of geological events. First, plate tectonic activity reduced volcanic carbon dioxide emissions to historically low levels. Volcanic activity typically releases CO2 into the atmosphere, creating a greenhouse effect that keeps Earth warm.



Simultaneously, weathering of volcanic rocks in what is now Canada actively absorbed atmospheric CO2, further reducing greenhouse gas concentrations. When atmospheric carbon dioxide levels dropped below 200 parts per million – less than half of today's levels – glaciation engulfed the entire planet.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-climate-implications">Modern climate implications</h2>



Published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/geology" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geology</a>, this research provides crucial insights into Earth's climate system. While geological climate changes occur over millions of years, the study emphasizes that human-induced climate change is happening at a pace ten times faster than previously observed natural changes, highlighting the urgent need to understand our planet's delicate climate balance.



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What caused the planet's longest ice age

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K0DuSr87SHY 57 million-year ice age mystery solved by Australian scientists....

Hubble reveals the Cigar Galaxy in stunning new detail

News coming your way