Imagine Earth has a giant set of underground “storage lockers” where we can tuck away carbon dioxide (CO₂) for centuries so it doesn’t heat the planet. Scientists call this geologic carbon storage. 



It sounds simple: capture CO₂ from factories, power plants, or even the air, pipe it deep underground into the tiny spaces inside certain rocks, and lock it there.



For years, underground storage of carbon dioxide looked and felt like a clever climate trick. Capture the gas, lock it in rock layers, and keep burning fossil fuels while claiming progress. 



The idea seemed safe because early estimates suggested nearly limitless space.



That illusion has collapsed. New research shows the planet’s usable underground storage capacity is far smaller than imagined. Instead of centuries of security, this cushion could run out within 200 years.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-carbon-storage-drops-sharply">Carbon storage drops sharply</h2>



Industry once placed global capacity at around 14,000 gigatons. A closer look, however, strips away risky regions - earthquake zones, fragile <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/construction-materials-could-store-carbon-in-homes-and-buildings-helping-the-climate/">ecosystems</a>, and crowded cities. What remains is only about 1,460 gigatonnes.



This tenfold drop changes everything. What once seemed endless is now a resource with strict boundaries, one that must be managed carefully. Every choice about how it is used carries long-term consequences. 



If reserved for short-term fixes, the world risks burning through it quickly. If protected for carbon removal, it could become a critical lifeline for stabilizing temperatures far into the future.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-risks-hidden-beneath-the-surface">Risks hidden beneath the surface</h2>



Underground storage carries hazards. Injecting carbon can stir up seismic activity, reactivate faults, or open escape paths. Leaks into aquifers could acidify water and release toxic metals. 



Offshore storage avoids some human risks but adds cost and geopolitical disputes. Public pushback also limits expansion, with some governments blocking projects altogether.



Opposition often stems from fears of leaks, distrust of industry promises, and concerns that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/carbon-storage-mystery-emerges-in-the-southern-ocean/">storage</a> will be used to justify continued fossil fuel use. 



These challenges mean underground storage cannot expand smoothly or universally; every project faces technical, political, and social barriers that slow progress and shrink real-world potential.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-carbon-storage-s-uncertain-future">Carbon storage’s uncertain future</h2>



Climate plans already assume storage will be vital to reach net zero. But if it mainly serves fossil fuel plants, reserves could vanish by 2200 - and every decade of delay accelerates that timeline. 



Deep emission cuts now ease future pressure, while procrastination forces heavier reliance on shrinking storage space. 



One promising strategy is to prioritize underground capacity for carbon removal rather than fossil fuel capture.



Direct air capture and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/abandoned-farmland-can-be-used-for-climate-change-mitigation/">bioenergy</a> with carbon storage could actively draw carbon out of the atmosphere, offering a cooling effect. 



If the full capacity were dedicated to this role, global temperatures could fall by as much as 0.7 °C (1.3 °F), though in practice the impact may be closer to 0.4 °C (0.7 °F) because the climate system doesn’t respond perfectly symmetrically to removal and emission.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reserves-unevenly-spread-worldwide">Reserves unevenly spread worldwide</h2>



Storage is not shared fairly across the globe. The United States, Russia, and Australia hold large, stable reserves. Europe and India lose far more under stricter risk rules.



Meanwhile, some nations in Africa and South America have vast potential but little historic responsibility for emissions. That imbalance raises thorny questions of justice - who gets to use the storage, and on what terms. 



Should wealthy nations pay for access to reserves in countries that contributed less to the crisis? Or should those with the largest reserves prioritize their own development needs first? 



These questions highlight deep inequalities that will shape future climate negotiations.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-storage-can-only-buy-time">Storage can only buy time</h2>



Some experts argue the true potential is larger, pointing to decades of safe use in oil and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/worlds-largest-natural-hydrogen-deposit-discovery-is-worth-a-staggering-184-billion/">gas reservoirs</a>. 



They note that many depleted fields have held fluids securely for millions of years and could continue to hold injected carbon just as reliably.



Supporters of this view see existing infrastructure and technical expertise as proof that storage can operate at much greater scale than the conservative estimates suggest.



Even so, most researchers caution against treating underground storage as a limitless solution. It was never designed to be the final answer to climate change. 



At best, it should function as a bridge - a temporary measure that buys time while renewables expand, low-carbon industries mature, and societies shift away from fossil fuels.



In that sense, storage is less a cure and more a stabilizer, easing the transition without promising permanence. Its real value lies in supporting broader change, not replacing it.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-carbon-future-depends-on-choices">Carbon future depends on choices</h2>



The message is clear: underground storage is limited, risky, and unevenly distributed. It can help, but only if used strategically. 



That means prioritizing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/states-taking-action-on-their-own-can-cut-half-of-u-s-emissions/">emission cuts</a>, expanding clean energy, and reserving storage for removing carbon already in the air.



Treating it as infinite would squander one of the few tools that could still reverse warming, leaving future generations with fewer options, higher risks, and a far narrower path to a stable climate.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09423-y" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a>.



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Earth has 10x less space for underground carbon storage than we thought - any other ideas?

Imagine Earth has a giant set of underground “storage lockers” where we can tuck away carbon dioxide (CO₂) for centuries so it doesn’t heat the planet. Scientists call this geologic carbon storage. It sounds simple: capture CO₂ from factories, power plants, or even the air, pipe it deep underground into the tiny spaces inside certain rocks, and lock it there. For years, underground storage of carbon dioxide looked and felt like a clever climate trick. Capture the gas, lock it in rock layers, and keep burning fossil...

In the face of relentless environmental shifts, seven of the most prevalent forest trees in Europe have proven their tenacity. They've managed to keep their genetic diversity intact, even as their ranges shrunk and tree numbers plummeted during the ice age cycles. 



This resilience was highlighted in a recent study conducted by a multidisciplinary European consortium. Pascal Milesi is an associate professor of plant ecology and evolution at <a href="https://www.uu.se/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Uppsala University</a> and the study's lead author.



"“From a biodiversity perspective, this is very positive because these trees are keystone species on which many other species depend,” said Professor Milesi. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genetic-diversity-of-trees">Genetic diversity of trees</h2>



The research team set out to explore the impact of fierce ice age cycles on the genetic diversity of tree species. Throughout the ages, trees have endured alternating warm and cold periods. 



During the last ice age, around 10,000 years ago, the tree populations were significantly constrained, leading scientists to predict a loss of genetic diversity. 



Yet, surprising as it may be, these species demonstrated immense genetic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plant-diversity-darkspots-need-urgent-attention/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">diversity</a>, indicating a resilient response to their rapidly evolving habitats.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-s-their-secret">What's their secret?</h2>



"We believe the reason for this high genetic diversity is related to the way these tree species survived through the ice ages and to fact that tree pollen can travel thousands of kilometres, bringing together trees that grow far apart," said Professor Milesi. 



"This is a welcome sign. The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plants-in-dry-landscapes-have-surprising-diversity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evolutionary processes</a> that were at play in the past may also be useful to cope with today’s rapid climate change."



Joining forces with researchers from 22 other European institutions, Professor Milesi examined seven species of forest trees ubiquitous in Europe. 



The team gathered needles and leaves from approximately 3,500 trees from 164 different populations scattered across Europe and proceeded to extract and analyze the DNA.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ice-age-cycles-and-tree-diversity">Ice age cycles and tree diversity</h2>



“Contrary to what was long thought, the ice age cycles had little impact on the genetic diversity of these seven key species. This is mainly explained by a combination of unique characteristics, namely long generation time and the ability of their pollen to spread thousands of kilometers,” said Milesi.



This trait enables <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humans-have-shaped-plant-biodiversity-for-thousands-of-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">trees</a> separated by vast distances to exchange genetic material, ensuring a broader and more diverse gene pool. As a result, these species can better adapt to changing environmental conditions, maintaining their resilience over centuries.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-spotlight-on-sweden">Spotlight on Sweden</h2>



Turning the spotlight on Sweden, the researchers zeroed in on the Norway spruce, Scots pine, and silver birch. Together, these species make up the majority of the Swedish forest, serving as a lifeline for other species. 



They are also a significant contributor to the Swedish economy and society, accounting for the vast majority of timber used in Swedish forestry.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-celebrating-the-diversity-of-trees">Celebrating the diversity of trees</h2>



“Due to the sixth mass extinction event and the ongoing biodiversity crisis, people can easily get the feeling that it is too late and be ready to give up," said Professor Milesi. 



"This study sends a positive signal about our forest and provides important information to help manage forest biodiversity in the face of climate change."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-predicting-future-trends">Predicting future trends</h2>



The future of European forests amid the climate crisis shows promise due to the resilience of key tree species. 



Research highlights that strong genetic diversity can help these trees cope with environmental challenges, but rapid adaptation to changing climates is vital. 



Ongoing monitoring and conservation efforts to preserve genetic diversity are essential for maintaining forest health and supporting both ecosystems and human communities that rely on them.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mighty-seven-tree-species">Mighty seven tree species </h2>



The species under study were the European beech (Fagus sylvatica), Maritime pine (Pinus pinaster), Sessile oak (Quercus petraea), Silver birch (Betula pendula), Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris), Norway spruce (Picea abies), and Black poplar (Populus nigra).



As we reflect on these findings, we are reminded of the remarkable resilience of nature and the urgent need to respect and protect it. The future of our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/forests-rich-tree-diversity-adapt-better-changing-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">forests</a> hinges on how well we respond to the ongoing challenges.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-52612-y" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Communications</a>.



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Can trees protect their genetic diversity for millions of years?

In the face of relentless environmental shifts, seven of the...

Beneath the sun's heat, which feels stronger each year, our world is altering in ways we cannot ignore. The United Nations recently warned that the stability of Earth's water cycle is in jeopardy due to climate change.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-parched-planet">Parched planet</h2>



Streams ran unusually low in 2023, hitting a thirty-year record for aridity. At the same time, glaciers recorded their worst half-century loss, surrendering gigantic ice-continent amounts. 



While one end of the spectrum experienced extreme drought, the other end saw a significant surplus of water, with floods washing across countries.



President of the World Meteorological Organization (<a href="https://wmo.int" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">WMO</a>), Celeste Saulo, conveyed her concern about these stark <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-drought-has-caused-crisis-levels-of-food-and-water-scarcity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">warning signs</a>. 



"Water is the canary in the coalmine of climate change," said Saulo. The potentiating panic emphasizes how human lives, ecosystems, and economies sit precariously on the edge of a climate-induced disaster.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-water-balance-vs-climate-change">Water balance vs. climate change</h2>



The Earth's feverish condition, the result of a rapidly warming atmosphere, is making our water cycle skittish and difficult to predict. With the previous year holding the dubious distinction of the hottest on record, many regions of the globe experienced enduring droughts.



Concurrently, other parts of the world struggled with engorged rivers, leading to severe flooding. These weather events were partly fueled by natural climatic shifts such as the La Nina and El Nino phenomena, but human-induced climate change exacerbated them.



"A warmer atmosphere holds more moisture, which is conducive to heavy rainfall. More rapid evaporation and drying of soils worsen drought conditions," said Saulo.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-water-woes-due-to-climate-change">Water woes due to climate change</h2>



The ironic balance of water abundance and deficiency is plunging numerous countries into <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/groundwater-temperatures-may-rise-due-to-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">escalating water crises</a>. In 2023, it was Africa that bore the brunt of these calamities, with a staggering number of human casualties.



In Libya, a major flood in September led to the horrifying collapse of two dams, resulting in the loss of over 11,000 lives and disrupting 22% of the nation's population. On the flip side, more than half the world's river catchments have been drier than usual over the past three years.



The United Nations records indicate that approximately 3.6 billion individuals lack access to fresh water for at least one month each year. Worryingly, this figure is predicted to increase to over 5 billion by 2050.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-monstrous-magnitude">Monstrous magnitude</h2>



As our planet continues to heat up, our glaciers are paying a steep price. They've been melting at unprecedented rates, with a whopping 600 billion tons of water lost in their worst 50-year performance, according to data from September 2022 to August 2023.



WMO's president warns that these losses threaten long-term water security for countless communities across the globe. With all this in the backdrop, Saulo urges for robust actions to address this looming crisis.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-disparities-in-water-accessibility">Disparities in water accessibility </h2>



The gap between water-rich and water-poor regions is widening admits climate change, necessitating innovative solutions to bridge this critical divide. Technological advancements such as desalination and rainwater harvesting offer promising avenues for redistributing water effectively. 



Desalination, albeit energy-intensive, could potentially convert seawater into drinking water, providing relief for arid regions.



Rainwater harvesting systems, tailored to local climates, can mitigate the impacts of rainfall scarcity by storing excess water during wet spells.



Moreover, international cooperation is paramount, with nations needing to share resources and knowledge to adapt to water scarcity challenges holistically. 



In essence, addressing disparities in water accessibility requires a concerted global effort emphasizing sustainable practices and equitable distribution.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-swift-action-is-needed">Swift action is needed</h2>



Global leaders face pressure to turn their rhetoric on the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-water-security-relies-on-the-origins-of-rainfall/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">water crisis</a> into actionable strategies. 



Key actions include investing in climate resilience, integrating traditional knowledge with modern science, and prioritizing education to promote water conservation.



Swift action is essential to mitigate the impending water scarcity crisis and secure a sustainable future for future generations.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-monitoring-earth-s-water-cycle">Monitoring Earth's water cycle </h2>



In order to manage our fresh water resources efficiently, WMO strongly advocates for enhanced monitoring systems. These would act as early warning systems, mitigating disaster for both humans and the ecosystem.



Better management of water resources can only be achieved if we understand our usage and the changes in availability. "We cannot manage what we do not measure," Saulo stressed.



Stefan Uhlenbrook, director of the WMO's hydrology, water and cryosphere department, emphasized the urgency of investing in infrastructure to conserve water and protect people against water-related disasters. 



Changes are particularly needed in agriculture, which guzzles up 70% of the world's fresh water consumption.



As the world drips towards a future where normal water cycles may become a distant memory, the climatic stabilization challenge seems daunting. While we may not be able to turn back the clock, we can certainly strive to understand, adapt, and combat these changes to buy our future generations more time.



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Distress signals: Earth’s water cycle is becoming more erratic

Beneath the sun's heat, which feels stronger each year, our...

One of the most dramatic environmental cautionary tales from the 1980s centers on the cloud forests of the Centinela range in coastal Ecuador.&nbsp;



Reports indicated that approximately 90 species of plants, many unknown to science and found nowhere else on Earth, were wiped out when the forests were cleared for agriculture.&nbsp;



This event has since fueled campaigns for rainforest conservation. However, a recent study reveals that the alleged mass extinction may never have occurred.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-research-challenges-extinction-claims">Research challenges extinction claims</h2>



A team of international botanists has found that the plants once thought extinct in Centinela are, in fact, still thriving in fragments of Ecuador's forests. Dawson White, a postdoctoral researcher at <a href="https://www.harvard.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Harvard University</a>, explained the surprising findings.&nbsp;



“It’s a miracle. Many of Centinela’s <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/all-plants-on-earth-could-be-saved-from-extinction/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plants</a> are still on the brink of extinction, but fortunately the reports of their demise were exaggerated. There’s still time to save them and turn this story around.”&nbsp;



The researchers found no solid proof of any extinctions but ample evidence that many of the species presumed lost still exist in the remaining patches of the region’s forest.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-were-earlier-estimates-wrong">Why were earlier estimates wrong?</h2>



Earlier researchers overestimated the extinction threat due to limited data. They collected numerous new species with little understanding of the global distribution of plant life in the world’s most <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/forests-rich-tree-diversity-adapt-better-changing-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">diverse forests</a>.&nbsp;



In the decades since those initial collections, more than 50 new species have been identified, and many plants presumed extinct at Centinela have been found elsewhere in South America.&nbsp;



Of the original 90 species thought to have disappeared, only one has not yet been rediscovered.



“Understanding which plants are growing in a given Andean cloud forest is a monumental task because you will undoubtedly find new species,” White explained.&nbsp;



“What our investigation highlights is that it takes decades of work from taxonomic experts to describe new species in such forests.”&nbsp;



“And only once we have names for these species that are then noted in our scientific networks can we begin to understand where else these plants grow and their risk of extinction.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-role-of-herbaria-in-conservation">The role of herbaria in conservation</h2>



Ecuador’s extreme biodiversity, including over 20,000 plant species - 4,000 of which are endemic - makes it particularly challenging to monitor and conserve <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tropical-ecosystems-at-risk-the-critical-role-of-aquatic-insects/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tropical ecosystems</a>. The study emphasizes the critical role of herbaria in identifying and conserving plant species.&nbsp;



Juan Guevara from <a href="https://www.udla.edu.ec/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Universidad de Las Américas</a> in Quito commented on their importance: “Herbaria give us the fundamental ‘what’ and ‘where’ of plant biodiversity. They’re the basis of everything we know about which plants are threatened with extinction.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rediscovering-centinela-s-resilient-ecosystem">Rediscovering Centinela’s resilient ecosystem</h2>



In addition to revising the extinction story, the study revealed that Centinela’s forests are more resilient than originally thought.&nbsp;



Tiny fragments of the original forest, previously overlooked, have been found to harbor species believed extinct, including Gasteranthus extinctus, a wildflower rediscovered in 2021.&nbsp;



These fragments are often less than an acre in size but are home to rare and astonishing plant life.



“They’re tiny islands lost in a sea of plantations, but they’re still full of astonishing plants,” said co-author Andrea Fernández, a botanist at <a href="https://www.northwestern.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Northwestern University</a> and the <a href="https://www.chicagobotanic.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Chicago Botanic Garden</a>.&nbsp;



The team even discovered eight new species, including a rare canopy tree in the Cotton family, which faces immediate threats from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rainforests-replanted-seedlings-after-logging-do-not-recover-well/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">logging</a>. Efforts are underway to preserve this tree by collecting its seeds and growing them in botanic gardens.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-centinela-s-future-a-hub-for-conservation-efforts">Centinela’s future: A hub for conservation efforts</h2>



Once seen as a symbol of environmental loss, Centinela is now becoming a center of scientific research and conservation.&nbsp;



Local and international efforts are focused on protecting the remaining forest fragments, collecting seeds for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/planting-trees-is-important-but-reforestation-can-help-too/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">reforestation</a>, and mapping long-term strategies to safeguard this precious biodiversity.&nbsp;



Globally, Centinela’s story has inspired new conservation initiatives, including the use of satellite imagery by Planet Labs to aid in forest protection.



While this study offers hope for Centinela, the global biodiversity crisis remains critical. According to the <a href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">IUCN Red List</a>, over 45,000 species are threatened with extinction, including nearly half of amphibians and a quarter of all mammals.&nbsp;



“Plants in coastal Ecuador and a lot of other hard-hit places in the tropics are finding a way to hang on,” said co-author Nigel Pitman, a scientist at the <a href="https://www.fieldmuseum.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Field Museum</a>. “We’ve still got time to act before they’re gone forever.”



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41477-024-01832-7" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Plants</a>.



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Did the Centinela mass extinction really happen?

One of the most dramatic environmental cautionary tales from the...

New research from Australia, using satellite imagery to track emperor penguin colonies in East Antarctica, reveals that these iconic birds are struggling to cope with the rapid changes in their environment.&nbsp;



The study, led by the Australian Antarctic Division, highlights that emperor penguins, which have adapted to environmental shifts for nearly a million years, are now facing unprecedented challenges due to the rapid loss of their breeding habitat.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fast-ice-for-penguin-breeding">Fast-ice for penguin breeding</h2>



Barbara Wienecke, a seabird researcher at the <a href="https://www.antarctica.gov.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Australian Antarctic Division</a>, explained that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/emperor-penguins-will-not-survive-the-current-rate-of-sea-ice-decline/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">emperor penguins</a> have historically responded to changes in their preferred breeding grounds, the Antarctic fast-ice zone, by relocating when conditions became unsuitable. 



However, in 2022 and 2023, the untimely loss of fast-ice habitat, combined with record low sea-ice extent, led to significant <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/emperor-penguins-face-tragic-breeding-failures-due-to-sea-ice-loss/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">breeding failures</a> in some colonies. 



Scientists fear these recent events could indicate worsening ice conditions, leaving the penguins with little time or capacity to adapt.



“Emperor penguins need stable fast-ice for about 10 months a year to breed successfully and rear their chicks,” Wienecke said.&nbsp;



“If their breeding platform disintegrates before early December, when the chicks still have their downy plumage, it's likely they will all perish. If it disintegrates before the end of December, chicks without waterproof plumage will die.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-limited-capacity-to-adapt-to-rapid-changes">Limited capacity to adapt to rapid changes</h2>



As long-lived seabirds, emperor penguins can handle occasional disruptions to their environment, but Wienecke warned that they have limited ability to adjust to the accelerating pace of environmental changes.&nbsp;



The penguins cannot shorten the time it takes for their chicks to develop, making it difficult for them to adapt to a shorter fast-ice season.



Wienecke and her team - including sea-ice scientist Jan Lieser and seabird experts Julie McInnes and Jonathon Barrington - used satellite imagery from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">European Space Agency</a>’s Sentinel-2 program to examine shifts in breeding habitats and ice conditions from 2018 to 2023.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-monitoring-penguins-with-satellite-imagery">Monitoring penguins with satellite imagery</h2>



Satellite imagery has proven invaluable for monitoring the variability in fast-ice habitat, according to Lieser. “From this, we can assess the adaptability of emperor penguins to rapid change, and the impacts of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/most-species-are-shifting-their-habitats-due-to-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">habitat change</a> on breeding success,” he said. 



The research team studied satellite images covering 6,000 kilometers of East Antarctica’s coastline between September and December, the crucial time for chick rearing and fledging.



They manually tracked the locations of penguin colonies each year and measured the distance between the colonies and the fast-ice edge.&nbsp;



This distance is critical, as adult penguins need to be close to the edge to access open water for feeding, but if the colony is too close, the ice may break up before the chicks are ready to survive at sea.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rising-breeding-failures-due-to-habitat-loss">Rising breeding failures due to habitat loss</h2>



The study found that 13 of the 27 colonies examined are at risk of reduced or complete breeding failure due to habitat loss. Nine of these colonies experienced such failures at least once during the six-year study period.&nbsp;



One colony disappeared entirely, although some individuals may have joined other nearby colonies.&nbsp;



While some penguin colonies moved to new types of habitats, such as ice shelves or ice tongues, these areas are also vulnerable to iceberg calving events that can alter local conditions.



Previous population modeling studies have projected that up to 65% of emperor penguin colonies could become “quasi-extinct” (on the path to extinction) by 2050.&nbsp;



However, Wienecke noted that the variability in colony locations relative to sea ice makes it difficult to model these trends accurately.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-importance-of-ongoing-monitoring">Importance of ongoing monitoring</h2>



The new study highlights the importance of medium and high-resolution satellite imagery as a tool for annual monitoring of emperor penguin colonies and their fast-ice habitats across Antarctica.&nbsp;



According to Weinecke, ongoing, continent-wide monitoring is essential to quantify the effects of changing ice conditions on penguin populations and assess the cumulative impacts of other threats, such as disease.



“Satellite imagery enables us to identify the locations of emperor penguin colonies each year and assess the local environmental conditions,” explained Weinecke.&nbsp;



This combination of satellite data with ground and aerial counts of penguins where possible will provide a clearer picture of how local populations are affected by these environmental changes.



In conclusion, the study, published in the journal <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.3354/esr01355" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Endangered Species Research</a>, stresses the need for continued monitoring and research to better understand the consequences of rapid <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/antarcticas-ice-loss-may-have-reached-an-irreversible-tipping-point/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ice loss</a> on emperor penguins and their breeding success. 



Without stable fast-ice, these iconic seabirds face an uncertain future as they struggle to adapt to the rapidly changing conditions in Antarctica.



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Emperor penguins are struggling to survive as sea ice vanishes

New research from Australia, using satellite imagery to track emperor...

Researchers have long known that a common family of environmental <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hungry-bacteria-will-devour-plastic-waste/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bacteria</a> called Comamonadaceae thrive in urban rivers and wastewater systems where plastic litter is abundant. 



However, what exactly these bacteria are doing with the plastic has remained unclear until now.



A recent study led by <a href="https://www.northwestern.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Northwestern University</a> has uncovered how cells of a Comamonas bacteria break down plastic to use as food. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bacteria-and-the-issue-of-plastic-waste">Bacteria and the issue of plastic waste</h2>



The researchers found that the bacteria first chew the plastic into small pieces, called <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-solution-removes-over-98-percent-of-nanoplastics-from-water/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nanoplastics</a>. Then, they secrete a specialized enzyme that further breaks down the plastic. Finally, the bacteria feed on the carbon atoms from the plastic, using it as a food source.



This discovery opens up exciting new possibilities for creating bacteria-based solutions to tackle the growing problem of plastic waste, which contaminates <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/strict-pfas-limits-will-make-drinking-water-safer-for-100-million-americans/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">drinking water</a> and poses serious threats to wildlife.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wastewater-bacteria-break-down-plastic-nbsp">Wastewater bacteria break down plastic&nbsp;</h2>



Study lead author Ludmilla Aristilde is an associate professor of environmental engineering at Northwestern.&nbsp;



“We have systematically shown, for the first time, that a wastewater bacterium can take a starting plastic material, deteriorate it, fragment it, break it down, and use it as a source of carbon,” said Aristilde.&nbsp;



“It is amazing that this bacterium can perform that entire process, and we identified a key enzyme responsible for breaking down the plastic materials. This could be optimized and exploited to help get rid of plastics in the environment.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-expanding-on-earlier-research-nbsp">Expanding on earlier research&nbsp;</h2>



Aristilde, an expert in organic dynamics in environmental processes, led the study along with her team, including co-first authors Rebecca Wilkes and Nanqing Zhou. Several graduate and undergraduate researchers from Aristilde’s lab also contributed to the work.



This new research builds upon earlier work by Aristilde’s group, which explored how Comamonas testosteroni metabolizes simple carbons from broken-down plants and plastics.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bacteria-and-pet-plastic">Bacteria and PET plastic</h2>



In this study, the team focused again on C. testosteroni, which is known to grow on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) - a type of plastic commonly found in food packaging and beverage bottles.&nbsp;



PET is notorious for being difficult to break down and is a major contributor to plastic pollution worldwide.



“It’s important to note that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bacteria-can-break-down-pet-pollution-in-ocean-water/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PET plastics</a> represent 12% of total global plastics usage,” Aristilde said. “And it accounts for up to 50% of microplastics in wastewaters.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-watching-bacteria-degrade-plastic">Watching bacteria degrade plastic</h2>



To better understand how C. testosteroni interacts with and feeds on plastic, Aristilde’s team used a range of experimental and theoretical approaches.&nbsp;



First, they grew the bacteria - isolated from wastewater - on PET films and pellets. Using advanced microscopy, they observed how the plastic surfaces changed over time.&nbsp;



The team also examined the surrounding water to detect plastic broken down into smaller nanoparticles.&nbsp;



Finally, the researchers investigated the bacteria to identify the tools they use to degrade the plastic.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-transforming-plastic-into-a-carbon-source-nbsp">Transforming plastic into a carbon source&nbsp;</h2>



“In the presence of the bacterium, the microplastics were broken down into tiny nanoparticles of plastics,” Aristilde explained.&nbsp;



“We found that the wastewater bacterium has an innate ability to degrade plastic all the way down to monomers - small building blocks that join together to form polymers. These small units are a bioavailable source of carbon that bacteria can use for growth.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-deeper-understanding-of-the-process-nbsp">A deeper understanding of the process&nbsp;</h2>



Once the team confirmed that C. testosteroni could indeed break down plastics, they delved deeper into understanding how this process occurs.&nbsp;



Using omics techniques to measure all enzymes inside the bacterial cells, they identified a specific enzyme that was expressed when the bacteria were exposed to PET plastic.&nbsp;



Collaborators at <a href="https://www.ornl.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Oak Ridge National Laboratory</a> in Tennessee then prepared bacterial cells that lacked the ability to express this enzyme. Remarkably, the bacteria without this enzyme lost or significantly diminished their ability to degrade plastic.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications-of-the-study">Broader implications of the study</h2>



While this discovery could potentially lead to new environmental cleanup technologies, Aristilde also emphasized that the research provides valuable insights into how plastics change during wastewater treatment.



Aristilde noted that wastewater is a huge reservoir of microplastics and nanoplastics.



“Most people think nanoplastics enter wastewater treatment plants as nanoplastics. But we’re showing that nanoplastics can be formed during wastewater treatment through microbial activity,” Aristilde said.



“That’s something we need to pay attention to as our society tries to understand the behavior of plastics throughout its journey from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/un-report-wastewater-is-a-hidden-solution-to-the-climate-crisis/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wastewater</a> to receiving rivers and lakes.”



The team’s findings highlight the importance of paying closer attention to how plastics behave and transform in environmental systems, with the potential for new strategies to mitigate plastic pollution on the horizon.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.4c06645" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Environmental Science &amp; Technology</a>.



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Wastewater bacteria break down plastic waste for food

Researchers have long known that a common family of environmental...

The world finds itself in the clutches of a silent, but potent, enemy -- climate change. In a sobering revelation, international voices in emergency medicine have raised the red flag regarding the potentially devastating effects of climate change on our global emergency health services.



The key concern, however, is that many nations are sailing blind, with scant assessments of the imminent impact or adequate strategies in place to combat this brewing storm.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-urgent-findings">Urgent findings</h2>



At the European Emergency Medicine Congress (<a href="https://eusemcongress.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EUSEM Congress</a>), Luis Garcia Castrillo, a now-retired professor in emergency medicine from the Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, Spain, revealed alarming findings from a global survey on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-earth-energy-imbalance-temperature-rise/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change awareness</a> and preparedness.



This research, to be published in the European Journal of Emergency Medicine, was a collaborative effort carried out by the EUSEM’s Emergency Medicine Day working group.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-change-vs-emergency-care">Climate change vs. emergency care</h2>



“On a scale of 0 to 9, they rated the severity of the impact of climate change on health systems and specifically on emergency care, both now and in the future, at an average of 7,” Luis Garcia Castrillo said. 



“This is a high figure, especially as some regions, such as northern Europe, consider it to be less of a problem than do other countries, such as Australia. The focus groups considered that the impact of climate change on emergency medical services would be similar or even higher than on global health systems," Castrillo continued.



However, only 21% of the focus group members reported that assessments of the effect of climate change on emergency medical services had been carried out, and only 38% reported any measures had been taken to prepare for the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-climate-change-is-impacting-infant-growth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">impact of climate change</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-negligent-governance">Negligent governance</h2>



“Out of all the focus group respondents, 62% said their governments or policy makers had made no assessment of the impact of climate change on emergency services, 9% said they didn’t know, 55% said nothing had been done to prepare for the impact of climate change, and 10% didn’t know," noted Luis Garcia Castrillo.



This lack of awareness prevails not only among countries but also within emergency medicine societies.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-change-s-impact-on-emergency-medicine">Climate change's impact on emergency medicine</h2>



“One interesting finding is that the need to implement actions to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/most-people-fear-climate-change-will-end-the-world-during-their-lifetime/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mitigate climate change</a> is considered important everywhere," said Dr. Roberta Petrino, the director of the Emergency Department at <a href="https://www.eoc.ch" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale</a>, Lugano, Switzerland and co-author of the report.



In particular, their survey showed the need to strengthen emergency medicine services and education programs for medical students and emergency medicine doctors, as well as research.



Emergency medical professionals are very worried about the effects of climate change on the care they provide.



"Our report shows that colleagues feel it’s an important problem around the world, although specific issues vary from one region to another and these relate to geographical position, the economic situation and the types of risks," Dr. Petrino explained.



Specific concerns, however, vary geographically and economically.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-varying-global-perceptions">Varying global perceptions</h2>



Across all focus groups, pollution, flooding, and heatwaves were identified as the top risks. Amidst these adversities, an increase in the demand for emergency medical services is expected. 



Strategic planning and education were ranked as crucial measures to alleviate these problems.



Focus groups from wealthier countries expressed concern about heatwaves, cold spells, and wildfires. 



Meanwhile, those from lower to middle-income countries are more troubled by the impact of climate change on food production and health services disruption.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-terrifying-predictions">Terrifying predictions</h2>



An analysis of the data highlighted Australasia, Eastern Europe, South Asia, South Saharan Africa, and Central America as areas expecting the highest impact from climate change.



<a href="https://data.humdata.org/dataset/worldriskindex?" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The WorldRiskIndex</a>, which assesses risk of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-makes-metals-in-the-ocean-more-toxic/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">extreme natural events</a> and climate change, revealed an increase demand for emergency medical services and supply disruption proportional to increasing risk.



As record-breaking temperatures continue to dominate headlines, the world faces a climate change emergency. Equally, our medical services are at risk. 



The European Society of Emergency Medicine (<a href="https://eusem.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EUSEM</a>) urges nations to implement mitigation plans to combat the impact of climate change on our services.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bridging-the-knowledge-gap">Bridging the knowledge gap</h2>



Addressing the challenges posed by climate change to emergency services demands bridging the knowledge gap between scientific understanding and practical applications. 



Training programs for emergency personnel need to incorporate climate impact assessments, equipping them with the skills necessary to respond efficiently to climate-induced emergencies. 



This approach not only increases resilience within communities but also ensures a systematic response, minimizing potential disruptions to emergency services.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-safeguarding-emergency-services-from-climate">Safeguarding emergency services from climate</h2>



In light of the critical findings presented by the European Emergency Medicine Congress and the WorldRiskIndex, a comprehensive and collaborative global strategy is imperative. 



Policymakers, health organizations, and emergency service providers must unite to develop actionable plans.



These plans should focus on bolstering infrastructure, enhancing risk communication, and promoting adaptive capacities in both urban and rural settings. 



By doing so, the global community can mitigate the impending risks of climate change and safeguard emergency medical services for future generations.



Climate change poses a daunting challenge to emergency medical services across the globe. With it comes an urgent call to action for more comprehensive assessments, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-temperature-increase-2023-blew-past-all-climate-models/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">strategic planning</a>, and extensive education. 



This journey must be navigated together, as climate change remains a shared global responsibility.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://journals.lww.com/euro-emergencymed/pages/default.aspx" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">European Journal of Emergency Medicine</a>.



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Emergency health services are extremely vulnerable to climate change

The world finds itself in the clutches of a silent,...

A recent study exploring snowfall patterns could greatly improve weather forecasts. The researchers have observed the physical motion of falling ice crystals, or as we like to call them, snowflakes.



Insights from the study are set to improve estimates on when snowflakes morph into raindrops, a critical stage in the formation of various types of rain.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-snowflake-patterns-and-rainfall">Snowflake patterns and rainfall</h2>



The experiment involved scientists observing how 3D-printed snowflakes fell in a substance imitating the atmosphere. The research was led by Jennifer Stout, a scientist at the <a href="https://www.reading.ac.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Reading</a>.



"Watching snow gently falling can be mesmerizing, so it has been a joy to uncover the ways in which different ice crystal shapes pirouette and zigzag on their downwards journey," said Stout.



"Understanding the dance of a snowflake is not only beautiful but can help us understand the reflectivity of clouds. Each snow crystal in a cloud acts like a tiny mirror, reflecting and refracting the light that passes through it."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-choreography-of-an-entire-cloud">Choreography of an entire cloud</h2>



Stout said that by predicting the choreography of an entire cloud, we could better improve our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-era-in-forecasting-ai-will-improve-extreme-weather-warnings/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">understanding</a> of the atmosphere and the processes which lead to rain and snow. 



"This intricate coordination of snowflakes can also create a big visual impact, causing stunning phenomena such as sun dogs and ice halos."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-experimenting-with-printed-snowflakes">Experimenting with printed snowflakes </h2>



In this experiment, the team used variously shaped 3D-printed "snowflakes," ranging from plain hexagonal plates to multi-pronged dendrites.



These were then dropped through a tank filled with a water-glycerine mixture, an ingenious imitation of atmospheric conditions.



Stout and her team captured the snowflakes' descent using high-speed cameras, and reconstructed their three-dimensional trajectories and orientations.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-diverse-behaviors-of-snowflakes">Diverse behaviors of snowflakes</h2>



This study unveiled four main types of ice-crystal motion - stable, zigzag, transitional, and spiraling. Interestingly, complex shapes like dendrites maintained a stable falling motion, while simpler shapes wavered much earlier.



The implications of this research extend far beyond scientific curiosity. By understanding the diverse behaviors of snowflakes and rain drops during their descent, meteorologists can refine the models used to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/auroras-and-severe-solar-storms-will-continue-through-tomorrow/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">predict weather patterns</a> more accurately.



Currently, much of weather forecasting relies on broad estimations that do not account for the microscopic variations within cloud formations.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-snowflake-shapes-and-rainfall">Snowflake shapes and rainfall</h2>



With the newfound knowledge of how different snowflake shapes influence their journey and subsequent transformation into rainfall, it becomes possible to make more precise forecasts, particularly in predicting precipitation types and amounts.



This could have substantial benefits for agriculture, aviation, and emergency planning, where precise weather forecasts are crucial.



Beyond immediate weather forecasting, the study's insights may also have significant ramifications for climate science. 



As snowflakes and rain play a critical role in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/severe-solar-storm-just-hit-earth-expect-auroras-in-southern-united-states/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">atmospheric processes</a> like cloud formation and solar radiation reflection, understanding their dynamics provides clues into larger climate systems. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-weather-patterns-over-time">Weather patterns over time</h2>



The behavior of snowflakes can affect how clouds form and dissipate, influencing global temperature distributions and possibly altering weather patterns over time. 



Moreover, these understandings could be integral in studying climate change impacts, as models accounting for these micro-level details are likely to provide a more accurate picture of long-term climate dynamics.



By offering a more nuanced understanding of these fundamental processes, Stout's research is poised to be a pivotal piece in the broader puzzle of comprehending and responding to our changing planet.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolution-in-weather-forecasting">Revolution in weather forecasting</h2>



These discoveries have massive implications for weather forecasting. A better understanding of how different ice crystal shapes of snowflakes move and orient themselves will help meteorologists interpret weather radar signals more accurately.



Ultimately, the research will lead to a better estimation of when ice turns into rain. This means improved predictions of rain onset, location, and volume.



Going a step further, the study's findings could potentially enhance our understanding of how clouds reflect sunlight and trap heat in the atmosphere - an invaluable insight for refining <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/noaa-warning-strong-solar-storm-headed-to-earth-auroras-expected-sept-2024/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate models</a> and long-term weather forecasts.



So, the next time you witness the calm descent of snowflakes, remember there’s a whole lot more to their dance than meets the eye. 



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://acp.copernicus.org/articles/24/11133/2024/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics</a>.



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Snowflake patterns can help predict rainfall

A recent study exploring snowfall patterns could greatly improve weather...

The non-profit organization Carbon Mapper is leveling up the game in the battle against climate change, using cutting-edge satellite tech to keep a close eye on greenhouse gas emissions.



This revolutionary initiative is proving how high-tech environmental monitoring can spur real action and spark creative solutions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-carbon-mapper-s-tanager-1-satellite">Carbon Mapper's Tanager-1 satellite</h2>



The recent launch of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/worlds-first-greenhouse-gas-detecting-satellite-is-now-in-orbit/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Tanager-1</a> satellite marks a key achievement for the Carbon Mapper team, advancing our ability to combat climate change through innovative technology.



This pioneering <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/satellite-data-could-revolutionize-weather-forecasts/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">satellite</a>, created through a partnership between <a href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a> (JPL) and Planet Labs PBC, is equipped with an advanced imaging spectrometer capable of precisely detecting methane and carbon dioxide emissions, even from the most remote and hard-to-reach areas.



With its extensive global reach, Tanager-1 isn’t only focused on tracking emissions within the United States but also extends its monitoring capabilities to detect and analyze emissions in international hotspots, helping to address climate change on a worldwide scale.



This launch showcases the expansive influence of the Carbon Mapper project and its commitment to tackling climate challenges on a global scale.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-visualizing-the-invisible-with-tanager-1">Visualizing the invisible with Tanager-1</h2>



Tanager-1 took to the skies on August 16, blasting off from Vandenberg Space Force Base. It's not just any satellite - it's the result of different minds coming together with a shared vision.



Thanks to its sophisticated imaging, Tanager-1 can track <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/state-of-the-climate-greenhouse-gases-hit-a-record-high-in-2022/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">greenhouse gases</a> that were once difficult to monitor.



“The first greenhouse gas images from Tanager-1 are exciting and are a compelling sign of things to come," said James Graf, director for Earth Science and Technology at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-bird-s-eye-view-of-global-activity">A bird’s eye view of global activity</h2>



Already, Tanager-1 has captured images of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/discovery-massive-amounts-of-methane-gas-spews-from-wildfires/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">methane</a> and carbon dioxide over areas like Pakistan, South Africa, and Texas. These photos highlight how our actions are affecting the world.



By collecting intricate data, the Carbon Mapper team can guess the rate of emissions, helping us understand how these gases are driving climate change.



At the heart of Tanager-1 is a highly advanced imaging spectrometer. This tool allows researchers to detect specific chemical compounds by peeking beyond the visible spectrum.



By examining light wavelengths, the spectrometer can identify a unique "spectral fingerprint" for different substances up in the sky, enabling an incredibly accurate <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/monitoring-mining-emissions-with-satellites-new-era-of-remote-environmental-surveillance/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">monitoring of emissions</a> at a facility level.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sharing-data-driving-change">Sharing data, driving change</h2>



The Carbon Mapper team is dedicated to making this crucial information widely available.



As Tanager-1 starts scanning large areas of Earth every day, the collected data will be provided through the Carbon Mapper data portal. 



This is a treasure trove of knowledge for researchers and policymakers, helping them make informed decisions to fight greenhouse gas emissions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-story-behind-carbon-mapper">The story behind Carbon Mapper</h2>



Carbon Mapper was created out of a pressing need to respond quickly and effectively to climate change. 



The primary objective is to close the gap in monitoring methane and carbon dioxide emissions around the world, with a focus on providing transparent, accessible data that helps drive climate solutions on a global level.



Thanks to the support of forward-thinking philanthropists and a strong public-private partnership, Carbon Mapper is paving the way with a revolutionary satellite constellation. 



This fleet of satellites is built to offer real-time, precise insights into greenhouse gas emissions, changing how we understand and address their impact.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-global-access-to-emissions-data">Global access to emissions data</h2>



Beyond gathering data, Carbon Mapper's mission is to make a real-world impact on climate policy and action. 



With Tanager-1 at the forefront, Carbon Mapper envisions a future where emission data is available to everyone - not just scientists and policymakers.



This openness can help us all feel a greater sense of responsibility and urgency, inspiring everyone to play a part in reducing our carbon footprints.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-expanding-the-carbon-mapper-network">Expanding the Carbon Mapper network </h2>



Looking forward, Carbon Mapper plans to add more satellites to its constellation, creating a even more detailed map of global greenhouse gas emissions. 



This expanded network will allow continuous monitoring, fast response to emission spikes, and quicker action to tackle pollution sources. 



By raising the bar in environmental monitoring, Carbon Mapper is paving the way towards a future where data-driven decisions contribute to a cleaner, more sustainable world.



Image Credit: Carbon Mapper/Planet Labs PBC



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Carbon Mapper satellite pinpoints greenhouse gas hotspots

The non-profit organization Carbon Mapper is leveling up the game...

In a report published in The Conversation, experts describe the potentially catastrophic crises faced by humanity, and our failure to acknowledge our interconnectedness with nature. 



The authors of the <a href="https://theconversation.com/humanitys-future-depends-on-our-ability-to-live-in-harmony-with-nature-233042" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">report</a> - Liette Vasseur, Anders Hayden and Mike Jones - note that our current mindset is focused on competition, growth and profit. This, they say, has been a key contributor to social and ecological crises



Humanity stands on the brink of a series of trials, each one potentially more devastating than the last. 



Our ongoing battles against inequality, poverty, inadequate food supplies, environmental turmoil, and loss of biodiversity suggest that we might have overstepped as hosts. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-can-nature-continue-to-sustain-life">Can nature continue to sustain life?</h2>



Our existence is woven into complex systems. A single tug at one thread resonates through the entire fabric. 



Societies often turn a blind eye to these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earth-day-2024-the-tide-may-finally-be-turning/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">interconnections</a>, leading to a one-sided, exploitative relationship with nature. Our perceived superiority over other living beings, defined by race, gender, economic status, or species, fuels such exploitative tendencies.



Our growth-focused, competitive mindset has been a thorn in the side of both social and ecological welfare for years. 



What's truly chilling isn't the damage already done but the delicate state in which it leaves our environment. Have our actions pushed nature to a precipice, beyond which it can't sustain life?



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-straddling-the-fence">Straddling the fence</h2>



As we ponder over our collective survival and prosperity, addressing these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/world-environment-day-2024-a-call-for-land-restoration/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">interconnected</a> crises becomes non-negotiable. 



While initiatives like Earth for All and the United Nations' Pact for the Future offer some guidance, they fall short of the sweeping change we need. It's like trying to put out a forest fire with a water pistol.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sustainable-and-equitable-future">Sustainable and equitable future </h2>



What does this profound change entail? It's not merely about minor adjustments to existing systems; it's about revamping our interactions with the environment. 



In their report, the experts note that we must reciprocate what we take from nature. They emphasize that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tackling-the-dual-crises-of-climate-and-nature/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sustainable</a> and equitable well-being must be placed at the center of human societies.



The ability to lead good lives without overshooting our planet's boundaries is a tightrope walk we need to master. This balancing act requires an economic perspective that encourages living in harmony with nature, not against it.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-daunting-yet-achievable">Daunting yet achievable</h2>



This transformation might seem like a Herculean task, but it's achievable. Communities from Puget Sound to Sumas First Nation serve as living proof of this possibility. The experts pointed out that in these communities, people are already living in ways that allow humans and ecosystems to flourish.



We, as adaptable creatures with the gift of foresight, have the capacity to transform systems through cooperation.



Our personal choices matter, but their influence magnifies when we unite for systemic changes in our communities, organizations, and the broader society. So, how about we pull together and accelerate this transition?



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nature-friendly-sustainable-future">Nature-friendly sustainable future </h2>



Embracing a lifestyle intertwined with nature requires collaborative, equitable action, purposeful efforts, and communication across cultures. 



Let's start pondering over the ripple effects of our actions and contemplate both their immediate and long-term <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bird-extinctions-shatter-the-harmonious-balance-of-nature/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">repercussions</a>. It’s time we took the reins and crafted more fair and sustainable societal systems.



Addressing the plethora of problems we face requires a diverse toolkit of solutions, sourced from both formal knowledge, like scientific research, and traditional wisdom, such as Indigenous ecological knowledge. Imagine the swell of creativity we could unleash by blending these different knowledge systems.



This reformation is not just about changing our mindset; it’s also about reshaping our technological systems. 



Technology, often a tool for exploitation, bears <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/world-environment-day-the-critical-role-of-nature-in-human-well-being/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">massive potential for positive changes</a>. With a systems thinking approach, we can steer technological innovations towards equity and sustainability.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-circular-economy">A circular economy</h2>



Moving towards a circular economy is key to redesigning the relationship between humankind and the environment. 



Unlike the existing “use, produce, discard” model, the circular economy aims to minimize waste and maximize resource use through restorative and regenerative processes. This approach encourages a complete redesign of production processes to prioritize reuse and recycling materials. 



Not only does it reduce environmental harm, but it also creates economic opportunities and jobs, paving the way for a sustainable future within our planet’s resource limits.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-education-key-to-change">Education: Key to change</h2>



Education stands as a powerful force in driving our transition to a more sustainable and equitable future. It’s the lantern that illuminates the interconnectedness of social, economic, and environmental systems, inspiring actionable change. 



By integrating sustainability principles into educational curricula, we can equip future generations with the knowledge and skills to address global challenges of nature. 



More than just enlightening, education can foster a sense of responsibility towards our planet, nurturing leaders who can champion innovation and sustainable policies.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nature-sustainability-and-our-future">Nature, sustainability, and our future</h2>



Significant changes loom over Earth's natural environments and societal systems. Our survival depends on our ability to plan for these challenges proactively. 



We need more than incremental changes to tackle these threats. "What is needed is radical transformation aimed at creating just and flourishing relationships between nature and humanity for the benefit of all current and future life on Earth," the experts concluded.



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We must live in harmony with nature to create a sustainable future

In a report published in The Conversation, experts describe the...

Weather forecasting is a tricky business. We rely on it to plan our daily activities, prepare for natural disasters, and even to decide what to wear each day. Yet, despite advances in technology, we only get forecasts about 10 days into the future.



Why so? Small changes in atmospheric and surface conditions can trigger larger, unpredictable shifts in weather patterns. 



For example, consider the devastating Pacific Northwest heat wave in June 2021. Power lines melted, crops were destroyed, and hundreds of people lost their lives. A longer lead time on forecasts could have helped communities better prepare for the extreme heat.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-adjoint-models-in-weather-forecasting">Adjoint models in weather forecasting</h2>



Weather scientists commonly turn to adjoint models to gauge how susceptible a forecast is to errors in initial conditions. Ever wondered how a slight tweak in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scorching-summer-of-2024-could-make-it-the-hottest-year-on-record/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">temperature</a> or atmospheric water vapor can alter forecast results?



These models help answer that. They clarify the linkage between initial conditions and forecasted errors. Thus, scientists can adjust until they discover the set of initial conditions that yield the most accurate forecast.



However, there is a hitch. Running these models demands substantial financial and computing resources. And they can only measure sensitivities up to five days ahead.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-deep-learning-in-weather-forecasting">Deep learning in weather forecasting</h2>



Researchers in the <a href="https://atmos.uw.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Department of Atmospheric Sciences</a> at the University of Washington have been exploring whether deep learning could offer an efficient and more precise method to determine the optimal set of initial conditions for a 10-day forecast.



To test their hypothesis, the experts modeled forecasts of the disastrous June 2021 Pacific Northwest heat wave. They utilized two different forecasting models: Google DeepMind's GraphCast model and Huawei Cloud's Pangu-Weather model.



The scientists wanted to check if the models operated similarly and how they stacked up against the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-records-shatter-2024-set-to-be-hottest-year-ever/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">actual events of the heat wave</a>. To ensure unbiased results, they excluded the heat wave data from the dataset used to train the models.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evaluation-of-advanced-models">Evaluation of advanced models</h2>



The researchers carried out a rigorous comparison between the output of the GraphCast and Pangu-Weather models and actual meteorological data from the period of the June 2021 heat wave. 



They focused on the accuracy of temperature predictions, the models' ability to anticipate extreme conditions, and their computational efficiency. 



Preliminary results revealed that both models exhibited a high degree of accuracy, with Pangu-Weather displaying a slight edge in long-term temperature prediction. 



The advanced models showed promising potential in enhancing forecast accuracy and retiming their delivery, offering valuable insights for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/auroras-and-severe-solar-storms-will-continue-through-tomorrow/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">emergent situations</a> such as heat waves.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-of-weather-forecasting">Future of weather forecasting</h2>



The implementation of deep learning models like GraphCast and Pangu-Weather marks a pivotal shift in the realm of meteorology, promising more accurate and timely forecasts. 



Yet, challenges persist, particularly in ensuring these models can process vast datasets in real-time scenarios and integrate seamlessly into existing forecasting frameworks. 



Additionally, there is a growing need for collaboration between meteorologists, data scientists, and policymakers to maximize the utility of these technological advancements. 



As research continues to unfold, these novel approaches hold the potential to revolutionize weather forecasting, resulting in better community preparedness and resilience against climate anomalies.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scaling-deep-learning">Scaling deep learning</h2>



Scaling deep learning approaches for global weather forecasts requires a comprehensive strategy to manage data heterogeneity, computational intensity, and energy consumption. 



The vast and varied data sources - from satellite imagery to oceanic sensor readings - demand that models harmonize inputs with differing resolutions and formats.



The computational power needed to handle such voluminous and diverse datasets is substantial, raising concerns about environmental impact due to energy-intensive processes. 



Consequently, researchers are exploring energy-efficient algorithms and innovative hardware solutions to mitigate these challenges. Additionally, there is a critical need for robust validation frameworks to ensure these models' generalizability across diverse climatic regions and conditions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ai-driven-weather-forecasting">AI-driven weather forecasting</h2>



The integration of artificial intelligence in weather forecasting introduces several ethical considerations that warrant careful examination. 



Predominantly, the question of data privacy emerges, as intricate datasets often include sensitive geolocation information. Additionally, there is an inherent risk of algorithmic bias, where disparities in data collection can skew predictions, disproportionately affecting certain populations or regions. 



Transparency and accountability in AI decision-making processes are imperative to ensure equitable access to advanced forecasting <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/2024-is-expected-to-exceed-the-1-5c-warming-limit/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">technologies</a>. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reduction-in-forecast-errors">Reduction in forecast errors</h2>



The results were nothing short of astonishing. Employing deep learning to pinpoint optimal initial conditions led to a massive 94% reduction in 10-day forecast errors in the GraphCast model.



A similar drop in errors was noted when the method was applied to the Pangu-Weather model. Remarkably, the new technique improved forecasts as much as 23 days in advance.



So, do we stand at the threshold of a new era in weather forecasting? Can we look forward to forecasts that are not just more accurate, but also offer longer lead times? If the findings are any indication, this might not be too far off.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2024GL110651" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geophysical Research Letters</a>.



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New era in forecasting: AI will improve extreme weather warnings

Weather forecasting is a tricky business. We rely on it...

Did you know our oceans naturally contain tiny quantities of toxic metal elements like lead, mercury, arsenic, and cadmium? It sounds a bit concerning. But these trace elements typically aren’t an issue. 



However, human activities such as industry and agriculture have been contributing heftier amounts.



To make matters worse, a new study has found climate change already has an impact on how these elements are distributed and accumulated in our seas. As we move forward, this could have significant implications.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-changes-in-the-ocean">Understanding changes in the ocean</h2>



We are well-versed in the impacts of climate change on our oceans: warming temperatures, growing acidity, and loss of oxygen. The newest twist in the tale however is the way climate change affects <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/is-it-still-possible-to-save-the-ocean-from-plastic-pollution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">contaminants in ou</a><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/is-it-still-possible-to-save-the-ocean-from-plastic-pollution/">r seas</a>.



The research was led by Dr. Rebecca Zitoun, a marine chemist at <a href="https://www.geomar.de/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">GEOMAR</a> Helmholtz Center for Ocean Research Kiel, and Dr. Saša Marcinek from the <a href="https://www.irb.hr/eng/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ruđer Bošković Institute</a> in Zagreb.



Lead, mercury, cadmium, and other metals don't just enter our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ocean-plastic-pollution-has-become-a-global-crisis/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">oceans</a> through industrial or fossil fuel burning activities. 



As it turns out, natural sources of these elements are undergoing changes due to climate factors such as rising sea levels, rivers overflowing, or drying up, and melting sea ice and glaciers. The result? Increased flow and mobilization of contaminants.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-metal-contaminants-in-the-ocean">Metal contaminants in the ocean</h2>



The research is the product of a working group of the UN Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection (<a href="http://www.gesamp.org" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">GESAMP</a>), with a focus on metal contaminants in the ocean. 



Dr. Sylvia Sander, professor of marine mineral resources at GEOMAR and former head of the Marine Environmental Studies Laboratories at IAEA in Monaco, initiated this working group. German contributor Christoph Völker from the AWI is another member of this group.



"Our working group has focused on the effects of climate change and greenhouse gases on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hotspots-of-microplastic-pollution-found-in-the-north-sea/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">contaminants</a> in the ocean," explained Dr. Sander.



This rise is mainly due to melting glaciers, thawing permafrost, and coastal erosion. Such an increase in mercury levels poses a significant risk to communities dependent on traditional fishing, as mercury accumulates in the food chain.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-contribution-of-human-activities">The contribution of human activities </h2>



"Human activities have increased the global flow of toxic metals such as lead by tenfold and mercury by three to seven times compared to pre-industrial levels," said Dr. Sander.



"Toxic elements like silver are increasingly detectable in&nbsp;coastal waters, originating from coal combustion and the growing use of silver nanoparticles in antibacterial products."



It's not just these elements, but even silver is increasingly detectable in coastal waters, thanks to coal combustion and the growing use of silver nanoparticles in antibacterial products.



The proliferation of plastics and shipping have further contributed to this issue. They can bind heavy metals such as copper, zinc, and lead, which can then enter the food chain. With <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ocean-diversity-takes-a-hard-hit-near-offshore-platforms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">increasing exploitation of the oceans</a>, the human contribution of these heavy metals could rise even further.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-changing-climate-and-metals">Changing climate and metals</h2>



Climate changes, like warming sea temperatures, ocean acidification, and oxygen depletion, impact trace elements in a variety of ways.



For instance, water temperatures directly influence the bioavailability and uptake of trace elements like mercury in marine organisms. 



With higher temperatures, metabolism increases, oxygen solubility reduces, and gill ventilation improves, leading to more metals entering organisms and accumulating in their bodies.



Additionally, as our oceans absorb more human-emitted CO2, their pH levels drop, thus increasing the solubility and bioavailability of metals like copper, zinc, and iron. 



This can be particularly damaging with copper, which is highly toxic to many marine organisms at increased concentrations.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-changes-in-ocean-contaminants">Changes in ocean contaminants </h2>



Human activities have a two-pronged effect on the amount of contaminants in our coastal regions. There is the direct impact where we release pollutants into the environment, and then there is the indirect effect of climate change on natural sources of these elements.



What's concerning is that there is a significant lack of data on how climate change influences contaminants in the ocean. 



The working group argues that we need more research into new and under-studied contaminants. They also stress on the need for better models, as well as updating legislation that controls the impact of contaminants in the seas.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-emerging-challenges">Emerging challenges</h2>



The dual threat of climate change and environmental contamination presents a formidable challenge requiring innovative solutions and collaborative strategies. 



One burgeoning area of research is the development of advanced models that provide comprehensive insights into the interaction between climate variables and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/major-plastic-pollution-lurks-beneath-the-surface-of-rivers/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">contaminant behavior in marine eco</a><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/major-plastic-pollution-lurks-beneath-the-surface-of-rivers/">systems. </a>



Such models would enable scientists to predict shifts in contaminant distribution and, more importantly, devise mitigation strategies that prioritize environmental and human health.



In addition, the integration of satellite technology and big data analytics offers unprecedented opportunities to enhance our understanding and monitoring of marine pollution on a global scale.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-saving-oceans-from-toxic-metals">Saving oceans from toxic metals</h2>



"To better understand the impacts on ecosystems and human health, we need to close knowledge gaps on the interactions between pollutants and climate change and develop standardized methods that provide globally comparable data," said Dr. Zitoun.



While there is much we still need to learn, the importance of strengthening marine protection and developing sustainable solutions for vulnerable coastal areas cannot be overstated. Climate change and pollution are complex issues, but addressing them is essential for preserving our oceans.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-024-01679-y" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Communications Earth &amp; Environment</a>.



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Climate change makes metals in the ocean more toxic

Did you know our oceans naturally contain tiny quantities of...

An unexpected and obscure phenomenon in the Arctic could dramatically accelerate climate change: the weathering of rocks.



This natural process in the Canadian Arctic could potentially trigger a feedback loop, accelerating the release of carbon dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere as global temperatures continue to rise.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-arctic-rock-weathering">Arctic rock weathering</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/natural-rock-weathering-is-a-co2-source-comparable-to-volcanoes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Rock weathering</a> is a process where certain minerals and rocks react with oxygen in the atmosphere. This results in a series of chemical reactions that ultimately release CO2.



As an example, the weathering of sulfide minerals - like fool's gold - produces an acid that forces <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/met-office-2024-co2-levels-will-surpass-the-point-of-no-return/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CO2</a> out of other rock minerals.



The scary part? This largely overlooked weathering process is increasing in the Arctic because of rising temperatures.



The Arctic is warming nearly four times faster than the global average, which means we urgently need to understand the potential contribution of CO2 emissions from rocks.



Until recently, our knowledge about the response of rock weathering to changing temperatures. as well as the amount of additional CO2 that could be released. was quite limited.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-alarming-acceleration-of-arctic-weathering">Alarming acceleration of Arctic weathering</h2>



A recent study has provided some fascinating insights. The investigation focused on 23 sites across the Mackenzie River Basin, Canada's largest river system.



The researchers examined the sensitivity of sulfide weathering - the process behind these CO2 emissions - to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/arctic-biodiversity-will-get-a-boost-from-rising-temperatures/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">rising temperatures</a>. They used records of sulfate, a product of sulfide weathering, to trace the speed of the process.



The findings were alarming. Over the past 60 years, from 1960 to 2020, as temperatures increased by 2.3°C, sulfide weathering increased by 45 percent. This suggests that the CO2 released could trigger a feedback loop, accelerating warming in the Arctic.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dramatic-increases-in-sulfide-oxidation">Dramatic increases in sulfide oxidation </h2>



Drawing from past river records, the researchers forecasted that by 2100, carbon dioxide released from the Mackenzie River Basin could double to 3 billion kg/year under a moderate emission scenario.



To put this into perspective, this would be equivalent to half the total annual emissions from Canada's domestic aviation sector.



"We see dramatic increases in sulfide oxidation across the Mackenzie with even moderate warming," said study co-author Dr. Ella Walsh.



"Until now, the temperature sensitivity of CO2 release from sulfide rocks and its main drivers were unknown over large areas and timescales.”



What's more, not all parts of the river catchment were affected equally. Weathering was much more sensitive to temperature in rocky mountainous areas and those covered with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/abrupt-permafrost-thaw-releases-more-co2-than-expected/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">permafrost</a>. 



Conversely, regions blanketed with peatland showed lower increases in sulfide oxidation with warmth because the peat protects the bedrock.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sulfide-weathering-and-climate-models">Sulfide weathering and climate models</h2>



The implications of this study, conducted by experts in the Department of Earth Sciences at the <a href="https://www.ox.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Oxford</a>, are far-reaching beyond the Mackenzie River Basin.



Similar environments across the Arctic - characterized by rock types, high proportions of exposed bedrock, and extensive permanently frozen ground - could also see rapid increases in sulfide weathering.



According to the researchers, this highlights the urgent need to consider sulfide weathering in large-scale emission models, which are extremely useful for making <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-experts-predict-global-warming-will-far-exceed-paris-goals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change predictions</a>. 



As we continue to grapple with the impacts of climate change, understanding these lesser-known factors and their potential to accelerate the process is more important than ever.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-building-ecosystem-resilience-in-the-arctic">Building ecosystem resilience in the Arctic </h2>



Given the potentially widespread effects of sulfide weathering, leveraging the natural resilience of Arctic ecosystems may provide a partial solution. 



Arctic regions contain unique biomes, like tundra and peatland, which can act as natural carbon buffers. These ecosystems not only absorb CO2 but also moderate temperatures and shield underlying bedrock from rapid warming. 



Expanding conservation efforts to protect these areas could help slow down the feedback loop triggered by sulfide weathering.



Addressing the issue also requires international cooperation. The Arctic spans multiple countries, each facing unique challenges as climate change accelerates. 



Collaborative research initiatives, involving Arctic nations and global scientific organizations, could help standardize monitoring practices and improve data-sharing on sulfide weathering. 



By pooling resources and expertise, these partnerships can enhance predictive models, leading to more effective climate policies.



Furthermore, an increased focus on reducing global greenhouse gas emissions remains essential. While the impact of sulfide weathering is significant, its long-term consequences will depend on the overall trajectory of global warming. 



 The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adq4893" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science Advances</a>.



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Rock weathering drives further warming in the Arctic

An unexpected and obscure phenomenon in the Arctic could dramatically...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lHHxOej4QfE
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Researchers found a correlation between Alzheimer's disease and traffic pollution.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-invisible-threat-in-urban-air">Invisible threat in urban air</h2>



City dwellers face an unseen danger with every breath. New findings from Emory University researchers suggest that fine particulate matter from <a href="http://earth.com/news/traffic-related-air-pollution-might-increase-alzheimers-risk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">vehicle emissions may significantly elevate the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease</a>. The study examined brain tissue samples from 224 individuals who had confirmed diagnoses and volunteered their brains for scientific research.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-disturbing-connections-emerge">Disturbing connections emerge</h2>



Scientists analyzed neuritic plaques — protein clusters that characterize Alzheimer's — while mapping each participant's exposure to PM2.5 particles based on residential location and surrounding traffic density. The correlation proved more alarming than anticipated. Individuals experiencing higher pollution exposure showed nearly double the likelihood of elevated plaque accumulation in brain tissue.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-timing-matters">Timing matters</h2>



The research team discovered that pollution exposure during the final year before death demonstrated the strongest association with brain changes. This timeline suggests relatively rapid impacts from environmental toxins on neural health. The connection remained robust even after accounting for various demographic and health factors.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genetic-vulnerability-patterns">Genetic vulnerability patterns</h2>



Perhaps most concerning, people lacking the APOE gene—which naturally predisposes individuals to Alzheimer's — exhibited more than twice the susceptibility to pollution-related brain damage. Study author Dr. Anke Huels noted this indicates environmental elements like air contamination could trigger the disease in cases where hereditary factors don't explain.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-public-health-implications">Public health implications</h2>



These findings, published in <a href="https://www.neurology.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Neurology</a>, underscore the critical importance of air quality regulations in urban planning. The research suggests that implementing stricter emission controls and promoting alternative transportation could serve as powerful tools in Alzheimer's prevention.



As cities worldwide grapple with growing traffic congestion and aging populations, this study highlights an urgent need for comprehensive approaches to environmental health that protect both our lungs and our minds.



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Traffic fumes may trigger Alzheimer's

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lHHxOej4QfE Researchers found a correlation between Alzheimer's disease and traffic...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that scientists never expected.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hidden-waters-beneath-ancient-craters">Hidden waters beneath ancient craters</h2>



Scientists have made a startling discovery that challenges everything we thought we knew about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/saturn-moon-mimas-has-remarkably-young-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Saturn's moon Mimas</a>. Beneath the heavily cratered surface that earned it the nickname "Death Star" lies a global ocean that formed just 5 to 15 million years ago—a remarkably young age by cosmic standards.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cassini-data-reveals-orbital-secrets">Cassini data reveals orbital secrets</h2>



The discovery, led by Dr. Valéry Lainey of the <a href="https://observatoiredeparis.psl.eu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Observatoire de Paris</a>, emerged from careful analysis of <a href="https://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>'s Cassini spacecraft data. By studying subtle irregularities in Mimas's orbit around Saturn, researchers detected the gravitational signature of liquid water hidden 20 to 30 kilometers beneath the moon's icy shell.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-an-unlikely-ocean-world">An unlikely ocean world</h2>



At only 400 kilometers in diameter, Mimas seemed like the least likely candidate to harbor a subsurface ocean. Unlike other ocean moons such as Europa and Enceladus, which show clear surface signs of internal activity, Mimas displays no obvious hints of the liquid water beneath its ancient, crater-scarred exterior.



"Mimas is a small moon, and its heavily cratered surface gave no hint of the hidden ocean beneath," explained Dr. Nick Cooper from <a href="https://www.qmul.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Queen Mary University of London</a>, a study co-author.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-astrobiology">Implications for astrobiology</h2>



The ocean's recent formation makes Mimas a prime target for studying how oceans develop and potentially support life. This discovery adds another member to the exclusive club of ocean worlds in our solar system, each offering unique insights into the conditions necessary for habitability.



The research, published in <a href="https://www.nature.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a> journal, demonstrates how advanced orbital analysis can reveal hidden features of celestial bodies, opening new possibilities for understanding ocean formation throughout the cosmos.



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Scientists discover unexpected young ocean on Saturn's cratered moon Mimas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ 'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K0DuSr87SHY
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">57 million-year ice age mystery solved by Australian scientists.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-when-earth-became-a-frozen-wasteland">When Earth became a frozen wasteland</h2>



Imagine Earth as a giant snowball, frozen solid from the North Pole to the equator. This wasn't the plot of a science fiction movie – it was our planet's reality 700 million years ago during an extreme ice age that has puzzled scientists for decades.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-discovery">The discovery</h2>



Australian researchers from the <a href="https://www.sydney.edu.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Sydney</a> have finally cracked one of geology's greatest mysteries: what caused the Sturtian glaciation and why it persisted for an unprecedented 57 million years. This period occurred long before dinosaurs roamed the Earth, when no complex plants or multicellular animals existed.



Dr. Adriana Dutkiewicz, the study's lead author, describes a world completely unlike today's climate. "Imagine the Earth almost completely frozen over," she explained. "The planet was blanketed in ice from poles to equator, and temperatures plunged."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-combination-of-climate-factors">The combination of climate factors</h2>



The research team discovered that this massive freeze resulted from a "double whammy" of geological events. First, plate tectonic activity reduced volcanic carbon dioxide emissions to historically low levels. Volcanic activity typically releases CO2 into the atmosphere, creating a greenhouse effect that keeps Earth warm.



Simultaneously, weathering of volcanic rocks in what is now Canada actively absorbed atmospheric CO2, further reducing greenhouse gas concentrations. When atmospheric carbon dioxide levels dropped below 200 parts per million – less than half of today's levels – glaciation engulfed the entire planet.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-climate-implications">Modern climate implications</h2>



Published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/geology" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geology</a>, this research provides crucial insights into Earth's climate system. While geological climate changes occur over millions of years, the study emphasizes that human-induced climate change is happening at a pace ten times faster than previously observed natural changes, highlighting the urgent need to understand our planet's delicate climate balance.



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What caused the planet's longest ice age

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K0DuSr87SHY 57 million-year ice age mystery solved by Australian scientists....

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WXXGGiynIjs
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Greenland is not sinking. In fact, it is the opposite.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-contrasting-climate-response">A contrasting climate response</h2>



Most coastal towns are <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sinking-land-will-intensify-the-effects-of-rising-sea-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">preparing for higher sea levels</a>, but <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/greenland-no-longer-has-to-worry-about-rising-sea-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Greenland presents</a> a different scenario during climate change. The ground there is rising at a remarkable rate. Over the past decade, some areas have lifted about 20 centimeters, which translates to roughly 2 meters per century. This rate significantly exceeds current projections for sea level rise.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-geological-rebound-process-through-climate-change">Geological rebound process through climate change</h2>



The mechanism behind this phenomenon is straightforward. As the ice sheet melts, the immense weight is removed from the bedrock, causing the land to rebound upward. This process resembles the way compressed material springs back when pressure is released.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-monitoring-networks">Scientific monitoring networks</h2>



Researchers at the <a href="https://www.dtu.dk/english/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Technical University of Denmark</a> are documenting this uplift using the GNET network, consisting of 61 GPS stations positioned around Greenland's coast. These sensors can detect movement with millimeter precision, providing detailed measurements of the ongoing changes.



The data reveal that current uplift rates exceed the gradual rebound occurring since the last ice age ended approximately 12,000 years ago. This acceleration corresponds directly with increased ice sheet melting rates.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-coastal-transformation">Coastal Transformation</h2>



This uplift is actively reshaping Greenland's coastline. New islands and rocky formations, called "skerries," are emerging as previously submerged land surfaces rise above the water level. This represents a notable contrast to global concerns about rising seas.



The study, published in Geophysical Research Letters, demonstrates the varied regional impacts of climate change. While many locations face rising water levels, Greenland's bedrock is literally rising above the surrounding seas.



The full study was recently published in <a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2023GL104851" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geophysical Research Letters</a>.



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Greenland's ground rises while coasts worldwide face higher seas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WXXGGiynIjs Greenland is not sinking. In fact, it is the...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DSM3EVeGHJU
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Companies like MindStudio help companies train their employees to implement the latest AI Agent building platform.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ai-agent-training-transforms-the-workplace-fear-factor-into-a-competitive-advantage">AI agent training transforms the workplace 'fear factor' into a competitive advantage</h2>



Organizations that offer comprehensive artificial intelligence training to their workers find remarkable value that extends well beyond basic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mind-wandering-might-be-more-productive-than-you-think/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">productivity improvements</a>. Emerging research demonstrates that carefully crafted AI training programs <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ai-does-not-replace-human-creativity-but-enhances-it/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">enhance</a> corporate performance, lower operational costs, and dramatically improve employee psychological well-being by turning workplace uncertainty into professional empowerment.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-addressing-the-widespread-ai-anxiety-crisis-among-us">Addressing the widespread 'AI anxiety' crisis among us</h2>



A staggering 53% of employees expressed concern that the use of AI tools to automate work tasks could make them appear disposable to their employers, according to <a href="https://www.microsoft.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Microsoft</a>'s 2024 workplace survey. Such pervasive worry about being substituted by machines has caused what researchers have termed "AI technostress" – a psychological state that can result in occupational burnout and poorer mental well-being.



Data published in <a href="https://www.nature.com/palcomms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Humanities and Social Sciences Communications</a> showed that belief in AI learning ability was a moderator in the link between technology adoption and work pressure, and higher confidence significantly lowered negative psychological responses. Workers provided ample training to become competent with AI software have significantly lower stress.



Companies like <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MindStudio</a> have platforms for building what are known as "AI Agents". In essence, AI Agents are simply tools that employees can build for themselves or their teams quickly and inexpensively. MindStudio will even train entire companies, from the CEO on down, at no cost. By letting MindStudio empower employees, companies avoid hiring more IT staff, buying more software, and implementing solutions to problems that do not exist.



MindStudio even has partners locally for companies, like <a href="http://www.dominnus.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dominnus</a> with offices in the Carolinas, California, and Denver, to help build AI Agents and support employees as they become resident AI experts for their organization. The training provided by MindStudio is applicable across other AI Agent building platforms as well.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-productivity-through-focused-learning">Revolutionary productivity through focused learning</h2>



Organizations that implement large-scale AI training programs achieve dramatic outcomes. Employees performed tasks significantly better when they utilized AI support compared to when they didn't, according to <a href="https://www.nngroup.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nielsen Norman Group</a> research findings. Their study documented productivity increases of 66% for a variety of professional tasks.



Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis research finds workers record 33% higher productivity in time working with generative AI tools. The benefit is equivalent to 5.4% of work time savings for AI users – around 2.2 hours per week for full-time workers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-psychological-well-being-benefits-through-ai-competence">Psychological well-being benefits through AI competence</h2>



The emotional transformation when employees are provided with proper technology training is a fundamental transformation from fear to professional confidence. A survey of 600 employees across industries, carried out by ScienceDirect, proved that AI capabilities strengthen work environment commitment and improve job satisfaction.



A <a href="https://www.lut.fi/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">LUT University</a> study discovered that AI adoption has no direct effect on workers' well-being but does so indirectly through working conditions like task optimization and safety protocols. Strategically deployed AI that involves correct training can actually increase workplace mental well-being.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-from-replacement-anxiety-to-partnership-confidence">From 'replacement anxiety' to 'partnership confidence'</h2>



Although 35% of those interviewed in recent McKinsey studies were concerned about workforce displacement, firms with large-scale training initiatives witness such fears dissipate quickly. The World Economic Forum found that two out of three respondents believe AI competencies will enhance their career prospects and job marketability.



This shift from fear to trust has measurable implications for job satisfaction. Applied Sciences research indicates AI can create tailored wellness programs based on individual employee requirements.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-financial-benefits-of-increased-retention">Financial benefits of increased retention</h2>



The mental health advantages of AI learning have a direct impact on organizational bottom lines in the form of a positive feedback cycle with high retention of employees. Recent ROI research validates that artificial intelligence learning has a beneficial impact on employee turnover and satisfaction levels.



PriceWaterhouseCoopers' research documents 20% to 30% improvements in productivity, market speed, and revenue in organizations that attempt systematic AI adoption through comprehensive training.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-advantages-of-ai-enabled-teams">Environmental advantages of AI-enabled teams</h2>



AI training has unforeseen environmental benefits as it makes the work environment more efficient. According to a study in Scientific Reports, the carbon footprint in writing and illustrating work is significantly lower when AI performs it compared to humans. AI software produces 130 to 1,500 times less CO2 equivalent per page of text created than human authors.



In addition, AI-driven remote work functionality significantly reduces environmental impact. Research by Cornell University and Microsoft indicates that remote workers reduce greenhouse gas emissions by up to 54% by not commuting daily to offices. Hybrid workers working remotely two to four days a week can reduce their carbon footprint by 11% to 29%.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cumulative-organizational-advantages">Cumulative organizational advantages</h2>



The compounding gains of better mental well-being, reduced turnover, increased productivity, and environmental benefits flow to enterprises from the pairing. McKinsey analysis estimates the long-term AI potential at $4.4 trillion in incremental productivity growth opportunity from business use cases.



As of now, 75% of knowledge workers globally utilize generative AI, mirroring widespread adoption patterns. Organizations that provide organized training and assistance see the most favorable results in productivity, worker satisfaction, and ecological sustainability.



The research overwhelmingly indicates that companies that invest in proper AI education, like that offered through <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MindStudio</a>, establish win-win scenarios where employees are both more empowered and less stressed, and companies enjoy the gains of increased productivity, reduced turnover, and improved mental health outcomes throughout their workforce.



For more on MindStudio's free AI training for companies, visit the website's of MindStudio and Dominnus from the links below.



The research was published across a variety of peer-reviewed journals, including <a href="https://www.nature.com/palcomms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Humanities and Social Sciences Communications</a>, <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/artificial-intelligence" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence</a>, and <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/journal/applsci">Applied Sciences</a>.



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MindStudio.AI: <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.mindstudio.ai</a>



Dominnus: <a href="https://www.dominnus.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.dominnus.com</a>

AI agent training boosts mental health and profits

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DSM3EVeGHJU Companies like MindStudio help companies train their employees to...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0HDXqTGEmi4
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Scientists give plants superpowers against bacterial disease</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-natural-solution-to-disease-through-crop-modification">A natural solution to disease through crop modification.</h2>



The agricultural industry stands at a crossroads between productivity and environmental responsibility, and crop modification often carries a negative connotation. While chemical pesticides have long been the go-to solution for crop protection, their harmful effects on ecosystems and human health have prompted scientists to seek alternatives. The recent breakthrough by <a href="https://www.southampton.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Southampton</a> researchers offers a promising path forward through the precise manipulation of plant-associated microbial communities.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-science-behind-microbial-partnerships">The science behind microbial partnerships</h2>



Plants naturally harbor diverse ecosystems of bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms that function as biological allies. These microscopic partners contribute to disease resistance, nutrient absorption, and stress tolerance. However, until now, scientists lacked the tools to deliberately reshape these communities to enhance crop protection.



The Southampton team's approach centered on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/engineered-plant-microbiomes-the-future-of-crop-protection/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">modifying lignin biosynthesis genes in rice plants</a>. This strategic intervention altered the plant's metabolic output, creating conditions that favored beneficial bacterial populations while suppressing harmful ones. The result was a living defense system embedded within the plant itself.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-global-food-security">Implications for global food security</h2>



The successful demonstration against Xanthomonas oryzae, the pathogen responsible for bacterial blight in rice, represents more than a laboratory achievement. Rice feeds nearly half the world's population, and bacterial blight causes devastating crop losses annually. Traditional control methods rely heavily on pesticides that contaminate soil and water systems.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-looking-beyond-disease-resistance">Looking Beyond Disease Resistance</h2>



While disease protection represents the immediate application, the research framework opens doors to broader agricultural improvements. Future developments could engineer microbiomes to enhance nutrient uptake, reducing dependence on synthetic fertilizers. This dual benefit addresses both crop productivity and environmental sustainability.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-path-forward">The path forward</h2>



As this technology advances from laboratory to field applications, it promises to reshape sustainable agriculture. The ability to program plants with their own biological defense systems could herald a new era where crops protect themselves naturally, reducing chemical inputs while maintaining yields necessary for global food security.



The study is published in the journal&nbsp;<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-44335-3" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Communications</a>.



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Revolutionizing agriculture through microbiome engineering

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0HDXqTGEmi4 Scientists give plants superpowers against bacterial disease A natural...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Acid rain and a crisis solved.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-don-t-we-ever-hear-about-acid-rain-anymore-the-environmental-crisis-that-was-solved">Why don't we ever hear about "acid rain" anymore? The environmental crisis that was solved</h2>



Remember the 1980s when acid rain dominated headlines? Dire warnings about rain eating buildings, killing fish, and destroying forests filled every news cycle. Then, almost like magic, acid rain vanished from public discourse. What happened? Did we actually solve one of the late 20th century's most pressing environmental challenges?



The answer might surprise you. Unlike many environmental issues that drag on indefinitely, acid rain represents one of modern history's most successful ecological recovery stories. It's a tale of science, politics, and technology working together to tackle what seemed impossible.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What was acid rain?</h2>



Acid rain isn't regular rain having a bad day – it's precipitation that became significantly more acidic due to air pollution. When power plants, factories, and vehicles burn fossil fuels, they release sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) into the atmosphere.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The science behind it</h2>



Think of acid rain as nature's chemistry experiment gone wrong. These compounds react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form sulfuric and nitric acids. When mixed with water vapor in clouds, they create precipitation with dangerously low pH levels.



While clean rain has a pH of about 5.6, acid rain could drop as low as 4.2 to 4.4 – roughly as acidic as tomato juice or coffee. According to US Geological Survey documentation, Scottish chemist Angus Smith first coined "acid rain" in 1872, but it didn't become a household phrase until the 1960s and 1970s when Swedish scientist Svante Odén documented its devastating effects on Scandinavian lakes and European forests.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The crisis at its peak</h2>



During the height of public concern, environmental damage was both widespread and visible. This wasn't some abstract future threat – people could see destruction happening in real-time.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Environmental devastation</h2>



The most dramatic impacts were impossible to ignore. Research documented by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation shows that in the Adirondack Mountains, more than 200 lakes became so acidic they couldn't support fish life. The Adirondack Council reports that 409 lakes once supported brook trout, but many lost their fish populations due to acid rain.



By 1976, when scientists cataloged all acidified lakes in the Adirondack Park, researchers found that half of the lakes over 2,000 feet above sea level had no fish, according to studies published in environmental journals. The acidification process worked like a slow-motion disaster. As acid rain fell into watersheds, it gradually lowered pH levels. Fish couldn't survive in acidic water, and their food sources died off too.



Trees at high elevations showed stress directly linked to acid rain. It weakened them by leaching nutrients and making them susceptible to disease. Historical records show Germany's Black Forest saw nearly half its trees damaged by the mid-1980s.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Economic impact</h2>



Acid rain wasn't just environmental – it was expensive. Acidic precipitation corroded infrastructure, buildings, and monuments. Historic stone structures deteriorated at accelerated rates. Tourism suffered as lakes became fishless and forests declined. EPA economic analyses from the period documented repair costs mounting into billions annually.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The solution: government action and technology</h2>



Transformation from crisis to success required unprecedented cooperation between governments, industries, and environmental groups.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The Clean Air Act of 1990</h2>



The turning point came with the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, signed by President George H.W. Bush. This represented a fundamentally new approach to environmental regulation, as documented in EPA historical records.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Cap-and-trade success</h2>



Instead of mandating specific technologies, the 1990 amendments introduced something revolutionary: a cap-and-trade system for sulfur dioxide emissions. EPA program documentation shows this market-based approach set overall limits but allowed companies to trade emission allowances.



The genius was harnessing market forces to find cost-effective pollution reduction. Companies reducing emissions cheaply could sell excess allowances to those facing higher costs. Research published in environmental economics journals and EPA progress reports shows this resulted in dramatic SO2 reduction at a fraction of projected costs.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Technology advances</h2>



Policy provided the framework, but technology made reductions possible. Studies in atmospheric science journals document the widespread adoption of flue gas desulfurization systems ("scrubbers") that removed sulfur dioxide before it reached the atmosphere. By the 2000s, new installations could remove over 95% of SO2 emissions, according to EPA technical reports.



The push coincided with cleaner energy development. Natural gas produces fewer sulfur compounds than coal. Wind and solar, emerging in the 1990s, captured growing market share, reducing reliance on high-sulfur coal.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-we-don-t-hear-about-it-today">Why we don't hear about it today</h2>



Why did acid rain disappear from headlines? Simple: the problem was largely solved.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Success doesn't make news</h2>



There's an old journalism saying: "If it bleeds, it leads." Environmental success stories don't generate urgency like crisis reporting. Media attention shifted to other challenges: climate change, plastic pollution, and biodiversity loss. There's only so much environmental anxiety the public can absorb, and newer concerns replaced acid rain.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Mission accomplished</h2>



The primary reason is beautifully simple: interventions worked. EPA monitoring data shows sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990. Academic research published in environmental science journals confirms pH levels in formerly affected areas returned closer to normal. This represents one of history's most dramatic environmental recoveries. Studies by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation show fishless lakes now support healthy populations. Forests recovered, and building damage slowed dramatically.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-is-it-really-gone">Is it really gone?</h2>



The crisis is largely resolved, but monitoring data shows the problem isn't completely eliminated – it's managed to acceptable levels. Some areas still experience occasional events during high pollution periods. International environmental research indicates that rapidly industrializing Asian countries face similar problems to what we experienced decades ago, though they're implementing successful strategies.



EPA research shows nitrogen oxide emissions proved more challenging than sulfur dioxide, coming from vehicles and mobile sources. Climate science studies suggest changing weather patterns add complexity to how acid rain forms and falls.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What this teaches us</h2>



The acid rain experience proves that seemingly intractable environmental problems can be solved with scientific understanding, political will, and technological innovation. Environmental monitoring data shows recovery speed was remarkable – within a decade, measurable improvements appeared in air quality and ecosystem health.



Success came from bipartisan support across party lines. Policy analysis studies show the market-based approach appealed to those preferring economic incentives while achieving environmental goals. This support created lasting policy surviving political changes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Conclusion</h2>



Acid rain's disappearance from public consciousness represents environmental science's greatest success stories. Through effective regulation, technological innovation, and international cooperation, we transformed an overwhelming crisis into a manageable challenge.



Today's silence isn't because we forgot – it's because we solved it. The 1990 Clean Air Act, combined with technology and energy market changes, reduced acid rain emissions over 90%, according to comprehensive EPA data analysis.



This success offers hope for current challenges. It proves complex problems can be solved when science, policy, and technology work together. As we face climate change and plastic pollution, acid rain reminds us that dramatic positive change is possible.



Next time someone asks whether environmental regulations work, remember acid rain. It's proof that sometimes, we get it right.



<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>



Sources: This article draws from EPA official documentation and progress reports, peer-reviewed research published in environmental and atmospheric science journals, historical data from the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation records, US Geological Survey publications, policy analysis studies, and environmental monitoring data collected over three decades.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Frequently Asked Questions</h2>



1. Is acid rain completely gone? No, but EPA monitoring shows it's reduced to manageable levels. US sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990, making acid rain much less severe than the 1980s crisis.



2. How long did solving take? Environmental monitoring data shows significant improvements began within 5-10 years of 1990s emission controls. Full ecosystem recovery took longer – some areas need 20-30 years for complete recovery.



3. What made the solution successful? Clear scientific understanding, visible damage motivating action, bipartisan support, available technology, and innovative market-based policies like cap-and-trade.



4. Do other countries have acid rain problems? Yes, particularly rapidly industrializing Asian countries. However, international environmental research shows many implement similar successful control strategies.



5. Could acid rain return? Potentially, if regulations weaken or we return to high-sulfur coal without controls, though effects would take years to become severe according to environmental projections.



6. Can you recommend any teaching tools on the subject of "acid rain"? The United States Environmental Protection Agency produced a wonderful teacher's guide for ages 14 and under that you can find on the EPA website here: <a href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf</a>



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The environmental problem we actually solved

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk Acid rain and a crisis solved. Why don't we...

Green,Ecoduct,Over,An,Empty,Highway,During,Sunset.

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A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that wildlife tunnels significantly reduce amphibian road mortality during seasonal migrations. 



Frogs and salamanders often cross roads to reach breeding ponds each spring, but many are killed by vehicles. 



Researchers from the <a href="https://www.uvm.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Vermont</a>, in collaboration with local citizens and the Vermont Agency of Natural Resources, installed two underpass tunnels in 2015. 



Over a 12-year monitoring period, they observed an 80.2% reduction in amphibian deaths, and up to 94% for non-climbing species like salamanders. 



The study used a before-after-control-impact design and documented more than 5,200 amphibians, highlighting the tunnels’ effectiveness even in nearby buffer zones.



Funded at $342,397 - far cheaper than wildlife crossings for large mammals - the project showcased the power of community-led conservation.



Local groups initiated the effort after observing mass amphibian deaths. Wildlife cameras later captured over 2,200 amphibians using a tunnel in just one spring, along with other species like raccoons and bobcats, indicating wider ecosystem benefits.



This marks the first peer-reviewed, long-term data set in the northeastern U.S. confirming amphibian-specific underpasses work. 



The study urges transportation departments to incorporate these designs into road planning and highlights how community action, thoughtful infrastructure, and persistence can make a real difference for biodiversity.



The full study was published in the <a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1617138125000780" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal for Nature Conservation</a>.



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Wildlife tunnels save millions of amphibians

https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that...

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. 



The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.



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Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. 



Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.



Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. 



They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).



Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.



Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.



This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.



“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. 



The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.



“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;



“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”



The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;



The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.



Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Designing crops that can beat the heat

[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Carl...

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes the first comprehensive estimate of carbon density in the Saharan, Sahel, and Sudanian zones of Africa. In an effort to measure the amount of carbon stored across these drylands, a team of scientists used high-resolution satellite images and artificial intelligence to map nearly 10 billion individual trees. 



"The high spatial resolution (50 cm) combined with AI and field measurements used in this study is key to improving tree inventories in drylands," said Pierre Hiernaux, a French researcher working for NASA. "The ever-increasing availability of very high-resolution satellite imagery will make it possible to assess carbon pools and their dynamics at the individual tree level on a global scale."



"This study is exceptional because it is pioneering a type of approach that will revolutionize the monitoring of trees and forests on a global scale: in the short term, it will be possible to map the world's trees from the centre of the Amazon to our schoolyards," said <a href="https://www.inrae.fr/en">INRAE</a> researcher Jean-Pierre Wigneron.



"Many fields of application will become much more efficient and accurate, such as tracking carbon stocks, biodiversity, monitoring logging and protection against illegal forest degradation, in near real time.”



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Remote sensing will revolutionize the way we monitor trees

[sendtonews key="EjmSP20gQK-2593093-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.



According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."



Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;



ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. 



Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 



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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> features a visual dataset of.methane emissions from wetlands across the globe. Atmospheric methane levels have reached record highs in recent years, and wetlands are a major source of these emissions.&nbsp;



"Methane is an important greenhouse gas that contributes substantially to global warming. On a molecule by molecule basis, methane is much more efficient at trapping heat than carbon dioxide, the main driver of warming," says NASA.



"Though human activities, including agriculture, oil and natural gas production and use, and waste disposal, collectively contribute the majority of methane to the atmosphere, about a third of total methane emissions comes from wetlands."&nbsp;



According to NASA, understanding methane emissions from wetlands and other natural sources is critically important for scientists and policymakers who are working to combat climate change by reducing emissions from human activities.



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Wetlands are a major source of methane emissions

[sendtonews key="f8fukm28Vz-2491833-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

[sendtonews key="0879czfG3k-1785905-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from NASA...

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes how record-breaking heat expressed itself around the world in 2022.



Scientists have determined that 2022 was the 5th warmest year since 1880. Furthermore, the last nine consecutive years have been the warmest on record.



From devastating floods and wildfires to natural disasters like Hurricane Ian, 2022 showed us yet again how a warming climate affects people across the globe.&nbsp;



"As we look back at 20:22 and years past, we see that each year we better understand the challenges we face and how important it is to meet them," says NASA.



Video/ Image Credit: NASA Goddard



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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2022 illustrated the consequences of a warming climate

[sendtonews key="3UUsNkFOuS-2487333-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes Earth’s interconnected systems, and how this network is affected by rising temperatures.&nbsp;



During 2020, average global temperatures matched the hottest year on record. The hurricane season was also record-breaking, with many of the storms intensifying at extraordinary speeds. Hot water in the ocean is fuel for hurricanes. The satellite data shows that it's all one interconnected system showing how Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected.



According to NASA, dust swept up from Northern Africa plays a major role in the formation of hurricanes, and is also a key source of fertilization in the Amazon rainforest. As a result of<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-wasting-disease-is-fueled-by-climate-change/"> climate</a> change, dust plumes are expected to decline, which will have an effect on vegetation far away.&nbsp;



Images from Earth-observing satellites show how the world’s plant life is affected by natural disasters, fires, and deforestation. Satellites also reveal how widespread changes in vegetation impact waterways,&nbsp; the climate, air quality. Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on the Earth. "Earth From Space" is a groundbreaking two-hour special that reveals a spectacular new space-based vision of our planet. 



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected

[sendtonews key="JbW4VsY53O-1632195-12187" type="single"] Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected...

Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://welcome.miami.edu/">University of Miami</a> Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science explores how changes in water temperatures have affected tiger shark habitats and movements in the North Atlantic Ocean. The study reveals that rising temperatures have caused the sharks to shift toward the poles over the past 40 years.



“Tiger shark annual migrations have expanded poleward, paralleling rising water temperatures,” explained study lead author Neil Hammerschlag. “These results have consequences for tiger shark conservation, since shifts in their movements outside of marine protected areas may leave them more vulnerable to commercial fishing.”



The researchers analyzed nine years of tracking data from satellite-tagged tiger sharks, combined with four decades of conventional tag and recapture data provided by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Cooperative Shark Tagging Program.



The experts found that during the last decade of record heat, for every one-degree Celsius increase in water temperatures, tiger sharks migrated further poleward by over 400 kilometers. They also migrated two weeks earlier than usual to waters off the northeastern coast of the United States.



“Given their role as apex predators, these changes to tiger shark movements may alter predator-prey interactions, leading to ecological imbalances, and more frequent encounters with humans,” concluded Professor Hammerschlag.



Video Credit: University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Tiger sharks are shifting poleward as temperatures rise

Today’s Video of the Day from the University of Miami...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> is focused on the melt ponds that emerge during the spring and summer on the Greenland Ice Sheet, which is the largest ice mass in the northern hemisphere.



"Melt ponds are vast pools of open water that form on both sea ice and ice sheets and are visible as turquoise-blue pools of water in this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image," says ESA.



"When snow and ice melts atop glaciers, water flows in channels and streams and collects in depressions on the surface. These melt ponds can speed up the melting of the surrounding ice since they greatly reduce the ice’s ability to reflect sunlight."



"This can create a positive feedback where an increasing number of melt ponds absorb more heat which causes ice cover to melt even faster."



According to ESA, Greenland has been hit with a late-season heatwave that began in early September. This caused the type of melt event that usually occurs in the middle of summer.



"In a recent paper published in Nature Climate Change, scientists found that major sea-level rise from the melting of the Greenland ice cap is now ‘inevitable’ even if the burning of fossil fuels were to halt overnight," says ESA. "Using satellite observations of Greenland ice loss and ice cap from 2000 to 2019, the team found the losses will lead to a minimum rise of 27 cm regardless of climate change."



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Melt ponds on the Greenland Ice Sheet

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes how Earth is unique in our solar system for its ability to sustain liquid water on its surface. But now, the water cycle is shifting as the climate warms, and scientists must find ways to predict how these changes will affect water availability.



Overall, 96 percent of Earth's water is saltwater, and nearly all of freshwater is found in ice and groundwater. These sources of water are linked as it passes through solid, liquid and gas phases.



In a warmer climate, the water cycle will be transformed. It will be easier for water to evaporate and form clouds, and storms will become more frequent and intense. Some regions will get too much water, while others will be left without enough water. In addition, soil moisture will be lost - which threatens food security.



Scientists are using satellite data from over the last 40 years to track changes that are happening in the water cycle. This will ultimately help us prepare for extreme events and better manage our water resources, according to ESA.



Video Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Tracking changes in Earth's water cycle

[sendtonews key="fxH3eJHEkQ-2010196-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

Saturn,-,High,Resolution,3d,Images,Presents,Planets,Of,The

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard Space Flight Center</a> features images of Saturn from NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope. The photographs capture the start of the mysterious "spoke season" on Saturn - when unexplained features appear on its rings. 



According to NASA, both the cause of the spokes and their seasonal variability have yet to be fully explained by planetary scientists.



"Like Earth, Saturn is tilted on its axis and therefore has four seasons, though because of Saturn's much larger orbit, each season lasts approximately seven Earth years. Equinox occurs when the rings are tilted edge-on to the Sun," explains NASA.



"The spokes disappear when it is near summer or winter solstice on Saturn. (When the Sun appears to reach either its highest or lowest latitude in the northern or southern hemisphere of a planet.) As the autumnal equinox of Saturn's northern hemisphere on May 6, 2025, draws near, the spokes are expected to become increasingly prominent and observable."



Experts believe that the spokes may be a product of the planet's variable magnetic field. When magnetic fields interact with solar wind, an electrically charged environment is created. This phenomenon is visible on Earth as the northern lights.&nbsp;



"Scientists think that the smallest, dust-sized icy ring particles can become charged as well, which temporarily levitates those particles above the rest of the larger icy particles and boulders in the rings," says NASA.



The spokes were first observed in the early 1980s by NASA's Voyager mission. Depending on the angle of the rings, the spokes can appear dark or light.



"Thanks to Hubble's OPAL program, which is building an archive of data on the outer solar system planets, we will have longer dedicated time to study Saturn’s spokes this season than ever before," said NASA senior planetary scientist Amy Simon, head of the Hubble Outer Planet Atmospheres Legacy (OPAL) program.



"Despite years of excellent observations by the Cassini mission, the precise beginning and duration of the spoke season is still unpredictable, rather like predicting the first storm during hurricane season."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Mysterious "spoke season" captured on Saturn

[sendtonews key="Ccjk8KEMzv-2550719-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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