Plastic may not always float where we expect it. The ocean’s surface might look clean in some places, but far beneath the waves, a different story is unfolding. 



In the southeastern Mediterranean, the deep seafloor is turning into a massive storage ground for plastic packaging, especially bags. A new study shows how this <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/large-retailers-are-replacing-plastic-bags-with-eco-friendly-paper-bags/">waste</a> ends up thousands of feet below the surface, and the answer isn’t as simple as trash just “sinking.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plastic-in-the-deep-sea">Plastic in the deep sea</h2>



Plastic debris has entered every corner of the ocean, but previously, most of the research has concentrated on floating plastic or beach trash. That changed with this latest study, which took a closer look at what is occurring on the ocean floor. 



Scientists discovered that the Levant Basin - a deep section of the eastern <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/two-continents-meet-along-the-mediterranean-coastline/">Mediterranean</a> off the coasts of Israel, Egypt, and Turkey - is among the world's most contaminated deep-sea areas.



“We used trawls to survey the seafloor and we mainly found plastic bags and packaging that dominate the debris,” said Xing-Yu Li from the <a href="https://www.haifa.ac.il/?lang=en">University of Haifa</a>, the study’s lead author.



This raised a question: how does something so light - something meant to float - end up nearly a mile underwater?



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-forensic-approach-to-trash">A forensic approach to trash</h2>



To answer that, the team decided to treat each plastic item like a crime scene. Every piece of debris was carefully examined using a method called multi-marker analysis. 



This approach looks at everything about the plastic - size, shape, color, material, surface features, and even what kinds of things are stuck to it, like tar or <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/marine-organisms-may-adapt-to-climate-change-but-with-hidden-costs/">marine organisms</a>.



“In the multi-marker approach anything that is found on a piece of plastic is an evidence,” said Xing-yu. “We extracted as many evidence as possible from every piece of waste, more than many previous studies, to build a fuller, more detailed view of the bottom waste.”



Instead of just counting how much trash was found, this method helped researchers understand how it got there, why it sank, and where it might have come from.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-some-plastic-doesn-t-sink">Why some plastic doesn’t sink</h2>



Most of the plastics found were <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/everyday-kitchen-tool-that-could-be-leaching-toxins-into-your-food-polypropylene-cutting-board/">polyethylene</a> - the same material used in grocery bags. Normally, this kind of plastic floats. But when additives like calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) are mixed in during manufacturing, the plastic becomes heavier. 



Those with CaCO₃ sank closer to the shore. Others, without these additives, drifted farther out before eventually settling on the seafloor.



The study also revealed that the deep basin at over 3,000 feet deep acts like a trap. Pressure and fine sediments help keep the plastic down. 



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/biofilms-could-change-the-way-we-track-plastic-pollution/">Biofilms</a>, which are slimy layers formed by microbes, usually help weigh plastics down too, but they don’t grow well in this part of the sea. Instead, things like tar, sand, and tiny shells helped plastics stay put.



The scientists noted that these plastic films - while thin and lightweight - are ending up where they can do the most long-term damage. 



Even more troubling, the team found that some of this plastic could become buoyant again if disturbed, but because of how the deep sea works, that rarely happens. Once the plastic settles, it stays.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-where-the-trash-is-coming-from">Where the trash is coming from</h2>



The plastic pollution isn’t only from local beaches. According to the research, land-based sources from Egypt, Israel, and Turkey are a big part of the problem. 



Shipping also plays a role, especially in deeper waters. Surprisingly, fishing was not a major contributor - possibly due to strict Israeli regulations.



For years, scientists noticed high levels of plastic at the seafloor, but they didn’t fully understand why. 



“For years in our monitoring reports we have reported a high concentration of plastic debris in this area. It was an unsolved mystery as we know that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ocean-floor-harbors-up-to-11-million-tons-of-plastic-debris/">plastic debris</a> should remain floating on the sea surface. Now we have a deep understanding of how it happens,” said Dr. Yael Segal from Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research (IOLR). 



“The Eastern Mediterranean is the most polluted area in the world, and we must take action for the sake of the next generation.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-long-term-risks-to-marine-life">Long-term risks to marine life</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/grapevines-could-offer-a-breakthrough-alternative-to-plastic-packaging/">Plastic packaging</a> is cheap, easy to produce, and used globally - but it doesn’t go away. It breaks into smaller pieces and can remain in the environment for hundreds of years. 



Deep-sea habitats are already fragile, and adding plastic into the mix could disrupt food webs, introduce toxins, and harm species that haven’t even been fully studied yet.



“As the head of the national monitoring program, I see firsthand how plastic pollution is impacting the entire sea environment: beaches, water, sea bottom, and even local turtle populations,” said Dr. Segal.



Professor Revital Bookman said that the discovery is fascinating in the worst possible way. 



"The eastern Mediterranean is quietly turning into a deep-sea landfill. Plastics that we use for only a few minutes are ending up trapped for centuries, threatening deep marine ecosystems we barely understand," noted Professor Bookman. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-needs-to-happen-next">What needs to happen next</h2>



According to the researchers, this study changes how we should think about ocean pollution. Plastic doesn’t just float around until it hits a beach. It travels far, interacts with other pollutants like tar, and ends up in hidden places. 



“This previously overlooked dynamic necessitates a broader perspective on pollution processes in marine environments,” said Professor Bookman. 



“Without systematic deep-sea accounting, we risk underestimating the true environmental footprint of plastic pollution and misallocating mitigation efforts by neglecting offshore and deep-sea sinks.”



To deal with this, the experts call for coordinated efforts across the region. Countries that share the sea need to work together on monitoring, cleanup, and prevention. 



Without a shared strategy, plastics will continue piling up, silently choking one of the planet’s most mysterious ecosystems.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0025326X25009671?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Marine Pollution Bulletin</a>.



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Hidden plastic graveyard uncovered in the deep Mediterranean Sea

Plastic may not always float where we expect it. The ocean’s surface might look clean in some places, but far beneath the waves, a different story is unfolding. In the southeastern Mediterranean, the deep seafloor is turning into a massive storage ground for plastic packaging, especially bags. A new study shows how this waste ends up thousands of feet below the surface, and the answer isn’t as simple as trash just “sinking.” Plastic in the deep sea Plastic debris has entered every corner of the ocean, but...

Scientists often look to nature for solutions to humanity's most pressing challenges, and when it comes to understanding global warming, Earth's geological history provides a long-term perspective that is both enlightening and alarming.



Throughout Earth's history, catastrophic volcanic eruptions have periodically released vast amounts of carbon into the atmosphere and oceans. These massive carbon releases triggered rapid climate warming, leading to mass extinctions both on land and in marine ecosystems.&nbsp;



Such periods of intense <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ancient-volcanoes-chaos-poisoned-ferns-for-millions-of-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">volcanism</a> may have also disrupted the planet's carbon-climate regulation systems for millions of years, leaving lasting impacts on the global environment.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-volcanic-eruptions-and-major-climate-shifts-nbsp">Volcanic eruptions and major climate shifts&nbsp;</h2>



A recent study led by environmental scientists at <a href="https://ethz.ch/de.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ETH Zurich</a> explored how vegetation responds and evolves in the face of major climatic shifts. Moreover, the experts examined how these shifts influence Earth's natural carbon-climate regulation system. 



The research team conducted geochemical analyses of isotopes found in ancient sediments and compared these data with a specially designed model that incorporates vegetation's role in regulating Earth's geological climate system.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-shifts-in-earth-s-history">Climate shifts in Earth's history</h2>



By using this model, the scientists were able to simulate how the Earth system responds to intense carbon releases from volcanic activity under different scenarios. They focused on three significant climatic shifts in geological history, including the Siberian Traps event, which caused the Permian-Triassic mass extinction about 252 million years ago.



“The Siberian Traps event released some 40,000 gigatons (Gt) of carbon over 200,000 years,” said ETH Zurich professor Taras Gerya. “The resulting increase in global average temperatures between 5–10°C caused Earth's most severe extinction event in the geologic record.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plant-recovery-took-millions-of-years-nbsp">Plant recovery took millions of years&nbsp;</h2>



The study revealed that the recovery of vegetation following such a catastrophic event could take several million years. During this extended period, Earth's carbon-climate regulation system would have been severely weakened and inefficient, leading to prolonged climate warming.&nbsp;



“The recovery of vegetation from the Siberian Traps event took several millions of years and during this time Earth's carbon-climate regulation system would have been weak and inefficient, resulting in long-term climate warming,” explained lead author Julian Rogger, a scientist at ETH Zurich.



A critical finding of the study was that the severity of these catastrophic events was largely determined by how quickly emitted carbon could be sequestered back into Earth's interior. This process occurs through mechanisms such as silicate mineral weathering or the production of organic carbon, which effectively remove carbon from the atmosphere.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-shift-in-earth-s-climate-evolution">Shift in Earth's climate evolution </h2>



The time required for the climate to stabilize and reach a new state of equilibrium depended significantly on how rapidly vegetation could adapt to the rising temperatures.



Some plant species managed to adapt by evolving or migrating to cooler regions. However, in many instances, the geological events were so catastrophic that plant species simply did not have enough time to migrate or adapt to the sustained increase in temperature.&nbsp;



The inability of vegetation to respond quickly enough to these drastic changes left a geochemical imprint on Earth's climate evolution that persisted for thousands, if not millions, of years.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-diminished-carbon-capacity-in-plants">Diminished carbon capacity in plants</h2>



The study's findings have critical implications for today's human-induced climate crisis. The research shows that disruptions in vegetation can prolong and intensify climate warming, as was the case in the geologic past.&nbsp;



In some historical instances, it took millions of years for the climate to achieve a new stable equilibrium due to the diminished capacity of vegetation to regulate Earth's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tiny-plankton-play-a-big-role-in-the-global-carbon-cycle/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">carbon cycle</a>.



“Today, we find ourselves in a major global bioclimatic crisis,” said senior author Loïc Pellissier, a professor of ecosystems and landscape evolution at ETH Zurich and WSL.&nbsp;



“Our study demonstrates the role of a functioning vegetation to recover from abrupt climatic changes. We are currently releasing greenhouse gasses at a faster rate than any previous volcanic event. We are also the primary cause of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-deforestation-crisis-how-can-we-stop-massive-forest-losses/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">global deforestation</a>, which strongly reduces the ability of natural ecosystems to regulate the climate.”



Pellissier warns that the current trajectory of human activity mirrors the catastrophic disruptions of the past, but at a much faster pace. “This study, in my perspective, serves as a 'wake-up call' for the global community,” he concluded.&nbsp;



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.adn3450" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science</a>.



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Earth's volcanic past reveals the shocking reality of global warming

Scientists often look to nature for solutions to humanity's most...

Ever pondered about the psychological discrepancy between genders when it comes to our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-records-shatter-2024-set-to-be-hottest-year-ever/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">planet's welfare</a> and climate change? How does this concern tie into our educational system?&nbsp;



Research led by <a href="https://www.ucl.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UCL</a> has recently brought to light rather intricate details about our future generation's concern for climate change. A distinctive pattern has been identified – girls, apparently, bear more climate worries and actively involve themselves more in climate education as compared to boys.



The experts behind these revealing insights are Professor Nicola Walshe, Executive Director of UCL Center for Climate Change and Sustainability Education, and her diligent team at IOE, UCL's Faculty of Education &amp; Society. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-grand-investigation-from-climate-change">Grand investigation from climate change</h2>



The team at UCL examined the perceptions and experiences of 2,429 students aged 11-14 from 30 different English schools. Their objective? To understand how these youngsters comprehend climate change and sustainability education within the school curriculum and beyond.



Around 36% of students reported considerable concern about the future of our world. Half of them confirmed that climate troubles them to some degree. A majority, 53% to be exact, selected "anxious" when asked about the emotions climate stirs in them. As for faith in adults handling <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-temperatures-increase-scientists-plan-slow-down-rising-heat/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">environmental issues</a> – a scant 16% concurred.



Now, here's where the gender disparity comes into play. Girls expressed significantly higher levels of worry – 44% to be precise, as opposed to 27% of boys.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-socioeconomic-twist">Socioeconomic twist</h2>



Societal brackets are a significant influence too. The study found that children from lower socioeconomic backgrounds were less likely to appreciate the learning of climate change compared to their more privileged peers.&nbsp;



So, we see here how the impact of climate change <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earth-days-getting-longer-rotation-slows-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">concerns</a> varies across both gender and socioeconomic lines.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-perceptions-on-climate-change">Perceptions on climate change</h2>



The survey also revealed a lack of engagement with climate-focused career guidance in schools.&nbsp;



Only around one-third of the students felt their knowledge of climate change and sustainability could translate into job opportunities. Even fewer, a mere 17%, expressed interest in pursuing a sustainability-related career.



Among the less advantaged students, the figure was disappointingly low at only 14%. A stark reality indeed, given the demand for green careers in our rapidly evolving job market.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-in-depth-knowledge-on-climate-change">In-depth knowledge on climate change</h2>



Despite these worrying stats, there is a silver lining. The majority of students did express a desire to learn more about climate and sustainability.&nbsp;



Who wouldn't want to spend more time outside the classroom? However, just like the worries about climate change, the interest in learning seems to have a gender difference.



"Three quarters of the girls surveyed wanted to learn about how climate change impacts&nbsp;human health&nbsp;and well-being, compared to 60% of boys," explained Professor Walshe.



"We know climate anxiety is higher among&nbsp;girls, so a more holistic climate change <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-make-your-hometown-feel-like-somewhere-else/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">education</a> that addresses a broader range of areas, including health and well-being, may help mitigate young people's worries."



Does this call for a more holistic climate change education that addresses multiple realms including health and wellbeing? Perhaps this could alleviate the climate anxieties resonating among our young ones, particularly the girls.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-recommendations-for-the-future">Recommendations for the future</h2>



To put these findings into perspective, the UCL research team presented five key recommendations. These include:



<ul>
<li>Fostering green careers provision.</li>



<li>Offering more hands-on climate-related projects within schools.</li>



<li>Embedding climate change and sustainability education across all subjects.</li>



<li>Addressing students' anxiety and hopelessness regarding the climate crisis.</li>



<li>Integrating more outdoor learning opportunities into the curriculum.</li>
</ul>



With their unique insights, the researchers have laid the groundwork for improved climate change and sustainability education. 



This research will prove invaluable to educators, policymakers, and the wider community, and I, for one, am eager to see what changes this will bring to our educational landscape.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-role-of-parents-and-community">Role of parents and community</h2>



While schools play a pivotal role in climate education, the involvement of parents and the wider community is equally critical. Research shows that parental engagement can significantly bolster a child's interest and understanding of environmental issues. 



When families engage in discussions about climate change at home and participate in community initiatives focused on sustainability, children are more likely to internalize these lessons. 



Engaging local organizations, community leaders, and environmental activists can also enrich the educational experience by providing real-world contexts to theoretical knowledge. 



Collaborative events, workshops, and educational programs that include both students and their families can foster a culture of sustainability, encouraging the next generation to take meaningful action toward combating climate change. 



Cultivating this triadic relationship - students, parents, and the community - holds the potential to empower young minds, making them not just passive recipients of information but active participants in the fight for our planet’s future.



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Girls are more worried about climate change than boys

Ever pondered about the psychological discrepancy between genders when it...

<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/warming-climate-turns-tundra-from-carbon-sink-to-source/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Tundra landscapes</a> are not only among the coldest places on Earth but are also undergoing some of the most dramatic transformations due to climate change. 



According to a recent study, these changes are reshaping the natural world in significant ways. 



The far northern reaches of the Earth, including the tundra and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/single-degree-temperature-warming-boreal-forests-wreak-havoc/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">boreal forests</a>, are witnessing notable shifts in vegetation structure. 



For generations, these lands have been the domain of hardy grasses, shrubs, and mosses - their resilience matched only by the tenacity of the local inhabitants.



However, with the ongoing trend of global warming, the once sparse and lonely tundra could become significantly taller and greener in the coming decades.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tundra-s-transformation-over-the-next-century">Tundra’s transformation over the next century</h2>



Research conducted by scientists from NASA suggests that we can expect the tundra greening trend to persist through the current century. 



The evolving forest structure could potentially absorb more carbon dioxide (CO2), a notorious greenhouse gas. However, it could also lead to increased <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/abrupt-permafrost-thaw-releases-more-co2-than-expected/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">permafrost thawing</a>, which might release stored, ancient carbon into the atmosphere.



The research was informed by millions of data points from the Ice, Cloud, and land Elevation Satellite 2 (ICESat-2) and Landsat missions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-tale-of-two-biomes">A tale of two biomes</h2>



Geographically, boreal forests predominantly grow between 50 and 60 degrees north latitude, encompassing large parts of Alaska, Canada, Scandinavia, and Russia. These forests are home to evergreen species such as pine, spruce, and fir. 



Moving farther north, we encounter the tundra biome with its permafrost and limited growing season, which makes it a challenging environment for large trees or dense forests. Instead, shrubs, mosses, and grasses have become the primary vegetation.



The transition between these two biomes has been particularly intriguing. Previous studies had noticed an increase in plant growth and northward movement, encroaching into areas previously dominated by tundra shrubs and grasses.



The recently published NASA study reveals an even more significant presence of trees and shrubs in these tundra regions and adjacent transitional forests, where boreal regions meet the tundra. These changes are predicted to continue until at least the end of the century.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tundra-transformation-shifting-vegetation-patterns">Tundra transformation: Shifting vegetation patterns </h2>



"The results from this study advance a growing body of work that recognizes a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/changes-in-vegetation-are-a-key-driver-of-global-temperatures/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">shift in vegetation</a> patterns within the boreal forest biome," said lead researcher Paul Montesano. 



"We've used satellite data to track the increased vegetation growth in this biome since 1984, and we found that it's similar to what computer models predict for the decades to come. This paints a picture of continued change for the next 80 or so years that is particularly strong in transitional forests."



The changes in vegetation height and concentration could produce a range of effects on our global climate. As study co-author Chris Neigh suggests, the vegetation increase might offset some of the impact of rising CO2 emissions by absorbing more CO2 through photosynthesis, leading to carbon storage in trees, shrubs, and soil.



Conversely, this change might also cause permafrost areas to thaw, as darker vegetation absorbs more sunlight. This could potentially release CO2 and methane that has been stored in the soil for thousands of years.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-nasa-is-predicting-the-future">How NASA is predicting the future</h2>



Harnessing the strengths of satellite data, machine learning, climate variables, and climate models, NASA scientists have embarked on a mission to model and predict future forest structures. 



They analyzed nearly 20 million data points from NASA's ICESat-2 and then matched these data points with thousands of scenes of North American boreal forests from 1984 to 2020, sourced from Landsat, a joint mission of NASA and the U.S. Geological Survey.



It's these advanced computing capabilities that allow researchers to create models from such large quantities of data, known as "big data" projects. 



NASA is utilizing technology like ICESat-2's lidar, an advanced laser instrument that measures the height of Earth's surface features from space.



Melanie Frost, a remote sensing scientist at NASA, emphasized the importance of understanding these environmental changes, as they are intertwined with our climate models. 



"Our climate is changing and, as it changes, it affects almost everything in nature. It's important for scientists to understand how things are changing and use that knowledge to inform our climate models," said Frost.



As the future unfolds, keeping a close eye on transformative trends in the tundra will be integral to our understanding – and perhaps even our mitigation – of global climate change.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-024-01454-z" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Communications Earth &amp; Environment</a>.



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How will changing tundra landscapes affect Earth's climate?

Tundra landscapes are not only among the coldest places on...

Wildfires serve as a stark reminder of the world’s profound interconnectedness, where an event in one region can ripple across borders and manifest tangible repercussions elsewhere. 



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/extreme-wildfires-have-doubled-in-the-last-20-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Climate-driven wildfires</a> in Canada are transferring toxic chemicals through the air, reaching as far as the Northeastern U.S., thereby affecting air quality and raising significant health concerns. This alarming phenomenon was Investigated by researchers at <a href="https://sph.rutgers.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Rutgers School of Public Health</a>.



The experts assessed the physical and chemical characteristics of wildfire-related particulate matter, marking the first such characterization from a climate-driven wildfire event in the densely populated Northeast region.



“Particulate matter is a leading environmental factor in the global burden of disease, with climate-driven wildfires being a major source,” said Professor Jose Guillermo "Memo" Cedeño Laurent. “In the U.S., climate change-driven wildfires are reversing decade-long improvements in ambient <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/twenty-years-of-air-quality-improvement-erased-by-wildfires/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">air quality</a>.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wildfires-unleash-toxic-chemicals">Wildfires unleash toxic chemicals </h2>



The findings of the study are momentous, to say the least. The researchers used advanced physicochemical analysis to discover that the particulate matter transferred by these wildfires is packed with high molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) -<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/air-pollution-may-trigger-lung-cancer-in-non-smokers/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cancer-causing</a> organic compounds.



These toxic substances, especially during the peak of the incident on June 7, were found in concentrations nearly ten times larger than the national air quality standards.



“We found very large concentrations of ultrafine and fine particulate matter during the peak of this wildfire, surpassing almost 10 times the national air quality standards and any previous record in more than five decades of air quality monitoring in the U.S. Northeast,” said Cedeño Laurent.



Study senior author Professor Philip Demokritou emphasized the gravity of these findings: “Such small particles have the ability to penetrate deep in the lung and can cause adverse health effects, as recently reported in the New York City area by epidemiological studies.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-invisible-threats-of-wildfires">Invisible threats of wildfires</h2>



Particulate matter is no ordinary pollution. The researchers confirmed that these particles have the capability to infiltrate deep into the lungs, causing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wildfire-smoke-is-an-underestimated-threat-to-public-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">adverse health effects</a>.



In fact, the study showed that a 72-hour exposure to particulate matter (PM10) resulted in more than 9 micrograms of particles being deposited in the lungs.



This high concentration of ultrafine particles and their substantial PAH content are now guiding several ongoing mechanistic studies.



“Our findings on the extremely high concentrations of ultrafine particles and their significant PAH content are proving to be invaluable in guiding several ongoing mechanistic studies at NAMC,” noted Cedeño Laurent.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unraveling-the-effects-of-particulate-matter">Unraveling the effects of particulate matter</h2>



The experts are not stopping at identifying the presence of these particles; they are delving into their impact on various organs. Ongoing studies are investigating the effects on the lungs, heart, brain, and reproductive system.



Reynold Panettieri and Joseph Jude at Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School and Bruce Levy and Yohannes Tesfaigzi at Brigham and Women’s Hospital in Boston are investigating the effects of particulate matter on the lungs.



Studies on the heart impacts are being led by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute’s cardiovascular program, while the brain impacts are being analyzed by David Leong at the National University of Singapore.



Furthermore, Shuo Xiao and Andrew Gow at the Rutgers Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy are studying the effects of these pollutants on the reproductive system.



“Findings will advance our understanding of the physical and chemical characteristics of wildfire smoke and its impact on human health,” noted Cedeño Laurent.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-urgent-need-for-new-air-quality-strategies">Urgent need for new air quality strategies</h2>



The researchers believe that their data highlights the need for further investigation into the physical and chemical processes of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/air-pollution-from-farming-and-wildfires-is-more-likely-to-cause-dementia/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wildfire-related air pollution</a> compared to non-wildfire pollution.



This will enable public health assessors to evaluate risks better and develop strategies to mitigate these risks for communities, especially those already compromised by air pollution.



“Results from our study can be used by public health assessors to evaluate risk and develop strategies to help our communities, especially those in areas already compromised by air pollution to adapt to the increasing wildfire phenomena," said Demokritou.



Additionally, the researchers noted that their results offer novel insights into the evolving composition of particulate matter.



The analysis of the particulate matter’s optical properties will be featured in a companion study led by Georgios Kelesidis, a Rutgers School of Public Health affiliate. The research will examine the effect that particulate matter from wildfires has on the Earth’s temperature and its further influence on climate change in densely populated cities.



The research is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.4c02016" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Environmental Science &amp; Technology</a>.



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Climate-driven wildfires worsen U.S. air quality and health

Wildfires serve as a stark reminder of the world’s profound...

As we stagger under a blazing sun, racing towards unbeaten high temperatures, not everyone is aware of or understands the symptoms of heat-related illnesses or knows where to find a cooling center for relief.



With the increasing connection between scorching heat and climate change, it is crucial to arm ourselves with knowledge and resources. 



The Annenberg Public Policy Center (<a href="https://www.annenbergpublicpolicycenter.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">APPC</a>) from the <a href="https://www.upenn.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Pennsylvania</a> has been working tirelessly to fill this knowledge gap.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-temperatures-continue-to-rise">Temperatures continue to rise</h2>



Powered by NASA data, the APPC reveals that a record-shattering day took place on July 22, 2024, that could potentially mark July as the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nasa-earths-hottest-day-ever-was-recorded-on-july-22-2024/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">hottest month ever witnessed</a>.



The mid-July survey sheds light on startling insights about public awareness, or the lack thereof, regarding heat-related illness and cooling center locations.



A major chunk of people, precisely 67%, reported not knowing the whereabouts of their nearest cooling center. The need for improved public awareness, especially among the most vulnerable, cannot be overstated. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-closer-look-at-cooling-centers">Closer look at cooling centers</h2>



Cooling centers, such as libraries, community and senior centers, and schools, serve as a haven of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/feeling-the-heat-rising-temperatures-push-the-limits-of-the-human-body/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">relief during extremely hot days</a>. 



Despite city governments' efforts to publicize these locations, the APPC's survey reveals a significant knowledge gap.



Interestingly, the survey also shows a sharp rise in public awareness linking climate change to an increased risk of heat-related illnesses, respiratory diseases, and insect-borne diseases. 



From November 2023 to the present, there has been a significant uptick in this awareness, with 67% of respondents now holding this view, compared to 58% previously.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-signs-of-heat-related-illness">Signs of heat-related illness</h2>



Although public awareness about cooling centers is lacking, most people are aware of three <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/billions-of-people-endured-an-extra-month-of-extreme-heat-in-the-past-year/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">telling signs</a> of heat-related illnesses. They include dizziness (89%), nausea (83%), and hot, red, dry, or damp skin (72%).



Looking at the bigger picture, 58% of the survey's respondents believe people in their community are more prone to heat stroke caused by extreme heat waves in the coming decade. 



This is a significant increase from the November 2023 survey, which recorded just over half (52%) holding this view.



In contrast, only a meager 30% recognize that a pregnant person in the U.S. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scorching-reality-extreme-heat-worsens-cognitive-decline/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">exposed to extreme heat</a> is more likely to deliver their baby prematurely. This is a crucial piece of information that needs broader dissemination.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cooling-centers-and-heat-related-illness">Cooling centers and heat-related illness</h2>



The APPC's study also indicates a broad awareness among respondents that heat-related deaths are most common among older adults, aged 65 or older. 



Nearly all respondents (92%) also know that drinking water is better for preventing heat-related illnesses than drinking sugary drinks.



This treasure trove of information comes from the 20th wave of a nationally representative panel of 1,496 U.S. adults, first empaneled in April 2021 and conducted for the APPC by SSRS, an independent market research company. 



The APPC's team, now three years into tracking American public's knowledge, beliefs, and behaviors about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/warmer-temperatures-directly-linked-to-severe-vision-impairment-in-older-adults/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">critical health issues</a>, continues its tireless work on this knowledge survey panel.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-importance-of-awareness">Importance of awareness</h2>



Education plays a pivotal role in enhancing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/most-people-attribute-extreme-heat-and-wildfires-to-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">public awareness</a> about heat-related illnesses and the associated risks. 



Schools, community organizations, and local governments can implement educational campaigns to inform individuals about the symptoms of heat-induced health issues and the importance of staying hydrated. 



Workshops, flyers, and social media campaigns can serve as effective tools in this initiative, ensuring that vulnerable populations, such as the elderly and outdoor workers, receive critical information about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-temperature-threshold-can-the-human-body-handle/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">heat safety</a>.



Establishing clear communication channels for sharing updates about heat advisories and cooling centers will also foster a more informed community.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-community-engagement-initiatives">Community engagement initiatives</h2>



To bridge the awareness gap highlighted by the APPC survey, communities can launch engagement initiatives that encourage action and collaboration. 



“Communities must do a better job of making the public, especially the most vulnerable, aware of these centers,” said Ken Winneg, managing director of survey research at APPC.



Partnering with local businesses and healthcare providers, community leaders can organize outreach programs that provide resources and support during heat waves. 



Events such as "Cooling Center Days," where community members are invited to visit cooling centers and learn about heat safety, can foster a proactive approach to combating heat-related illnesses. 



Additionally, trainings for staff at local institutions can equip them to assist individuals in distress, ensuring that communities are prepared to face extreme heat together.



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Recognizing symptoms of heat-related illness as temperatures rise

As we stagger under a blazing sun, racing towards unbeaten...

AI is driving a transformation in climate-conscious farming, particularly in the livestock sector, where reducing emissions is critical.&nbsp;



In 2020, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/reducing-carbon-footprint-urban-farms-and-agriculture/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">agricultural activities</a> were responsible for releasing 16 billion tons of carbon dioxide equivalent, with cattle-related meat and milk production contributing around 3.8 billion tons.



Increasing the efficiency and output of cattle grazing without enlarging its environmental footprint has become an essential goal in emission reduction.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-innovative-ai-approaches-in-farming">Innovative AI approaches in farming</h2>



In a comprehensive research paper titled "Pixels to pasture: Using machine learning and multispectral remote sensing to predict biomass and nutrient quality in tropical grasslands," a team of dedicated researchers from the <a href="https://www.gla.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Glasgow</a> and the <a href="https://alliancebioversityciat.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Alliance of Bioversity International and CIAT</a> offers a unique approach. 



This involves the use of information from satellites and predictive modeling to assess grazing pastures both in terms of quantity (biomass) and quality (protein, digestibility, and ash content).



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ai-and-satellites-for-farming">AI and satellites for farming</h2>



According to plant eco-physiologist Juan Andrés Cardoso Arango, evaluating all the factors determining pasture quantity and quality has been traditionally challenging.&nbsp;



He explains that the use of a small drone could only cover nine hectares at best, and handheld tools would cover even less.&nbsp;



This is where the research team's "scale-neutral" system shines. It is capable of <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/satellite-data-helps-prevent-excessive-irrigation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gathering data via satellite</a> over multiple square kilometers at a time, yet suitable for a farmer with just one-hectare of land.



The system leverages freely available satellite imagery databases and technological advances in AI processing - considerably accelerating the analysis speed. 



"When I started in 2018, nobody knew about machine learning, now you can have this information faster than before," noted Arango.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ai-at-the-helm">AI at the helm</h2>



Diana María Gutiérrez Zapata, a senior research associate and data analysis specialist, points out that predicting pasture productivity and quality using remote sensing has always been difficult due to numerous influencing factors and data restrictions.&nbsp;



However, by better characterizing productive systems and capturing more accurate data, there is significant potential to develop high-performance predictive models.



These models, as Zapata explains, can lead to digital tools for strategic decision-making, enabling farmers to optimize pasture management and better manage risks within their production systems.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-future-is-bright">The future is bright</h2>



The team envisions a future where a farmer can easily locate their farm on a platform (similar to Google Maps) and check the quantity and quality of their forage.&nbsp;



Moreover, this system stands to be an invaluable tool in a changing climate, where timely information about expected pasture production or quality is crucial for risk management.



Accelerating the data acquisition process for farmers would not only improve resource utilization but also positively impact the environment by reducing emissions and waste - a step directly aligning with the UN Sustainable Development Goals.



According to Brian Barrett, an associate professor from the University of Glasgow, the ultimate goal is to develop better strategies for estimating available forage resources and how pastures would react under different management and climate scenarios. 



With&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nasa-technology-can-detect-plant-diseases-from-above/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">advanced technology</a>&nbsp;like AI and satellite data, the potential to achieve more efficient and profitable farming, as well as enhanced food system sustainability, is very much within reach.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenges-and-considerations">Challenges and considerations</h2>



While the integration of AI and satellite technology in farming presents exciting opportunities, it also comes with a unique set of challenges.



One major hurdle is the accessibility and cost of technology for small-scale farmers who may lack the resources to adopt these innovations. Additionally, there is a need for training and education to help farmers effectively utilize AI tools and interpret data accurately. 



Moreover, concerns around data privacy and ownership in agricultural practices must be addressed to foster trust among farmers. 



As the industry evolves, collaboration among stakeholders will be essential to ensure that the benefits of AI-driven solutions are broadly shared and that challenges are collectively tackled.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-collaborating-for-sustainable-farming">Collaborating for sustainable farming</h2>



Successful integration of AI and satellite technologies in climate-conscious farming requires collaboration among researchers, tech companies, farmers, and policymakers. By working together, these stakeholders can create a supportive ecosystem for adopting <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/unleashing-the-potential-of-nanotechnology-in-agriculture/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">innovative tools in agriculture</a>.



Engaging farmers and communities is essential. Educational programs and workshops can demystify AI, helping farmers see how these technologies can optimize their operations.



Policy support is also key. By offering incentives like subsidies or grants, policymakers can encourage farmers to adopt sustainable practices, making it easier for them to embrace new technologies.



Through collaboration, we can build a sustainable agricultural landscape that meets the challenges of climate change while ensuring food security for the future.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2352938524001460" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Remote Sensing Applications Society and Environment</a>.



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AI paves the way for climate-conscious farming

AI is driving a transformation in climate-conscious farming, particularly in...

Antarctica, the land of ice and snow, holds more life than you might imagine. A recent study that mapped plant life across the continent for the first time unveils surprising insights.



Covering mosses, lichens, and algae, the research uncovers a wealth of greenery expanding even in areas previously believed to be barren. These findings are set to steer conservation initiatives in the region, taking them to new frontiers.



The high-tech survey of Antarctica's plant life involved the use of a satellite belonging to the European Space Agency (<a href="https://www.esa.int" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESA</a>).



Together with data from several summer seasons' worth of field measurements, the survey discovered almost 45 square <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/antarctica-is-experiencing-rapid-plant-growth-concerning-scientists/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">kilometers of vegetation</a>.



That's approximately equivalent to triple the size of Lake Windermere in the UK's Lake District.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plant-life-of-antarctica">Plant life of Antarctica</h2>



A group of international researchers discovered that over 80% of the vegetation discovered thrives in the Antarctic Peninsula and neighboring islands.



Despite the extensive exploration, the team found that the vegetation accounts for a minuscule 0.12 percent of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/melting-glaciers-unleash-invasive-species-into-unexpected-areas/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Antarctica’s non-icy area</a>. 



This highlights the need for focused monitoring of areas abundant in vegetation, as these are inadequately shielded by the existing Antarctic Specially Protected Area (ASPA) system, according to experts.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-silent-warriors-of-antarctica">Silent warriors of Antarctica</h2>



Plant life in Antarctica, mainly mosses and lichens, has developed remarkable adaptations to withstand the region's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/record-low-antarctic-sea-ice-and-rapid-melting-pace-stuns-climate-scientists/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">harsh polar conditions</a>. 



Each plant serves a critical function in the recycling of carbon and nutrients at a local level. Before this study, the extent and distribution of these resilient greens across the continent were largely uncharted.



The exceptional environmental sensitivity of Antarctica’s flora can serve as a reliable measure of regional <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/antarctic-fish-are-increasingly-threatened-by-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a>. 



Monitoring these plants within the untouched landscapes of Antarctica might offer insights on the response of similar vegetation in other fragile regions around the world, like some areas of the Arctic.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-mosses-and-lichens">Understanding mosses and lichens</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/plant-encyclopedia/bryophytes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mosses</a> and lichens are tough, tiny organisms that make a big difference in the world. Mosses are small and soft. They usually grow in thick, green patches in damp or shady spots. 



Without roots, they soak up water and nutrients directly through their leaves. Mosses help keep the soil in place, hold moisture, and create homes for small creatures.



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hundreds-of-plant-and-lichen-species-are-overlooked-victims-of-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Lichens</a> are a bit different. They are a team made up of a fungus and an alga or cyanobacterium. The fungus offers support and shelter, while the algae or cyanobacteria make food through photosynthesis. 



This teamwork lets lichens survive in some of the harshest places on Earth, like icy tundras or bare rock surfaces. Lichens also help turn rocks into soil and provide food for various animals.



Both mosses and lichens are vital for the health of ecosystems, especially in tough environments where few other plants can live.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-influence-of-antarctica-s-plant-diversity">Influence of Antarctica's plant diversity </h2>



"Our continent-wide map reveals crucial details about vegetation in remote, seldom-visited areas," said Charlotte Walshaw, a PhD researcher at the University of Edinburgh's <a href="https://www.ed.ac.uk/geosciences" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">School of GeoSciences</a>. 



"This will significantly enhance our understanding of vegetation distribution across the continent and the factors that shape it," she concluded.



"Lichens and mosses in Antarctica face the planet's harshest conditions every day. Only the toughest organisms survive there," said Dr. Claudia Colesie, a researcher at the University of Edinburgh's School of GeoSciences. "With this knowledge, we can now focus on targeted conservation efforts to protect their future."



“Remote sensing approaches such as this are low impact methods to study Antarctica’s fragile ecosystem as well as monitor changes to its vegetation in the future,” noted Dr Andrew Gray from the <a href="https://www.nina.no/english/Home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Norwegian Institute for Nature Research</a>, who jointly led the study.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-role-of-technology-in-ecological-research">Role of technology in ecological research</h2>



As our understanding of ecosystems deepens, the integration of advanced technology in ecological research has become increasingly vital. 



The recent aerial survey of Antarctica's plant life exemplifies how innovative tools can enhance our ability to gather data in remote and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/antarctica-has-lost-3000-billion-tons-of-ice-in-25-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">harsh environments</a>.



Technologies such as satellite imagery and remote sensing not only allow researchers to map vegetation efficiently but also provide a broader perspective on ecological changes over time. 



These methods enable scientists to monitor shifts in plant distributions, assess the health of ecosystems, and identify areas at risk from climate change or human activity.



The use of drones with imaging technology is also transforming ecological studies by navigating challenging terrains and capturing detailed imagery. This allows rapid data collection and timely conservation strategies adaptable to a changing climate.



Combining satellite data, field measurements, and drone technology expands our understanding of remote regions. These tools help unveil hidden ecosystems and enhance biodiversity protection. 



Embracing technology in ecological research is vital for effective future conservation and management.



-----



The majority of the research team hailed from the <a href="https://www.ed.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Edinburgh</a>, along with the <a href="https://www.nina.no/english/Home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Norwegian Institute for Nature Research</a>, <a href="https://www.bas.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">British Antarctic Survey</a>, and <a href="https://www.sams.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Scottish Association for Marine Science</a>.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41561-024-01492-4">Nature Geoscience</a>.



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Antarctica hosts more plant life than scientists expected to find

Antarctica, the land of ice and snow, holds more life...

Tipuana trees are emerging as a beacon of hope amidst the serious threat of climate change, which is altering weather patterns and leading to extreme conditions like heatwaves and droughts. 



In São Paulo, Brazil, scientists have discovered that these remarkable trees not only survive but thrive in challenging environments, continuing to provide invaluable contributions to the ecosystem.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-drought-in-sao-paulo-s-green-spaces">Drought in São Paulo's green spaces</h2>



In a study focusing on the 2013-14 <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/drought-kills-trees-faster-than-previously-thought/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">drought</a>, scientists observed how this extreme weather event affected urban trees. The researchers studied seasonal changes, noting that usually, a rainy summer should encourage vigorous tree growth.



Surprisingly, Tipuana trees seemed to thrive despite these challenging conditions, exhibiting accelerated photosynthesis and higher growth rates, even under severe weather conditions.



Study co-author Giuliano Locosselli noted: "We need cities to be increasingly resilient in the context of global warming."



Advocating for intentional decisions in tree planting, the argument leans towards species capable of withstanding <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/extreme-weather-can-flip-forests-from-carbon-sinks-to-carbon-sources/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">extreme weather</a>, thereby guaranteeing the provision of indispensable ecosystem services, like carbon capture and temperature regulation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-research">Focus of the research </h2>



"Cities are vulnerable to droughts and heatwaves due to the decline in permeable green spaces and the emergence of heat islands," wrote the study authors. 



"To tackle these environmental challenges, many cities adopted ambitious tree-planting initiatives. However, tree tolerance to climate extremes is overlooked even though physiological and growth limitations jeopardize ecosystem services provision."



Notably, the researchers responsible for this vital discovery hail from the <a href="https://www5.usp.br/english/institutional/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of São Paulo</a>’s Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture (CENA-USP). Their important work was supported by FAPESP through two separate projects.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-urban-areas-the-epicenter-of-climate-change">Urban areas: The epicenter of climate change </h2>



As urbanization progresses, it is estimated that 68% of the global population will be residing in cities by 2050. This rapid expansion, coupled with the growing number of heat islands, increases vulnerability to droughts and other <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-will-climate-change-affect-extreme-weather-events/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">extreme events</a>.



In an urban environment, the health of plants is often compromised by concrete structures, air pollution, and shifts in microclimates due to rising greenhouse gas emissions. 



Consequently, the urgency for incorporating <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tree-diversity-makes-forests-more-resilient-against-storms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">resilient species</a> such as the Tipuana tree into urban landscapes becomes even more critical. The trees play a pivotal role in enhancing ecosystem services and fostering a healthy, sustainable urban environment in the face of climate change.



In response to this threat, the Brazilian government launched the Resilient Green Cities program on World Environment Day.



This forward-thinking program focuses on fostering sustainable practices and integrating policies to enhance the value of ecosystem services provided by urban green spaces, ultimately aiming to create a more resilient and thriving urban ecosystem for generations to come.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tipuana-trees-a-model-for-resilience">Tipuana trees: A model for resilience</h2>



The study emphasizes the need for city planning to include resilient species in the urban plant cover, ensuring that these plants can adapt and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plants-in-dry-landscapes-have-surprising-diversity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">thrive</a> under challenging environmental conditions.



The research adds significant value to urban biodiversity, with the resilient Tipuana tree standing as a prime model of adaptability and robustness.



Furthermore, the team is actively exploring other resilient native species to further diversify and enrich the city's ecological framework.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-power-of-the-resilient-tipuana-tree">The power of the resilient Tipuana tree</h2>



Originally from Bolivia and northern Argentina, the Tipuana tree has become a common sight in São Paulo and other parts of the world, including North America, Europe, Asia, the Middle East, and Australia. 



The tree's resilience, which has been present for over a century, is now being recognized as a significant asset in building climate resilience.



In their research, the scientists analyzed growth rings in street and park trees, focusing on stable carbon isotopes that reflect processes relating to the carbon cycle. Their findings showed an increase in these isotopes during the drought, boosting the growth of the Tipuana trees.



"Having Tipuana trees in the city is a significant advantage," said Locosselli. However, he said it remains to be seen whether the species will be able to maintain its tolerance of water stress if a sequence of extreme events occurs.



The study opens new possibilities in our global fight against climate change, offering a promising look into nature-based solutions. 



Through intentional and strategic urban planning, our cities can become resilient sanctuaries in the face of increasing weather extremities.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2212095524001603" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Urban Climate</a>.



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Resilient trees can help protect cities from climate change

Tipuana trees are emerging as a beacon of hope amidst...

Plants are the survivors of nature, equipped with a remarkable ability to cope with diverse climatic conditions. Their resilience against weather extremes and grazing pressure offers rich insights about biodiversity and the future of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/restoration-of-drylands-essential-for-survival/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dryland ecosystems</a>.



Even more intriguing is the fact that such resilient traits, which help plants thrive in dry landscapes, are not as uncommon as one might presume.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-puzzling-phenomenon-of-plant-traits">Puzzling phenomenon of plant traits</h2>



An international team of scientists led by Fernando Maestre of the <a href="https://www.kaust.edu.sa/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">King Abdullah University of Science and Technology</a> (KAUST) delved into the fascinating world of plant traits and their response to changes in aridness and grazing pressure across global drylands.



Surprisingly, the researchers found that as aridity and grazing pressure increased, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plant-diversity-may-never-fully-recover-from-agriculture/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plant diversity</a> did not decrease as expected.



Instead, the diversity of traits, particularly those linked to nutrient cycling, rose notably above an aridity threshold of 0.7, which marks the transition between semi-arid and arid zones. This increase in diversity was consistent with elevated grazing pressure.



Maestre, who was at the helm of this revolutionary study termed BIODESERT, noted that global initiatives aiming to describe plant trait diversity have focused on plant morphology and leaf carbon economy, but neglected the diversity of chemical elements that sustain plant survival and growth.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plant-survival-strategies-in-dry-landscapes">Plant survival strategies in dry landscapes </h2>



The research team conducted a thorough field survey to analyze the implications of aridity and grazing pressure on plant traits. They selected 98 sites from 25 countries, representing a global aridity gradient. Their selection included several plots spanning local gradients of grazing pressure.



The findings of the study were eye-opening. Variations in functional traits highlighted shifts in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-reveals-how-plants-adapt-to-changing-climates/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plant adaptation</a> strategies under changing environmental conditions.



Similarly, the researchers noticed that aridity and grazing triggered a plethora of strategies to endure water shortage and grazing.



The team measured traits associated with the concentration of 14 chemical elements in leaves, leaf and plant size, and the leaf carbon economy.



This invaluable data sheds light on how aridity and grazing shape the co-variations and trade-offs observed among multiple morphological and chemical plant traits across dry landscapes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-defying-nature-s-rule-book">Defying nature’s rule book</h2>



With rising levels of aridity, plants exhibited contrasting strategies. Some were tall species with fast-growing leaves following stress-avoidance strategies, and others were small conservative species following stress-tolerance strategies. The experts also noticed variations in Mg-Ca and Zn-Na concentrations in the leaves.



“These elemental strategies can reflect the contrasting role of chemical elements in plants, either as a way to tolerate high aridity levels or as base elements for defensive compounds against grazers," noted Maestre.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-redefining-plant-phenotypic-diversity">Redefining plant phenotypic diversity</h2>



The study provides novel insights into how vascular plants react to biotic stressors and environmental extremes.



More than half of the trait diversity was observed in the most arid and grazed drylands, highlighting the unique nature of these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plants-change-their-roots-to-survive-harsh-conditions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">harsh environments</a>. Contrary to popular belief, harsh environmental conditions did not reduce plant trait diversity. 



“Our results also highlight the importance of considering a plant’s chemical composition (the elementone) to understand dryland biodiversity responses to ongoing climate change,” said Maestre. 



“Plants could have many alternative strategies to cope with increases in environmental stress induced by climate change and land-use intensification.”



Maestre plans to expand the BIODESERT survey into the arid and hyper-arid ecosystems of Saudi Arabia. His research offers valuable insights into how Saudi plant diversity can respond to ongoing climate change and also aids the selection of species suitable for ongoing and future greening programs.



The research confirms that plants are far from fragile, devising astounding strategies to survive and thrive in the harshest of conditions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-role-of-conservation-in-arid-ecosystems">The role of conservation in arid ecosystems</h2>



Understanding plant diversity in arid terrains highlights the urgent need for conservation efforts to protect these unique ecosystems. Climate change poses significant threats, making proactive measures essential to preserve <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/algae-genetics-could-help-engineer-more-resilient-plants/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">resilient plant species</a>.



Conservation should focus on safeguarding habitats from land degradation, overgrazing, and unsustainable agriculture, while also restoring degraded landscapes to enhance biodiversity. 



Involving local communities and incorporating Indigenous knowledge can create a collaborative approach to land management.



Promoting research and monitoring programs will ensure ongoing understanding of plant adaptation, enabling targeted conservation strategies. 



By recognizing the importance of these efforts, we can help sustain the resilient plant species that thrive in the harshest climates.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07731-3" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a>.



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Plants in dry landscapes have surprising diversity

Plants are the survivors of nature, equipped with a remarkable...

Permafrost, an ever-prominent issue due to climate change, is causing the frozen lands of Alaska to wear away faster than they can restore themselves. 



The effects are not only detrimental to the physical landscape but also to the balance of Earth's atmosphere. As the land erodes, it releases trapped carbon, bolstering the warming of our environment.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-crucial-role-of-permafrost">The crucial role of permafrost</h2>



A sizable part of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-reveals-a-widespread-decline-of-snow-cover-in-the-northern-hemisphere/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Northern Hemisphere</a>'s surface is dominated by permafrost - permanently frozen ground that is primarily found in Arctic regions. This chilly natural resource is more than just frozen soil; it's an integral part of our global environment.



The imbalance of its destruction and renewal rate could lead to significant infrastructure damage and amplify the warming of the atmosphere. If <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/time-traveling-pathogens-exposing-the-dangers-of-melting-permafrost/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">permafrost melts</a> faster than it can reform, we risk disrupting a delicate ecological balance.



"In the Northern Hemisphere, much of the ground is permafrost, meaning it is frozen year-round. Permafrost is a delicate natural resource. If it is lost faster than it is regenerated, we endanger infrastructure and release carbon, which can warm the atmosphere," said Nathan D. Brown, assistant professor of Earth and Environmental Sciences at <a href="https://www.uta.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UT Arlington</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-permafrost-and-river-dynamics-in-alaska">Permafrost and river dynamics in Alaska</h2>



Rivers are dynamic entities, steadily altering their course over time. Influenced by floods, earthquakes, vegetation growth, and wildlife, they harmoniously flow and carve their way through the landscape. However, in Alaska, there’s an added element to this natural process.



The riverbanks, enshrined in permafrost, are consistently eroding, releasing organic carbon as they melt. When this carbon combines with oxygen, it morphs into carbon dioxide - a greenhouse gas responsible for atmospheric warming.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-lingering-uncertainty-of-permafrost">The lingering uncertainty of permafrost</h2>



Dr. Brown, supported by academic peers from several notable institutions, set out to unravel the elusive nature of permafrost in a climate-challenged world.



The study was focused on the Koyukuk River in Alaska. This 425-mile tributary of the Yukon River is a vital component of the Alaskan ecosystem and plays a considerable role in the region's permafrost.



The research, published by the <a href="https://www.agu.org/user-profile/research?cstkey=C0D323FE-9886-4216-8D59-91B9B7B8D051&amp;researchType=publication" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">American Geophysical Union</a>, reveals a concerning trend. While new permafrost is developing along the floodplain, it’s not keeping pace with the amount melting due to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sea-ice-is-losing-its-cooling-power-making-the-earth-even-warmer/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">rising temperatures</a>.



"By dating these permafrost deposits, we found that permafrost formation in this region can take thousands of years. Under a warming climate, permafrost formation is expected to take longer, while thawing permafrost riverbanks will become more susceptible to erosion," explained Dr. Brown. 



"The net result will be a loss of permafrost and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/abrupt-permafrost-thaw-releases-more-co2-than-expected/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">contribution of carbon</a> to the atmosphere."



In the fight against climate change, every small alteration in the environment can have a cascading impact on the global stage. 



With the rapid melting of Alaska's permafrost, the future may hold even more challenges. Our Earth is a complex and delicately balanced system. Maintaining that balance is essential as we move forward into an uncertain climate future.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-impact-of-thawing-ice-on-wildlife">The impact of thawing ice on wildlife</h2>



As the climate warms and the ice melts, the implications extend beyond just the landscape; they significantly affect local wildlife. 



Many species, particularly those adapted to cold environments, are facing increasing challenges. For instance, polar bears, which rely on sea ice for hunting seals, are struggling to find adequate food sources as their habitat diminishes.



Moreover, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/melting-sea-ice-has-a-direct-impact-on-adelie-penguin-survival/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">melting ice</a> alters the natural cycles of rivers and lakes, affecting fish populations and other aquatic life. Fish spawn in specific conditions that are becoming more unpredictable due to temperature fluctuations and changes in water levels. This disruption can lead to declines in fish stocks, which not only impacts the ecosystem but also local communities that depend on fishing for their livelihoods.



Further, as ice retreats, it exposes new areas of land that were previously frozen, leading to potential habitat shifts for various species. Some animals may adapt to these changes, while others could face extinction. 



The ripple effects of these changes can disrupt the intricate web of life in Alaska and beyond, highlighting the urgent need for comprehensive strategies to mitigate climate change and protect vulnerable ecosystems.



Understanding and addressing these challenges is vital for the preservation of biodiversity as we strive for a sustainable future in a warming world.



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Rapid permafrost thaw in Alaska threatens global climate balance

Permafrost, an ever-prominent issue due to climate change, is causing...

Have you ever wondered why the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-temperatures-increase-scientists-plan-slow-down-rising-heat/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth is warming</a> at an alarming rate? The answer lies right under our noses - climate change, a phenomenon that scientists worldwide have been battling against. A recent study from <a href="https://ethz.ch/en.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ETH Zurich</a> presents insights into our planet's climatic past, offering a unique perspective on the effects of warming today.



The research was led by Earth scientists at ETH Zurich. The team collaborated with eminent institutions, including the <a href="https://www.arizona.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Arizona</a>, <a href="https://www.leeds.ac.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Leeds</a>, CNRS Toulouse, and the Swiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research (WSL).



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-earth-s-past-and-climate-change">Earth's past and climate change</h2>



Earth's geological history is complex, with major events like volcanic eruptions that changed landscapes and released ash and gas into the atmosphere.



These eruptions often led to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nasa-earths-hottest-day-ever-was-recorded-on-july-22-2024/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quick climate warming</a>, affecting ecosystems and life. Mass extinctions, like the one that killed the dinosaurs, were key moments that changed evolution and allowed new species to develop.



These periods of enhanced volcanic activity altered the carbon-climate regulation systems for millions of years. As if Earth's fiery turmoil wasn't enough, the changing vegetation further shifted the planet's climatic equilibrium, leaving an indelible mark on Earth's geological narrative.



"The Siberian Traps event released some 40,000 gigatons of carbon over 200,000 years. The resulting increase in global average temperatures between 5 - 10°C caused Earth’s most severe extinction event in the geologic record,” noted Professor Taras Gerya from ETH Zurich, a seasoned veteran in the field.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-surviving-thriving-or-dying">Surviving, thriving, or dying</h2>



Unsurprisingly, nature has had to adapt to these climatic changes. However, some species simply didn't have the luxury of time to adapt to the steadily increasing temperatures.&nbsp;



“The recovery of vegetation from the Siberian Traps event took several millions of years and during this time Earth’s carbon-climate regulation system would have been weak and inefficient resulting in long-term climate warming,” explained study lead author Julian Rogger of ETH Zurich.



According to the study, the severity of such climatic turmoil relies on the rapid sequestration of emitted carbon back into Earth's interior, either through silicate mineral weathering or organic carbon production.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-lessons-from-earths-past">Climate lessons from Earths past </h2>



The historical data from Earth's climate reveals that resilience and adaptation are not merely choices but necessities for survival.&nbsp;



The drastic shifts during previous warming periods serve as a warning, portraying the potential consequences of inaction in the face of current climate crises. Learning from the past enables us to develop robust strategies for resilience not just in plant life but across ecosystems.&nbsp;



As communities and nations grapple with climate challenges, integrating historical climate insights into modern policymaking will be essential.&nbsp;



Understanding how previous species thrived or perished can guide contemporary efforts in conservation and environmental management, ensuring that we take informed steps towards a sustainable future.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-era-of-earth-s-climate-crisis">New era of Earth's climate crisis</h2>



So, what does the past have to say about our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-make-your-hometown-feel-like-somewhere-else/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">current climate crisis</a>? Essentially, the disruption of vegetation contributes significantly to the duration and severity of climate warming. The study reveals that an impaired ability of vegetation to regulate Earth's carbon cycle may take millions of years to reach a new stable climatic equilibrium.



“Today, we find ourselves in a major global bioclimatic crisis,” said Professor Loïc Pellissier of ETH Zurich and <a href="https://www.wsl.ch/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">WSL</a>. 



“Our study demonstrates the role of a functioning of vegetation to recover from abrupt climatic changes. We are currently releasing greenhouse gases at a faster rate than any previous volcanic event. We are also the primary cause of global deforestation, which strongly reduces the ability of natural ecosystems to regulate the climate. This study, in my perspective, serves as ‘wake-up call’ for the global community.”



This is indeed a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/can-we-still-prevent-critical-climate-tipping-points/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wake-up call for humanity</a>. Now, the question is, how will we respond? Will we continue on our current path, risking the destruction of our planet, or will we rise to the occasion, making changes to ensure a livable world for future generations?



The clock is ticking, and unlike plant species millions of years ago, we might not have the luxury of time to adapt.



The study is published in the journal&nbsp;<a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adn3450" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science</a>.



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Plants needed millions of years to recover from past climate warming

Have you ever wondered why the Earth is warming at...

In what can only be described as a herculean accomplishment, a team of scientists has succeeded in bringing to the surface a long, 1,268-meter section of rocks from the Earth's Mantle. This layer, hidden beneath the crust, forms the largest chunk of our planet.



The insights gained from this discovery open doors to a profound understanding of our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earths-inner-core-rotation-has-begun-moving-backwards/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">planet's inner workings</a>, offering a peek into life's origins, the causes behind volcanic activities, and the global cycles of elements vital to our existence such as carbon and hydrogen.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-earth-s-interior">Understanding Earth's interior</h2>



The Earth is composed of four <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ringwoodite-mineral-confirms-vast-ocean-exists-400-miles-under-earths-crust/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">primary layers</a>: the crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core. At the surface, we find the crust, which is thin and solid, primarily made of rock, representing the layer where we reside.



Below the crust lies the mantle, a substantial layer of semi-solid rock that flows gradually over time. This dynamic layer is crucial, as it drives the movement of tectonic plates, resulting in earthquakes and volcanic activity.



Delving deeper, the outer core consists of liquid metal, predominantly iron and nickel, and is responsible for generating Earth's magnetic field through its movements.



At the very center, we encounter <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earths-inner-core-rotation-is-slowing-down-making/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">the inner core</a> -- a dense, solid sphere of iron and nickel. Despite enduring extreme heat, the extraordinary pressure keeps this inner core solid.



Each layer not only contributes to the structure of our planet but also plays a vital role in processes that shape our environment.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unprecedented-achievement">Unprecedented achievement</h2>



At the forefront of this remarkable feat is Professor Johan Lissenberg from Cardiff University’s <a href="https://www.cardiff.ac.uk/earth-environmental-sciences" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">School of Earth and Environmental Sciences</a>.



The mantle rocks were procured from a tectonic window on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge during Expedition 399 of the JOIDES Resolution, appropriately titled “Building Blocks of Life, Atlantis Massif,” in spring of 2023.



This accomplishment marks an epoch in Earth sciences. The international team, operating under the International Ocean Discovery Program (<a href="https://www.iodp.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">IODP</a>), has secured these ancient rocks for detailed analysis. They will now serve as keys to our understanding of Earth's geological and biological history.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-deciphering-the-many-layers-of-earth-s-mantle">Deciphering the many layers of Earth's mantle</h2>



The rock samples are far from ordinary. Their unique makeup reveals secrets of processes that took place as these rocks ascended from the deep recesses of the Earth to the surface.



Professor Lissenberg notes, "Our study begins to look at the composition of the mantle by documenting the mineralogy of the recovered rocks, as well as their chemical makeup."



Interestingly, they contain less of the mineral pyroxene and more magnesium than anticipated. This points to the mantle undergoing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mantle-heat-shaped-earths-crust-3-billion-years-ago/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">considerably more melting</a> than previously believed, which in turn, helps explain how magma forms and eventually leads to volcanic eruptions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-from-earth-s-mantle-to-volcanic-eruptions">From Earth's mantle to volcanic eruptions</h2>



Pathways discovered within these rock samples indicate the routes magma took towards the Earth's surface. 



These revelations underscore a better understanding of how magma originates in the mantle, moves upwards, and eventually powers volcanic eruptions.



"This is important because it tells us how the mantle melts and feeds volcanoes, particularly those on the ocean floor that account for the majority of volcanism on Earth," explains Professor Lissenberg.



Understanding this interplay between mantle melting and volcanic activity is a critical piece in Earth's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/theia-ancient-planet-buried-inside-of-earth-may-be-the-origin-of-our-moon/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">geological puzzle</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-foothold-on-the-origins-of-life">Foothold on the origins of life</h2>



The mantle rocks offer key insights not just into geological processes, but also into how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/luca-universal-ancestor-to-all-life-on-earth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">life on Earth might have originated</a>.



The mineral olivine, abundant in mantle rocks, reacts with seawater to produce hydrogen and other molecules – a process potentially fundamental to the creation of early life conditions.



Dr. Susan Q. Lang from the <a href="https://www.whoi.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution</a> underscores the importance of this breakthrough.



"The rocks that were present on early Earth bear a closer resemblance to those we retrieved during this expedition than the more common rocks that make up our continents today," she shares.



This discovery offers a glimpse into conditions billions of years ago.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-further-exploration-of-earth-s-mantle-layer">Further exploration of Earth's mantle layer</h2>



The journey of the Expedition 399 team is far from complete. The international group, comprised of more than 30 scientists, will continue to examine the mantle samples to unravel a myriad of scientific mysteries.



Dr. Andrew McCaig, the co-chief scientist of the expedition from the <a href="https://www.leeds.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Leeds</a>, sheds light on the extensive implications of this research.



"Our new deep hole will be a type section for decades to come in disciplines as diverse as melting processes in the mantle, chemical exchange between rocks and the ocean, organic geochemistry, and microbiology," McCaig concluded.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-window-into-the-past-present-and-future">Window into the past, present, and future</h2>



The recovery of mantle rocks from the ocean's depths is not just a landmark scientific achievement; it's a giant leap towards untangling the intricate <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/who-is-drilling-a-hole-more-than-30000-feet-deep-in-the-earths-crust-and-why/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mysteries of our planet</a>.



As scientists like Professor Lissenberg, Dr. Lang, Dr. McCaig, and their colleagues continue to delve into the data, they're not just increasing our understanding of Earth; they're also reshaping our perception of our planet and our place within it.



It is awe-inspiring to realize that somewhere, deep beneath our feet, the answers to some of life's grandest questions lay shrouded in mystery.



The team's relentless pursuit of knowledge, their spirit of collaboration, and their unending curiosity serves as a reminder of scientific exploration's endless potential.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adp1058" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science</a>.



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Record-breaking hole drilled into the Earth’s mantle is a scientific goldmine

In what can only be described as a herculean accomplishment,...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lHHxOej4QfE
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Researchers found a correlation between Alzheimer's disease and traffic pollution.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-invisible-threat-in-urban-air">Invisible threat in urban air</h2>



City dwellers face an unseen danger with every breath. New findings from Emory University researchers suggest that fine particulate matter from <a href="http://earth.com/news/traffic-related-air-pollution-might-increase-alzheimers-risk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">vehicle emissions may significantly elevate the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease</a>. The study examined brain tissue samples from 224 individuals who had confirmed diagnoses and volunteered their brains for scientific research.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-disturbing-connections-emerge">Disturbing connections emerge</h2>



Scientists analyzed neuritic plaques — protein clusters that characterize Alzheimer's — while mapping each participant's exposure to PM2.5 particles based on residential location and surrounding traffic density. The correlation proved more alarming than anticipated. Individuals experiencing higher pollution exposure showed nearly double the likelihood of elevated plaque accumulation in brain tissue.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-timing-matters">Timing matters</h2>



The research team discovered that pollution exposure during the final year before death demonstrated the strongest association with brain changes. This timeline suggests relatively rapid impacts from environmental toxins on neural health. The connection remained robust even after accounting for various demographic and health factors.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genetic-vulnerability-patterns">Genetic vulnerability patterns</h2>



Perhaps most concerning, people lacking the APOE gene—which naturally predisposes individuals to Alzheimer's — exhibited more than twice the susceptibility to pollution-related brain damage. Study author Dr. Anke Huels noted this indicates environmental elements like air contamination could trigger the disease in cases where hereditary factors don't explain.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-public-health-implications">Public health implications</h2>



These findings, published in <a href="https://www.neurology.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Neurology</a>, underscore the critical importance of air quality regulations in urban planning. The research suggests that implementing stricter emission controls and promoting alternative transportation could serve as powerful tools in Alzheimer's prevention.



As cities worldwide grapple with growing traffic congestion and aging populations, this study highlights an urgent need for comprehensive approaches to environmental health that protect both our lungs and our minds.



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Traffic fumes may trigger Alzheimer's

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lHHxOej4QfE Researchers found a correlation between Alzheimer's disease and traffic...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that scientists never expected.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hidden-waters-beneath-ancient-craters">Hidden waters beneath ancient craters</h2>



Scientists have made a startling discovery that challenges everything we thought we knew about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/saturn-moon-mimas-has-remarkably-young-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Saturn's moon Mimas</a>. Beneath the heavily cratered surface that earned it the nickname "Death Star" lies a global ocean that formed just 5 to 15 million years ago—a remarkably young age by cosmic standards.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cassini-data-reveals-orbital-secrets">Cassini data reveals orbital secrets</h2>



The discovery, led by Dr. Valéry Lainey of the <a href="https://observatoiredeparis.psl.eu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Observatoire de Paris</a>, emerged from careful analysis of <a href="https://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>'s Cassini spacecraft data. By studying subtle irregularities in Mimas's orbit around Saturn, researchers detected the gravitational signature of liquid water hidden 20 to 30 kilometers beneath the moon's icy shell.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-an-unlikely-ocean-world">An unlikely ocean world</h2>



At only 400 kilometers in diameter, Mimas seemed like the least likely candidate to harbor a subsurface ocean. Unlike other ocean moons such as Europa and Enceladus, which show clear surface signs of internal activity, Mimas displays no obvious hints of the liquid water beneath its ancient, crater-scarred exterior.



"Mimas is a small moon, and its heavily cratered surface gave no hint of the hidden ocean beneath," explained Dr. Nick Cooper from <a href="https://www.qmul.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Queen Mary University of London</a>, a study co-author.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-astrobiology">Implications for astrobiology</h2>



The ocean's recent formation makes Mimas a prime target for studying how oceans develop and potentially support life. This discovery adds another member to the exclusive club of ocean worlds in our solar system, each offering unique insights into the conditions necessary for habitability.



The research, published in <a href="https://www.nature.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a> journal, demonstrates how advanced orbital analysis can reveal hidden features of celestial bodies, opening new possibilities for understanding ocean formation throughout the cosmos.



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Scientists discover unexpected young ocean on Saturn's cratered moon Mimas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ 'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K0DuSr87SHY
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">57 million-year ice age mystery solved by Australian scientists.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-when-earth-became-a-frozen-wasteland">When Earth became a frozen wasteland</h2>



Imagine Earth as a giant snowball, frozen solid from the North Pole to the equator. This wasn't the plot of a science fiction movie – it was our planet's reality 700 million years ago during an extreme ice age that has puzzled scientists for decades.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-discovery">The discovery</h2>



Australian researchers from the <a href="https://www.sydney.edu.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Sydney</a> have finally cracked one of geology's greatest mysteries: what caused the Sturtian glaciation and why it persisted for an unprecedented 57 million years. This period occurred long before dinosaurs roamed the Earth, when no complex plants or multicellular animals existed.



Dr. Adriana Dutkiewicz, the study's lead author, describes a world completely unlike today's climate. "Imagine the Earth almost completely frozen over," she explained. "The planet was blanketed in ice from poles to equator, and temperatures plunged."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-combination-of-climate-factors">The combination of climate factors</h2>



The research team discovered that this massive freeze resulted from a "double whammy" of geological events. First, plate tectonic activity reduced volcanic carbon dioxide emissions to historically low levels. Volcanic activity typically releases CO2 into the atmosphere, creating a greenhouse effect that keeps Earth warm.



Simultaneously, weathering of volcanic rocks in what is now Canada actively absorbed atmospheric CO2, further reducing greenhouse gas concentrations. When atmospheric carbon dioxide levels dropped below 200 parts per million – less than half of today's levels – glaciation engulfed the entire planet.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-climate-implications">Modern climate implications</h2>



Published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/geology" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geology</a>, this research provides crucial insights into Earth's climate system. While geological climate changes occur over millions of years, the study emphasizes that human-induced climate change is happening at a pace ten times faster than previously observed natural changes, highlighting the urgent need to understand our planet's delicate climate balance.



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What caused the planet's longest ice age

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K0DuSr87SHY 57 million-year ice age mystery solved by Australian scientists....

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WXXGGiynIjs
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Greenland is not sinking. In fact, it is the opposite.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-contrasting-climate-response">A contrasting climate response</h2>



Most coastal towns are <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sinking-land-will-intensify-the-effects-of-rising-sea-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">preparing for higher sea levels</a>, but <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/greenland-no-longer-has-to-worry-about-rising-sea-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Greenland presents</a> a different scenario during climate change. The ground there is rising at a remarkable rate. Over the past decade, some areas have lifted about 20 centimeters, which translates to roughly 2 meters per century. This rate significantly exceeds current projections for sea level rise.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-geological-rebound-process-through-climate-change">Geological rebound process through climate change</h2>



The mechanism behind this phenomenon is straightforward. As the ice sheet melts, the immense weight is removed from the bedrock, causing the land to rebound upward. This process resembles the way compressed material springs back when pressure is released.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-monitoring-networks">Scientific monitoring networks</h2>



Researchers at the <a href="https://www.dtu.dk/english/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Technical University of Denmark</a> are documenting this uplift using the GNET network, consisting of 61 GPS stations positioned around Greenland's coast. These sensors can detect movement with millimeter precision, providing detailed measurements of the ongoing changes.



The data reveal that current uplift rates exceed the gradual rebound occurring since the last ice age ended approximately 12,000 years ago. This acceleration corresponds directly with increased ice sheet melting rates.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-coastal-transformation">Coastal Transformation</h2>



This uplift is actively reshaping Greenland's coastline. New islands and rocky formations, called "skerries," are emerging as previously submerged land surfaces rise above the water level. This represents a notable contrast to global concerns about rising seas.



The study, published in Geophysical Research Letters, demonstrates the varied regional impacts of climate change. While many locations face rising water levels, Greenland's bedrock is literally rising above the surrounding seas.



The full study was recently published in <a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2023GL104851" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geophysical Research Letters</a>.



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Greenland's ground rises while coasts worldwide face higher seas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WXXGGiynIjs Greenland is not sinking. In fact, it is the...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DSM3EVeGHJU
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Companies like MindStudio help companies train their employees to implement the latest AI Agent building platform.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ai-agent-training-transforms-the-workplace-fear-factor-into-a-competitive-advantage">AI agent training transforms the workplace 'fear factor' into a competitive advantage</h2>



Organizations that offer comprehensive artificial intelligence training to their workers find remarkable value that extends well beyond basic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mind-wandering-might-be-more-productive-than-you-think/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">productivity improvements</a>. Emerging research demonstrates that carefully crafted AI training programs <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ai-does-not-replace-human-creativity-but-enhances-it/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">enhance</a> corporate performance, lower operational costs, and dramatically improve employee psychological well-being by turning workplace uncertainty into professional empowerment.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-addressing-the-widespread-ai-anxiety-crisis-among-us">Addressing the widespread 'AI anxiety' crisis among us</h2>



A staggering 53% of employees expressed concern that the use of AI tools to automate work tasks could make them appear disposable to their employers, according to <a href="https://www.microsoft.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Microsoft</a>'s 2024 workplace survey. Such pervasive worry about being substituted by machines has caused what researchers have termed "AI technostress" – a psychological state that can result in occupational burnout and poorer mental well-being.



Data published in <a href="https://www.nature.com/palcomms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Humanities and Social Sciences Communications</a> showed that belief in AI learning ability was a moderator in the link between technology adoption and work pressure, and higher confidence significantly lowered negative psychological responses. Workers provided ample training to become competent with AI software have significantly lower stress.



Companies like <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MindStudio</a> have platforms for building what are known as "AI Agents". In essence, AI Agents are simply tools that employees can build for themselves or their teams quickly and inexpensively. MindStudio will even train entire companies, from the CEO on down, at no cost. By letting MindStudio empower employees, companies avoid hiring more IT staff, buying more software, and implementing solutions to problems that do not exist.



MindStudio even has partners locally for companies, like <a href="http://www.dominnus.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dominnus</a> with offices in the Carolinas, California, and Denver, to help build AI Agents and support employees as they become resident AI experts for their organization. The training provided by MindStudio is applicable across other AI Agent building platforms as well.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-productivity-through-focused-learning">Revolutionary productivity through focused learning</h2>



Organizations that implement large-scale AI training programs achieve dramatic outcomes. Employees performed tasks significantly better when they utilized AI support compared to when they didn't, according to <a href="https://www.nngroup.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nielsen Norman Group</a> research findings. Their study documented productivity increases of 66% for a variety of professional tasks.



Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis research finds workers record 33% higher productivity in time working with generative AI tools. The benefit is equivalent to 5.4% of work time savings for AI users – around 2.2 hours per week for full-time workers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-psychological-well-being-benefits-through-ai-competence">Psychological well-being benefits through AI competence</h2>



The emotional transformation when employees are provided with proper technology training is a fundamental transformation from fear to professional confidence. A survey of 600 employees across industries, carried out by ScienceDirect, proved that AI capabilities strengthen work environment commitment and improve job satisfaction.



A <a href="https://www.lut.fi/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">LUT University</a> study discovered that AI adoption has no direct effect on workers' well-being but does so indirectly through working conditions like task optimization and safety protocols. Strategically deployed AI that involves correct training can actually increase workplace mental well-being.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-from-replacement-anxiety-to-partnership-confidence">From 'replacement anxiety' to 'partnership confidence'</h2>



Although 35% of those interviewed in recent McKinsey studies were concerned about workforce displacement, firms with large-scale training initiatives witness such fears dissipate quickly. The World Economic Forum found that two out of three respondents believe AI competencies will enhance their career prospects and job marketability.



This shift from fear to trust has measurable implications for job satisfaction. Applied Sciences research indicates AI can create tailored wellness programs based on individual employee requirements.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-financial-benefits-of-increased-retention">Financial benefits of increased retention</h2>



The mental health advantages of AI learning have a direct impact on organizational bottom lines in the form of a positive feedback cycle with high retention of employees. Recent ROI research validates that artificial intelligence learning has a beneficial impact on employee turnover and satisfaction levels.



PriceWaterhouseCoopers' research documents 20% to 30% improvements in productivity, market speed, and revenue in organizations that attempt systematic AI adoption through comprehensive training.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-advantages-of-ai-enabled-teams">Environmental advantages of AI-enabled teams</h2>



AI training has unforeseen environmental benefits as it makes the work environment more efficient. According to a study in Scientific Reports, the carbon footprint in writing and illustrating work is significantly lower when AI performs it compared to humans. AI software produces 130 to 1,500 times less CO2 equivalent per page of text created than human authors.



In addition, AI-driven remote work functionality significantly reduces environmental impact. Research by Cornell University and Microsoft indicates that remote workers reduce greenhouse gas emissions by up to 54% by not commuting daily to offices. Hybrid workers working remotely two to four days a week can reduce their carbon footprint by 11% to 29%.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cumulative-organizational-advantages">Cumulative organizational advantages</h2>



The compounding gains of better mental well-being, reduced turnover, increased productivity, and environmental benefits flow to enterprises from the pairing. McKinsey analysis estimates the long-term AI potential at $4.4 trillion in incremental productivity growth opportunity from business use cases.



As of now, 75% of knowledge workers globally utilize generative AI, mirroring widespread adoption patterns. Organizations that provide organized training and assistance see the most favorable results in productivity, worker satisfaction, and ecological sustainability.



The research overwhelmingly indicates that companies that invest in proper AI education, like that offered through <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MindStudio</a>, establish win-win scenarios where employees are both more empowered and less stressed, and companies enjoy the gains of increased productivity, reduced turnover, and improved mental health outcomes throughout their workforce.



For more on MindStudio's free AI training for companies, visit the website's of MindStudio and Dominnus from the links below.



The research was published across a variety of peer-reviewed journals, including <a href="https://www.nature.com/palcomms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Humanities and Social Sciences Communications</a>, <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/artificial-intelligence" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence</a>, and <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/journal/applsci">Applied Sciences</a>.



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MindStudio.AI: <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.mindstudio.ai</a>



Dominnus: <a href="https://www.dominnus.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.dominnus.com</a>

AI agent training boosts mental health and profits

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DSM3EVeGHJU Companies like MindStudio help companies train their employees to...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0HDXqTGEmi4
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Scientists give plants superpowers against bacterial disease</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-natural-solution-to-disease-through-crop-modification">A natural solution to disease through crop modification.</h2>



The agricultural industry stands at a crossroads between productivity and environmental responsibility, and crop modification often carries a negative connotation. While chemical pesticides have long been the go-to solution for crop protection, their harmful effects on ecosystems and human health have prompted scientists to seek alternatives. The recent breakthrough by <a href="https://www.southampton.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Southampton</a> researchers offers a promising path forward through the precise manipulation of plant-associated microbial communities.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-science-behind-microbial-partnerships">The science behind microbial partnerships</h2>



Plants naturally harbor diverse ecosystems of bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms that function as biological allies. These microscopic partners contribute to disease resistance, nutrient absorption, and stress tolerance. However, until now, scientists lacked the tools to deliberately reshape these communities to enhance crop protection.



The Southampton team's approach centered on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/engineered-plant-microbiomes-the-future-of-crop-protection/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">modifying lignin biosynthesis genes in rice plants</a>. This strategic intervention altered the plant's metabolic output, creating conditions that favored beneficial bacterial populations while suppressing harmful ones. The result was a living defense system embedded within the plant itself.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-global-food-security">Implications for global food security</h2>



The successful demonstration against Xanthomonas oryzae, the pathogen responsible for bacterial blight in rice, represents more than a laboratory achievement. Rice feeds nearly half the world's population, and bacterial blight causes devastating crop losses annually. Traditional control methods rely heavily on pesticides that contaminate soil and water systems.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-looking-beyond-disease-resistance">Looking Beyond Disease Resistance</h2>



While disease protection represents the immediate application, the research framework opens doors to broader agricultural improvements. Future developments could engineer microbiomes to enhance nutrient uptake, reducing dependence on synthetic fertilizers. This dual benefit addresses both crop productivity and environmental sustainability.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-path-forward">The path forward</h2>



As this technology advances from laboratory to field applications, it promises to reshape sustainable agriculture. The ability to program plants with their own biological defense systems could herald a new era where crops protect themselves naturally, reducing chemical inputs while maintaining yields necessary for global food security.



The study is published in the journal&nbsp;<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-44335-3" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Communications</a>.



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Revolutionizing agriculture through microbiome engineering

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0HDXqTGEmi4 Scientists give plants superpowers against bacterial disease A natural...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Acid rain and a crisis solved.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-don-t-we-ever-hear-about-acid-rain-anymore-the-environmental-crisis-that-was-solved">Why don't we ever hear about "acid rain" anymore? The environmental crisis that was solved</h2>



Remember the 1980s when acid rain dominated headlines? Dire warnings about rain eating buildings, killing fish, and destroying forests filled every news cycle. Then, almost like magic, acid rain vanished from public discourse. What happened? Did we actually solve one of the late 20th century's most pressing environmental challenges?



The answer might surprise you. Unlike many environmental issues that drag on indefinitely, acid rain represents one of modern history's most successful ecological recovery stories. It's a tale of science, politics, and technology working together to tackle what seemed impossible.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What was acid rain?</h2>



Acid rain isn't regular rain having a bad day – it's precipitation that became significantly more acidic due to air pollution. When power plants, factories, and vehicles burn fossil fuels, they release sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) into the atmosphere.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The science behind it</h2>



Think of acid rain as nature's chemistry experiment gone wrong. These compounds react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form sulfuric and nitric acids. When mixed with water vapor in clouds, they create precipitation with dangerously low pH levels.



While clean rain has a pH of about 5.6, acid rain could drop as low as 4.2 to 4.4 – roughly as acidic as tomato juice or coffee. According to US Geological Survey documentation, Scottish chemist Angus Smith first coined "acid rain" in 1872, but it didn't become a household phrase until the 1960s and 1970s when Swedish scientist Svante Odén documented its devastating effects on Scandinavian lakes and European forests.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The crisis at its peak</h2>



During the height of public concern, environmental damage was both widespread and visible. This wasn't some abstract future threat – people could see destruction happening in real-time.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Environmental devastation</h2>



The most dramatic impacts were impossible to ignore. Research documented by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation shows that in the Adirondack Mountains, more than 200 lakes became so acidic they couldn't support fish life. The Adirondack Council reports that 409 lakes once supported brook trout, but many lost their fish populations due to acid rain.



By 1976, when scientists cataloged all acidified lakes in the Adirondack Park, researchers found that half of the lakes over 2,000 feet above sea level had no fish, according to studies published in environmental journals. The acidification process worked like a slow-motion disaster. As acid rain fell into watersheds, it gradually lowered pH levels. Fish couldn't survive in acidic water, and their food sources died off too.



Trees at high elevations showed stress directly linked to acid rain. It weakened them by leaching nutrients and making them susceptible to disease. Historical records show Germany's Black Forest saw nearly half its trees damaged by the mid-1980s.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Economic impact</h2>



Acid rain wasn't just environmental – it was expensive. Acidic precipitation corroded infrastructure, buildings, and monuments. Historic stone structures deteriorated at accelerated rates. Tourism suffered as lakes became fishless and forests declined. EPA economic analyses from the period documented repair costs mounting into billions annually.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The solution: government action and technology</h2>



Transformation from crisis to success required unprecedented cooperation between governments, industries, and environmental groups.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The Clean Air Act of 1990</h2>



The turning point came with the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, signed by President George H.W. Bush. This represented a fundamentally new approach to environmental regulation, as documented in EPA historical records.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Cap-and-trade success</h2>



Instead of mandating specific technologies, the 1990 amendments introduced something revolutionary: a cap-and-trade system for sulfur dioxide emissions. EPA program documentation shows this market-based approach set overall limits but allowed companies to trade emission allowances.



The genius was harnessing market forces to find cost-effective pollution reduction. Companies reducing emissions cheaply could sell excess allowances to those facing higher costs. Research published in environmental economics journals and EPA progress reports shows this resulted in dramatic SO2 reduction at a fraction of projected costs.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Technology advances</h2>



Policy provided the framework, but technology made reductions possible. Studies in atmospheric science journals document the widespread adoption of flue gas desulfurization systems ("scrubbers") that removed sulfur dioxide before it reached the atmosphere. By the 2000s, new installations could remove over 95% of SO2 emissions, according to EPA technical reports.



The push coincided with cleaner energy development. Natural gas produces fewer sulfur compounds than coal. Wind and solar, emerging in the 1990s, captured growing market share, reducing reliance on high-sulfur coal.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-we-don-t-hear-about-it-today">Why we don't hear about it today</h2>



Why did acid rain disappear from headlines? Simple: the problem was largely solved.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Success doesn't make news</h2>



There's an old journalism saying: "If it bleeds, it leads." Environmental success stories don't generate urgency like crisis reporting. Media attention shifted to other challenges: climate change, plastic pollution, and biodiversity loss. There's only so much environmental anxiety the public can absorb, and newer concerns replaced acid rain.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Mission accomplished</h2>



The primary reason is beautifully simple: interventions worked. EPA monitoring data shows sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990. Academic research published in environmental science journals confirms pH levels in formerly affected areas returned closer to normal. This represents one of history's most dramatic environmental recoveries. Studies by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation show fishless lakes now support healthy populations. Forests recovered, and building damage slowed dramatically.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-is-it-really-gone">Is it really gone?</h2>



The crisis is largely resolved, but monitoring data shows the problem isn't completely eliminated – it's managed to acceptable levels. Some areas still experience occasional events during high pollution periods. International environmental research indicates that rapidly industrializing Asian countries face similar problems to what we experienced decades ago, though they're implementing successful strategies.



EPA research shows nitrogen oxide emissions proved more challenging than sulfur dioxide, coming from vehicles and mobile sources. Climate science studies suggest changing weather patterns add complexity to how acid rain forms and falls.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What this teaches us</h2>



The acid rain experience proves that seemingly intractable environmental problems can be solved with scientific understanding, political will, and technological innovation. Environmental monitoring data shows recovery speed was remarkable – within a decade, measurable improvements appeared in air quality and ecosystem health.



Success came from bipartisan support across party lines. Policy analysis studies show the market-based approach appealed to those preferring economic incentives while achieving environmental goals. This support created lasting policy surviving political changes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Conclusion</h2>



Acid rain's disappearance from public consciousness represents environmental science's greatest success stories. Through effective regulation, technological innovation, and international cooperation, we transformed an overwhelming crisis into a manageable challenge.



Today's silence isn't because we forgot – it's because we solved it. The 1990 Clean Air Act, combined with technology and energy market changes, reduced acid rain emissions over 90%, according to comprehensive EPA data analysis.



This success offers hope for current challenges. It proves complex problems can be solved when science, policy, and technology work together. As we face climate change and plastic pollution, acid rain reminds us that dramatic positive change is possible.



Next time someone asks whether environmental regulations work, remember acid rain. It's proof that sometimes, we get it right.



<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>



Sources: This article draws from EPA official documentation and progress reports, peer-reviewed research published in environmental and atmospheric science journals, historical data from the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation records, US Geological Survey publications, policy analysis studies, and environmental monitoring data collected over three decades.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Frequently Asked Questions</h2>



1. Is acid rain completely gone? No, but EPA monitoring shows it's reduced to manageable levels. US sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990, making acid rain much less severe than the 1980s crisis.



2. How long did solving take? Environmental monitoring data shows significant improvements began within 5-10 years of 1990s emission controls. Full ecosystem recovery took longer – some areas need 20-30 years for complete recovery.



3. What made the solution successful? Clear scientific understanding, visible damage motivating action, bipartisan support, available technology, and innovative market-based policies like cap-and-trade.



4. Do other countries have acid rain problems? Yes, particularly rapidly industrializing Asian countries. However, international environmental research shows many implement similar successful control strategies.



5. Could acid rain return? Potentially, if regulations weaken or we return to high-sulfur coal without controls, though effects would take years to become severe according to environmental projections.



6. Can you recommend any teaching tools on the subject of "acid rain"? The United States Environmental Protection Agency produced a wonderful teacher's guide for ages 14 and under that you can find on the EPA website here: <a href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf</a>



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The environmental problem we actually solved

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk Acid rain and a crisis solved. Why don't we...

Green,Ecoduct,Over,An,Empty,Highway,During,Sunset.

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A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that wildlife tunnels significantly reduce amphibian road mortality during seasonal migrations. 



Frogs and salamanders often cross roads to reach breeding ponds each spring, but many are killed by vehicles. 



Researchers from the <a href="https://www.uvm.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Vermont</a>, in collaboration with local citizens and the Vermont Agency of Natural Resources, installed two underpass tunnels in 2015. 



Over a 12-year monitoring period, they observed an 80.2% reduction in amphibian deaths, and up to 94% for non-climbing species like salamanders. 



The study used a before-after-control-impact design and documented more than 5,200 amphibians, highlighting the tunnels’ effectiveness even in nearby buffer zones.



Funded at $342,397 - far cheaper than wildlife crossings for large mammals - the project showcased the power of community-led conservation.



Local groups initiated the effort after observing mass amphibian deaths. Wildlife cameras later captured over 2,200 amphibians using a tunnel in just one spring, along with other species like raccoons and bobcats, indicating wider ecosystem benefits.



This marks the first peer-reviewed, long-term data set in the northeastern U.S. confirming amphibian-specific underpasses work. 



The study urges transportation departments to incorporate these designs into road planning and highlights how community action, thoughtful infrastructure, and persistence can make a real difference for biodiversity.



The full study was published in the <a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1617138125000780" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal for Nature Conservation</a>.



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Wildlife tunnels save millions of amphibians

https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that...

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. 



The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.



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Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. 



Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.



Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. 



They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).



Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.



Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.



This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.



“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. 



The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.



“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;



“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”



The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;



The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.



Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Designing crops that can beat the heat

[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Carl...

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes the first comprehensive estimate of carbon density in the Saharan, Sahel, and Sudanian zones of Africa. In an effort to measure the amount of carbon stored across these drylands, a team of scientists used high-resolution satellite images and artificial intelligence to map nearly 10 billion individual trees. 



"The high spatial resolution (50 cm) combined with AI and field measurements used in this study is key to improving tree inventories in drylands," said Pierre Hiernaux, a French researcher working for NASA. "The ever-increasing availability of very high-resolution satellite imagery will make it possible to assess carbon pools and their dynamics at the individual tree level on a global scale."



"This study is exceptional because it is pioneering a type of approach that will revolutionize the monitoring of trees and forests on a global scale: in the short term, it will be possible to map the world's trees from the centre of the Amazon to our schoolyards," said <a href="https://www.inrae.fr/en">INRAE</a> researcher Jean-Pierre Wigneron.



"Many fields of application will become much more efficient and accurate, such as tracking carbon stocks, biodiversity, monitoring logging and protection against illegal forest degradation, in near real time.”



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Remote sensing will revolutionize the way we monitor trees

[sendtonews key="EjmSP20gQK-2593093-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.



According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."



Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;



ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. 



Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 



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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> features a visual dataset of.methane emissions from wetlands across the globe. Atmospheric methane levels have reached record highs in recent years, and wetlands are a major source of these emissions.&nbsp;



"Methane is an important greenhouse gas that contributes substantially to global warming. On a molecule by molecule basis, methane is much more efficient at trapping heat than carbon dioxide, the main driver of warming," says NASA.



"Though human activities, including agriculture, oil and natural gas production and use, and waste disposal, collectively contribute the majority of methane to the atmosphere, about a third of total methane emissions comes from wetlands."&nbsp;



According to NASA, understanding methane emissions from wetlands and other natural sources is critically important for scientists and policymakers who are working to combat climate change by reducing emissions from human activities.



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Wetlands are a major source of methane emissions

[sendtonews key="f8fukm28Vz-2491833-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

[sendtonews key="0879czfG3k-1785905-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from NASA...

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes how record-breaking heat expressed itself around the world in 2022.



Scientists have determined that 2022 was the 5th warmest year since 1880. Furthermore, the last nine consecutive years have been the warmest on record.



From devastating floods and wildfires to natural disasters like Hurricane Ian, 2022 showed us yet again how a warming climate affects people across the globe.&nbsp;



"As we look back at 20:22 and years past, we see that each year we better understand the challenges we face and how important it is to meet them," says NASA.



Video/ Image Credit: NASA Goddard



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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2022 illustrated the consequences of a warming climate

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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes Earth’s interconnected systems, and how this network is affected by rising temperatures.&nbsp;



During 2020, average global temperatures matched the hottest year on record. The hurricane season was also record-breaking, with many of the storms intensifying at extraordinary speeds. Hot water in the ocean is fuel for hurricanes. The satellite data shows that it's all one interconnected system showing how Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected.



According to NASA, dust swept up from Northern Africa plays a major role in the formation of hurricanes, and is also a key source of fertilization in the Amazon rainforest. As a result of<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-wasting-disease-is-fueled-by-climate-change/"> climate</a> change, dust plumes are expected to decline, which will have an effect on vegetation far away.&nbsp;



Images from Earth-observing satellites show how the world’s plant life is affected by natural disasters, fires, and deforestation. Satellites also reveal how widespread changes in vegetation impact waterways,&nbsp; the climate, air quality. Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on the Earth. "Earth From Space" is a groundbreaking two-hour special that reveals a spectacular new space-based vision of our planet. 



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected

[sendtonews key="JbW4VsY53O-1632195-12187" type="single"] Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected...

Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://welcome.miami.edu/">University of Miami</a> Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science explores how changes in water temperatures have affected tiger shark habitats and movements in the North Atlantic Ocean. The study reveals that rising temperatures have caused the sharks to shift toward the poles over the past 40 years.



“Tiger shark annual migrations have expanded poleward, paralleling rising water temperatures,” explained study lead author Neil Hammerschlag. “These results have consequences for tiger shark conservation, since shifts in their movements outside of marine protected areas may leave them more vulnerable to commercial fishing.”



The researchers analyzed nine years of tracking data from satellite-tagged tiger sharks, combined with four decades of conventional tag and recapture data provided by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Cooperative Shark Tagging Program.



The experts found that during the last decade of record heat, for every one-degree Celsius increase in water temperatures, tiger sharks migrated further poleward by over 400 kilometers. They also migrated two weeks earlier than usual to waters off the northeastern coast of the United States.



“Given their role as apex predators, these changes to tiger shark movements may alter predator-prey interactions, leading to ecological imbalances, and more frequent encounters with humans,” concluded Professor Hammerschlag.



Video Credit: University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Tiger sharks are shifting poleward as temperatures rise

Today’s Video of the Day from the University of Miami...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> is focused on the melt ponds that emerge during the spring and summer on the Greenland Ice Sheet, which is the largest ice mass in the northern hemisphere.



"Melt ponds are vast pools of open water that form on both sea ice and ice sheets and are visible as turquoise-blue pools of water in this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image," says ESA.



"When snow and ice melts atop glaciers, water flows in channels and streams and collects in depressions on the surface. These melt ponds can speed up the melting of the surrounding ice since they greatly reduce the ice’s ability to reflect sunlight."



"This can create a positive feedback where an increasing number of melt ponds absorb more heat which causes ice cover to melt even faster."



According to ESA, Greenland has been hit with a late-season heatwave that began in early September. This caused the type of melt event that usually occurs in the middle of summer.



"In a recent paper published in Nature Climate Change, scientists found that major sea-level rise from the melting of the Greenland ice cap is now ‘inevitable’ even if the burning of fossil fuels were to halt overnight," says ESA. "Using satellite observations of Greenland ice loss and ice cap from 2000 to 2019, the team found the losses will lead to a minimum rise of 27 cm regardless of climate change."



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Melt ponds on the Greenland Ice Sheet

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes how Earth is unique in our solar system for its ability to sustain liquid water on its surface. But now, the water cycle is shifting as the climate warms, and scientists must find ways to predict how these changes will affect water availability.



Overall, 96 percent of Earth's water is saltwater, and nearly all of freshwater is found in ice and groundwater. These sources of water are linked as it passes through solid, liquid and gas phases.



In a warmer climate, the water cycle will be transformed. It will be easier for water to evaporate and form clouds, and storms will become more frequent and intense. Some regions will get too much water, while others will be left without enough water. In addition, soil moisture will be lost - which threatens food security.



Scientists are using satellite data from over the last 40 years to track changes that are happening in the water cycle. This will ultimately help us prepare for extreme events and better manage our water resources, according to ESA.



Video Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Tracking changes in Earth's water cycle

[sendtonews key="fxH3eJHEkQ-2010196-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard Space Flight Center</a> features images of Saturn from NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope. The photographs capture the start of the mysterious "spoke season" on Saturn - when unexplained features appear on its rings. 



According to NASA, both the cause of the spokes and their seasonal variability have yet to be fully explained by planetary scientists.



"Like Earth, Saturn is tilted on its axis and therefore has four seasons, though because of Saturn's much larger orbit, each season lasts approximately seven Earth years. Equinox occurs when the rings are tilted edge-on to the Sun," explains NASA.



"The spokes disappear when it is near summer or winter solstice on Saturn. (When the Sun appears to reach either its highest or lowest latitude in the northern or southern hemisphere of a planet.) As the autumnal equinox of Saturn's northern hemisphere on May 6, 2025, draws near, the spokes are expected to become increasingly prominent and observable."



Experts believe that the spokes may be a product of the planet's variable magnetic field. When magnetic fields interact with solar wind, an electrically charged environment is created. This phenomenon is visible on Earth as the northern lights.&nbsp;



"Scientists think that the smallest, dust-sized icy ring particles can become charged as well, which temporarily levitates those particles above the rest of the larger icy particles and boulders in the rings," says NASA.



The spokes were first observed in the early 1980s by NASA's Voyager mission. Depending on the angle of the rings, the spokes can appear dark or light.



"Thanks to Hubble's OPAL program, which is building an archive of data on the outer solar system planets, we will have longer dedicated time to study Saturn’s spokes this season than ever before," said NASA senior planetary scientist Amy Simon, head of the Hubble Outer Planet Atmospheres Legacy (OPAL) program.



"Despite years of excellent observations by the Cassini mission, the precise beginning and duration of the spoke season is still unpredictable, rather like predicting the first storm during hurricane season."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Mysterious "spoke season" captured on Saturn

[sendtonews key="Ccjk8KEMzv-2550719-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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