Plastic may not always float where we expect it. The ocean’s surface might look clean in some places, but far beneath the waves, a different story is unfolding. 



In the southeastern Mediterranean, the deep seafloor is turning into a massive storage ground for plastic packaging, especially bags. A new study shows how this <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/large-retailers-are-replacing-plastic-bags-with-eco-friendly-paper-bags/">waste</a> ends up thousands of feet below the surface, and the answer isn’t as simple as trash just “sinking.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plastic-in-the-deep-sea">Plastic in the deep sea</h2>



Plastic debris has entered every corner of the ocean, but previously, most of the research has concentrated on floating plastic or beach trash. That changed with this latest study, which took a closer look at what is occurring on the ocean floor. 



Scientists discovered that the Levant Basin - a deep section of the eastern <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/two-continents-meet-along-the-mediterranean-coastline/">Mediterranean</a> off the coasts of Israel, Egypt, and Turkey - is among the world's most contaminated deep-sea areas.



“We used trawls to survey the seafloor and we mainly found plastic bags and packaging that dominate the debris,” said Xing-Yu Li from the <a href="https://www.haifa.ac.il/?lang=en">University of Haifa</a>, the study’s lead author.



This raised a question: how does something so light - something meant to float - end up nearly a mile underwater?



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-forensic-approach-to-trash">A forensic approach to trash</h2>



To answer that, the team decided to treat each plastic item like a crime scene. Every piece of debris was carefully examined using a method called multi-marker analysis. 



This approach looks at everything about the plastic - size, shape, color, material, surface features, and even what kinds of things are stuck to it, like tar or <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/marine-organisms-may-adapt-to-climate-change-but-with-hidden-costs/">marine organisms</a>.



“In the multi-marker approach anything that is found on a piece of plastic is an evidence,” said Xing-yu. “We extracted as many evidence as possible from every piece of waste, more than many previous studies, to build a fuller, more detailed view of the bottom waste.”



Instead of just counting how much trash was found, this method helped researchers understand how it got there, why it sank, and where it might have come from.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-some-plastic-doesn-t-sink">Why some plastic doesn’t sink</h2>



Most of the plastics found were <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/everyday-kitchen-tool-that-could-be-leaching-toxins-into-your-food-polypropylene-cutting-board/">polyethylene</a> - the same material used in grocery bags. Normally, this kind of plastic floats. But when additives like calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) are mixed in during manufacturing, the plastic becomes heavier. 



Those with CaCO₃ sank closer to the shore. Others, without these additives, drifted farther out before eventually settling on the seafloor.



The study also revealed that the deep basin at over 3,000 feet deep acts like a trap. Pressure and fine sediments help keep the plastic down. 



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/biofilms-could-change-the-way-we-track-plastic-pollution/">Biofilms</a>, which are slimy layers formed by microbes, usually help weigh plastics down too, but they don’t grow well in this part of the sea. Instead, things like tar, sand, and tiny shells helped plastics stay put.



The scientists noted that these plastic films - while thin and lightweight - are ending up where they can do the most long-term damage. 



Even more troubling, the team found that some of this plastic could become buoyant again if disturbed, but because of how the deep sea works, that rarely happens. Once the plastic settles, it stays.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-where-the-trash-is-coming-from">Where the trash is coming from</h2>



The plastic pollution isn’t only from local beaches. According to the research, land-based sources from Egypt, Israel, and Turkey are a big part of the problem. 



Shipping also plays a role, especially in deeper waters. Surprisingly, fishing was not a major contributor - possibly due to strict Israeli regulations.



For years, scientists noticed high levels of plastic at the seafloor, but they didn’t fully understand why. 



“For years in our monitoring reports we have reported a high concentration of plastic debris in this area. It was an unsolved mystery as we know that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ocean-floor-harbors-up-to-11-million-tons-of-plastic-debris/">plastic debris</a> should remain floating on the sea surface. Now we have a deep understanding of how it happens,” said Dr. Yael Segal from Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research (IOLR). 



“The Eastern Mediterranean is the most polluted area in the world, and we must take action for the sake of the next generation.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-long-term-risks-to-marine-life">Long-term risks to marine life</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/grapevines-could-offer-a-breakthrough-alternative-to-plastic-packaging/">Plastic packaging</a> is cheap, easy to produce, and used globally - but it doesn’t go away. It breaks into smaller pieces and can remain in the environment for hundreds of years. 



Deep-sea habitats are already fragile, and adding plastic into the mix could disrupt food webs, introduce toxins, and harm species that haven’t even been fully studied yet.



“As the head of the national monitoring program, I see firsthand how plastic pollution is impacting the entire sea environment: beaches, water, sea bottom, and even local turtle populations,” said Dr. Segal.



Professor Revital Bookman said that the discovery is fascinating in the worst possible way. 



"The eastern Mediterranean is quietly turning into a deep-sea landfill. Plastics that we use for only a few minutes are ending up trapped for centuries, threatening deep marine ecosystems we barely understand," noted Professor Bookman. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-needs-to-happen-next">What needs to happen next</h2>



According to the researchers, this study changes how we should think about ocean pollution. Plastic doesn’t just float around until it hits a beach. It travels far, interacts with other pollutants like tar, and ends up in hidden places. 



“This previously overlooked dynamic necessitates a broader perspective on pollution processes in marine environments,” said Professor Bookman. 



“Without systematic deep-sea accounting, we risk underestimating the true environmental footprint of plastic pollution and misallocating mitigation efforts by neglecting offshore and deep-sea sinks.”



To deal with this, the experts call for coordinated efforts across the region. Countries that share the sea need to work together on monitoring, cleanup, and prevention. 



Without a shared strategy, plastics will continue piling up, silently choking one of the planet’s most mysterious ecosystems.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0025326X25009671?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Marine Pollution Bulletin</a>.



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Hidden plastic graveyard uncovered in the deep Mediterranean Sea

Plastic may not always float where we expect it. The ocean’s surface might look clean in some places, but far beneath the waves, a different story is unfolding. In the southeastern Mediterranean, the deep seafloor is turning into a massive storage ground for plastic packaging, especially bags. A new study shows how this waste ends up thousands of feet below the surface, and the answer isn’t as simple as trash just “sinking.” Plastic in the deep sea Plastic debris has entered every corner of the ocean, but...

Cotton is an integral part of everyday life, being used in everything from clothing to bed linens.&nbsp;As climate change intensifies, cotton farmers face the threat of lower yields due to challenges like <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-drought-crisis-un-warns-of-unprecedented-emergency/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">drought</a> and heat. 



However, new research offers hope for developing drought-resistant cotton varieties.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-global-cotton-production-nbsp">Global cotton production&nbsp;</h2>



The study authors noted that upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is the world's top renewable textile fiber, supporting a multibillion-dollar industry with a global production of 120.2 million bales of cotton.&nbsp;



“It is a major economically important crop for the U.S. and for Arizona, where upland cotton is planted on ∼50 000 ha, mainly in the semi-arid environment of the low desert using surface irrigation to complement limited <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/future-forecast-more-extreme-precipitation-ahead/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">precipitation</a>,” wrote the researchers.



“Cotton productivity in semi-arid areas of the Southwestern U.S. is severely threatened by global climate change.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-change-and-drought-risk">Climate change and drought risk</h2>



The experts pointed out that increasing climatic variability is responsible for hotter summers, with day and night temperatures far above the thermal optimum (30/22 °C) for the crop, and lower and erratic rainfall patterns which expose cotton plants to an increasing risk of drought.&nbsp;



“Therefore, revealing the physio-genetics mechanisms that regulate cotton's response to arid conditions is of primary interest,” wrote the researchers.



“Specifically, this information can be leveraged for the development of new elite cotton cultivars with improved adaptation to hotter and drier climatic conditions that are predicted in the near future.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-cotton-responds-to-water-stress">How cotton responds to water stress</h2>



In their recent study, published in the <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/pbi.14402" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Plant Biotechnology Journal</a>, the team examined how 22 varieties of upland cotton respond to drought conditions in Arizona's low desert.&nbsp;



The researchers identified two key regulatory genes, GhHSFA6B-D and GhDREB2A-A, that are crucial for helping cotton plants manage water stress while maintaining fiber production.&nbsp;



These genes function like conductors, orchestrating other genes involved in drought response and fiber development.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-stress-tolerance-and-fiber-yield">Stress tolerance and fiber yield</h2>



“We were excited to discover this direct link between stress tolerance and fiber yield maintenance,” said study co-author Andrew Nelson, an assistant professor at the <a href="https://btiscience.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Boyce Thompson Institute</a>. 



“It appears that over time, cotton plants have evolved this regulatory mechanism to help them cope with dry conditions while still producing the fibers that are so economically important.”



A particularly notable discovery involved the gene GhIPS1-A, which produces an enzyme that helps protect plants from drought stress.&nbsp;



The researchers observed that only one copy of this gene, inherited from the cotton plant's African ancestors, responds to the regulatory gene GhHSFA6B-D. This suggests that the cotton plant's drought resilience has deep evolutionary roots, predating its <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-origin-of-horse-domestication-has-finally-been-revealed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">domestication</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fiber-production-in-drought-stressed-plants-nbsp">Fiber production in drought-stressed plants&nbsp;</h2>



The study also revealed a tiny genetic variation near the GhIPS1-A gene that appears to influence fiber production under water-limited conditions.&nbsp;



“This single DNA letter change was associated with higher fiber production in drought-stressed plants,” noted study co-author Duke Pauli, an associate professor at the <a href="https://www.arizona.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Arizona</a>. “Such small genetic differences could be valuable targets for breeders looking to develop more resilient cotton varieties.”



Given the increasing frequency and severity of droughts due to climate change, the development of cotton varieties that can thrive with less water is crucial.&nbsp;



The research provides valuable insights and genetic targets to guide these breeding efforts. It also emphasizes the importance of maintaining genetic diversity among cotton varieties, as the range of drought responses observed underscores the need for adaptability in crops facing changing conditions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-regulatory-mechanism-conserved-across-time">Regulatory mechanism conserved across time</h2>



According to the experts, the specialized regulatory mechanism they identified in this study seems to have emerged in cotton well before domestication, most likely reflecting an evolutionary conserved stress response mechanism, similar to that observed in Arabidopsis.&nbsp;



However, this mechanism appears to have undergone additional selection after speciation in order to provide evolutionary advantages under water-limited conditions.&nbsp;



Further research is needed to clarify these mechanisms and develop breeding methods suited to the ongoing environmental crisis.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications-of-the-study-nbsp">Broader implications of the study&nbsp;</h2>



In a world grappling with environmental challenges, understanding how critical crops like cotton respond to stress at the molecular level is vital.&nbsp;



This study not only advances scientific knowledge but also lays the groundwork for more resilient and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bee-diversity-is-key-to-sustainable-agriculture/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sustainable agriculture</a> amidst climate change.&nbsp;



The insights gained from this research are essential for ensuring the continued availability of cotton, a staple of the global textile industry, in the face of an uncertain environmental future.



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Genetic secrets of cotton will make it more climate resilient

Cotton is an integral part of everyday life, being used...

This month had "hottest day on record" for our dear old Earth. This is not a typical summer update, but rather a revelation that should stir us all.



The main hero of our story is NASA's&nbsp;<a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Goddard Space Flight Center</a>, and the character under the spotlight is none other than Dr. Peter Jacobs of the Global Modeling and Assimilation Office.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scorching-records-of-hottest-day">Scorching records of hottest day</h2>



On July 22, 2024, the flames of history were stoked as Earth experienced its hottest day ever recorded. Not far behind, July 21 and 23 also sizzled past <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earth-just-experienced-its-hottest-day-ever/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">previous daily records</a>, creating a heat-trilogy that surely left the world sweaty. 



It's unsettling to think these record-breaking temperatures are part of a long-term warming trend, largely caused by human activities and a generous helping of greenhouse gases.&nbsp;



<a href="https://www.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>&nbsp;Administrator Bill Nelson describes the situation with a fitting sense of urgency. "In a year that has been the hottest on record to date, these past two weeks have been particularly brutal," he said.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tools-of-trade">Tools of trade</h2>



The Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications, Version 2 (<a href="https://gmao.gsfc.nasa.gov/reanalysis/MERRA-2/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MERRA-2</a>) and Goddard Earth Observing System Forward Processing (<a href="https://gmao.gsfc.nasa.gov/GMAO_products/NRT_products.php" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">GEOS-FP</a>) systems, revealed this.



These two marvels of human invention play a critical role in collecting global observations from devices on land, sea, air, and satellites using atmospheric models.



GEOS-FP specializes in providing rapid, near-real time weather data, while MERRA-2 takes its sweet time but guarantees the quality of observations.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hotter-by-the-day">Hotter by the day</h2>



The data collected paints a vivid picture: daily global average temperature values from MERRA-2 for the years 1980-2022 are shown in white, values for 2023 in pink, and values from 2024 through June in red. 



As for the cream of the crop, the daily global temperature values from July 1 to 23, 2024, from GEOS-FP take the purple spot of honor.



The European Union’s Copernicus Earth Observation Programme observed similar results. It provides comprehensive data on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-records-shatter-2024-set-to-be-hottest-year-ever/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a> and its impacts. 



While there are slight differences between the two analyses, both agree on a concerning trend. Temperatures are rising, and we are experiencing the hottest days on record.



The <a href="https://www.copernicus.eu/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Copernicus Programme</a> uses satellites to monitor environmental changes. It highlights the urgency of climate issues. The program tracks more frequent heatwaves that impact ecosystems and human health.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-worrying-trend-of-hottest-days">Worrying trend of hottest days</h2>



The latest daily temperature records succeed 13 months of consecutive monthly temperature records.



Scientists from NASA’s Goddard Institute for Space Studies have based this analysis on the GISTEMP record, which uses surface instrumental data alone and provides a deeper view of changes in global temperatures at monthly and annual resolutions going back to the late 19th century.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-science-behind-the-hot-day">Science behind the hot day</h2>



Understanding why temperatures are rising is key to grasping the larger impact on our planet.



The primary mechanism driving these extreme conditions is the greenhouse effect. It is a natural process. Certain gases in Earth's atmosphere, like carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4), trap heat from the sun.



Human activities, notably the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation, have significantly increased the concentrations of these greenhouse gases, intensifying the effect and leading to what we now refer to as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-temperature-increase-2023-blew-past-all-climate-models/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a>.&nbsp;



Research shows that the planet has already warmed by approximately 1.2 degrees Celsius since the pre-industrial era, which might seem modest but carries profound consequences for weather patterns, sea levels, and ecosystems.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-call-to-action">Call to action</h2>



As global temperature records continue to shatter, it is imperative that we confront these realities with urgency, reinforcing the necessity of sustainable practices and collective action to mitigate this <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/el-nino-event-may-push-earth-towards-its-hottest-year-ever/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ongoing crisis</a>.



“Through our over two dozen Earth-observing satellites and over 60 years of data, NASA is providing critical analyses of how our planet is changing and how local communities can prepare, adapt, and stay safe. We are proud to be part of the Biden-Harris Administration efforts to protect communities from extreme heat,” expressed Administrator Nelson.



The rising temperatures are more than just <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/march-was-the-hottest-on-record-in-alarming-10-month-streak/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">statistical spikes</a>. Perhaps the next time the sun shines a little stronger, we'll remember July 22, 2024, and think about what we can do to change the course. After all, there's no Planet B.



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NASA: Earth's hottest day ever was recorded on July 22, 2024

This month had "hottest day on record" for our dear...

Monarch butterflies in Northern California are adapting to climate change by shifting their breeding season to winter, according to a new study published in the <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.18473/lepi.78i2.a6" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of the Lepidopterists’ Society</a>. 



This adaptation, observed particularly in the urban San Francisco Bay Area, could be crucial for the species' survival. 



The study, led by David James, an associate professor of entomology at <a href="https://wsu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Washington State University</a>, found that monarch pupae developing in the winter of 2021/2022 had a survival rate of about 50 percent.&nbsp;



This finding builds on previous research documenting winter breeding in the region during 2020/2021, a phenomenon likely driven by warmer winters.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-monarchs-evolving-for-survival">Monarchs evolving for survival</h2>



“We are witnessing monarchs evolving and adapting to new environmental circumstances,” James stated. “We can learn a lot from what they are doing, and this will inform our strategies for providing the resources they need to be successful.”&nbsp;



This observation is crucial as it indicates the monarchs' potential to adapt to changing climatic conditions, ensuring their continued survival.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-monarch-pupae-viability-nbsp">Monarch pupae viability&nbsp;</h2>



Over the past five years, the population of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/monarch-butterflies-winter-locations/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">overwintering</a> monarchs along the California coast has fluctuated dramatically, dropping from 192,624 in 2017 to an all-time low of 1,899 in 2020. However, numbers rebounded to 247,246 in 2021 and 335,479 in 2022.&nbsp;



Concurrently, there has been a noticeable rise in winter-breeding monarchs feeding on non-native <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/restoring-milkweed-could-save-the-eastern-monarch-butterfly/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">milkweeds</a> in urban areas. The recent study is the first to assess the viability of monarch pupae during winter, providing vital data for understanding this new breeding behavior.



The research involved monitoring more than 100 wild monarch pupae at the Googleplex campus near Palo Alto during the winter of 2021/2022. Citizen scientist Maria Schaefer, who has collaborated with Professor James since 2020, led the monitoring efforts.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-monarch-survival-rates-in-winter">Monarch survival rates in winter</h2>



Despite some losses due to landscaping activities, the study found a 49.4% success rate in pupal eclosion - the process of emerging as adult butterflies.&nbsp;



Notably, the researchers observed that winter pupae can survive and produce adults over a period of up to seven weeks, compared to just 10 days in summer conditions. “Given that winter is a sub-optimal environment for breeding, these results are promising,” James noted.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-parasites-and-winter-breeding">Parasites and winter breeding</h2>



The study also examined the prevalence of the parasite Ophryocystis elektroscirrha in the winter-breeding population, using the shed-skin of the pupae (exuviae) for detection.&nbsp;



The analysis suggested that approximately 70% of the population was likely infected with the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/millions-of-monarch-butterflies-are-killed-by-parasites-yearly/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">parasite</a>, highlighting the need for further research into its impact on the monarchs, particularly in the context of their new winter breeding behavior.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modifying-monarch-conservation-nbsp-strategies">Modifying monarch conservation&nbsp;strategies </h2>



The emergence of winter-breeding <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-forecast-the-future-of-monarch-butterflies/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">monarchs</a> presents an adaptation to warmer winters, providing an alternative to the traditional overwintering in non-breeding colonies at sites like Pacific Grove, Santa Cruz, and Pismo Beach. To support this new behavior, conservation practices may need to be updated.&nbsp;



“Currently, conservation guidelines dictate that ornamental milkweeds, the ones that winter-breeding monarchs primarily use, should be cut down during winter to minimize parasite infection,” noted Professor James.&nbsp;



“This is clearly bad for winter-breeding. We suggest that these guidelines should be modified to have milkweed cut back during late summer instead of late fall which should still minimize parasite infection while ensuring availability of plants for monarch winter-breeding.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications-of-the-study">Broader implications of the study</h2>



The researchers plan to continue monitoring the winter-breeding monarch populations in the South Bay Area to gather more data.&nbsp;



Their ongoing research aims to understand the role these winter-breeding monarchs may play in sustaining the overall population of western monarchs, which face numerous challenges due to climate change and habitat loss.&nbsp;



The findings from this study not only provide valuable insights into the adaptability of monarch butterflies but also underscore the need for flexible and updated conservation strategies to support their survival in a changing world.



“The developing importance of winter breeding in western monarch ecology necessitates modifications to conservation guidelines that enhance the survival of immature stages, acknowledging the role of non-native milkweeds while minimizing parasite infection,” the authors concluded.



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Monarch butterflies shift to winter breeding for survival

Monarch butterflies in Northern California are adapting to climate change...

Have you ever wondered how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/lifes-rules-natural-selection-change-significantly-often-daphnia/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">life on Earth</a> evolved with changing atmospheric conditions? The question is as vast as time itself. But a group of scientists have made it their mission to shed light on this intricate link between life and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/world-environment-day-2024-a-call-for-land-restoration/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">environment</a> that has been playing out for over 500 million years.



Enter Dr. Zunli Lu, a renowned geochemistry professor at <a href="https://www.syracuse.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Syracuse University</a> and lead author of an intriguing new study. Dr. Lu partnered with experts from <a href="https://www.stanford.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Stanford</a> and <a href="https://www.ox.ac.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Oxford</a> Universities.



Together, they've taken a deep dive into Earth's past, examining the link between ancient life forms and their chemical environment during the Phanerozoic Eon, which started about 540 million years ago.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evolution-of-life-and-environment">Evolution of life and environment </h2>



"One of our tasks was to summarize the most important discoveries about carbon dioxide and oxygen in the atmosphere and ocean over the past 500 million years," said Lu.



The team delved deep into how atmospheric changes affected marine life evolution. Still, they were quick to point out that it's a two-way highway; the evolution of life also affected the chemical environment.



"It's not a trivial task to understand how to build a habitable Earth over long time scales," noted Lu.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-life-and-environment-connection">Life and environment connection</h2>



Interestingly, the Phanerozoic Eon started with high levels of carbon dioxide and low oxygen levels. But life still found a way to thrive, thanks to some unsung heroes - ocean algae.



These tiny life forms embarked on a carbon dioxide munching spree. They locked-up this gas in organic matter and gave out oxygen through photosynthesis. In essence, ocean algae were the first maestros of the atmospheric symphony.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-adapting-to-the-beat">Adapting to the beat</h2>



The process of life adapting to its environment and vice versa is incessant. Jonathan Payne, professor of Earth and planetary sciences at Stanford University, emphasized the role of oxygen levels in animal survival.



Algae's actions didn't go unchallenged. As they chomped down carbon dioxide and pumped up oxygen levels, their own carbon-fixation efficiency took a hit. 



But the algae weren't about to bow down just yet. They simply <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sea-lampreys-help-scientists-decode-stem-cell-origins/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evolved</a> complex photosynthesis methods, creating internal compartments with controlled chemistry.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-drive-for-efficiency">The drive for efficiency</h2>



"For algae, it's changes in the environmental ratio of O2/CO2 that seems to be key to driving improved photosynthetic efficiency," noted Rosalind Rickaby, a professor in Oxford's Earth Sciences Department. This adaptability potentially broadened the habitability range for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microbes-laid-the-foundation-for-early-life-on-earth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">many life forms</a>.



Dr. Lu noted that the story of Phanerozoic Eon reads like a two-part novel. The first part sees life enhancing Earth's habitability. The second? Adaptation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ripple-effect-on-life-and-environment">Ripple effect on life and environment</h2>



As oxygen levels rose, the impact on Earth's ecosystems became profoundly evident. The increasing availability of oxygen facilitated the evolution of more complex life forms, culminating in the emergence of multicellular organisms. 



This transformation allowed for a greater diversity of species and interactions, establishing intricate food webs within marine and terrestrial environments. 



The interplay between life and its chemical surroundings prompted a cascade of evolutionary innovations, making ecosystems richer and far more diversified. The message is clear: the story of life on Earth is not just a narrative of survival but a tale of collaboration, adaptation, and interdependence.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-of-life-on-earth">Future of life on Earth </h2>



Today, the lessons learned from the Phanerozoic Eon bear significant implications for our current and future understanding of habitability. 



As climate change and other anthropogenic factors influence our planet's atmosphere and ecosystems, scientists hark back to the past to inform our pathway forward. Understanding the dynamics of life's evolution amid varying environmental conditions may arm us with solutions to modern ecological challenges.



If we can comprehend how life helped shape the Earth over millions of years, we may also find ways to sustain its habitability for generations to come. 



This continued exploration invites us to reflect on our role as stewards of the Earth and the responsibility we carry in preserving the delicate balance of our ecosystems.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-co-evolution-of-life-and-environment">Co-evolution of life and environment</h2>



This study gives us a fascinating glimpse into our planet's co-evolutionary history. Yet, there's so much more to explore.



According to the authors, the future of this research lies in mapping the spatial patterns of ocean oxygen, biomarkers for photosynthesis, and understanding metabolic tolerance shown in fossil records.



Isn't it astonishing how life and our environment have been dancing this intricate ballet for over 500 million years? And the dance continues, as we humans learn to adapt to our ever-changing world. After all, life, it seems, always finds a way!



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://academic.oup.com/nsr/article/11/6/nwae099/7630191" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">National Science Review</a>.



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How life and environment co-evolved over 500 million years

Have you ever wondered how life on Earth evolved with...

Liquid metals are at the forefront of a new strategy to combat industrial emissions. Despite the global shift towards <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-worlds-renewable-energy-capacity-will-take-a-record-leap-this-year/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">renewable energy</a>, the harsh reality remains that chemical production contributes to an estimated 10 to 15 percent of global greenhouse gas emissions.



An immense 10 percent of total energy consumption worldwide is expended in chemical plants, a number that is steadily climbing. 



The major culprit? Energy-intensive chemical reactions that are fundamental to producing a vast array of commodities.



In an intriguing turn of events, researchers from the <a href="https://www.sydney.edu.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Sydney</a> are proposing a radical approach to tackling these emissions - leveraging the "atomic intelligence" of liquid metals to trigger greener, more sustainable chemical reactions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-chemical-reactions-heart-of-modern-existence">Chemical reactions: Heart of modern existence</h2>



At the helm of this innovative research is Professor Kourosh Kalantar-Zadeh, head of the School of Chemical Engineering at the University of Sydney.



“People often forget that chemical reactions are at the heart of all we have and use; almost all modern products are created using some sort of chemical reaction," said Professor Kalantar-Zadeh. 



Indeed, from high-grade plastics in medical tools to ammonia in agriculture, the production process of most modern commodities involves chemical reactions that consume significant energy, consequently leading to burgeoning <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/greenhouse-gas-emissions-reach-another-all-time-high/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">greenhouse gas emissions</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-liquid-metal-future-of-chemical-reactions">Liquid metal: Future of chemical reactions?</h2>



The research team proposes that many chemical reactions could be made more efficient using liquid metals. These reactions include green hydrogen production, synthesis of structured chemicals like polymers used in household items, and decomposition of materials like microplastics and PFAS. 



"Using liquid metals for chemical reactions is still a very new concept; most chemical reactions still rely on decades-old processes. Tapping into the ‘atomic intelligence’ of metals in liquid form to drive reactions remains largely unexplored but holds huge potential for transforming the future of chemical industries,” noted Professor Kalantar-Zadeh.



Last year, the team pioneered a technique using liquid metals, aiming to replace traditional, energy-guzzling processes that rely on solid catalysts (solid metals or compounds) for triggering chemical reactions.



The innovative methodology involves creating a range of products, including plastics, fertilizers, fuels, and feedstock.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-low-temperature-reactions-the-way-forward">Low-temperature reactions: the way forward?</h2>



The team's revolutionary approach allows chemical reactions to be incited at lower temperatures. This is a stark contrast with current methods requiring metals to be heated to several thousand degrees centigrade.



Liquid metals can dissolve catalytic metals like tin, copper, silver, and nickel at lower temperatures. This results in alloys that facilitate chemical reactions at low energy, thus presenting a profound stride towards a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nature-inspires-solutions-for-a-sustainable-future/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sustainable future</a> for chemical industries.



The innovative research offers a roadmap demonstrating the transformative potential of altering the nature of chemical reactions.



As more industries recognize this potential, the possibilities are boundless, and a more sustainable future might just be within our reach.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unique-properties-of-liquid-metals">Unique properties of liquid metals</h2>



Liquid metals, such as gallium and mercury, exhibit remarkable properties that make them ideal candidates for revolutionizing chemical processes. 



One of the most significant advantages of liquid metals is their ability to remain in a liquid state at relatively low temperatures, allowing them to be used as efficient solvents and catalysts.



Additionally, liquid metals possess excellent thermal and electrical conductivity, which can further optimize reaction conditions and improve overall efficiency. This conductivity allows for better heat management during chemical processes, minimizing energy waste and enhancing the stability of reactions.



Furthermore, their unique atomic structure enables liquid metals to create dynamic environments for molecular interactions, potentially leading to the development of new materials and products.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-future-of-green-chemistry">The future of green chemistry</h2>



As researchers continue to explore the applications of liquid metals in chemical reactions, the potential for innovation is vast. 



From producing cleaner fuels to developing more sustainable materials, liquid metals may well serve as a cornerstone for the future of green chemistry, driving significant reductions in industrial emissions and paving the way for a more sustainable world. 



The integration of this technology would not only change the landscape of chemical production but could also contribute to global efforts in combating climate change.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adn5871" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science</a>.



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Liquid metals may create a greener future for chemical production

Liquid metals are at the forefront of a new strategy...

New research from the <a href="https://www.rom.on.ca/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Royal Ontario Museum</a> (ROM) highlights a significant, yet previously overlooked source of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/greenhouse-gas-emissions-reach-another-all-time-high/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">greenhouse gas emissions</a>: drying lake beds, specifically Utah's Great Salt Lake. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-drying-lake-beds-and-climate-change-nbsp">Drying lake beds and climate change&nbsp;</h2>



The study, published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2024.07.001" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">One Earth</a>, reports that in 2020, the desiccated bed of Great Salt Lake released 4.1 million tons of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. 



This finding underscores the potential for drying lake beds to become substantial contributors to climate change, exacerbated by global warming.



“Human-caused desiccation of Great Salt Lake is exposing huge areas of lake bed and releasing massive quantities of greenhouse gasses into the atmosphere,” said Soren Brothers, the study’s lead researcher and ROM’s Allan and Helaine Shiff Curator of Climate Change.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-addressing-all-activities-contributing-to-emissions">Addressing all activities contributing to emissions</h2>



Brothers noted that the significance of lake desiccation as a driver of climate change needs to be addressed in greater detail and considered in climate change mitigation and watershed planning.



According to the study authors, it is crucial that all activities contributing to GHG emissions be fully accounted for as societies adopt strategies to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to halt the progress of climate change.



“Inland waters are a critical component of the global carbon cycle, emitting large quantities of carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) to the atmosphere and annually burying a similar quantity of organic carbon as is buried in oceans,” the researchers added.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fluctuating-levels-of-saline-lakes">Fluctuating levels of saline lakes</h2>



Great Salt Lake’s water levels vary yearly, mainly depending on the volume of meltwater from surrounding mountains. However, human activities like agriculture, industry, and municipal water use have significantly depleted the lake over the years.&nbsp;



Globally, similar patterns are observed in other iconic saline <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/arctic-lakes-produce-less-methane-than-previously-thought/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lakes</a> such as the Aral Sea, Lake Urmia, and the Caspian Sea. 



The drying of these lakes not only destroys critical habitats and degrades air quality but also accelerates climate change by emitting greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and methane from exposed sediments.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-emissions-from-drying-lake-beds">Emissions from drying lake beds</h2>



The research team measured carbon dioxide and methane emissions from the exposed sediments of Great Salt Lake between April and November 2020.&nbsp;



These measurements were compared with estimates of aquatic emissions to determine the anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions associated with the lake's desiccation.&nbsp;



The findings indicated that the lake bed emitted 4.1 million tons of greenhouse gases, primarily carbon dioxide (94%), accounting for approximately a 7% increase in Utah's human-caused greenhouse gas emissions for that year.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-measuring-emissions-in-great-salt-lake">Measuring emissions in Great Salt Lake </h2>



Fieldwork was conducted while Soren Brothers was an assistant professor of limnology at <a href="https://www.usu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Utah State University</a> (USU). The lead author, Melissa Cobo, was a master’s student at USU, and co-author Tobias Goldhammer is a researcher at the <a href="https://www.igb-berlin.de/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Leibniz Institute for Freshwater Research </a>(IGB Institute) in Berlin, Germany. 



The team measured greenhouse gas emissions every two weeks using a portable analyzer attached to a closed chamber. They visited seven sites at the south end of the lake and sampled three additional locations during an intensive three-day campaign to determine spatial variability.&nbsp;



As <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-aims-to-reduce-methane-emissions-from-lakes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">methane</a> is 28 times more potent as a greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide, the global warming impact was calculated in “carbon dioxide equivalents” to reflect methane's greater impact.



The data showed that greenhouse gas emissions from the dried lake bed were strongly related to warm temperatures, even at sites exposed for over two decades.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-new-driver-of-atmospheric-warming-nbsp">A new driver of atmospheric warming&nbsp;</h2>



To assess whether the lake had historically been a significant greenhouse gas source, the team also measured near-shore emissions and analyzed water chemistry.&nbsp;



The results indicated that the lake itself was not likely a significant greenhouse gas emitter, making the current emissions from the dried bed a novel driver of atmospheric warming.



As climate change exacerbates drought conditions in arid regions, the desiccation of rivers and lakes could contribute to feedback loops that accelerate climate change. This underscores the need for these emissions to be considered in global greenhouse gas output assessments and in the development of reduction policies.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications-of-the-study-nbsp">Broader implications of the study&nbsp;</h2>



The implications of this study are broad and significant. If similar greenhouse gas emissions are occurring from other drying lakes around the world, the cumulative effect on global greenhouse gas levels could be substantial.&nbsp;



The research highlights the need for more comprehensive monitoring and mitigation strategies for drying lakes as part of global efforts to combat <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/safety-on-frozen-lakes-declining-due-to-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a>.



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Drying lake beds are a major source of harmful emissions

New research from the Royal Ontario Museum (ROM) highlights a...

In a world deeply concerned about climate change and its devastating effects, clean energy solutions are being aggressively sought after. A surprising breakthrough has come from an unexpected place: old soda cans and seawater.



The humble aluminum found in soda cans shows promising potential as a sustainable source of clean energy.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-soda-cans-and-clean-energy">Soda cans and clean energy</h2>



Experts at the <a href="https://www.mit.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a> (MIT) discovered that when the aluminum in soda cans is exposed in its pure form and mixed with seawater, the solution produces hydrogen.



This gas fuels engines and cells without producing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fossil-carbon-emissions-hit-a-record-high-in-2023/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">carbon emissions</a>. Intriguingly enough, this novel reaction is expedited significantly when caffeine is added to the mix.



In a study conducted at MIT, the researchers demonstrated their eco-friendly innovation by dropping pretreated aluminum pellets into a beaker of filtered seawater. 



Our familiar pure aluminum was scrubbed with a rare-metal alloy to allow it to interact with the seawater and generate <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/green-hydrogen-energy-production-just-got-a-lot-easier/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">hydrogen</a>. The salt ions in the seawater could attract and recover the alloy, which was then reused in the hydrogen production process.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-role-of-caffeine">The role of caffeine</h2>



While the seawater and aluminum reaction was successful, it took place at a relatively sluggish pace. 



However, when coffee grounds were introduced to the solution, the scientists were taken aback at how rapidly the reaction progressed. 



They discovered that a minor concentration of imidazole, an active component of caffeine, could streamline the reaction to just five minutes, a noticeable improvement from the original two hours.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-clean-energy-on-the-go">Clean energy on the go</h2>



The researchers are working on developing a small reactor that could function on a marine vessel or underwater vehicle. This vessel would carry aluminum pellets along with the rare-metal alloy and some caffeine.



The reactor would periodically be supplied with these ingredients and the readily available seawater to produce hydrogen.



The implications are significant. “This is very interesting for maritime applications like boats or underwater vehicles because you wouldn’t have to carry around seawater - it’s readily available,” said study lead author Aly Kombargi, a PhD student at MIT.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-overcoming-challenges-and-limitations">Overcoming challenges and limitations </h2>



While this innovation appears game-changing, the researchers hit some roadblocks along the way.



When aluminum interacts with water, it generates hydrogen and heat, but this reaction can only occur if the aluminum remains in its pure form. 



The moment it comes in contact with oxygen, such as in the air, it creates a protective oxide layer that prevents further reactions. This elusive layer is why hydrogen doesn't bubble up when you drop a soda can in the water.



The team successfully overcame this roadblock by pretreating the aluminum with a rare-metal alloy of gallium and indium, successfully removing the oxide layer.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-future-of-sustainable-energy">The future of sustainable energy</h2>



The team now plans to test this eco-friendly technology in marine and underwater vehicles. 



In addition, a future where trucks, trains, and even planes can be powered by aluminum and seawater might not be too far away.



“The next part is to figure out how to use this for trucks, trains, and maybe airplanes. Perhaps, instead of having to carry water as well, we could extract water from the ambient humidity to produce hydrogen. That’s down the line,” noted Kombargi.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-change-and-clean-energy-solutions">Climate change and clean energy solutions </h2>



Combating climate change requires urgent sustainable energy solutions. Innovations like the aluminum-seawater reaction show the potential of using <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wealthy-nations-are-making-more-progress-toward-sustainable-development/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">natural resources</a> for clean energy. Alongside renewable sources like solar, wind, and hydroelectric power, these breakthroughs will help us reduce reliance on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/air-pollution-from-fossil-fuels-kills-5-million-people-each-year/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fossil fuels</a>.



Biofuels from organic materials, such as agricultural waste and algae, offer renewable alternatives to traditional fuels. Researchers are enhancing biofuel production through advanced fermentation and genetic engineering.



Energy storage technologies, including advanced batteries and supercapacitors, are vital for consistent power supply from intermittent <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/clean-energy-biodiversity-wildlife-habitats-delicate-balancing-act/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">renewable sources</a>. Innovations in materials science are creating more efficient and durable storage solutions.



Smart grids and energy management systems optimize energy consumption and distribution, reducing waste and improving efficiency. By combining innovative technologies with advancements in biofuels, storage, and smart grids, we can build a sustainable future with a resilient energy infrastructure.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2666386424003990" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cell Reports Physical Science</a>.



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Old soda cans: A surprising source of clean energy

In a world deeply concerned about climate change and its...

Have you ever wondered how tiny water droplets inside clouds grow large enough to begin their downward journey, manifesting as a refreshing rain shower? This intricate process, influenced by turbulence and fondly called the "rain formation bottleneck," has fascinated scientists globally.



It is of fundamental importance to improving computer model simulations of weather and climate, thus paving the way for enhanced weather forecasts.



In an exciting breakthrough, a research team spearheaded by scientists at the renowned U.S.&nbsp;National Science Foundation National Center for Atmospheric Research&nbsp;(<a href="https://ncar.ucar.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NSF NCAR</a>) made a significant discovery.



Their investigation revealed that the turbulent motions of air within clouds profoundly influence droplet growth and the initiation of rain.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-turbulence-clouds-and-rain-showers">Turbulence, clouds, and rain showers</h2>



The team employed sophisticated computer modeling for detailed observations of droplets within cumulus&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/aerosols-have-an-underestimated-effect-on-clouds-and-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">clouds</a>.



The data used was collected during a <a href="https://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a> field operation, providing invaluable insights into the impacts of turbulence on the tiny droplets that eventually coalesce and become raindrops.



“This research shows that turbulent effects on drop coalescence are critical for the evolution of droplet sizes and the initiation of rain,” expressed lead author and an esteemed scientist at NSF NCAR, Kamal Kant Chandrakar. 



“Turbulence in cumulus clouds substantially speeds up rainfall and leads to far greater amounts of rain.”



Through their findings, the team discovered that in computer simulations that included&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-has-caused-more-severe-turbulence-on-airplanes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">turbulence</a>, rain formed nearly 20 minutes earlier than in those without turbulence.



Furthermore, the mass of rainwater was more than seven times higher in turbulence-inclusive simulations.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-journey-from-tiny-water-droplets-to-rain">Journey from tiny water droplets to rain</h2>



Let's understand &nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/smallest-pollution-particles-affect-rainfall-in-the-amazon/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">rain formation</a>. The process starts with tiny water droplets in clouds condensing around microscopic particles like dust or salt, known as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN).&nbsp;



As these millions of droplets meet and mingle, they merge into larger droplets that eventually become weighty enough to descend from the cloud and grace us as rain.



The formation of these raindrops can be influenced by a variety of factors, from the distribution of different droplet sizes to turbulent motions and the properties of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plastic-rain-the-growing-threat-of-airborne-microplastics/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">particles in the cloud</a>. 



Ensuring accurate representation of this process in weather and climate system models is crucial for improving their reliability.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-of-turbulence-on-rain-formation">Impact of turbulence on rain formation</h2>



Chandrakar and his team used detailed observations of drop size distributions taken by research aircraft flying into cumulus congestus clouds during NASA's 2019 field campaign, the Cloud, Aerosol, and Monsoon Processes Philippines Experiment (<a href="https://espo.nasa.gov/camp2ex/content/CAMP2Ex" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CAMP2Ex</a>). 



They developed high-resolution simulations to recreate the cloud conditions observed during the campaign, exploring how the droplets coalesced under different turbulent flows.



These simulations illuminated the fundamental role of turbulence in&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/extreme-rainfall-gets-an-unpredictable-boost-from-air-pollution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">rainfall</a>&nbsp;timing and extent. Contrary to some rain formation theories, the presence of large CCN could not account for the observed sizes and evolution of droplets.



In simulations with large CCN and minimal turbulence, droplet coalescence was slower, yielding less rain.



“The development of rain is fundamental to clouds, weather, and the entire climate system," Chandrakar astutely summed it up. 



Deepening our understanding of this process could lead to significant improvements in computer models, enhancing the accuracy of weather forecasts and&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earthcare-satellite-will-reveal-the-climate-effects-of-clouds/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate</a>&nbsp;projections, contributing to societal protection.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-importance-of-rain-in-ecosystems">Importance of rain in ecosystems</h2>



Rain is a vital component of the Earth's ecosystem, supporting countless life forms and maintaining the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earth-endured-a-million-years-of-rain-in-the-carnian-pluvial-event/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">delicate balance of nature</a>. 



When raindrops reach the ground, they initiate a series of processes that nourish the flora and fauna. This moisture is essential for plant growth, significantly influencing agriculture and the availability of natural resources.&nbsp;



Furthermore, rain replenishes freshwater sources, such as rivers, lakes, and aquifers, which are critical for human consumption, hygiene, and various industrial processes.



In addition to its ecological significance, rain contributes to the health of many terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. It plays a crucial role in nutrient cycling, as it helps dissolve and transport essential minerals from the soil to plants.&nbsp;



Moreover, rain helps regulate temperatures and mitigate the effects of drought, ensuring the sustainability of diverse habitats.&nbsp;



In urban environments, rainwater harvesting is gaining attention. It is a sustainable practice that helps cities use natural resources efficiently. This method alleviates pressure on existing water supply systems. It also promotes biodiversity and reduces flood risks.



Rain plays a multifaceted role in our environment. It sustains life and supports ecosystems. Understanding its importance helps us appreciate its essential nature. Ultimately, rain contributes to ecological harmony.



The full study was published in the journal&nbsp;<a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2319664121" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a>.



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Discovery: How clouds turn tiny water droplets into rain showers

Have you ever wondered how tiny water droplets inside clouds...

Clear air turbulence, the invisible peril haunting the skies, is expected to intensify with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-has-caused-more-severe-turbulence-on-airplanes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a>, scientists warn. 



As our climate heats up, this silent troublemaker has been studied extensively. Researchers have determined that from 1980 to 2021, the frequency of clear air turbulence increased in the Northern Hemisphere. Now, it’s predicted to become even more common due to global warming.



This might be a bolt from the blue for many, as clear air turbulence is generally unexpected and, unlike other turbulence types, difficult to detect and avoid.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-birthplace-of-clear-air-turbulence">Birthplace of clear air turbulence</h2>



Occasionally, aircraft flying through <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-accelerate-jet-stream-winds-and-airplane-turbulence/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">jet streams</a> encounter surges of volatile, upwards-moving air known as vertical wind shear, which leads to turbulence.



Now, as Earth's climate continues to warm up, we can expect an increase in both the speed of jet streams and the prevalence of vertical wind shears, heralding a likely rise in turbulence incidents.



A recent study involved the analysis of extensive data sets and comprehensive model simulations. The results of the study suggest that the frequency of clear air turbulence will increase in most jet stream-affected regions, especially North Africa, East Asia, and the Middle East.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-danger-of-clear-air-turbulence">Danger of clear air turbulence</h2>



The dangers associated with turbulence might be well-known to those who frequently fly, but clear air turbulence, being invisible and unpredictable, poses a unique threat. 



"Clear air turbulence is the main cause of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/aviation-emissions-big-data-analysis-sparks-new-concerns/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">aviation</a> turbulence, causing approximately 70% of all weather-related accidents over the United States," explained Mohamed Foudad, an atmospheric scientist at the <a href="https://www.reading.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Reading</a>.



Foudad and his team have been leading the research into this phenomenon, including the potential impacts of climate change.



"We now have high confidence that climate change is increasing clear air turbulence in some regions," noted Foudad. Aviation engineers need to take this into account when designing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bird-flight-inspires-the-design-of-future-aircraft/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">future aircraft</a>. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-turbulence-trends-predicting-the-intensity">Turbulence trends: Predicting the intensity</h2>



The team of scientists led by Foudad used 11 <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-temperature-increase-2023-blew-past-all-climate-models/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate models</a> to decipher past and future shifts in clear air turbulence.



The researchers performed 20 computer simulations based on potential future warming increases, from 1 degree Celsius (equivalent to current warming) to 4 degrees Celsius.



Upon reanalyzing atmospheric data from 1980 to 2021, they discovered that moderate-to-severe clear air turbulence swelled by approximately 60 to 155 percent over North Africa, East Asia, the Middle East, the North Atlantic, and the North Pacific.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-navigating-the-invisible-threat">Navigating the invisible threat </h2>



While forecasting clear air turbulence is both difficult and costly, an upswing could present safety issues for aircraft. 



According to the researchers, further analyses could reveal whether future flights might be safer cruising at altitudes higher or lower than the current norm.



Nonetheless, the good news is that modern aircraft are built to withstand potent turbulence. "We will see more of these accidents, but people should also be aware that aircraft are designed to resist the worst turbulence that could happen," noted Foudad.



To navigate the skies safely amidst the challenges posed by climate change, collaboration across scientific, engineering, and aviation fields is crucial.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-strategies-for-safer-flights">Strategies for safer flights</h2>



As the threat of clear air turbulence grows due to climate change, it becomes essential to develop strategies that enhance safety for both passengers and crew. 



Airlines and aviation authorities are exploring various approaches to better predict and manage turbulence encounters.



One promising method involves the integration of advanced weather forecasting systems that utilize machine learning algorithms to analyze atmospheric conditions in real time. These systems can provide pilots with timely alerts about potential turbulence, allowing them to adjust flight paths proactively. 



Additionally, equipping aircraft with better sensors that detect changes in air pressure and wind patterns could help in identifying turbulence before it becomes a significant issue.



In collaboration with meteorological agencies and research institutions, the aviation industry can continually refine these strategies, adapting to the emerging challenges posed by climate change. 



By investing in technology, training, and education, the goal of safer skies amidst increasing clear air turbulence becomes a more achievable reality.



The study is published in the <a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2023JD040261" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres</a>.



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Clear air turbulence expected to intensify in a warmer climate

Clear air turbulence, the invisible peril haunting the skies, is...

In recent years,&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-changing-rainfall-patterns-impact-plants-worldwide/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">rainfall patterns</a>&nbsp;worldwide have transformed dramatically, with many regions experiencing unprecedented changes in&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/future-forecast-more-extreme-precipitation-ahead/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">precipitation</a> due to climate change.



Folk tales about the wet seasons seem to have turned into reality. Torrential downpours are becoming more common. These heavy rains disrupt daily life. They also challenge infrastructure meant for milder weather.



At the same time, dry areas are facing longer droughts, raising concerns about climate change and its impact on unpredictable weather.



These prolonged dry spells have severe implications for agriculture, water supply, and ecosystem health, making the need for comprehensive climate action more urgent than ever.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-change-and-rainfall-variability">Climate change and rainfall variability</h2>



A groundbreaking study now solidifies the connection between&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/indisputable-evidence-of-human-caused-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">human-induced climate change</a>&nbsp;and erratic rainfall patterns, offering compelling evidence of the far-reaching impact of human activities on the global climate system.&nbsp;



The research vividly demonstrates that human actions have sparked a significant global shift towards more volatile rainfall patterns, disrupting traditional weather cycles and increasing the frequency of extreme weather events.&nbsp;



This significant finding validates what climate models have long predicted, highlighting the urgent need for effective mitigation and adaptation strategies to address the growing climate crisis.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-global-and-regional-scales">Global and regional scales </h2>



The study was a collaborative effort involving the <a href="http://english.iap.cas.cn/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences</a>, the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), and the <a href="https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UK Met Office</a>.



The researchers focused on the evolution of rainfall variability since the 1900s, examining changes from a regional to global scale and across different timescales.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-escalation-in-rainfall-variability">Escalation in rainfall variability</h2>



Rainfall variability essentially refers to irregularities in the timing and&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/heavy-rainfall-events-in-the-northeast-are-set-to-increase-by-over-50-percent/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">amount of rainfall</a>, indicating fluctuations that deviate from historical averages and expected patterns.



An escalation in variability implies an uneven distribution of precipitation over time, resulting in intense wet periods and arid dry spells that challenge water management and agricultural practices.



In some instances, this might translate to a year's worth of rain falling within days, causing severe flooding and infrastructure damage.



In other cases, there are prolonged dry spells punctuated by heavy downpours that fail to replenish groundwater effectively. 



Furthermore, swift alternations between drought and flooding can devastate crops, disrupt ecosystems, and pose significant risks to human communities.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-realities-of-climate-change">Realities of climate change</h2>



The researchers conducted a meticulous analysis of extensive observational data. They confirmed that rainfall variability has increased since the 1900s. This trend was observed in over 75% of the land areas studied - most notably in Europe, Australia, and eastern North America.



A striking revelation is that daily rainfall variability has escalated globally by an alarming 1.2% per decade.



"The surge in rainfall variability is principally a consequence of human-induced greenhouse gas emissions, contributing to a more humid and warmer atmosphere. This invariably leads to more frequent intense rain events, punctuated by larger fluctuations between these weather extremes," said study lead author Dr. ZHANG Wenxia. 



She noted that rainfall variations are further influenced by regional atmospheric circulation patterns over decadal timescales.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-of-increased-rainfall-variability">Implications of increased rainfall variability</h2>



Study co-author Dr. ZHOU Tianjun warned that the future we dread is already upon us, emphasizing the immediate and tangible impacts of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rainfall-will-become-harder-to-predict-with-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a>.



"The escalating variability in precipitation substantiates evidence of larger daily changes, complicating the prediction and preparation for the environmental impacts."



This increased rainfall variability due to climate change presents significant challenges for meteorologists and policymakers alike, as traditional models struggle to account for the rapid shifts and extremes in weather patterns.



According to Dr. WU Peili, an expert scientist at the Met Office and co-author of the study, the rapid and extreme shifts in climate patterns pose significant risks to ecosystems, economic development, infrastructure's climate resilience, and carbon sinks. He emphasized that immediate adaptation measures are essential to address these pressing challenges. 



Communities around the world need to take proactive steps to improve climate resilience. Without these actions, they will face severe consequences. This highlights the urgent need for coordinated global efforts. We must work together to reduce the negative effects of climate change.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adp0212" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science</a>.



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Rainfall is increasingly unpredictable due to climate change

In recent years,&nbsp;rainfall patterns&nbsp;worldwide have transformed dramatically, with many regions...

There's nothing like that first cup of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-energy-boost-from-your-morning-cup-of-coffee-may-be-a-placebo-instead-of-the-caffeine/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">coffee in the morning</a>. Across the world, consumers are savoring more than 2.2 billion <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/paper-coffee-cups-not-so-eco-friendly-after-all/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">coffee cups</a> on a daily basis, many of which include Arabica and Robusta coffee.



With over 100 million farmers globally catering to our coffee indulgence, we must ask ourselves - where do these precious beans come from?



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-exploring-the-future-of-coffee">Exploring the future of coffee</h2>



Coffee beans that kickstart the routines of millions every day usually belong to one of two species - Coffea arabica or Coffea canephora (fondly known as Robusta or Conilon coffee).&nbsp;



Arabica beans have historically held the coffee throne, favored for their distinct flavor and aroma. However, an impending crisis is brewing. By 2050, it is predicted that about 80% of Arabica production could be hit by climate change.



Felipe Ferrao, a research assistant scientist from the University of Florida, and colleagues from the RD2 Vision (France) and Incaper Institution (Brazil), are on a quest to find coffee cultivars that could potentially replace Arabica in the long term.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-robusta-coffee-a-resilient-alternative">Robusta coffee: A resilient alternative</h2>



Two avenues could potentially supplement&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/coffee-genome-adapted-to-climate-changes-over-millennia/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Arabica</a>: adapting coffee cultivation practices to new environments and focusing on the more resilient species.



The latest research led by the University of Florida hints that Robusta might be the hero we need to keep our morning pick-me-ups intact.



“If you consider that nowadays, about 60% of coffee beans commercialized around the globe are from Coffea arabica, the coffee industry is looking for alternatives,” said Ferrao. "This is how and where Robusta coffee emerges as a good candidate.”



In recent decades, Robusta coffee production has seen a 30% increase, while also demonstrating its robustness against economic and environmental uncertainties.&nbsp;



“Overall, the species produces more coffee than Arabica, using fewer inputs, such as fertilizer and water. As its name suggests, the plant is more robust,” noted Ferrao.



“While the demand for Robusta coffee likely won’t decrease, our biggest challenge is to meet the demand for quality and productivity required by the coffee chain. In this sense, genetics and breeding studies can provide basic elements for a better understanding of diversity and factors that affect quality.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-robusta-climate-smart-coffee-for-the-future">Robusta: Climate-smart coffee for the future</h2>



The research team evaluated both Robusta/Conilon and Arabica coffee for multiple traits in three high-altitude locations in Brazil over five years.&nbsp;



The goal was to assess whether Robusta cultivars had the potential to yield a robust crop in alternative climates and, importantly, whether they also delivered on taste.



Their findings? Robusta demonstrated a high adaptability to high altitude regions, thus aligning with good production and flavor profiles. This makes it a fitting candidate for the "coffee of the future - climate-smart coffee.”



The study proposes that Robusta can offer three key characteristics for future coffee cultivars:



<ol>
<li>Sustainability – The ability to produce more with less.</li>



<li>Quality – Delivering a good flavor to meet consumer demand.</li>



<li>Plasticity – The capacity to adapt to new production systems.</li>
</ol>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-testing-new-grounds-in-florida">Testing new grounds in Florida</h2>



Both encouraged and intrigued by their success with Robusta in Brazil, the scientists are now exploring its potential to grow in Florida. 



“Here in Florida, we have some trials to test both Robusta and Arabica coffees in different locations. When compared to Brazil, the differences in the soil properties, rainfall distribution, temperature and weather events will certainly impact the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-birds-and-the-bees-boost-coffee-production/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">coffee production</a> and its quality,” said Ferrao.



The Florida-based team, including researchers from the Tropical Research and Education Center (TREC) in Homestead and Gainesville, are now testing coffee as an alternative crop for Florida growers.



The trials mark the first time such a diverse set of coffee materials is tested under Floridian conditions.



As global consumers, we can only wait to see whether the promise of Robusta will percolate through to our morning cup, as science continues brewing alternatives to secure a climate-smart future.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-technology-in-coffee-sustainability">Technology in coffee sustainability</h2>



Technology plays a vital role in promoting sustainable coffee production. Innovations like precision farming and climate modeling are emerging. These advancements help farmers optimize their practices. They enable better adaptation to changing environmental conditions.



Precision agriculture uses data and technology to monitor factors like soil moisture, nutrient levels, and pest populations. By leveraging these insights, farmers can make informed decisions about irrigation, fertilization, and pest management, resulting in more efficient resource use and less environmental impact.



Moreover, advanced climate modeling tools enable researchers and farmers to predict how&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/coffee-plants-fight-climate-change-with-a-genetic-weapon/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a>&nbsp;will impact growing regions. By understanding these trends, they can proactively adjust cultivation methods, select more resilient varieties, and manage risk effectively.



As the industry continues to face challenges from climate change, the integration of technology into sustainable practices will be essential. By embracing innovation, we can not only safeguard the future of agricultural products but also enhance the livelihoods of farmers and the quality of our morning brew.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://acsess.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/csc2.21298" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Crop Science</a>.



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Robusta coffee could save our morning brew from climate change

There's nothing like that first cup of coffee in the morning....

When the mysteries of the past reveal secrets that can aid in preserving the present, it is imperative to take notice. In New Zealand, flightless birds, renowned for their distinctive traits and susceptibility to extinction, are finding sanctuary in regions once inhabited by the now-extinct giant bird, the moa.



Species such as the kiwi and the takahē not only embody a crucial aspect of New Zealand's natural heritage but also underscore the vital importance of conservation efforts. 



By examining the habitats and behaviors of these remarkable birds, researchers can extract valuable insights into the protection and restoration of ecosystems.



How can our understanding of the moa's legacy and today's avifauna inform future conservation strategies? Addressing this question is essential for ensuring that these unique species -- and the ecosystems they inhabit -- thrive for generations to come.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-peeling-back-the-layers-of-time">Peeling back the layers of time</h2>



At the forefront of this discovery is an international team of dedicated researchers, spearheaded by the esteemed <a href="https://www.adelaide.edu.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Adelaide</a>. 



Associate Professor Damien Fordham, a key figure from the University of Adelaide's Environment Institute, expressed considerable pride and enthusiasm as he unveiled the team's significant findings.



"Our research has successfully navigated past logistical challenges that often impeded progress in this field, allowing us to trace the population dynamics of six moa species at resolutions previously deemed impossible," he noted.



This remarkable achievement not only illuminates the ecological history of these intriguing creatures but also opens new pathways for understanding their interactions with the environment and other species throughout their existence. 



How might these insights reshape our understanding of biodiversity and conservation efforts today?



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-giant-moa-bird-pachyornis-australis">Giant moa bird, Pachyornis australis</h2>



In exploring the lives of the remarkable moa, Pachyornis australis, scientists have uncovered compelling insights into their habitats, which notably align with the current environments of several endangered <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/eggshells-of-flightless-birds-evolved-on-different-tracks/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">flightless birds</a> in New Zealand. 



Species such as the vibrant takahē, the uniquely patterned weka, and the iconic great spotted kiwi now share these landscapes that were once dominated by the moa.



Dr. Sean Tomlinson, a prominent contributor to this extensive study, highlighted the importance of these findings.



"Populations of moa likely vanished first from the most desirable lowland habitats favored by Polynesian settlers due to their rich resources and biodiversity," Tomlinson explained. 



This connection not only sheds light on New Zealand's ecological history but also prompts critical questions regarding contemporary conservation efforts for today's vulnerable bird species.



How can we apply these historical insights to better protect our unique avian inhabitants? 



This understanding emphasizes the urgency of addressing conservation challenges, bridging the past and present as we strive to safeguard the natural world.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-present-moa-bird-conservation-efforts">Present moa bird conservation efforts</h2>



The story of New Zealand's flightless birds, like Pachyornis australis, is one marked by significant challenges and obstacles. 



It began with the arrival of the Polynesians, who not only hunted these unique avian species for sustenance but also dramatically altered their natural habitats through land clearing and the introduction of invasive vegetation. 



This initial disruption sparked a series of ecological challenges that these birds continue to face.



The situation intensified with the arrival of European settlers in the 19th century, who introduced new predators -- such as rats, cats, and stoats -- that preyed on native birds and their eggs, further threatening their populations.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-preventing-another-extinction-like-pachyornis-australis">Preventing another extinction like Pachyornis australis</h2>



Additionally, extensive landscape modifications transformed forests into agricultural land and urban areas, resulting in the loss of crucial habitats for these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/eggs-eaten-by-early-australians-were-from-huge-flightless-birds/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">flightless species</a>.



Dr. Jamie Wood, a leading researcher in this field, sheds light on a vital insight regarding the survival of these birds. 



“The key commonality among past and current refugia is not that they are optimal habitats for flightless birds, but that they continue to be the last and least impacted by humanity," noted Wood.



This underscores the critical importance of safeguarding the remaining natural spaces that have escaped human interference; these areas may hold the key to the survival of New Zealand's unique avian fauna.



Understanding this historical context is essential for informing conservation efforts aimed at ensuring a future for these remarkable creatures. 



By exploring the complex interplay between human activity and ecological resilience, we can foster a greater appreciation for the natural world and the urgent need to protect it.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientists-dedicated-to-moa-bird-research">Scientists dedicated to moa bird research</h2>



The dedicated efforts of scientists like Associate Professor Fordham, Dr. Tomlinson, and Dr. Wood are crucial for uncovering the hidden patterns in nature that have long puzzled us. 



Their innovative research not only deepens our understanding of historical ecological dynamics but also equips us with valuable tools for the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dinosaur-bird-may-soon-go-extinct/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">conservation of endangered species</a> facing urgent threats.



By meticulously analyzing various species, they reveal the interconnectedness of ecosystems and the significant impact of human activities on biodiversity. 



As Dr. Fordham insightfully pointed out, “Our research shows that despite large differences in the ecology, demography, and timing of extinction of moa species, their distributions collapsed and converged on the same areas on New Zealand's North and South Islands.” 



This finding highlights the pressing need for informed conservation strategies that consider these intricate patterns and support the recovery of vulnerable species.



This ongoing research is not just academically intriguing; it is essential for fostering a sustainable future for wildlife and preserving the delicate balance of our planet's ecosystems. 



How can we apply these insights to ensure the survival of our natural world? Engaging with these complex issues invites us to think critically about our role in conservation and the well-being of our environment.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-moa-birds-flightless-birds-and-extinction-events">Moa birds, flightless birds, and extinction events</h2>



The story of New Zealand's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/worlds-largest-bird-ever/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">flightless birds</a> serves as a poignant reminder of the complex conservation challenges that intertwine the past and present for these unique species. 



Birds like the iconic kiwi have evolved in isolation, developing exceptional traits that also render them vulnerable to environmental shifts and introduced predators.



This study, which cleverly employs fossils and advanced computational models, opens new pathways for understanding and addressing threats to biodiversity. It allows researchers to reconstruct historical habitats and gain insights into how these birds have adapted over time.



But how can we ensure their survival? It requires a united effort from scientists, conservationists, and the public alike. 



This underscores the critical importance of raising awareness and taking action not only to protect these remarkable birds but also to safeguard the ecosystems they inhabit.



By fostering community engagement and embracing scientific innovation, we can collectively strive for a more sustainable future for New Zealand's wildlife. What steps will you take to contribute to this vital mission?



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-024-02449-x">Nature Ecology &amp; Evolution</a>.



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Endangered birds are moving to area where giant moa went extinct

When the mysteries of the past reveal secrets that can...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lHHxOej4QfE
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Researchers found a correlation between Alzheimer's disease and traffic pollution.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-invisible-threat-in-urban-air">Invisible threat in urban air</h2>



City dwellers face an unseen danger with every breath. New findings from Emory University researchers suggest that fine particulate matter from <a href="http://earth.com/news/traffic-related-air-pollution-might-increase-alzheimers-risk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">vehicle emissions may significantly elevate the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease</a>. The study examined brain tissue samples from 224 individuals who had confirmed diagnoses and volunteered their brains for scientific research.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-disturbing-connections-emerge">Disturbing connections emerge</h2>



Scientists analyzed neuritic plaques — protein clusters that characterize Alzheimer's — while mapping each participant's exposure to PM2.5 particles based on residential location and surrounding traffic density. The correlation proved more alarming than anticipated. Individuals experiencing higher pollution exposure showed nearly double the likelihood of elevated plaque accumulation in brain tissue.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-timing-matters">Timing matters</h2>



The research team discovered that pollution exposure during the final year before death demonstrated the strongest association with brain changes. This timeline suggests relatively rapid impacts from environmental toxins on neural health. The connection remained robust even after accounting for various demographic and health factors.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genetic-vulnerability-patterns">Genetic vulnerability patterns</h2>



Perhaps most concerning, people lacking the APOE gene—which naturally predisposes individuals to Alzheimer's — exhibited more than twice the susceptibility to pollution-related brain damage. Study author Dr. Anke Huels noted this indicates environmental elements like air contamination could trigger the disease in cases where hereditary factors don't explain.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-public-health-implications">Public health implications</h2>



These findings, published in <a href="https://www.neurology.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Neurology</a>, underscore the critical importance of air quality regulations in urban planning. The research suggests that implementing stricter emission controls and promoting alternative transportation could serve as powerful tools in Alzheimer's prevention.



As cities worldwide grapple with growing traffic congestion and aging populations, this study highlights an urgent need for comprehensive approaches to environmental health that protect both our lungs and our minds.



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Traffic fumes may trigger Alzheimer's

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lHHxOej4QfE Researchers found a correlation between Alzheimer's disease and traffic...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that scientists never expected.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hidden-waters-beneath-ancient-craters">Hidden waters beneath ancient craters</h2>



Scientists have made a startling discovery that challenges everything we thought we knew about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/saturn-moon-mimas-has-remarkably-young-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Saturn's moon Mimas</a>. Beneath the heavily cratered surface that earned it the nickname "Death Star" lies a global ocean that formed just 5 to 15 million years ago—a remarkably young age by cosmic standards.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cassini-data-reveals-orbital-secrets">Cassini data reveals orbital secrets</h2>



The discovery, led by Dr. Valéry Lainey of the <a href="https://observatoiredeparis.psl.eu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Observatoire de Paris</a>, emerged from careful analysis of <a href="https://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>'s Cassini spacecraft data. By studying subtle irregularities in Mimas's orbit around Saturn, researchers detected the gravitational signature of liquid water hidden 20 to 30 kilometers beneath the moon's icy shell.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-an-unlikely-ocean-world">An unlikely ocean world</h2>



At only 400 kilometers in diameter, Mimas seemed like the least likely candidate to harbor a subsurface ocean. Unlike other ocean moons such as Europa and Enceladus, which show clear surface signs of internal activity, Mimas displays no obvious hints of the liquid water beneath its ancient, crater-scarred exterior.



"Mimas is a small moon, and its heavily cratered surface gave no hint of the hidden ocean beneath," explained Dr. Nick Cooper from <a href="https://www.qmul.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Queen Mary University of London</a>, a study co-author.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-astrobiology">Implications for astrobiology</h2>



The ocean's recent formation makes Mimas a prime target for studying how oceans develop and potentially support life. This discovery adds another member to the exclusive club of ocean worlds in our solar system, each offering unique insights into the conditions necessary for habitability.



The research, published in <a href="https://www.nature.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a> journal, demonstrates how advanced orbital analysis can reveal hidden features of celestial bodies, opening new possibilities for understanding ocean formation throughout the cosmos.



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Scientists discover unexpected young ocean on Saturn's cratered moon Mimas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ 'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K0DuSr87SHY
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">57 million-year ice age mystery solved by Australian scientists.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-when-earth-became-a-frozen-wasteland">When Earth became a frozen wasteland</h2>



Imagine Earth as a giant snowball, frozen solid from the North Pole to the equator. This wasn't the plot of a science fiction movie – it was our planet's reality 700 million years ago during an extreme ice age that has puzzled scientists for decades.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-discovery">The discovery</h2>



Australian researchers from the <a href="https://www.sydney.edu.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Sydney</a> have finally cracked one of geology's greatest mysteries: what caused the Sturtian glaciation and why it persisted for an unprecedented 57 million years. This period occurred long before dinosaurs roamed the Earth, when no complex plants or multicellular animals existed.



Dr. Adriana Dutkiewicz, the study's lead author, describes a world completely unlike today's climate. "Imagine the Earth almost completely frozen over," she explained. "The planet was blanketed in ice from poles to equator, and temperatures plunged."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-combination-of-climate-factors">The combination of climate factors</h2>



The research team discovered that this massive freeze resulted from a "double whammy" of geological events. First, plate tectonic activity reduced volcanic carbon dioxide emissions to historically low levels. Volcanic activity typically releases CO2 into the atmosphere, creating a greenhouse effect that keeps Earth warm.



Simultaneously, weathering of volcanic rocks in what is now Canada actively absorbed atmospheric CO2, further reducing greenhouse gas concentrations. When atmospheric carbon dioxide levels dropped below 200 parts per million – less than half of today's levels – glaciation engulfed the entire planet.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-climate-implications">Modern climate implications</h2>



Published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/geology" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geology</a>, this research provides crucial insights into Earth's climate system. While geological climate changes occur over millions of years, the study emphasizes that human-induced climate change is happening at a pace ten times faster than previously observed natural changes, highlighting the urgent need to understand our planet's delicate climate balance.



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What caused the planet's longest ice age

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K0DuSr87SHY 57 million-year ice age mystery solved by Australian scientists....

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WXXGGiynIjs
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Greenland is not sinking. In fact, it is the opposite.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-contrasting-climate-response">A contrasting climate response</h2>



Most coastal towns are <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sinking-land-will-intensify-the-effects-of-rising-sea-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">preparing for higher sea levels</a>, but <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/greenland-no-longer-has-to-worry-about-rising-sea-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Greenland presents</a> a different scenario during climate change. The ground there is rising at a remarkable rate. Over the past decade, some areas have lifted about 20 centimeters, which translates to roughly 2 meters per century. This rate significantly exceeds current projections for sea level rise.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-geological-rebound-process-through-climate-change">Geological rebound process through climate change</h2>



The mechanism behind this phenomenon is straightforward. As the ice sheet melts, the immense weight is removed from the bedrock, causing the land to rebound upward. This process resembles the way compressed material springs back when pressure is released.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-monitoring-networks">Scientific monitoring networks</h2>



Researchers at the <a href="https://www.dtu.dk/english/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Technical University of Denmark</a> are documenting this uplift using the GNET network, consisting of 61 GPS stations positioned around Greenland's coast. These sensors can detect movement with millimeter precision, providing detailed measurements of the ongoing changes.



The data reveal that current uplift rates exceed the gradual rebound occurring since the last ice age ended approximately 12,000 years ago. This acceleration corresponds directly with increased ice sheet melting rates.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-coastal-transformation">Coastal Transformation</h2>



This uplift is actively reshaping Greenland's coastline. New islands and rocky formations, called "skerries," are emerging as previously submerged land surfaces rise above the water level. This represents a notable contrast to global concerns about rising seas.



The study, published in Geophysical Research Letters, demonstrates the varied regional impacts of climate change. While many locations face rising water levels, Greenland's bedrock is literally rising above the surrounding seas.



The full study was recently published in <a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2023GL104851" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geophysical Research Letters</a>.



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Greenland's ground rises while coasts worldwide face higher seas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WXXGGiynIjs Greenland is not sinking. In fact, it is the...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DSM3EVeGHJU
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Companies like MindStudio help companies train their employees to implement the latest AI Agent building platform.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ai-agent-training-transforms-the-workplace-fear-factor-into-a-competitive-advantage">AI agent training transforms the workplace 'fear factor' into a competitive advantage</h2>



Organizations that offer comprehensive artificial intelligence training to their workers find remarkable value that extends well beyond basic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mind-wandering-might-be-more-productive-than-you-think/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">productivity improvements</a>. Emerging research demonstrates that carefully crafted AI training programs <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ai-does-not-replace-human-creativity-but-enhances-it/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">enhance</a> corporate performance, lower operational costs, and dramatically improve employee psychological well-being by turning workplace uncertainty into professional empowerment.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-addressing-the-widespread-ai-anxiety-crisis-among-us">Addressing the widespread 'AI anxiety' crisis among us</h2>



A staggering 53% of employees expressed concern that the use of AI tools to automate work tasks could make them appear disposable to their employers, according to <a href="https://www.microsoft.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Microsoft</a>'s 2024 workplace survey. Such pervasive worry about being substituted by machines has caused what researchers have termed "AI technostress" – a psychological state that can result in occupational burnout and poorer mental well-being.



Data published in <a href="https://www.nature.com/palcomms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Humanities and Social Sciences Communications</a> showed that belief in AI learning ability was a moderator in the link between technology adoption and work pressure, and higher confidence significantly lowered negative psychological responses. Workers provided ample training to become competent with AI software have significantly lower stress.



Companies like <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MindStudio</a> have platforms for building what are known as "AI Agents". In essence, AI Agents are simply tools that employees can build for themselves or their teams quickly and inexpensively. MindStudio will even train entire companies, from the CEO on down, at no cost. By letting MindStudio empower employees, companies avoid hiring more IT staff, buying more software, and implementing solutions to problems that do not exist.



MindStudio even has partners locally for companies, like <a href="http://www.dominnus.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dominnus</a> with offices in the Carolinas, California, and Denver, to help build AI Agents and support employees as they become resident AI experts for their organization. The training provided by MindStudio is applicable across other AI Agent building platforms as well.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-productivity-through-focused-learning">Revolutionary productivity through focused learning</h2>



Organizations that implement large-scale AI training programs achieve dramatic outcomes. Employees performed tasks significantly better when they utilized AI support compared to when they didn't, according to <a href="https://www.nngroup.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nielsen Norman Group</a> research findings. Their study documented productivity increases of 66% for a variety of professional tasks.



Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis research finds workers record 33% higher productivity in time working with generative AI tools. The benefit is equivalent to 5.4% of work time savings for AI users – around 2.2 hours per week for full-time workers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-psychological-well-being-benefits-through-ai-competence">Psychological well-being benefits through AI competence</h2>



The emotional transformation when employees are provided with proper technology training is a fundamental transformation from fear to professional confidence. A survey of 600 employees across industries, carried out by ScienceDirect, proved that AI capabilities strengthen work environment commitment and improve job satisfaction.



A <a href="https://www.lut.fi/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">LUT University</a> study discovered that AI adoption has no direct effect on workers' well-being but does so indirectly through working conditions like task optimization and safety protocols. Strategically deployed AI that involves correct training can actually increase workplace mental well-being.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-from-replacement-anxiety-to-partnership-confidence">From 'replacement anxiety' to 'partnership confidence'</h2>



Although 35% of those interviewed in recent McKinsey studies were concerned about workforce displacement, firms with large-scale training initiatives witness such fears dissipate quickly. The World Economic Forum found that two out of three respondents believe AI competencies will enhance their career prospects and job marketability.



This shift from fear to trust has measurable implications for job satisfaction. Applied Sciences research indicates AI can create tailored wellness programs based on individual employee requirements.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-financial-benefits-of-increased-retention">Financial benefits of increased retention</h2>



The mental health advantages of AI learning have a direct impact on organizational bottom lines in the form of a positive feedback cycle with high retention of employees. Recent ROI research validates that artificial intelligence learning has a beneficial impact on employee turnover and satisfaction levels.



PriceWaterhouseCoopers' research documents 20% to 30% improvements in productivity, market speed, and revenue in organizations that attempt systematic AI adoption through comprehensive training.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-advantages-of-ai-enabled-teams">Environmental advantages of AI-enabled teams</h2>



AI training has unforeseen environmental benefits as it makes the work environment more efficient. According to a study in Scientific Reports, the carbon footprint in writing and illustrating work is significantly lower when AI performs it compared to humans. AI software produces 130 to 1,500 times less CO2 equivalent per page of text created than human authors.



In addition, AI-driven remote work functionality significantly reduces environmental impact. Research by Cornell University and Microsoft indicates that remote workers reduce greenhouse gas emissions by up to 54% by not commuting daily to offices. Hybrid workers working remotely two to four days a week can reduce their carbon footprint by 11% to 29%.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cumulative-organizational-advantages">Cumulative organizational advantages</h2>



The compounding gains of better mental well-being, reduced turnover, increased productivity, and environmental benefits flow to enterprises from the pairing. McKinsey analysis estimates the long-term AI potential at $4.4 trillion in incremental productivity growth opportunity from business use cases.



As of now, 75% of knowledge workers globally utilize generative AI, mirroring widespread adoption patterns. Organizations that provide organized training and assistance see the most favorable results in productivity, worker satisfaction, and ecological sustainability.



The research overwhelmingly indicates that companies that invest in proper AI education, like that offered through <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MindStudio</a>, establish win-win scenarios where employees are both more empowered and less stressed, and companies enjoy the gains of increased productivity, reduced turnover, and improved mental health outcomes throughout their workforce.



For more on MindStudio's free AI training for companies, visit the website's of MindStudio and Dominnus from the links below.



The research was published across a variety of peer-reviewed journals, including <a href="https://www.nature.com/palcomms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Humanities and Social Sciences Communications</a>, <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/artificial-intelligence" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence</a>, and <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/journal/applsci">Applied Sciences</a>.



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MindStudio.AI: <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.mindstudio.ai</a>



Dominnus: <a href="https://www.dominnus.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.dominnus.com</a>

AI agent training boosts mental health and profits

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DSM3EVeGHJU Companies like MindStudio help companies train their employees to...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0HDXqTGEmi4
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Scientists give plants superpowers against bacterial disease</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-natural-solution-to-disease-through-crop-modification">A natural solution to disease through crop modification.</h2>



The agricultural industry stands at a crossroads between productivity and environmental responsibility, and crop modification often carries a negative connotation. While chemical pesticides have long been the go-to solution for crop protection, their harmful effects on ecosystems and human health have prompted scientists to seek alternatives. The recent breakthrough by <a href="https://www.southampton.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Southampton</a> researchers offers a promising path forward through the precise manipulation of plant-associated microbial communities.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-science-behind-microbial-partnerships">The science behind microbial partnerships</h2>



Plants naturally harbor diverse ecosystems of bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms that function as biological allies. These microscopic partners contribute to disease resistance, nutrient absorption, and stress tolerance. However, until now, scientists lacked the tools to deliberately reshape these communities to enhance crop protection.



The Southampton team's approach centered on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/engineered-plant-microbiomes-the-future-of-crop-protection/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">modifying lignin biosynthesis genes in rice plants</a>. This strategic intervention altered the plant's metabolic output, creating conditions that favored beneficial bacterial populations while suppressing harmful ones. The result was a living defense system embedded within the plant itself.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-global-food-security">Implications for global food security</h2>



The successful demonstration against Xanthomonas oryzae, the pathogen responsible for bacterial blight in rice, represents more than a laboratory achievement. Rice feeds nearly half the world's population, and bacterial blight causes devastating crop losses annually. Traditional control methods rely heavily on pesticides that contaminate soil and water systems.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-looking-beyond-disease-resistance">Looking Beyond Disease Resistance</h2>



While disease protection represents the immediate application, the research framework opens doors to broader agricultural improvements. Future developments could engineer microbiomes to enhance nutrient uptake, reducing dependence on synthetic fertilizers. This dual benefit addresses both crop productivity and environmental sustainability.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-path-forward">The path forward</h2>



As this technology advances from laboratory to field applications, it promises to reshape sustainable agriculture. The ability to program plants with their own biological defense systems could herald a new era where crops protect themselves naturally, reducing chemical inputs while maintaining yields necessary for global food security.



The study is published in the journal&nbsp;<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-44335-3" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Communications</a>.



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Revolutionizing agriculture through microbiome engineering

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0HDXqTGEmi4 Scientists give plants superpowers against bacterial disease A natural...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Acid rain and a crisis solved.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-don-t-we-ever-hear-about-acid-rain-anymore-the-environmental-crisis-that-was-solved">Why don't we ever hear about "acid rain" anymore? The environmental crisis that was solved</h2>



Remember the 1980s when acid rain dominated headlines? Dire warnings about rain eating buildings, killing fish, and destroying forests filled every news cycle. Then, almost like magic, acid rain vanished from public discourse. What happened? Did we actually solve one of the late 20th century's most pressing environmental challenges?



The answer might surprise you. Unlike many environmental issues that drag on indefinitely, acid rain represents one of modern history's most successful ecological recovery stories. It's a tale of science, politics, and technology working together to tackle what seemed impossible.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What was acid rain?</h2>



Acid rain isn't regular rain having a bad day – it's precipitation that became significantly more acidic due to air pollution. When power plants, factories, and vehicles burn fossil fuels, they release sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) into the atmosphere.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The science behind it</h2>



Think of acid rain as nature's chemistry experiment gone wrong. These compounds react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form sulfuric and nitric acids. When mixed with water vapor in clouds, they create precipitation with dangerously low pH levels.



While clean rain has a pH of about 5.6, acid rain could drop as low as 4.2 to 4.4 – roughly as acidic as tomato juice or coffee. According to US Geological Survey documentation, Scottish chemist Angus Smith first coined "acid rain" in 1872, but it didn't become a household phrase until the 1960s and 1970s when Swedish scientist Svante Odén documented its devastating effects on Scandinavian lakes and European forests.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The crisis at its peak</h2>



During the height of public concern, environmental damage was both widespread and visible. This wasn't some abstract future threat – people could see destruction happening in real-time.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Environmental devastation</h2>



The most dramatic impacts were impossible to ignore. Research documented by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation shows that in the Adirondack Mountains, more than 200 lakes became so acidic they couldn't support fish life. The Adirondack Council reports that 409 lakes once supported brook trout, but many lost their fish populations due to acid rain.



By 1976, when scientists cataloged all acidified lakes in the Adirondack Park, researchers found that half of the lakes over 2,000 feet above sea level had no fish, according to studies published in environmental journals. The acidification process worked like a slow-motion disaster. As acid rain fell into watersheds, it gradually lowered pH levels. Fish couldn't survive in acidic water, and their food sources died off too.



Trees at high elevations showed stress directly linked to acid rain. It weakened them by leaching nutrients and making them susceptible to disease. Historical records show Germany's Black Forest saw nearly half its trees damaged by the mid-1980s.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Economic impact</h2>



Acid rain wasn't just environmental – it was expensive. Acidic precipitation corroded infrastructure, buildings, and monuments. Historic stone structures deteriorated at accelerated rates. Tourism suffered as lakes became fishless and forests declined. EPA economic analyses from the period documented repair costs mounting into billions annually.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The solution: government action and technology</h2>



Transformation from crisis to success required unprecedented cooperation between governments, industries, and environmental groups.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The Clean Air Act of 1990</h2>



The turning point came with the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, signed by President George H.W. Bush. This represented a fundamentally new approach to environmental regulation, as documented in EPA historical records.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Cap-and-trade success</h2>



Instead of mandating specific technologies, the 1990 amendments introduced something revolutionary: a cap-and-trade system for sulfur dioxide emissions. EPA program documentation shows this market-based approach set overall limits but allowed companies to trade emission allowances.



The genius was harnessing market forces to find cost-effective pollution reduction. Companies reducing emissions cheaply could sell excess allowances to those facing higher costs. Research published in environmental economics journals and EPA progress reports shows this resulted in dramatic SO2 reduction at a fraction of projected costs.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Technology advances</h2>



Policy provided the framework, but technology made reductions possible. Studies in atmospheric science journals document the widespread adoption of flue gas desulfurization systems ("scrubbers") that removed sulfur dioxide before it reached the atmosphere. By the 2000s, new installations could remove over 95% of SO2 emissions, according to EPA technical reports.



The push coincided with cleaner energy development. Natural gas produces fewer sulfur compounds than coal. Wind and solar, emerging in the 1990s, captured growing market share, reducing reliance on high-sulfur coal.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-we-don-t-hear-about-it-today">Why we don't hear about it today</h2>



Why did acid rain disappear from headlines? Simple: the problem was largely solved.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Success doesn't make news</h2>



There's an old journalism saying: "If it bleeds, it leads." Environmental success stories don't generate urgency like crisis reporting. Media attention shifted to other challenges: climate change, plastic pollution, and biodiversity loss. There's only so much environmental anxiety the public can absorb, and newer concerns replaced acid rain.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Mission accomplished</h2>



The primary reason is beautifully simple: interventions worked. EPA monitoring data shows sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990. Academic research published in environmental science journals confirms pH levels in formerly affected areas returned closer to normal. This represents one of history's most dramatic environmental recoveries. Studies by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation show fishless lakes now support healthy populations. Forests recovered, and building damage slowed dramatically.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-is-it-really-gone">Is it really gone?</h2>



The crisis is largely resolved, but monitoring data shows the problem isn't completely eliminated – it's managed to acceptable levels. Some areas still experience occasional events during high pollution periods. International environmental research indicates that rapidly industrializing Asian countries face similar problems to what we experienced decades ago, though they're implementing successful strategies.



EPA research shows nitrogen oxide emissions proved more challenging than sulfur dioxide, coming from vehicles and mobile sources. Climate science studies suggest changing weather patterns add complexity to how acid rain forms and falls.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What this teaches us</h2>



The acid rain experience proves that seemingly intractable environmental problems can be solved with scientific understanding, political will, and technological innovation. Environmental monitoring data shows recovery speed was remarkable – within a decade, measurable improvements appeared in air quality and ecosystem health.



Success came from bipartisan support across party lines. Policy analysis studies show the market-based approach appealed to those preferring economic incentives while achieving environmental goals. This support created lasting policy surviving political changes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Conclusion</h2>



Acid rain's disappearance from public consciousness represents environmental science's greatest success stories. Through effective regulation, technological innovation, and international cooperation, we transformed an overwhelming crisis into a manageable challenge.



Today's silence isn't because we forgot – it's because we solved it. The 1990 Clean Air Act, combined with technology and energy market changes, reduced acid rain emissions over 90%, according to comprehensive EPA data analysis.



This success offers hope for current challenges. It proves complex problems can be solved when science, policy, and technology work together. As we face climate change and plastic pollution, acid rain reminds us that dramatic positive change is possible.



Next time someone asks whether environmental regulations work, remember acid rain. It's proof that sometimes, we get it right.



<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>



Sources: This article draws from EPA official documentation and progress reports, peer-reviewed research published in environmental and atmospheric science journals, historical data from the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation records, US Geological Survey publications, policy analysis studies, and environmental monitoring data collected over three decades.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Frequently Asked Questions</h2>



1. Is acid rain completely gone? No, but EPA monitoring shows it's reduced to manageable levels. US sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990, making acid rain much less severe than the 1980s crisis.



2. How long did solving take? Environmental monitoring data shows significant improvements began within 5-10 years of 1990s emission controls. Full ecosystem recovery took longer – some areas need 20-30 years for complete recovery.



3. What made the solution successful? Clear scientific understanding, visible damage motivating action, bipartisan support, available technology, and innovative market-based policies like cap-and-trade.



4. Do other countries have acid rain problems? Yes, particularly rapidly industrializing Asian countries. However, international environmental research shows many implement similar successful control strategies.



5. Could acid rain return? Potentially, if regulations weaken or we return to high-sulfur coal without controls, though effects would take years to become severe according to environmental projections.



6. Can you recommend any teaching tools on the subject of "acid rain"? The United States Environmental Protection Agency produced a wonderful teacher's guide for ages 14 and under that you can find on the EPA website here: <a href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf</a>



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The environmental problem we actually solved

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk Acid rain and a crisis solved. Why don't we...

Green,Ecoduct,Over,An,Empty,Highway,During,Sunset.

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A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that wildlife tunnels significantly reduce amphibian road mortality during seasonal migrations. 



Frogs and salamanders often cross roads to reach breeding ponds each spring, but many are killed by vehicles. 



Researchers from the <a href="https://www.uvm.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Vermont</a>, in collaboration with local citizens and the Vermont Agency of Natural Resources, installed two underpass tunnels in 2015. 



Over a 12-year monitoring period, they observed an 80.2% reduction in amphibian deaths, and up to 94% for non-climbing species like salamanders. 



The study used a before-after-control-impact design and documented more than 5,200 amphibians, highlighting the tunnels’ effectiveness even in nearby buffer zones.



Funded at $342,397 - far cheaper than wildlife crossings for large mammals - the project showcased the power of community-led conservation.



Local groups initiated the effort after observing mass amphibian deaths. Wildlife cameras later captured over 2,200 amphibians using a tunnel in just one spring, along with other species like raccoons and bobcats, indicating wider ecosystem benefits.



This marks the first peer-reviewed, long-term data set in the northeastern U.S. confirming amphibian-specific underpasses work. 



The study urges transportation departments to incorporate these designs into road planning and highlights how community action, thoughtful infrastructure, and persistence can make a real difference for biodiversity.



The full study was published in the <a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1617138125000780" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal for Nature Conservation</a>.



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Wildlife tunnels save millions of amphibians

https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that...

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. 



The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.



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Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. 



Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.



Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. 



They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).



Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.



Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.



This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.



“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. 



The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.



“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;



“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”



The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;



The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.



Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Designing crops that can beat the heat

[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Carl...

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes the first comprehensive estimate of carbon density in the Saharan, Sahel, and Sudanian zones of Africa. In an effort to measure the amount of carbon stored across these drylands, a team of scientists used high-resolution satellite images and artificial intelligence to map nearly 10 billion individual trees. 



"The high spatial resolution (50 cm) combined with AI and field measurements used in this study is key to improving tree inventories in drylands," said Pierre Hiernaux, a French researcher working for NASA. "The ever-increasing availability of very high-resolution satellite imagery will make it possible to assess carbon pools and their dynamics at the individual tree level on a global scale."



"This study is exceptional because it is pioneering a type of approach that will revolutionize the monitoring of trees and forests on a global scale: in the short term, it will be possible to map the world's trees from the centre of the Amazon to our schoolyards," said <a href="https://www.inrae.fr/en">INRAE</a> researcher Jean-Pierre Wigneron.



"Many fields of application will become much more efficient and accurate, such as tracking carbon stocks, biodiversity, monitoring logging and protection against illegal forest degradation, in near real time.”



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Remote sensing will revolutionize the way we monitor trees

[sendtonews key="EjmSP20gQK-2593093-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.



According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."



Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;



ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. 



Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 



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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> features a visual dataset of.methane emissions from wetlands across the globe. Atmospheric methane levels have reached record highs in recent years, and wetlands are a major source of these emissions.&nbsp;



"Methane is an important greenhouse gas that contributes substantially to global warming. On a molecule by molecule basis, methane is much more efficient at trapping heat than carbon dioxide, the main driver of warming," says NASA.



"Though human activities, including agriculture, oil and natural gas production and use, and waste disposal, collectively contribute the majority of methane to the atmosphere, about a third of total methane emissions comes from wetlands."&nbsp;



According to NASA, understanding methane emissions from wetlands and other natural sources is critically important for scientists and policymakers who are working to combat climate change by reducing emissions from human activities.



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Wetlands are a major source of methane emissions

[sendtonews key="f8fukm28Vz-2491833-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

[sendtonews key="0879czfG3k-1785905-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from NASA...

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes how record-breaking heat expressed itself around the world in 2022.



Scientists have determined that 2022 was the 5th warmest year since 1880. Furthermore, the last nine consecutive years have been the warmest on record.



From devastating floods and wildfires to natural disasters like Hurricane Ian, 2022 showed us yet again how a warming climate affects people across the globe.&nbsp;



"As we look back at 20:22 and years past, we see that each year we better understand the challenges we face and how important it is to meet them," says NASA.



Video/ Image Credit: NASA Goddard



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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2022 illustrated the consequences of a warming climate

[sendtonews key="3UUsNkFOuS-2487333-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes Earth’s interconnected systems, and how this network is affected by rising temperatures.&nbsp;



During 2020, average global temperatures matched the hottest year on record. The hurricane season was also record-breaking, with many of the storms intensifying at extraordinary speeds. Hot water in the ocean is fuel for hurricanes. The satellite data shows that it's all one interconnected system showing how Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected.



According to NASA, dust swept up from Northern Africa plays a major role in the formation of hurricanes, and is also a key source of fertilization in the Amazon rainforest. As a result of<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-wasting-disease-is-fueled-by-climate-change/"> climate</a> change, dust plumes are expected to decline, which will have an effect on vegetation far away.&nbsp;



Images from Earth-observing satellites show how the world’s plant life is affected by natural disasters, fires, and deforestation. Satellites also reveal how widespread changes in vegetation impact waterways,&nbsp; the climate, air quality. Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on the Earth. "Earth From Space" is a groundbreaking two-hour special that reveals a spectacular new space-based vision of our planet. 



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected

[sendtonews key="JbW4VsY53O-1632195-12187" type="single"] Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected...

Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://welcome.miami.edu/">University of Miami</a> Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science explores how changes in water temperatures have affected tiger shark habitats and movements in the North Atlantic Ocean. The study reveals that rising temperatures have caused the sharks to shift toward the poles over the past 40 years.



“Tiger shark annual migrations have expanded poleward, paralleling rising water temperatures,” explained study lead author Neil Hammerschlag. “These results have consequences for tiger shark conservation, since shifts in their movements outside of marine protected areas may leave them more vulnerable to commercial fishing.”



The researchers analyzed nine years of tracking data from satellite-tagged tiger sharks, combined with four decades of conventional tag and recapture data provided by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Cooperative Shark Tagging Program.



The experts found that during the last decade of record heat, for every one-degree Celsius increase in water temperatures, tiger sharks migrated further poleward by over 400 kilometers. They also migrated two weeks earlier than usual to waters off the northeastern coast of the United States.



“Given their role as apex predators, these changes to tiger shark movements may alter predator-prey interactions, leading to ecological imbalances, and more frequent encounters with humans,” concluded Professor Hammerschlag.



Video Credit: University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Tiger sharks are shifting poleward as temperatures rise

Today’s Video of the Day from the University of Miami...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> is focused on the melt ponds that emerge during the spring and summer on the Greenland Ice Sheet, which is the largest ice mass in the northern hemisphere.



"Melt ponds are vast pools of open water that form on both sea ice and ice sheets and are visible as turquoise-blue pools of water in this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image," says ESA.



"When snow and ice melts atop glaciers, water flows in channels and streams and collects in depressions on the surface. These melt ponds can speed up the melting of the surrounding ice since they greatly reduce the ice’s ability to reflect sunlight."



"This can create a positive feedback where an increasing number of melt ponds absorb more heat which causes ice cover to melt even faster."



According to ESA, Greenland has been hit with a late-season heatwave that began in early September. This caused the type of melt event that usually occurs in the middle of summer.



"In a recent paper published in Nature Climate Change, scientists found that major sea-level rise from the melting of the Greenland ice cap is now ‘inevitable’ even if the burning of fossil fuels were to halt overnight," says ESA. "Using satellite observations of Greenland ice loss and ice cap from 2000 to 2019, the team found the losses will lead to a minimum rise of 27 cm regardless of climate change."



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Melt ponds on the Greenland Ice Sheet

[sendtonews key="qARzJPSabQ-2270617-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes how Earth is unique in our solar system for its ability to sustain liquid water on its surface. But now, the water cycle is shifting as the climate warms, and scientists must find ways to predict how these changes will affect water availability.



Overall, 96 percent of Earth's water is saltwater, and nearly all of freshwater is found in ice and groundwater. These sources of water are linked as it passes through solid, liquid and gas phases.



In a warmer climate, the water cycle will be transformed. It will be easier for water to evaporate and form clouds, and storms will become more frequent and intense. Some regions will get too much water, while others will be left without enough water. In addition, soil moisture will be lost - which threatens food security.



Scientists are using satellite data from over the last 40 years to track changes that are happening in the water cycle. This will ultimately help us prepare for extreme events and better manage our water resources, according to ESA.



Video Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Tracking changes in Earth's water cycle

[sendtonews key="fxH3eJHEkQ-2010196-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

Saturn,-,High,Resolution,3d,Images,Presents,Planets,Of,The

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard Space Flight Center</a> features images of Saturn from NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope. The photographs capture the start of the mysterious "spoke season" on Saturn - when unexplained features appear on its rings. 



According to NASA, both the cause of the spokes and their seasonal variability have yet to be fully explained by planetary scientists.



"Like Earth, Saturn is tilted on its axis and therefore has four seasons, though because of Saturn's much larger orbit, each season lasts approximately seven Earth years. Equinox occurs when the rings are tilted edge-on to the Sun," explains NASA.



"The spokes disappear when it is near summer or winter solstice on Saturn. (When the Sun appears to reach either its highest or lowest latitude in the northern or southern hemisphere of a planet.) As the autumnal equinox of Saturn's northern hemisphere on May 6, 2025, draws near, the spokes are expected to become increasingly prominent and observable."



Experts believe that the spokes may be a product of the planet's variable magnetic field. When magnetic fields interact with solar wind, an electrically charged environment is created. This phenomenon is visible on Earth as the northern lights.&nbsp;



"Scientists think that the smallest, dust-sized icy ring particles can become charged as well, which temporarily levitates those particles above the rest of the larger icy particles and boulders in the rings," says NASA.



The spokes were first observed in the early 1980s by NASA's Voyager mission. Depending on the angle of the rings, the spokes can appear dark or light.



"Thanks to Hubble's OPAL program, which is building an archive of data on the outer solar system planets, we will have longer dedicated time to study Saturn’s spokes this season than ever before," said NASA senior planetary scientist Amy Simon, head of the Hubble Outer Planet Atmospheres Legacy (OPAL) program.



"Despite years of excellent observations by the Cassini mission, the precise beginning and duration of the spoke season is still unpredictable, rather like predicting the first storm during hurricane season."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Mysterious "spoke season" captured on Saturn

[sendtonews key="Ccjk8KEMzv-2550719-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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