Hotter summers are not just uncomfortable, they also changing the odds of getting sick from food. A new analysis links warmer air, higher moisture, specific dewpoint ranges, and longer daylight to spikes in Salmonella infections across two European countries. 



The team showed that risk climbs when average temperatures rise above about 50°F and days stretch past 12 to 15 hours.



Lead author <a href="https://www.londonntd.org/research/researchers/laura-c-gonzalez-villeta" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dr. Laura C. González Villeta</a> of the University of Surrey’s <a href="https://www.surrey.ac.uk/school-veterinary-medicine" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">School of Veterinary Medicine</a> led work that tied laboratory confirmed Salmonella cases to local weather conditions using a transparent statistical approach.



The bacteria called Salmonella cause <a href="https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15697-salmonella" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">food poisoning</a> that often brings diarrhea, fever, and stomach cramps. Common symptoms usually start within hours to a few days and most people recover without treatment.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-salmonella-and-the-weather">Salmonella and the weather</h2>



Researchers linked daily case counts from the <a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/uk-health-security-agency" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UK Health Security Agency</a> to detailed weather from the <a href="https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Met Office</a>, then checked the model with national surveillance data from the Netherlands. 



They examined 14 factors, including temperature, relative humidity, precipitation, sunshine, and dewpoint temperature.



Instead of forcing a complex equation to fit the data, the group calculated a conditional incidence that directly describes how often cases occur when specific combinations of weather are present. 



That method lets you see which trio of conditions lines up with higher infection counts without hiding the signal inside a black box.



The approach showed consistency when moved from one country to another after accounting for reporting differences. That matters because public <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/to-get-fit-and-stay-healthy-walk-this-exact-distance-every-day/">health</a> tools work best when they travel across borders without losing accuracy.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-the-model-found">What the model found</h2>



Risk rose when average air temperatures topped roughly 50°F, day length sat between 12 and 15 hours, and dewpoint hovered around the mid 40s to about 50°F. The same pattern appeared regardless of location.



Not every weather knob seemed important. Wind speed, air pressure, and sunshine duration had little or no association with reported cases in this dataset.



Seasonal peaks in late summer were reproduced when the model fed on local weather. That gave officials a way to anticipate risk based on last week’s skies rather than waiting for lab reports to trickle in.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-weather-boosts-salmonella">How weather boosts Salmonella</h2>



Broader evidence lines up with these findings. A large <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11530612/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">meta-analysis</a> of 23 Salmonella studies found about a 5 percent rise in risk for every 1.8°F increase in temperature.



Europe’s outbreak history shows why this topic matters. In 2018, nearly one in three foodborne outbreaks in the European Union were caused by Salmonella, according to an EFSA <a href="https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/news/salmonella-most-common-cause-foodborne-outbreaks-european-union" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">report</a>.



That baseline risk has not disappeared in recent years. Surveillance summaries still identify Salmonella as a leading cause of foodborne outbreaks across the region, with eggs and mixed foods often involved, as noted in EFSA’s public <a href="https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/7666" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">publication</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-this-means-for-public-health">What this means for public health</h2>



“The study highlights how weather plays a significant role in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dogs-are-overlooked-sources-of-antibiotic-resistant-salmonella/">Salmonella</a> outbreaks and provides a valuable tool for predicting future risks and tailoring interventions, particularly in the context of climate change,” said Dr. Villeta. The work is not just about describing patterns.&nbsp;



Weather aware forecasting can help agencies time inspections, target hygiene messaging, and plan surge capacity when the odds of illness tick up. 



Food businesses can also adjust cold chain checks, staff training, and consumer advice when riskier conditions line up.



Individuals are not powerless either. Keep cold foods cold, cook poultry and eggs to safe temperatures, refrigerate leftovers within 2 hours, and wash hands and surfaces, especially when the air is warm and the day runs long.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-high-tech-forecasting-tools">High-tech forecasting tools</h2>



Most forecasting tools lean on regression or time series fits that struggle with tangled, non linear interactions. 



The conditional incidence approach shows how combinations of temperature, humidity, and daylight align with cases, which is easier to interpret and to explain.



That clarity helps separate what drives risk from noise. It also allows public health teams to identify factor combinations that do not explain much, saving effort where it will not pay off.



Model outputs replicated real world peaks and mapped risk at fine spatial scales. That is the level where <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/childrens-screen-time-shapes-their-mental-health-as-teens/">health</a> departments and food producers make day to day choices.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-limits-and-next-steps">Limits and next steps</h2>



The model tracks reported cases, which understate total infections. Even so, de trending and validation across two countries suggest the weather signals are real.



Future tests in different climates and income settings would show how far the method travels. Adding data on livestock density, land use, and consumer behavior could sharpen predictions without losing transparency.



Better early warnings do not replace basic food safety, but they can make those steps more timely. That is useful as warmer summers and longer heat seasons become more common.



The study is published in the <a href="https://www.journalofinfection.com/article/S0163-4453(25)00004-0/fulltext" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of Infection</a>.



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Warmer weather is impacting global food supply, but not in the way you think

Hotter summers are not just uncomfortable, they also changing the odds of getting sick from food. A new analysis links warmer air, higher moisture, specific dewpoint ranges, and longer daylight to spikes in Salmonella infections across two European countries. The team showed that risk climbs when average temperatures rise above about 50°F and days stretch past 12 to 15 hours. Lead author Dr. Laura C. González Villeta of the University of Surrey’s School of Veterinary Medicine led work that tied laboratory confirmed Salmonella cases to local weather...

Woman,Using,Smart,Phone,While,Standing,With,Electric,Push,Scooter

Are we too busy scrolling on social media to save the planet from climate change? It's a question that might make you want to hurl your smartphone into the nearest recycling bin, but it's a pressing concern raised by Dr. Hamish van der Ven, a professor at the <a href="https://www.ubc.ca" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of British Columbia</a>, and his colleagues.



Their assertion? Our beloved generative AI tools, like the ever-so-helpful ChatGPT, along with our social media habits, could be dousing the flames of our climate <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-earth-energy-imbalance-temperature-rise/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">change</a> efforts.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-digital-impact">Digital impact</h2>



<a href="https://forestry.ubc.ca/faculty-profile/hamish-van-der-ven/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dr. van der Ven</a> argues that the typical view of technology's role in climate change is too narrow. "Most analysis that we've seen to date focuses on counting the direct emissions associated with the life cycle of tech products," he says. 



We're all familiar with energy-guzzling server farms and the digital gold rush of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-hidden-and-destructive-environmental-impact-of-bitcoin-mining/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Bitcoin mining</a>. However, the UBC professor points out another issue. There's a less obvious villain lurking in the shadows.



"There is very little examination of the adverse and indirect impacts of generative AI and social media on the climate," Dr. van der Ven warns. 



He's referring to the way these technologies shape our behavior, our attitudes, and ultimately, our response to the looming crisis of climate <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/38-trillion-dollars-per-year-economic-losses-expected-from-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">change</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-social-media-distraction-from-climate-issues">Social media distraction from climate issues</h2>



Ever found yourself mindlessly scrolling through social media, your eyes glazing over as you absorb an endless stream of news, memes, and targeted ads? That's the first part of the problem, according to Dr. van der Ven.



"In offering always new, ever-changing content, social media platforms can take attention away from slower-moving issues," he explains. Climate <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-has-increased-premature-birth-risk-by-60/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">change</a>, unfortunately, falls into the "slow-moving" category, and our short attention spans, honed by the digital age, might not be up to the task.



But it gets worse. "The other side of that is constant exposure to negative news on social media may also erode optimism and increase feelings of hopelessness," Dr. van der Ven points out. 



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/panic-driven-doom-gloom-climate-change-messages-do-not-work/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Doom-scrolling</a> our way through the latest climate disasters can leave us feeling paralyzed and defeated, exactly the opposite of the mindset needed to tackle this global challenge.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-generative-ai">Generative AI</h2>



As for generative AI, it might be a double agent. Sure, it can help us craft eloquent emails and whip up creative content, but Dr. van der Ven cautions that our growing reliance on it could have unintended consequences.



"As people become more dependent on it, we could find our capacity for creativity and forward-thinking solutions decreasing," he observes. Could our digital assistants be dulling our own problem-solving skills? It's a disturbing thought.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-misinformation-on-social-medial-and-climate-change">Misinformation on social medial and climate change</h2>



The researchers also highlight another concern. Both social media and AI can amplify false or biased information. This makes climate change discussions more complicated. 



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/more-than-48-million-americans-deny-that-climate-change-is-real/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Misinformation</a> can disrupt public understanding and support for climate action. It can hinder effective policy-making and delay critical measures needed to address climate change. 



By spreading incorrect information, these technologies can create confusion and skepticism, making it harder to mobilize collective efforts and implement effective solutions. 



This amplification of misinformation poses a significant challenge to achieving meaningful progress in combating climate change.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cautious-optimism-and-critical-thinking">Cautious optimism and critical thinking</h2>



So, are we doomed to a future of digital distraction and AI-induced apathy? Not necessarily. But Dr. van der Ven and his colleagues urge us to take a more critical look at the role of technology and social media in the fight against climate <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-increase-the-value-of-solar-panels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">change</a>.



"We urge more skepticism about individuals and businesses that position digitalization as a solution to the climate crisis," he says. We need to ask tough questions and demand evidence-based answers, rather than simply accepting the promises of tech evangelists.



The researchers call for more research into the indirect effects of internet-enabled technologies. They urge us to move beyond the simple tally of emissions. We need to delve into the complex ways these tools shape our thoughts and actions.



"Only through fact-based analysis can we achieve a more holistic understanding of the internet's true impact on the climate," Dr. van der Ven concludes.



So, the next time you find yourself lost in a digital rabbit hole, remember that the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/people-want-to-fight-climate-change-more-than-you-think/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate</a> crisis demands our attention, our creativity, and our collective action. Don't let the glow of the screen blind you to the urgency of the moment.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://direct.mit.edu/glep/article/doi/10.1162/glep_a_00747/120588/Generative-AI-and-Social-Media-May-Exacerbate-the" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Global Environmental Politics</a>.



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Gen AI and social media divert people's attention from climate crisis

Are we too busy scrolling on social media to save...

Bees and other pollinators, such as butterflies, bats, and hummingbirds, are increasingly under threat due to human activities. Pollination is vital for the survival of ecosystems, with nearly 90% of wild flowering plant species and over 75% of food crops relying on animal pollination.&nbsp;



Moreover, pollinators are also crucial for food security and biodiversity conservation. To highlight their importance, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/world-bee-day-highlights-urgent-need-to-protect-pollinators/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UN designated</a> May 20 as World Bee Day. The aim is to enhance measures to protect pollinators, thereby addressing global food supply issues and reducing hunger, especially in developing countries.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-getting-young-people-involved">Getting young people involved</h2>



World Bee Day 2024 focuses on the theme “Bee engaged with Youth,” emphasizing the involvement of young people in beekeeping and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/saving-pollinators-wild-bees-boosts-food-supply-income/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pollinator conservation</a>. This year's campaign seeks to raise awareness among youth and other stakeholders about the critical role of pollinators in agriculture, ecological balance, and biodiversity.&nbsp;



Engaging young people in beekeeping activities, educational initiatives, and advocacy can inspire future environmental leaders and empower them to make a positive impact.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-severe-threats-to-bees-worldwide-nbsp">Severe threats to bees worldwide&nbsp;</h2>



Immediate action is necessary as bees face severe threats, with species extinction rates 100 to 1,000 times higher than normal due to human impacts. Nearly 35% of invertebrate pollinators, like bees and butterflies, and 17% of vertebrate pollinators, such as bats, are at risk of extinction globally.&nbsp;



The continuation of this trend could lead to the replacement of nutritious crops with staple crops like rice, corn, and potatoes, resulting in an imbalanced diet.&nbsp;



Intensive farming practices, land-use changes, monocropping, pesticides, and climate change-related higher temperatures all pose significant threats to bee populations.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-prioritizing-conservation-nbsp-on-world-bee-day-nbsp">Prioritizing conservation&nbsp;on World Bee Day&nbsp;</h2>



Recognizing the pollination crisis, the <a href="https://www.cbd.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Convention on Biological Diversity</a> has prioritized the conservation and sustainable use of pollinators. The <a href="https://www.pollinator.org/international" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">International Pollinator Initiative</a> (IPI), established in 2000, aims to monitor pollinator decline, address the lack of taxonomic information, assess the economic value of pollination, and protect pollinator diversity.&nbsp;



The <a href="https://www.fao.org/home/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations</a> (FAO) coordinates the IPI and provides technical assistance on issues such as queen breeding, artificial insemination, and sustainable honey production and export marketing.



The decline of pollinators affects <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/food-production-is-one-of-the-biggest-drivers-of-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">global food production</a>, as their role in pollinating food crops is indispensable.&nbsp;



By fostering diverse agricultural systems and reducing reliance on toxic chemicals, we can facilitate increased pollination, improving food quality and quantity. This benefits human populations and the ecosystem as a whole. Moreover, pollinators also play a crucial role in maintaining biodiversity and ensuring the resilience of ecosystems.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-protecting-our-pollinators">Protecting our pollinators </h2>



There are numerous national and international initiatives dedicated to the protection of pollinators. These efforts are essential for safeguarding our food supply and maintaining healthy ecosystems. 



By promoting sustainable agricultural practices and protecting pollinator habitats, we can help reverse the decline of these vital species and ensure their survival for future generations.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-can-we-help-improve-bee-conservation">How can we help improve bee conservation?</h2>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-individually">Individually:</h3>



<ul>
<li>Plant diverse native plants that flower throughout the year.</li>



<li>Purchase raw honey from local farmers.</li>



<li>Support sustainable agricultural products.</li>



<li>Avoid using <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pesticides-have-become-increasingly-toxic-to-insects/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pesticides</a>, fungicides, or herbicides in gardens.</li>



<li>Protect wild bee colonies when possible.</li>



<li>Sponsor a beehive.</li>



<li>Create a bee water fountain by placing a water bowl outside.</li>



<li>Help sustain forest ecosystems.</li>



<li>Raise awareness by sharing information within communities and networks.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-as-beekeepers-or-farmers">As beekeepers or farmers:</h3>



<ul>
<li>Reduce or modify pesticide use.</li>



<li>Diversify crops and plant attractive crops around fields.</li>



<li>Create hedgerows.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-as-governments-and-decision-makers">As governments and decision-makers:</h3>



<ul>
<li>Enhance local community participation in decision-making, especially indigenous peoples.</li>



<li>Implement strategic measures and provide financial incentives.</li>



<li>Foster collaboration among national and international organizations, and academic networks to monitor and evaluate pollination services.</li>
</ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fascinating-facts-about-bees">Fascinating facts about bees</h2>



Beyond the critical ecological roles they play in our world, bees are truly fascinating creatures. There are over 20,000 known species of bees, and they come in diverse sizes, colors, and behaviors. Not all bees live in hives; many are solitary and make their nests in the ground or in hollow stems.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-navigation-nbsp">Navigation&nbsp;</h3>



Bees have an exceptional sense of direction which allows them to navigate and find their way back to their hive, even over long distances. They use landmarks, the position of the sun, and even magnetic fields to orient themselves.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-thermoregulation-nbsp">Thermoregulation&nbsp;</h3>



Honeybees can regulate the temperature of their hive. During the winter, they generate heat by shivering, and to cool the hive during hot conditions, they collect water and distribute it throughout the hive, fanning their wings to evaporate it and cool the air.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-queen-bee">The Queen bee</h3>



In many bee species, the queen can live for several years, whereas worker bees may only live for a few weeks. Queens are the only females in the hive to reproduce, spending their lives laying eggs, sometimes up to 2,000 a day in peak season.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-communication">Communication</h3>



Bees <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bee-communication-is-hindered-by-human-activity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">communicate</a> with each other using a "waggle dance" to convey information about the direction and distance to sources of food. This dance includes various movements that can inform other bees precisely where to find nectar and pollen.



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World Bee Day 2024: Bee engaged with youth

Bees and other pollinators, such as butterflies, bats, and hummingbirds,...

Happy,Young,Woman,Choosing,Meat,From,Glass,Cabinet,In,Grocery

In the bustling world of consumer food choices, the factors that influence our purchasing decisions are as diverse as they are complex. 



Recent research dives into the intricate web of considerations that shape our selections when it comes to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/12-of-americans-are-responsible-for-over-half-of-all-u-s-beef-consumption/">meat and d</a><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/12-of-americans-are-responsible-for-over-half-of-all-u-s-beef-consumption/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">a</a><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/12-of-americans-are-responsible-for-over-half-of-all-u-s-beef-consumption/">iry products</a>, revealing a thought-provoking hierarchy of priorities.



The study was conducted across five countries -- Czechia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and the UK. It was led by Dr Andy Jin from the <a href="https://www.port.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Portsmouth</a>. Jin, along with his colleagues, sought to identify the attributes that hold the most sway over consumers as they navigate the grocery aisles.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hierarchy-of-importance">Hierarchy of importance</h2>



In an online survey, 3,192 participants were asked to rate the importance of 18 different factors on a scale from 1 (not at all important) to 5 (extremely important). 



These factors encompassed a wide range of attributes, including freshness, quality/taste, healthy eating, nutrition, price, processing, special offers, convenience of use/preparation, and familiarity of brand.



Interestingly, the study found that across all surveyed countries, consumers consistently prioritized freshness, quality/taste, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/animal-welfare-concerns-more-people-than-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">animal welfare</a> as the most important attributes. 



"Our study highlights the complex interplay of factors that influence consumer behavior when buying meat and dairy products," Dr. Jin explained. 



"Consumers indicated that information related to animal welfare, food safety, and health and nutrition was considered more important than environmental sustainability when making food choices," he continued.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-food-choices-and-the-sustainability-conundrum">Food choices and the sustainability conundrum</h2>



While environmental factors such as food miles, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mixed-diets-offer-health-benefits-and-lower-carbon-footprint/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">carbon footprint</a>, and organic production were deemed less important in influencing purchasing decisions, sustainability labels were still perceived as helpful among consumers. 



This finding suggests that while consumers may not prioritize sustainability as highly as other factors, they still value the information provided by these labels.



The implications of this research extend beyond the realm of consumer behavior. Policymakers, producers, and retailers in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-food-system-must-change-if-nations-hope-to-reduce-greenhouse-gas-emissions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">food industry</a>, who are striving to meet evolving consumer demands for more sustainable products, can glean valuable insights from these findings.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-importance-of-environmental-sustainability">Importance of environmental sustainability</h2>



When it comes to food, consumers play a crucial role in promoting sustainability through their purchasing decisions and eating habits. By making informed choices, individuals can support environmentally friendly practices, reduce waste, and contribute to a more <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-food-system-is-unsustainable-and-must-be-transformed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sustainable food system</a>.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Making eco-friendly food choices</h3>



Consumers can opt for products that have a lower <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-meat-and-dairy-alternatives-will-dramatically-transform-the-global-food-system/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">environmental impact</a>, such as:



<ul>
<li>Organic produce: Organic farming methods avoid the use of synthetic pesticides and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nitrogen-pollution-from-food-production-could-be-halved/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fertilizers</a>, promoting healthier soil and ecosystems.</li>



<li>Sustainably sourced seafood: Choosing seafood from well-managed fisheries or responsible aquaculture farms helps prevent overfishing and protect marine habitats.</li>



<li>Products with minimal packaging: Selecting items with reduced or eco-friendly packaging minimizes waste and reduces the demand for single-use plastics.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Local and seasonal food choices</h3>



Buying <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/home-food-production-helped-combat-hunger-during-the-pandemic/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">local and seasonal</a> produce offers several sustainability benefits:



<ul>
<li>Reduced transportation emissions: Local food travels shorter distances, cutting down on greenhouse gas emissions from transportation.</li>



<li>Supporting local economies: Purchasing from local farmers and producers helps maintain a thriving local economy and preserves agricultural land.</li>



<li>Minimizing food waste: Seasonal produce is more likely to be consumed before spoiling, reducing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/reducing-food-waste-greater-food-security-less-environmental-benefits/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">food waste</a>.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Adopting plant-based diets</h3>



Shifting towards a more <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/increasing-plant-based-food-production-would-have-extremely-positive-impact/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plant-based diet</a> can significantly reduce an individual's environmental footprint:



<ul>
<li>Lower greenhouse gas emissions: Plant-based foods generally require less land, water, and energy to produce compared to animal-based products.</li>



<li>Reduced deforestation: Animal agriculture is a major driver of deforestation, habitat destruction, and biodiversity loss.</li>



<li>Improved resource efficiency: Plant-based diets use resources more efficiently, as crops are directly consumed rather than being used as animal feed.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Minimizing waste through food choices</h3>



Consumers can adopt practices that minimize food waste, such as:



<ul>
<li>Proper meal planning: Planning meals in advance and buying only what is needed helps reduce food waste at home.</li>



<li>Storing food correctly: Proper storage techniques extend the shelf life of food, reducing the likelihood of spoilage.</li>



<li>Composting: Composting food scraps and other organic waste diverts waste from landfills and creates nutrient-rich soil for gardening.</li>
</ul>



By making sustainable food choices, consumers send a powerful message to producers, retailers, and policymakers. As more people prioritize <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/agricultural-technologies-can-reverse-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sustainability</a> in their purchasing decisions, it creates a demand for more environmentally friendly products and practices, ultimately driving positive change throughout the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seed-systems-will-play-a-key-role-in-future-food-security/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">food system</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bridging-the-gap-from-attitudes-to-behavior">Bridging the gap: From attitudes to behavior</h2>



Dr Jin emphasizes that labels alone are not sufficient to change behavior, particularly for consumers who have low or no behavioral intention to buy sustainable meat or dairy products. 



He suggests, "These results should be translated into additional policy measures, such as nudges or behavioral interventions, helping individuals translate their attitudes into behavior and facilitating the choice of sustainably produced products."



The study underscores the need for a multi-faceted approach to promoting sustainable food choices. 



While labels play a crucial role in providing information, they must be accompanied by targeted marketing strategies and policy initiatives that address the complex interplay of factors influencing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/modern-human-diets-pose-many-risks-health-environment/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">consumer decisions</a>.



As we navigate the ever-evolving landscape of food choices, it is clear that the path to sustainability is not a straightforward one. 



By understanding the hierarchy of priorities that guide consumer behavior, we can work towards developing more effective strategies to encourage the adoption of sustainable practices in the meat and dairy industry.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0950329324000818?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Food Quality and Preference</a>.



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Animal welfare is the biggest concern for people when making food choices

In the bustling world of consumer food choices, the factors...

The expansive journey of a young whale, tracked as she ventured across the Mediterranean Sea, serves as a poignant reminder of the multitude of threats marine creatures face today. 



A recent study highlights the vast distances these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-have-20-minute-conversation-with-a-humpback-whale-named-twain/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">majestic beings</a> cover and the myriad dangers they encounter along the way.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Young whale's journey in Mediterranean</h2>



Scientists tracked the movements of various marine species, including Cuvier’s beaked whales, bottlenose dolphins, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/sperm-whale-physeter-macrocephalus/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sperm whales</a>, off the coast of Israel. 



Utilizing advanced tracking technology, they observed these species to understand their migration patterns and the challenges they face. 



Among the animals they studied, a young adult male sperm whale stood out due to its remarkable journey. This particular whale, previously spotted off the coast of southern France, exhibited an extraordinary range of travel. 



A dedicated team of researchers from Greenpeace, the <a href="https://www.exeter.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Exeter</a>, and the <a href="https://www.haifa.ac.il/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Haifa</a>, observed a unique <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/whales-face-increasing-dangers-along-their-migration-routes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">migration</a> pattern in this particular whale.



It covered the longest recorded distance for a sperm whale within the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pollution-in-the-mediterranean-sea-is-an-urgent-issue/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mediterranean Sea</a>. This unprecedented movement not only highlights the whale's incredible endurance but also underscores the interconnectedness of marine habitats across the region. 



The whale’s journey serves as a crucial data point, illustrating the vast distances these creatures travel and the various threats they encounter, including heavy maritime traffic, pollution, and noise, which pose significant risks to their survival.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-young-whale-s-fight-for-survival">Young whale's fight for survival</h2>



The young whale's journey, filled with obstacles, underscores the perilous conditions marine animals endure. 



“Marine life in the Mediterranean faces numerous <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/deep-sea-mining-poses-unknown-threats-to-whales/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">threats</a> -- from fishing and pollution to noise and boat strikes,” explained Dr. Kirsten Thompson, from the Greenpeace Research Laboratories at the University of Exeter. 



She noted the whale likely navigated through either the Sicily Channel or the Strait of Messina -- both heavily trafficked and hazardous routes for deep-diving species like sperm whales.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unified-call-for-conservation">Unified call for conservation</h2>



This research transcends being a mere account of migration; it serves as a powerful call to action for the protection of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/top-marine-predators-may-suffer-massive-habitat-loss-by-2100/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marine habitats</a>. 



The study's findings revealed that the vocal patterns of whales off the Israeli coast matched those of whales across the Mediterranean. This match indicates a connected regional population, suggesting that these whales migrate and interact across vast distances. 



Such interconnectedness underscores the necessity for comprehensive conservation efforts that span national borders. Marine habitats face numerous threats, including <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/overfishing-and-habitat-degradation-have-devastated-marine-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">overfishing</a>, pollution, and maritime traffic, which endanger the lives of these majestic creatures. 



By highlighting the shared vocal patterns, the study on young whale across the Mediterranean emphasizes that protecting one region is insufficient. 



Effective conservation requires international collaboration and coordinated efforts to ensure the survival of these species. 



The research underscores the urgent need for protective measures and policy changes to safeguard the rich biodiversity of the Mediterranean Sea, ensuring a healthier environment for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-is-impacting-marine-life-more-than-we-realized/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marine life</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-innovative-solutions-for-marine-safety">Innovative solutions for marine safety</h2>



Dr. Thompson suggested that installing listening devices in narrow and shallow seas could pioneer an alert system to prevent <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/a-new-approach-to-protecting-whales-from-ship-strikes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ship strikes</a> -- a significant threat to whales. This technological intervention could form a protective barrier around these vulnerable giants of the sea.



“The Mediterranean is the busiest sea in the world, with rich wildlife and a high human population. Unfortunately, some species like these threatened whales are facing further industrial development, with oil and gas exploration and the construction of a new gas pipeline between the eastern basin and Italy,” Dr. Thompson added. 



She highlighted how such developments not only challenge EU environmental protection laws but also threaten the survival of marine wildlife.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-safeguarding-our-seas">Safeguarding our seas</h2>



The conclusions of this study of the young whale venturing across the Mediterranean Sea are based on visual-acoustic surveys conducted over a two-month period.



During that time, scientists captured multiple interactions with these magnificent creatures. The findings highlight the urgent need for further research to protect <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dramatic-increase-in-shipping-traffic-threatens-marine-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marine life</a> in the Eastern Mediterranean effectively.



By chronicling the journey and challenges faced by a young whale, the researchers aim to illuminate the widespread issues impacting all marine inhabitants. 



The adoption of advanced monitoring technologies coupled with stringent conservation measures is essential for creating a safer environment for the region’s marine species. 



These efforts are vital not only for preserving biodiversity but also for upholding the ecological integrity of one of the world’s most historically important seas.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/aqc.4155" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Aquatic Conservation Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems</a>.



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Young whale's epic voyage exposes perils of the Mediterranean

The expansive journey of a young whale, tracked as she...

Photo,Collage,Of,Sunset,And,Solar,Panel,,Photovoltaic,,Alternative,Electricity

In a remarkable shift away from fossil fuels, researchers have developed a method with thermal mapping to achieve temperatures over 1,800°F (1,000 degrees Celsius) using solar energy -- a significant leap toward <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/solar-power-has-won-the-prize-to-become-earths-main-source-of-energy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">clean energy solutions</a> for heavy industries like steel and cement production. 



Typically reliant on carbon-intensive fossil fuels, these sectors could see a transformation as this solar technology promises a sustainable alternative for high-temperature processes essential to modern civilization.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pushing-solar-energy-to-new-heights">Pushing solar energy to new heights</h2>



The concept, which has been detailed in a recent study from a team in Switzerland, revolves around the use of synthetic quartz to trap solar energy effectively at extremely high temperatures. 



This innovative approach utilizes a semitransparent quartz rod paired with an opaque silicon disk, which serves as the energy absorber. 



When exposed to an intense light equivalent to that from 136 suns, the setup not only reached but maintained a remarkable temperature of 1,922°F (1,050°C) at the absorber plate, while the opposite end of the quartz rod remained significantly cooler at 1,112°F (600°C). 



This striking temperature differential underscores the efficiency and potential of the thermal-trap effect in practical applications.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-potential-game-changer">Potential game-changer</h2>



Emiliano Casati of <a href="https://ethz.ch/en.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ETH Zurich</a>, the study's corresponding author, explains that the significance of this technology extends beyond its impressive temperature achievements. 



Previous attempts at harnessing solar <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/underground-climate-change-silent-hazard-is-destroying-our-buildings-from-beneath/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">thermal energy</a> struggled with efficiency, particularly at temperatures necessary for industrial applications. 



"Previous research has only managed to demonstrate the thermal-trap effect up to 170°C (338°F)," notes Casati. "Our research showed that solar thermal trapping works not just at low temperatures, but well above 1,000°C (1,800°F). This is crucial to show its potential for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/light-can-drive-water-evaporation-without-heat/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">real-world industrial applications</a>."



Further simulations conducted by the team showcased that the thermal trapping could achieve these target temperatures at lower concentrations with the same performance, or at higher thermal efficiency for equal concentration. 



For instance, a conventional unshielded receiver, which typically has an efficiency of 40% at 2,192°F (1,200°C) with a concentration of 500 suns, is markedly outperformed by the receiver shielded with 300 mm of quartz, which achieves a 70% efficiency at the same conditions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Solar energy tech and sustainability</h2>



With the foundational research now laid, Casati and his team are focusing on refining this technology and exploring new applications. 



Their ongoing experiments with different materials, such as various fluids and gases, have already demonstrated the ability to reach even higher temperatures. 



This versatility highlights the potential of semitransparent materials in absorbing not just <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/magnetic-field-solar-radiation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">solar radiation</a> but possibly other forms of light and radiation as well.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Getting governments and the public onboard</h2>



Raising public awareness and educating industry stakeholders about solar thermal energy technology is crucial for its widespread adoption. Educational initiatives play a significant role in this effort. 



Programs designed to inform the public about the benefits of solar thermal technology can help demystify the science and highlight its potential to reduce carbon emissions and enhance <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/epa-awards-20-billion-in-grants-for-clean-energy-projects/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">energy efficiency</a>. 



Workshops, seminars, and online courses are effective ways to spread knowledge about how solar thermal systems work and their environmental and economic advantages.



Community programs also contribute to promoting sustainable energy solutions. These programs can include <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-increase-the-value-of-solar-panels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">local solar power</a> projects, where communities come together to install and maintain solar thermal systems. 



Such initiatives not only provide clean energy but also foster a sense of collective responsibility and empowerment. They can include demonstrations, hands-on workshops, and informational sessions that illustrate the practical applications of solar thermal technology.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Harnessing the power of the Sun for a greener tomorrow</h2>



"Energy issue is a cornerstone to the survival of our society," Casati asserts. "<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/solar-technology-heat-cool-air/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Solar</a> energy is readily available, and the technology is already here. To really motivate industry adoption, we need to demonstrate the economic viability and advantages of this technology at scale."



By harnessing the power of the sun and minimizing heat loss, this innovative technology paves the way for a more sustainable future. 



As researchers continue to optimize the process for large-scale implementation, the potential for solar energy to replace <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/air-pollution-from-fossil-fuels-kills-5-million-people-each-year/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fossil fuels</a> in challenging industrial applications grows ever closer. 



This breakthrough serves as a reminder that, with ingenuity and dedication, we can find solutions to even the most daunting challenges posed by climate change and create a cleaner, greener world for generations to come.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.cell.com/device/fulltext/S2666-9986(24)00235-7" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Device</a>.



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New tech melts steel and concrete using only solar energy

In a remarkable shift away from fossil fuels, researchers have...

Wind farms, often celebrated for their minimal environmental impact, now have new data to underscore their efficiency and sustainability. A recent study reveals that a typical wind farm can balance out its <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wind-farms-require-far-less-land-than-previously-believed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">carbon emissions</a> within a brief two-year period -- a striking contrast to its 30-year operational lifespan.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Energy payback in wind farms</h2>



The research, centered on the Harapaki onshore wind farm in Hawke’s Bay, New Zealand, demonstrates that within just six months, a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/can-living-near-wind-turbines-have-an-effect-your-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wind turbine</a> at a wind farm can generate the equivalent energy used over its entire lifecycle. 



This finding, while specific to Harapaki, is likely applicable to wind farms on a global scale due to the uniformity of wind turbine technology.



"The technology we use here in New Zealand mirrors that used globally," explains Isabella Pimentel Pincelli, the study's lead author from the Sustainable Energy Systems research group, Wellington Faculty of Engineering, at <a href="https://www.wgtn.ac.nz/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Te Herenga Waka Victoria University of Wellington</a>. 



She notes that although the extent of carbon offset can vary depending on the type of older technology being replaced, similar results are expected for wind farms worldwide.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wind-farms-impact-on-carbon-footprint">Wind farms impact on carbon footprint</h2>



The study, published in the Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, not only reviewed existing literature but also incorporated actual construction data from wind farms. 



This comprehensive approach included all stages -- from manufacturing individual turbine parts, transporting them, and eventually decommissioning the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/understanding-how-wind-farms-interact-with-wind-can-optimize-their-power/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wind</a> farm, which consists of 41 turbines.



Findings indicate that Harapaki’s carbon footprint is remarkably low at 10.8 grams of CO2 equivalent per kilowatt-hour. This translates to a greenhouse gas payback time of approximately 1.5 to 1.7 years for replacing combined cycle gas turbines at wind farms, with an energy payback time of just about four to six months.



Professor Alan Brent, a co-author and Chair in Sustainable Energy Systems, highlights the alignment of onshore wind plants with sustainable development principles. However, he acknowledges that there is room for improvement, particularly in the manufacturing process.



"The environmental impacts of the installation and transportation phases are notable, accounting for nearly 10% of the total emissions," Brent points out. 



He emphasizes the importance of ongoing efforts to minimize negative environmental effects while maximizing positive contributions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-manufacturing-to-reduce-carbon-emissions">Manufacturing to reduce carbon emissions</h2>



The primary environmental load comes from the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/understanding-how-wind-farms-interact-with-wind-can-optimize-their-power/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">turbine</a> manufacturing process, pinpointing a vital area for targeted mitigation strategies. 



In response, the research team suggests developing a recycling process for turbine blades, which are currently disposed of in landfills due to economic constraints. 



Proposing both mechanical and chemical recycling options, they estimate that this could reduce emissions significantly.



Moreover, the team advises regular research updates in this field to keep pace with rapid technological advancements, ensuring that findings remain relevant and can effectively inform decision-making processes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Scope of wind farms</h2>



Despite its strengths, the study acknowledges certain limitations. It primarily focuses on energy intensity and carbon emissions during the lifecycle of the wind farm, leaving out other environmental impacts such as ozone depletion and human toxicity. 



Additionally, it does not cover social, wildlife, or economic impacts, which are equally crucial in the broader context of sustainability.



This research underlines the pivotal role that onshore wind farms play in our energy transition and their significant potential in reducing carbon footprints. 



With targeted improvements in the manufacturing and disposal processes, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/advancing-technology-wind-energy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wind energy</a> can continue to be a cornerstone of sustainable energy strategies globally.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-significance">Study significance</h2>



Wind farms generate clean energy with no direct emissions, significantly reducing greenhouse gas emissions compared to fossil fuels. Over their lifespan, wind farms offset the carbon produced during their manufacturing, installation, and maintenance phases. 



Large-scale wind energy deployment could cut global CO2 emissions by 30% by 2050. Wind energy uses a renewable resource, avoiding environmental degradation from mining or drilling. Economic benefits include job creation and stimulating local economies. 



Technological advancements aim to improve turbine efficiency and recyclability, further lowering environmental impacts. Recycling turbine blades addresses disposal issues, enhancing wind energy's sustainability and global potential.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03036758.2024.2344785" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand</a>.



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Wind farms quickly neutralize carbon footprint left behind after construction

Wind farms, often celebrated for their minimal environmental impact, now...

Recent PhD research conducted at the bottom of the Pacific Ocean has revealed new insights into the potential impacts of deep-sea mining on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/underwater-upheaval-the-ecological-impact-of-deep-sea-mining/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marine life</a>. 



Marine geologist Sabine Haalboom's findings illustrate that while much of the debris from mining activities -- referred to as 'dust clouds' -- settles relatively close to its source, a notable portion spreads far into the water. 



This research, carried out in the Clarion Clipperton Zone, provides a crucial understanding of how mining operations could affect these pristine environments. Haalboom defended her dissertation on this topic at <a href="https://www.uu.nl/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Utrecht University</a>, highlighting significant concerns for deep-sea ecosystems.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Deep-sea mining and marine life</h2>



The depths of the ocean harbor unique ecosystems, with conditions and life forms that remain largely mysterious to scientists. These ecosystems are often fragile and sensitive to changes in their environment. 



Deep-sea mining, particularly the extraction of valuable metals like manganese nodules, disturbs the ocean floor's silt. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dangers-of-deep-sea-mining-could-soon-be-realized/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">This process</a> can create extensive dust clouds, clouding the water over vast areas and potentially impacting these pristine habitats.



Given our limited understanding of deep-sea life, these disturbances could have unforeseen effects on the delicate underwater communities. The organisms living in these depths rely on specific environmental conditions for survival. Any alteration, even minor, could disrupt their way of life, leading to unknown consequences.



The potential impact of deep-sea mining on biodiversity and marine ecosystem functions remains a significant concern. Therefore, deep-sea mining's environmental footprint needs careful consideration. 



Researchers stress the importance of thorough studies to understand the full implications before engaging in large-scale mining operations in these unexplored and vulnerable areas.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-deep-sea-mining-s-environmental-footprint">Deep-sea mining's environmental footprint</h2>



Haalboom utilized various instruments to measure the quantity and size of suspended particles in the ocean water. Her experiments took place in the Clarion Clipperton Zone, an area rich in manganese nodules. 



She dragged a 500-kilogram grid of steel chains across a 500-meter stretch of the seabed. This action stirred up a significant amount of sediment, resulting in immediate murkiness in the water.



Initially, most of this stirred-up material settled quickly, within a few hundred meters of the disturbance site. This quick settling suggested that the immediate impact of mining activities might be localized. However, further observations revealed a different aspect. 



A small fraction of the sediment did not settle quickly and remained suspended in the water. This suspended sediment was visible even hundreds of meters away from the initial disturbance.



These findings highlight the potential for deep-sea mining activities to affect broader areas of the marine environment, emphasizing the need for thorough research before large-scale mining operations proceed.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-persistent-clouds">Persistent clouds</h2>



Further studies have shown that these "dust clouds" can travel up to five kilometers from the original mining site. This persistence poses a potential threat to the clarity of the water, which is typically crystal clear and vital for the survival of local <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/deep-sea-mining-has-deadly-consequences-for-marine-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marine life</a>. 



The scarce food available in these clear waters is crucial for the organisms that inhabit the deep sea, making even small changes to their environment potentially impactful.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-additional-consequences">Additional consequences</h2>



Deep-sea mining poses additional risks. It can disrupt habitats, leading to the loss of biodiversity. The noise and vibrations from mining equipment can affect marine life, particularly species reliant on echolocation. 



Deep-sea mining activities can release toxic substances trapped in seabed sediments, contaminating the water and harming marine organisms. The physical removal of substrate can destroy slow-growing deep-sea corals and sponges, critical for ecosystem health. 



Additionally, the increased human activity could introduce invasive species, further threatening native marine life. These potential impacts underscore the need for cautious, well-informed approaches to deep-sea mining.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-need-for-research-in-deep-sea-mining">Need for research in deep-sea mining</h2>



Haalboom's co-promoter, NIOZ oceanographer Henko de Stigter, has expressed concern over the rapid commercial interest in deep-sea mining. He argues that the initial findings of quick sediment settling do not capture the full potential impact of these mining activities on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/deep-sea-mining-damage-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">deep-sea ecosystems</a>. 



The long-term effects of even minimal sediment dispersal are still unknown, prompting both Haalboom and De Stigter to advocate for more extensive research before proceeding with large-scale mining operations.



In conclusion, while deep-sea mining presents a tempting opportunity to extract valuable resources, the potential risks to unknown marine ecosystems and the broader environmental impacts demand careful consideration. 



The call for further study is clear: we must fully understand the consequences of our actions in these remote, unexplored parts of our planet before making irreversible decisions.



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Deep-sea mining forms 'dust clouds' that devastate marine life

Recent PhD research conducted at the bottom of the Pacific...

Reduce,Co2,Emission,Concept.,Renewable,Energy-based,Green,Businesses,Can,Limit

The current rate of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) increase is 10 times faster in the present day than at any other point in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/co2-levels-linked-to-cascading-effects-that-last-for-millennia/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">past 50,000 years</a>. 



This finding, based on a detailed chemical analysis of ancient <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/antarctica-ice-shelves-melting-faster-due-to-ocean-currents/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Antarctic ice</a>, provides crucial insights into abrupt climate change periods in Earth's history and sheds light on the potential impacts of climate change today.



The study, led by Kathleen Wendt, an assistant professor in Oregon State University's College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences (<a href="https://ceoas.oregonstate.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CEOAS</a>), and published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, emphasizes the unprecedented nature of the current CO2 rise. 



"Studying the past teaches us how today is different. The rate of CO2 change today really is unprecedented," Wendt stated. "Our research identified the fastest rates of past natural <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/jurassic-rocks-reveal-new-details-about-earths-climate-system/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CO2 rise ever observed</a>, and the rate occurring today, largely driven by human emissions, is 10 times higher."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-co2-increases-impact-climate-change">How CO2 increases impact climate change</h2>



Carbon dioxide, a naturally occurring greenhouse gas, plays a significant role in the Earth's climate. When CO2 enters the atmosphere, it contributes to the warming of the climate through the greenhouse effect. 



While CO2 levels have fluctuated in the past due to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ice-age-data-analysis-reshapes-climate-future-lowers-warming-estimates/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ice age cycles</a> and other natural causes, today's rising levels are primarily attributed to human emissions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unearthing-the-secrets-of-antarctic-ice">Unearthing the secrets of Antarctic ice</h2>



To analyze past climate conditions, scientists drill cores up to 2 miles (3.2 kilometers) deep into the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/antarctic-ice-shelves-are-fracturing-from-meltwater-weight/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Antarctic ice</a>, which has built up over hundreds of thousands of years. 



The ice contains ancient atmospheric gases trapped in air bubbles, allowing researchers to study trace chemicals and reconstruct past climate records.



Previous research had indicated several periods during the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/antarctica-suffered-extremely-rapid-ice-loss-after-the-last-ice-age-alarming-scientists/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">last ice age</a>, which ended about 10,000 years ago, where carbon dioxide levels appeared to jump much higher than the average. 



However, those measurements lacked the necessary detail to fully understand the nature of these rapid changes, limiting scientists' ability to comprehend the underlying processes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rapid-co2-increases-throughout-history">Rapid CO2 increases throughout history</h2>



Intrigued by these findings, Wendt and her colleagues set out to investigate these periods in greater detail using samples from the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/west-antarctic-ice-sheet-melting-will-accelerate-regardless-of-climate-action/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">West Antarctic Ice Sheet Divide</a> ice core. 



They identified a pattern revealing that the jumps in carbon dioxide coincided with North Atlantic cold intervals known as Heinrich Events, which are associated with abrupt climate shifts worldwide.



Christo Buizert, an associate professor in the College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences and co-author of the study, described the significance of these events.



"These Heinrich Events are truly remarkable. We think they are caused by a dramatic collapse of the North American ice sheet. This sets into motion a chain reaction that involves changes to the tropical monsoons, the Southern hemisphere westerly winds and these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/changes-in-ocean-circulation-linked-to-drastic-rise-in-co2-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">large burps of CO2</a> coming out of the oceans," Buizert explained.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unprecedented-rate-of-co2-rise">Unprecedented rate of CO2 rise</h2>



The study found that during the largest of the natural CO2 rises, the concentration increased by about 14 parts per million in 55 years, occurring approximately once every 7,000 years. 



In stark contrast, at today's rates, that magnitude of increase takes only 5 to 6 years, highlighting the unprecedented nature of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/met-office-2024-co2-levels-will-surpass-the-point-of-no-return/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">current CO2 rise</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-role-of-westerly-winds-and-the-southern-ocean">Role of westerly winds and the Southern Ocean</h2>



Evidence suggests that during past periods of natural carbon dioxide rise, the strengthening of westerly winds played a crucial role in the circulation of the deep ocean, leading to a rapid release of CO2 from the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/acidity-levels-of-antarctic-waters-will-soon-double-harming-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Southern Ocean</a>. 



Other research has indicated that these westerlies are likely to strengthen over the next century due to climate change. The new findings suggest that if this occurs, it will reduce the Southern Ocean's capacity to absorb human-generated carbon dioxide.



Wendt emphasized the importance of this finding: "We rely on the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/antarctica-ice-shelves-melting-faster-due-to-ocean-currents/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Southern Ocean</a> to take up part of the carbon dioxide we emit, but rapidly increasing southerly winds weaken its ability to do so."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-importance-of-understanding-earth-s-climate-past">Importance of understanding Earth's climate past</h2>



This disturbing study highlights the significance of understanding Earth's climate history in the context of current climate change. 



By unraveling the secrets hidden within ancient <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ice-sheet-fracture-sets-a-speed-record-in-antarctica/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Antarctic ice</a>, researchers have provided valuable insights into the potential impacts of rapidly increasing CO2 levels and the role of the Southern Ocean in absorbing human-generated carbon dioxide.



As we face the challenges of a changing climate, studies like this underscore the need for continued research and action to mitigate the effects of human-induced climate change. By learning from Earth's past, we can better understand and prepare for the future of our planet.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2319652121" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a>.



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CO2 increase is 10 times faster today than in the past 50,000 years

The current rate of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) increase is...

Grasslands often fly under the radar when it comes to public awareness of their ecosystem services. While forests are well-known for their timber production, water regulation, climate impact, and recreational value, grasslands are rarely mentioned in the same breath. 



However, these unassuming landscapes play a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/grasslands-play-a-major-role-in-mitigating-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">crucial role</a> in our food supply and offer a wide range of benefits that are essential for human well-being.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revealing-the-secrets-of-grassland-ecosystem-services">Revealing the secrets of grassland ecosystem services</h2>



Valentin Klaus, a senior scientist at ETH Zurich's Institute of Agricultural Sciences (<a href="https://www.ias.ethz.ch/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">IAS</a>), and his colleagues from Agroscope recently published a study in Nature Communications that highlights the diverse <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ancient-grasslands-take-a-long-time-to-recover/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ecosystem services</a> provided by grasslands. 



The researchers examined 90 permanent grassland areas on over 30 farms in the canton of Solothurn, Switzerland, to understand how different farming practices influence these services.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-provisioning-regulating-and-cultural-services">Provisioning, regulating, and cultural services</h2>



Grasslands are not just vast expanses of green. They serve as important carbon stores, helping to mitigate climate change. They also provide a haven for biodiversity, supporting a wide range of plant and animal species. 



Additionally, grasslands protect against <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/grasslands-can-be-managed-to-benefit-biodiversity-and-soil-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">soil erosion</a> and offer cultural services, such as an attractive landscape with grazing animals that delights hikers and tourists.



The researchers considered three main grassland farming practices in their study: fertilization (use of fertilizer or unfertilized extensive grassland), type of use (meadow or pasture), and farming system (conventional IP Suisse or organic). 



They analyzed the soils and plant communities of all the grasslands involved and split their analysis into three groups: <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/elephants-thrived-on-early-african-grasslands/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">provisioning services</a>, regulating services, and cultural services.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unlocking-grassland-ecosystem-potential-through-farming">Unlocking grassland ecosystem potential through farming</h2>



The study revealed that farming practices have a significant effect on many ecosystem services. However, there is no one-size-fits-all approach that delivers all ecosystem services simultaneously.



"We've observed that farming practices have a significant effect on many ecosystem services," says Valentin Klaus. "However, there's no one 'Swiss army knife' of farming practice that delivers all ecosystem services."



Extensive farming without fertilizer, such as semi-natural pastures and meadows, greatly <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-activities-grassland-plant-diversity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">enhances biodiversity</a>, soil protection, and landscape aesthetics. However, it significantly reduces the quantity and quality of feed production for farmers.



"This trade-off between feed production and cultural or regulating services is well known. However, we were able to clearly show that extensive grassland farming produces not only biodiversity benefits but also many societally relevant ecosystem services," Klaus explains.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pastures-vs-meadows-debate-continues">Pastures vs. meadows debate continues</h2>



The researchers found a pronounced effect on ecosystem services depending on whether grassland was used as pasture or meadow. 



Pastures are richer in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/drier-savannas-store-more-soil-carbon-than-previously-realized/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plant species</a>, have a higher quality of animal feed, and are aesthetically pleasing due to the presence of livestock. 



On the other hand, meadows produce a higher amount of animal feed, which is important to farmers. Additionally, the plant communities in meadows, particularly unfertilized ones, are more visually appealing due to the abundance of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-meadow-full-of-flowers-benefit-mankind/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">flowering herbs</a>.



Klaus attributes these differences to the frequent mowing of meadows, which favors certain plant species while suppressing others. 



Meadows are also fertilized more intensively on average than pastures, which has an additional impact on many <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/grassland-ecosystem-stability-is-driven-by-biodiversity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ecosystem services</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-organic-farming-provides-a-surprising-twist">Organic farming provides a surprising twist</h2>



Surprisingly, organic farming had only a slight positive effect on the grassland's ecosystem services. 



Although the researchers found more <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/symbiotic-relationship-plant-roots-underground-mycorrhizal-fungi/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">symbiotic fungi</a> and a lower risk of nitrogen leaching in organically farmed areas, conventionally and organically farmed grassland performed roughly equally well in terms of all ecosystem services.



"Although we found more symbiotic fungi and a lower risk of nitrogen leaching in such areas, conventionally and organically farmed grassland performs roughly equally well in terms of all ecosystem services," Klaus says.



Klaus assumes that the reason for this weak effect of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hidden-costs-of-organic-farming-wildlife-may-struggle-through-the-transition/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">organic farming</a> is due to the high similarity in how conventionally and organically farmed grassland is managed. Both can be relatively intensively used with ample fertilizer.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mosaic-of-farming-practices-needed">Mosaic of farming practices needed</h2>



The study highlights that no one type of grassland management provides all ecosystem services simultaneously. To promote grassland ecosystem services in our landscapes effectively, a mosaic of different <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cattle-farming-expansion-could-expose-more-than-a-billion-cows-to-heat-stress/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">farming practices</a> is necessary.



"To specifically increase and promote grassland ecosystem services in our landscapes, we need a mosaic of the farming practices mentioned; in other words, a combination of areas with and without fertilization as well as meadows and pastures next to each other," Klaus explains. 



He notes that there is no one ideal type of grassland, so weighing the pros and cons is important, saying, "We have to ask ourselves: Who's benefiting the most from what kind of management and in what location?"



If a meadow is used mainly to produce feed, biodiversity and other important services suffer. In extensive unfertilized meadows, farmers must reckon with considerable production losses. 



"If we want to sustain and facilitate the provision of all ecosystem services, we need a combination of different grassland types at the farm and landscape level," Klaus emphasizes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-maximizing-grassland-ecosystems-benefits">Maximizing grassland ecosystems benefits</h2>



The researchers plan to use these findings to support farmers, land cooperatives, and cantonal authorities. The study helps to balance the various demands and interests and to achieve a high level of ecosystem service multifunctionality at the landscape level.



In summary, this important study unveils the hidden benefits of grasslands and emphasizes the importance of diverse farming practices in promoting ecosystem services. The findings challenge our perception of grasslands and highlight the need for a mosaic approach to grassland management. 



By combining different farming practices, such as fertilization, use, and farming systems, we can unlock the full potential of grasslands and ensure the provision of essential ecosystem services. 



The study serves as a valuable tool for farmers, land cooperatives, and decision-makers, empowering them to make informed choices that balance the various demands and interests while promoting sustainable grassland management. 



As we move forward, it is crucial to recognize the unsung heroes of our landscapes -- grasslands -- and work towards preserving and enhancing these valuable ecosystems for the benefit of both humans and the environment.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-48049-y" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Communications</a>.



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Grasslands are a critical component of global agriculture and ecosystems

Grasslands often fly under the radar when it comes to...

Climate change is exerting significant pressure on many marine organisms, but <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/biohybrid-jellyfish-robotics-ocean-exploration/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">jellyfish</a>, especially in the Arctic Ocean, could benefit from rising temperatures. 



Researchers from the <a href="https://www.awi.de/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Center for Polar and Marine Research</a> (AWI) exposed eight widespread Arctic jellyfish species to future climate conditions using computer models. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-jellyfish-benefit-from-climate-change-nbsp">Jellyfish benefit from climate change&nbsp;</h2>



The findings revealed that by the second half of this century, all but one species could significantly expand their habitat northward. The lion’s mane jellyfish could even triple its habitat, potentially impacting the marine food web and Arctic fish populations.



In the future, jellyfish and other gelatinous <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/zooplankton-are-rapidly-escalating-the-threat-of-nanoplastics/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">zooplankton</a> could be some of the few organism groups to benefit from climate change. 



Numerous studies have confirmed that cnidarians, ctenophores, and pelagic tunicates thrive in rising water temperatures, nutrient contamination, and overfishing.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ocean-jellification-the-rise-of-jellyfish">Ocean jellification: The rise of jellyfish</h2>



Combined, these factors could shift the ocean from a fish-dominated food web to one dominated by jellyfish. Many researchers warn of an impending “ocean jellification,” a rise in jellyfish populations worldwide.



“Jellyfish play an important part in the marine food web,” said lead author Dmitrii Pantiukhin, a postdoctoral fellow in ARJEL (Arctic Jellies), a junior research group specializing in Arctic jellyfish at AWI. 



“Now that climate change is putting more stress on marine organisms, it can often give the gelatinous zooplankton a leg up on their competitors for food, like fish.” 



“This in turn affects the entire <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/marine-food-webs-collapse/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">food web</a> and ultimately the fish themselves: many types of jellyfish feed on fish larvae and eggs, which can slow or prevent the recovery of fish populations already under pressure, which are often also heavily fished by humans. As such, anyone interested in how fish, an important food source for us, will develop in the future, needs to keep an eye on the jellyfish.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rapid-warming-in-the-arctic-ocean-nbsp">Rapid warming in the Arctic Ocean&nbsp;</h2>



Despite their importance to marine ecosystems, gelatinous organisms are often overlooked in ecological studies. The study conducted by Pantiukhin and his team fills a crucial gap in our knowledge, focusing on the rapidly warming Arctic Ocean.&nbsp;



“Of all the oceans, the Arctic Ocean is warming the fastest,” Pantiukhin said. “In addition, roughly 10 percent of global fishing yields come from the Arctic. As such, the High North is the ideal site for our research.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-projecting-climate-change-and-jellyfish-distribution-nbsp">Projecting climate change and jellyfish distribution&nbsp;</h2>



The physiology of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/jellyfish-are-capable-of-more-complex-learning-than-ever-imagined/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">jellyfish</a>, including their optimal temperature ranges, is well-documented. The AWI team used three-dimensional species distribution models combined with the oceanographic components of the <a href="https://mpimet.mpg.de/en/research/department-climate-variability/earth-system-modeling-and-prediction" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Max Planck Institute Earth System Model</a> (MPI-ESM1.2). 



“Simulations of species distribution in the ocean are often two-dimensional, a bit like a map,” explained senior author Charlotte Havermans, head of the ARJEL junior research group. “But the distribution of jellyfish communities in particular is highly dependent on the specific water depth.”&nbsp;



“Consequently, we made our species models three-dimensional. Once we coupled them with the MPI’s Earth system model, we were able to calculate how the distribution of eight major jellyfish species could change from the reference period, 1950 to 2014, to the second half of this century, 2050 to 2099." 



"For future years, we applied the climate scenario 'ssp370,' that is, a development path where greenhouse-gas emissions remain moderate to high.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tremendous-impacts-on-the-food-web">Tremendous impacts on the food web</h2>



The results were striking: seven of the eight species, including comb jellies (Beroe sp.) and pelagic tunicates (Oikopleura vanhoeffeni), could expand their habitats significantly northward. 



The lion’s mane jellyfish (Cyanea capillata) could nearly triple its habitat size. Only one species, Sminthea arctica, would experience a minor decrease in habitat.



“These results clearly show how dramatically <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tracking-arctic-climate-change-is-much-more-difficult-since-russia-invaded-ukraine/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a> could affect the ecosystems of the Arctic Ocean. The projected expansion of the jellyfish habitats could have tremendous, cascading impacts on the entire food web,” Pantiukhin said.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-arctic-fish-will-feel-the-pressure-nbsp">Arctic fish will feel the pressure&nbsp;</h2>



One crucial question remains: how will Arctic fish stocks be affected by this jellyfish expansion?&nbsp;



“There are many indications that key Arctic fish species like the polar cod, whose larvae and eggs are frequently eaten by jellyfish, will feel the pressure even more,” said Havermans.



“Therefore, our study offers an important basis for further research in this field. And management plans in the fishing sector urgently need to bear in mind this dynamic development in order to avoid the collapse of commercially exploited stocks but manage them sustainably.”



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/lno.12568" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Limnology and Oceanography</a>.



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Jellyfish may soon rule Arctic waters as climate pushes them north

Climate change is exerting significant pressure on many marine organisms,...

A recent study led by <a href="https://nau.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Northern Arizona University</a> has confirmed that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/honey-bee-colonies-are-collapsing-as-climate-change-progresses/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bee</a> and butterfly populations are declining in major regions of North America due to ongoing environmental changes. Moreover, as the authors noted, there are significant gaps in pollinator diversity research that hinder conservation efforts.



Recent studies have shown alarming declines in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-twist-in-the-evolution-of-plant-pollinator-relationships/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pollinator</a> populations, causing concern among scientists and policymakers about the potential negative impacts on ecosystems and agriculture.&nbsp;



Factors such as climate change, habitat loss, and invasive species are linked to these declines, but the research has often focused on well-studied species in easily accessible regions.&nbsp;



Now, the scientists compiled data on four major families of bees and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/butterflies-use-visual-and-behavioral-mimicry-to-avoid-predators/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">butterflies</a> to create species distribution models, allowing them to assess changes over time and space across North America.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tracking-pollinator-diversity-in-north-america-nbsp">Tracking pollinator diversity in North America&nbsp;</h2>



The highest species richness was found along North America’s West Coast, particularly in California and the Rocky Mountains. However, the models showed a decline in species richness over the past century in western North America, while there were disproportionate increases in eastern North America.&nbsp;



The researchers also analyzed similar data for a broader sample of potential pollinator species, including both invertebrate and vertebrate species of conservation concern, finding similar trends.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-change-and-human-activities">Climate change and human activities</h2>



Comparisons with climate data indicate that these population changes are at least partly due to the impacts of recent <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/lighter-colored-and-smaller-winged-tropical-butterflies-are-at-greater-climate-change-risk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a>, such as prolonged drought and habitat degradation. Regions experiencing population declines have also been heavily impacted by human land use.&nbsp;



The researchers noted that the apparent increases in the eastern U.S. may partly reflect increased detections in these populous areas, given the rise in citizen science and data collection efforts.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-widespread-population-changes-in-bees-and-butterflies">Widespread population changes in bees and butterflies</h2>



Overall, the study detected broad trends of population changes in bees and butterflies, as well as other potential pollinators. These results help identify regions of declining populations where conservation efforts can be prioritized.&nbsp;



The research also highlighted gaps in existing knowledge of pollinators, including poorly sampled regions and less studied species, suggesting that improved monitoring methods and enhanced citizen science efforts could address these limitations.



“Existing records of North American pollinators suggest that diversity has broadly declined in the western US and southern Mexico in recent decades. Losses are consistent with changes in climate and suggest a need for increased monitoring to inform conservation and mitigation actions,” the authors concluded. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pollinator-diversity-nbsp">Pollinator diversity&nbsp;</h2>



Pollinator diversity is a crucial aspect of Earth's ecosystems, encompassing a wide variety of organisms that play a key role in the reproduction of flowering plants by transferring pollen from one flower to another.&nbsp;



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-types-of-pollinators-nbsp">Types of pollinators&nbsp;</h3>



This group includes not just the well-known bees and butterflies but also moths, beetles, birds, bats, and even some small mammals.&nbsp;



Each type of pollinator is adapted to specific types of flowers, with variations in body size, shape, and feeding mechanisms allowing them to access pollen and nectar.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-pollinator-diversity-nbsp">Significance of pollinator diversity&nbsp;</h3>



The diversity of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pollinators-face-extinction-risk-due-to-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pollinators</a> ensures the pollination of a broad range of plant species, supporting natural ecosystems as well as human agriculture. Different plants bloom at different times and have various shapes and colors to attract their ideal pollinators.&nbsp;



For example, hummingbirds are attracted to bright red, tubular flowers because their long beaks and tongues are suited to accessing nectar from these types of flowers. Bats, on the other hand, are essential for the pollination of night-blooming plants.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pollinator-population-decline">Pollinator population decline</h3>



However, pollinator populations worldwide are facing threats from habitat destruction, pesticide use, climate change, and diseases.&nbsp;



This decline not only affects the pollinators themselves but also poses a risk to biodiversity, agricultural systems, and human food supplies, underscoring the importance of conservation efforts to maintain and enhance pollinator diversity.&nbsp;



By protecting natural habitats and implementing pollinator-friendly practices, we can help ensure the survival of pollinators and the continuation of their vital role in the world's ecosystems.



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0289742" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PLoS ONE</a>.



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Study reveals an alarming decline in pollinator diversity

A recent study led by Northern Arizona University has confirmed that...

A recent study conducted at the <a href="https://forestgeo.si.edu/research-programs/affiliated-programs/biological-dynamics-forest-fragments-project-bdffp" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project</a> near Manaus, Brazil, has uncovered new insights into how terrestrial insectivores, a group of birds in the Amazon rainforest, are responding to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-amazon-rainforest-and-the-looming-threat-of-drought/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a>. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-increasing-challenges-for-amazon-birds">Increasing challenges for Amazon birds</h2>



The experts found that birds in the Amazon face increasing challenges due to their sensitivity to environmental changes.



“While the vibrant and often observed species such as parrots and tanagers continue to capture our attention, the less conspicuous terrestrial insectivores, true denizens of the deep Amazon, face a higher risk due to their heightened sensitivity to environmental changes,” noted study author Vitek Jirinec, an expert in conservation biology at the <a href="https://www.iercecology.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Integral Ecology Research Center</a>. 



“These birds are crucial indicators of forest health, and understanding their responses to climate variables is essential for conservation efforts.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-collecting-detailed-data-on-amazon-birds">Collecting detailed data on Amazon birds</h2>



Using innovative bio-logging technology, the researchers gathered detailed data on the birds’ behavior and physiological responses.&nbsp;



These small devices, attached to the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/birds-vanishing-in-the-amazon-represent-a-global-shift-in-biodiversity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">birds</a>, provided continuous monitoring without disrupting their activities. The experts gained unprecedented insights into these Amazon birds, particularly noting their use of thermoregulation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-thermoregulation-strategies-of-amazon-birds">Thermoregulation strategies of Amazon birds</h2>



Key findings include the birds' sophisticated use of behavioral and physiological thermoregulation strategies. They begin warming hours before dawn, reaching peak warming rates near sunrise.&nbsp;



Conversely, during midday heat, they moderate warming to stay cooler. The study also highlights the importance of water in avian <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dinosaurs-self-regulated-their-body-temperature/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">thermoregulation</a>, with behaviors like bathing peaking around sunset to prepare for the night. 



However, excessive cooling from tropical rain poses challenges, with some species better equipped to handle it than others.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-adaptations-of-amazon-wildlife-nbsp">Adaptations of Amazon wildlife&nbsp;</h2>



As climate change continues to affect global biodiversity, understanding the adaptations of the Amazon’s unique wildlife is crucial for conservation.&nbsp;



The thermoregulation strategies of birds in the Amazon provide a coping mechanism under fluctuating temperatures but underscore their preference for a stable environment - stability increasingly threatened by climate change.



“Understanding the capacity for thermoregulation is critical for predicting organismal vulnerability to climate change, especially in lowland <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/satellite-data-reveals-vulnerable-tropical-forests-on-a-global-scale/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tropical rainforests</a>, where warming conditions combine with high humidity and limited elevational or latitudinal refugia,” noted Jirinec.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-terrestrial-insectivores-in-the-amazon">Terrestrial insectivores in the Amazon</h2>



Terrestrial insectivores in the Amazon rainforest comprise a diverse group of birds that primarily feed on insects found on or near the ground. These <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/amazonian-birds-are-changing-shape-in-response-to-global-warming/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">birds</a> are crucial for maintaining the ecological balance, as they help control insect populations and contribute to the recycling of nutrients. 



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-physical-adaptations-nbsp">Physical adaptations&nbsp;</h3>



Species like antbirds, ground cuckoos, and some woodcreepers are examples of terrestrial insectivores. These birds typically have strong, agile bodies adapted for quick movements, allowing them to snatch insects from the forest floor or from vegetation.



They also use their keen sense of hearing and sight to detect prey. Once they locate an insect, they might snatch it up in a quick movement or dig it out of the debris with their well-adapted beaks.&nbsp;



Terrestrial insectivores have plumage which tends to be more muted, often in shades of brown and green. This helps them blend into their primarily forest floor environment.&nbsp;



The forest's dense undergrowth and the need for quick movements shape the physical characteristics of terrestrial insectivores, including short wings and strong legs, which are perfect for short bursts of speed rather than long flights.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ecological-roles">Ecological roles</h3>



Their role extends beyond simply eating insects; they are part of a more complex food web, serving as prey for larger predators and contributing to the nutrient cycle within their habitat. As a result, their presence and health are good indicators of the overall health of the rainforest ecosystem.&nbsp;



The feeding strategies and behaviors of terrestrial insectivores can vary. Some might forage in mixed-species flocks, taking advantage of the disturbance other species create to flush out insects, while others might be more solitary hunters.



Overall, these birds are vital to the rainforest ecosystem, but they face threats from habitat destruction and fragmentation, which can reduce their food sources and nesting sites. Protecting the Amazon is essential for the survival of these unique bird species.



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/oik.10554" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Oikos</a>.



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Amazon birds use sophisticated thermoregulation strategies 

A recent study conducted at the Biological Dynamics of Forest...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lHHxOej4QfE
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Researchers found a correlation between Alzheimer's disease and traffic pollution.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-invisible-threat-in-urban-air">Invisible threat in urban air</h2>



City dwellers face an unseen danger with every breath. New findings from Emory University researchers suggest that fine particulate matter from <a href="http://earth.com/news/traffic-related-air-pollution-might-increase-alzheimers-risk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">vehicle emissions may significantly elevate the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease</a>. The study examined brain tissue samples from 224 individuals who had confirmed diagnoses and volunteered their brains for scientific research.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-disturbing-connections-emerge">Disturbing connections emerge</h2>



Scientists analyzed neuritic plaques — protein clusters that characterize Alzheimer's — while mapping each participant's exposure to PM2.5 particles based on residential location and surrounding traffic density. The correlation proved more alarming than anticipated. Individuals experiencing higher pollution exposure showed nearly double the likelihood of elevated plaque accumulation in brain tissue.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-timing-matters">Timing matters</h2>



The research team discovered that pollution exposure during the final year before death demonstrated the strongest association with brain changes. This timeline suggests relatively rapid impacts from environmental toxins on neural health. The connection remained robust even after accounting for various demographic and health factors.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genetic-vulnerability-patterns">Genetic vulnerability patterns</h2>



Perhaps most concerning, people lacking the APOE gene—which naturally predisposes individuals to Alzheimer's — exhibited more than twice the susceptibility to pollution-related brain damage. Study author Dr. Anke Huels noted this indicates environmental elements like air contamination could trigger the disease in cases where hereditary factors don't explain.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-public-health-implications">Public health implications</h2>



These findings, published in <a href="https://www.neurology.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Neurology</a>, underscore the critical importance of air quality regulations in urban planning. The research suggests that implementing stricter emission controls and promoting alternative transportation could serve as powerful tools in Alzheimer's prevention.



As cities worldwide grapple with growing traffic congestion and aging populations, this study highlights an urgent need for comprehensive approaches to environmental health that protect both our lungs and our minds.



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Traffic fumes may trigger Alzheimer's

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lHHxOej4QfE Researchers found a correlation between Alzheimer's disease and traffic...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that scientists never expected.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hidden-waters-beneath-ancient-craters">Hidden waters beneath ancient craters</h2>



Scientists have made a startling discovery that challenges everything we thought we knew about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/saturn-moon-mimas-has-remarkably-young-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Saturn's moon Mimas</a>. Beneath the heavily cratered surface that earned it the nickname "Death Star" lies a global ocean that formed just 5 to 15 million years ago—a remarkably young age by cosmic standards.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cassini-data-reveals-orbital-secrets">Cassini data reveals orbital secrets</h2>



The discovery, led by Dr. Valéry Lainey of the <a href="https://observatoiredeparis.psl.eu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Observatoire de Paris</a>, emerged from careful analysis of <a href="https://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>'s Cassini spacecraft data. By studying subtle irregularities in Mimas's orbit around Saturn, researchers detected the gravitational signature of liquid water hidden 20 to 30 kilometers beneath the moon's icy shell.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-an-unlikely-ocean-world">An unlikely ocean world</h2>



At only 400 kilometers in diameter, Mimas seemed like the least likely candidate to harbor a subsurface ocean. Unlike other ocean moons such as Europa and Enceladus, which show clear surface signs of internal activity, Mimas displays no obvious hints of the liquid water beneath its ancient, crater-scarred exterior.



"Mimas is a small moon, and its heavily cratered surface gave no hint of the hidden ocean beneath," explained Dr. Nick Cooper from <a href="https://www.qmul.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Queen Mary University of London</a>, a study co-author.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-astrobiology">Implications for astrobiology</h2>



The ocean's recent formation makes Mimas a prime target for studying how oceans develop and potentially support life. This discovery adds another member to the exclusive club of ocean worlds in our solar system, each offering unique insights into the conditions necessary for habitability.



The research, published in <a href="https://www.nature.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a> journal, demonstrates how advanced orbital analysis can reveal hidden features of celestial bodies, opening new possibilities for understanding ocean formation throughout the cosmos.



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Scientists discover unexpected young ocean on Saturn's cratered moon Mimas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ 'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K0DuSr87SHY
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">57 million-year ice age mystery solved by Australian scientists.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-when-earth-became-a-frozen-wasteland">When Earth became a frozen wasteland</h2>



Imagine Earth as a giant snowball, frozen solid from the North Pole to the equator. This wasn't the plot of a science fiction movie – it was our planet's reality 700 million years ago during an extreme ice age that has puzzled scientists for decades.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-discovery">The discovery</h2>



Australian researchers from the <a href="https://www.sydney.edu.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Sydney</a> have finally cracked one of geology's greatest mysteries: what caused the Sturtian glaciation and why it persisted for an unprecedented 57 million years. This period occurred long before dinosaurs roamed the Earth, when no complex plants or multicellular animals existed.



Dr. Adriana Dutkiewicz, the study's lead author, describes a world completely unlike today's climate. "Imagine the Earth almost completely frozen over," she explained. "The planet was blanketed in ice from poles to equator, and temperatures plunged."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-combination-of-climate-factors">The combination of climate factors</h2>



The research team discovered that this massive freeze resulted from a "double whammy" of geological events. First, plate tectonic activity reduced volcanic carbon dioxide emissions to historically low levels. Volcanic activity typically releases CO2 into the atmosphere, creating a greenhouse effect that keeps Earth warm.



Simultaneously, weathering of volcanic rocks in what is now Canada actively absorbed atmospheric CO2, further reducing greenhouse gas concentrations. When atmospheric carbon dioxide levels dropped below 200 parts per million – less than half of today's levels – glaciation engulfed the entire planet.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-climate-implications">Modern climate implications</h2>



Published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/geology" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geology</a>, this research provides crucial insights into Earth's climate system. While geological climate changes occur over millions of years, the study emphasizes that human-induced climate change is happening at a pace ten times faster than previously observed natural changes, highlighting the urgent need to understand our planet's delicate climate balance.



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What caused the planet's longest ice age

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K0DuSr87SHY 57 million-year ice age mystery solved by Australian scientists....

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WXXGGiynIjs
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Greenland is not sinking. In fact, it is the opposite.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-contrasting-climate-response">A contrasting climate response</h2>



Most coastal towns are <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sinking-land-will-intensify-the-effects-of-rising-sea-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">preparing for higher sea levels</a>, but <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/greenland-no-longer-has-to-worry-about-rising-sea-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Greenland presents</a> a different scenario during climate change. The ground there is rising at a remarkable rate. Over the past decade, some areas have lifted about 20 centimeters, which translates to roughly 2 meters per century. This rate significantly exceeds current projections for sea level rise.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-geological-rebound-process-through-climate-change">Geological rebound process through climate change</h2>



The mechanism behind this phenomenon is straightforward. As the ice sheet melts, the immense weight is removed from the bedrock, causing the land to rebound upward. This process resembles the way compressed material springs back when pressure is released.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-monitoring-networks">Scientific monitoring networks</h2>



Researchers at the <a href="https://www.dtu.dk/english/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Technical University of Denmark</a> are documenting this uplift using the GNET network, consisting of 61 GPS stations positioned around Greenland's coast. These sensors can detect movement with millimeter precision, providing detailed measurements of the ongoing changes.



The data reveal that current uplift rates exceed the gradual rebound occurring since the last ice age ended approximately 12,000 years ago. This acceleration corresponds directly with increased ice sheet melting rates.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-coastal-transformation">Coastal Transformation</h2>



This uplift is actively reshaping Greenland's coastline. New islands and rocky formations, called "skerries," are emerging as previously submerged land surfaces rise above the water level. This represents a notable contrast to global concerns about rising seas.



The study, published in Geophysical Research Letters, demonstrates the varied regional impacts of climate change. While many locations face rising water levels, Greenland's bedrock is literally rising above the surrounding seas.



The full study was recently published in <a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2023GL104851" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geophysical Research Letters</a>.



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Greenland's ground rises while coasts worldwide face higher seas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WXXGGiynIjs Greenland is not sinking. In fact, it is the...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DSM3EVeGHJU
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Companies like MindStudio help companies train their employees to implement the latest AI Agent building platform.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ai-agent-training-transforms-the-workplace-fear-factor-into-a-competitive-advantage">AI agent training transforms the workplace 'fear factor' into a competitive advantage</h2>



Organizations that offer comprehensive artificial intelligence training to their workers find remarkable value that extends well beyond basic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mind-wandering-might-be-more-productive-than-you-think/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">productivity improvements</a>. Emerging research demonstrates that carefully crafted AI training programs <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ai-does-not-replace-human-creativity-but-enhances-it/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">enhance</a> corporate performance, lower operational costs, and dramatically improve employee psychological well-being by turning workplace uncertainty into professional empowerment.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-addressing-the-widespread-ai-anxiety-crisis-among-us">Addressing the widespread 'AI anxiety' crisis among us</h2>



A staggering 53% of employees expressed concern that the use of AI tools to automate work tasks could make them appear disposable to their employers, according to <a href="https://www.microsoft.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Microsoft</a>'s 2024 workplace survey. Such pervasive worry about being substituted by machines has caused what researchers have termed "AI technostress" – a psychological state that can result in occupational burnout and poorer mental well-being.



Data published in <a href="https://www.nature.com/palcomms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Humanities and Social Sciences Communications</a> showed that belief in AI learning ability was a moderator in the link between technology adoption and work pressure, and higher confidence significantly lowered negative psychological responses. Workers provided ample training to become competent with AI software have significantly lower stress.



Companies like <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MindStudio</a> have platforms for building what are known as "AI Agents". In essence, AI Agents are simply tools that employees can build for themselves or their teams quickly and inexpensively. MindStudio will even train entire companies, from the CEO on down, at no cost. By letting MindStudio empower employees, companies avoid hiring more IT staff, buying more software, and implementing solutions to problems that do not exist.



MindStudio even has partners locally for companies, like <a href="http://www.dominnus.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dominnus</a> with offices in the Carolinas, California, and Denver, to help build AI Agents and support employees as they become resident AI experts for their organization. The training provided by MindStudio is applicable across other AI Agent building platforms as well.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-productivity-through-focused-learning">Revolutionary productivity through focused learning</h2>



Organizations that implement large-scale AI training programs achieve dramatic outcomes. Employees performed tasks significantly better when they utilized AI support compared to when they didn't, according to <a href="https://www.nngroup.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nielsen Norman Group</a> research findings. Their study documented productivity increases of 66% for a variety of professional tasks.



Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis research finds workers record 33% higher productivity in time working with generative AI tools. The benefit is equivalent to 5.4% of work time savings for AI users – around 2.2 hours per week for full-time workers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-psychological-well-being-benefits-through-ai-competence">Psychological well-being benefits through AI competence</h2>



The emotional transformation when employees are provided with proper technology training is a fundamental transformation from fear to professional confidence. A survey of 600 employees across industries, carried out by ScienceDirect, proved that AI capabilities strengthen work environment commitment and improve job satisfaction.



A <a href="https://www.lut.fi/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">LUT University</a> study discovered that AI adoption has no direct effect on workers' well-being but does so indirectly through working conditions like task optimization and safety protocols. Strategically deployed AI that involves correct training can actually increase workplace mental well-being.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-from-replacement-anxiety-to-partnership-confidence">From 'replacement anxiety' to 'partnership confidence'</h2>



Although 35% of those interviewed in recent McKinsey studies were concerned about workforce displacement, firms with large-scale training initiatives witness such fears dissipate quickly. The World Economic Forum found that two out of three respondents believe AI competencies will enhance their career prospects and job marketability.



This shift from fear to trust has measurable implications for job satisfaction. Applied Sciences research indicates AI can create tailored wellness programs based on individual employee requirements.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-financial-benefits-of-increased-retention">Financial benefits of increased retention</h2>



The mental health advantages of AI learning have a direct impact on organizational bottom lines in the form of a positive feedback cycle with high retention of employees. Recent ROI research validates that artificial intelligence learning has a beneficial impact on employee turnover and satisfaction levels.



PriceWaterhouseCoopers' research documents 20% to 30% improvements in productivity, market speed, and revenue in organizations that attempt systematic AI adoption through comprehensive training.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-advantages-of-ai-enabled-teams">Environmental advantages of AI-enabled teams</h2>



AI training has unforeseen environmental benefits as it makes the work environment more efficient. According to a study in Scientific Reports, the carbon footprint in writing and illustrating work is significantly lower when AI performs it compared to humans. AI software produces 130 to 1,500 times less CO2 equivalent per page of text created than human authors.



In addition, AI-driven remote work functionality significantly reduces environmental impact. Research by Cornell University and Microsoft indicates that remote workers reduce greenhouse gas emissions by up to 54% by not commuting daily to offices. Hybrid workers working remotely two to four days a week can reduce their carbon footprint by 11% to 29%.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cumulative-organizational-advantages">Cumulative organizational advantages</h2>



The compounding gains of better mental well-being, reduced turnover, increased productivity, and environmental benefits flow to enterprises from the pairing. McKinsey analysis estimates the long-term AI potential at $4.4 trillion in incremental productivity growth opportunity from business use cases.



As of now, 75% of knowledge workers globally utilize generative AI, mirroring widespread adoption patterns. Organizations that provide organized training and assistance see the most favorable results in productivity, worker satisfaction, and ecological sustainability.



The research overwhelmingly indicates that companies that invest in proper AI education, like that offered through <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MindStudio</a>, establish win-win scenarios where employees are both more empowered and less stressed, and companies enjoy the gains of increased productivity, reduced turnover, and improved mental health outcomes throughout their workforce.



For more on MindStudio's free AI training for companies, visit the website's of MindStudio and Dominnus from the links below.



The research was published across a variety of peer-reviewed journals, including <a href="https://www.nature.com/palcomms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Humanities and Social Sciences Communications</a>, <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/artificial-intelligence" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence</a>, and <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/journal/applsci">Applied Sciences</a>.



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MindStudio.AI: <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.mindstudio.ai</a>



Dominnus: <a href="https://www.dominnus.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.dominnus.com</a>

AI agent training boosts mental health and profits

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DSM3EVeGHJU Companies like MindStudio help companies train their employees to...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0HDXqTGEmi4
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Scientists give plants superpowers against bacterial disease</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-natural-solution-to-disease-through-crop-modification">A natural solution to disease through crop modification.</h2>



The agricultural industry stands at a crossroads between productivity and environmental responsibility, and crop modification often carries a negative connotation. While chemical pesticides have long been the go-to solution for crop protection, their harmful effects on ecosystems and human health have prompted scientists to seek alternatives. The recent breakthrough by <a href="https://www.southampton.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Southampton</a> researchers offers a promising path forward through the precise manipulation of plant-associated microbial communities.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-science-behind-microbial-partnerships">The science behind microbial partnerships</h2>



Plants naturally harbor diverse ecosystems of bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms that function as biological allies. These microscopic partners contribute to disease resistance, nutrient absorption, and stress tolerance. However, until now, scientists lacked the tools to deliberately reshape these communities to enhance crop protection.



The Southampton team's approach centered on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/engineered-plant-microbiomes-the-future-of-crop-protection/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">modifying lignin biosynthesis genes in rice plants</a>. This strategic intervention altered the plant's metabolic output, creating conditions that favored beneficial bacterial populations while suppressing harmful ones. The result was a living defense system embedded within the plant itself.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-global-food-security">Implications for global food security</h2>



The successful demonstration against Xanthomonas oryzae, the pathogen responsible for bacterial blight in rice, represents more than a laboratory achievement. Rice feeds nearly half the world's population, and bacterial blight causes devastating crop losses annually. Traditional control methods rely heavily on pesticides that contaminate soil and water systems.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-looking-beyond-disease-resistance">Looking Beyond Disease Resistance</h2>



While disease protection represents the immediate application, the research framework opens doors to broader agricultural improvements. Future developments could engineer microbiomes to enhance nutrient uptake, reducing dependence on synthetic fertilizers. This dual benefit addresses both crop productivity and environmental sustainability.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-path-forward">The path forward</h2>



As this technology advances from laboratory to field applications, it promises to reshape sustainable agriculture. The ability to program plants with their own biological defense systems could herald a new era where crops protect themselves naturally, reducing chemical inputs while maintaining yields necessary for global food security.



The study is published in the journal&nbsp;<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-44335-3" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Communications</a>.



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Revolutionizing agriculture through microbiome engineering

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0HDXqTGEmi4 Scientists give plants superpowers against bacterial disease A natural...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Acid rain and a crisis solved.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-don-t-we-ever-hear-about-acid-rain-anymore-the-environmental-crisis-that-was-solved">Why don't we ever hear about "acid rain" anymore? The environmental crisis that was solved</h2>



Remember the 1980s when acid rain dominated headlines? Dire warnings about rain eating buildings, killing fish, and destroying forests filled every news cycle. Then, almost like magic, acid rain vanished from public discourse. What happened? Did we actually solve one of the late 20th century's most pressing environmental challenges?



The answer might surprise you. Unlike many environmental issues that drag on indefinitely, acid rain represents one of modern history's most successful ecological recovery stories. It's a tale of science, politics, and technology working together to tackle what seemed impossible.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What was acid rain?</h2>



Acid rain isn't regular rain having a bad day – it's precipitation that became significantly more acidic due to air pollution. When power plants, factories, and vehicles burn fossil fuels, they release sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) into the atmosphere.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The science behind it</h2>



Think of acid rain as nature's chemistry experiment gone wrong. These compounds react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form sulfuric and nitric acids. When mixed with water vapor in clouds, they create precipitation with dangerously low pH levels.



While clean rain has a pH of about 5.6, acid rain could drop as low as 4.2 to 4.4 – roughly as acidic as tomato juice or coffee. According to US Geological Survey documentation, Scottish chemist Angus Smith first coined "acid rain" in 1872, but it didn't become a household phrase until the 1960s and 1970s when Swedish scientist Svante Odén documented its devastating effects on Scandinavian lakes and European forests.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The crisis at its peak</h2>



During the height of public concern, environmental damage was both widespread and visible. This wasn't some abstract future threat – people could see destruction happening in real-time.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Environmental devastation</h2>



The most dramatic impacts were impossible to ignore. Research documented by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation shows that in the Adirondack Mountains, more than 200 lakes became so acidic they couldn't support fish life. The Adirondack Council reports that 409 lakes once supported brook trout, but many lost their fish populations due to acid rain.



By 1976, when scientists cataloged all acidified lakes in the Adirondack Park, researchers found that half of the lakes over 2,000 feet above sea level had no fish, according to studies published in environmental journals. The acidification process worked like a slow-motion disaster. As acid rain fell into watersheds, it gradually lowered pH levels. Fish couldn't survive in acidic water, and their food sources died off too.



Trees at high elevations showed stress directly linked to acid rain. It weakened them by leaching nutrients and making them susceptible to disease. Historical records show Germany's Black Forest saw nearly half its trees damaged by the mid-1980s.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Economic impact</h2>



Acid rain wasn't just environmental – it was expensive. Acidic precipitation corroded infrastructure, buildings, and monuments. Historic stone structures deteriorated at accelerated rates. Tourism suffered as lakes became fishless and forests declined. EPA economic analyses from the period documented repair costs mounting into billions annually.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The solution: government action and technology</h2>



Transformation from crisis to success required unprecedented cooperation between governments, industries, and environmental groups.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The Clean Air Act of 1990</h2>



The turning point came with the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, signed by President George H.W. Bush. This represented a fundamentally new approach to environmental regulation, as documented in EPA historical records.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Cap-and-trade success</h2>



Instead of mandating specific technologies, the 1990 amendments introduced something revolutionary: a cap-and-trade system for sulfur dioxide emissions. EPA program documentation shows this market-based approach set overall limits but allowed companies to trade emission allowances.



The genius was harnessing market forces to find cost-effective pollution reduction. Companies reducing emissions cheaply could sell excess allowances to those facing higher costs. Research published in environmental economics journals and EPA progress reports shows this resulted in dramatic SO2 reduction at a fraction of projected costs.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Technology advances</h2>



Policy provided the framework, but technology made reductions possible. Studies in atmospheric science journals document the widespread adoption of flue gas desulfurization systems ("scrubbers") that removed sulfur dioxide before it reached the atmosphere. By the 2000s, new installations could remove over 95% of SO2 emissions, according to EPA technical reports.



The push coincided with cleaner energy development. Natural gas produces fewer sulfur compounds than coal. Wind and solar, emerging in the 1990s, captured growing market share, reducing reliance on high-sulfur coal.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-we-don-t-hear-about-it-today">Why we don't hear about it today</h2>



Why did acid rain disappear from headlines? Simple: the problem was largely solved.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Success doesn't make news</h2>



There's an old journalism saying: "If it bleeds, it leads." Environmental success stories don't generate urgency like crisis reporting. Media attention shifted to other challenges: climate change, plastic pollution, and biodiversity loss. There's only so much environmental anxiety the public can absorb, and newer concerns replaced acid rain.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Mission accomplished</h2>



The primary reason is beautifully simple: interventions worked. EPA monitoring data shows sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990. Academic research published in environmental science journals confirms pH levels in formerly affected areas returned closer to normal. This represents one of history's most dramatic environmental recoveries. Studies by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation show fishless lakes now support healthy populations. Forests recovered, and building damage slowed dramatically.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-is-it-really-gone">Is it really gone?</h2>



The crisis is largely resolved, but monitoring data shows the problem isn't completely eliminated – it's managed to acceptable levels. Some areas still experience occasional events during high pollution periods. International environmental research indicates that rapidly industrializing Asian countries face similar problems to what we experienced decades ago, though they're implementing successful strategies.



EPA research shows nitrogen oxide emissions proved more challenging than sulfur dioxide, coming from vehicles and mobile sources. Climate science studies suggest changing weather patterns add complexity to how acid rain forms and falls.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What this teaches us</h2>



The acid rain experience proves that seemingly intractable environmental problems can be solved with scientific understanding, political will, and technological innovation. Environmental monitoring data shows recovery speed was remarkable – within a decade, measurable improvements appeared in air quality and ecosystem health.



Success came from bipartisan support across party lines. Policy analysis studies show the market-based approach appealed to those preferring economic incentives while achieving environmental goals. This support created lasting policy surviving political changes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Conclusion</h2>



Acid rain's disappearance from public consciousness represents environmental science's greatest success stories. Through effective regulation, technological innovation, and international cooperation, we transformed an overwhelming crisis into a manageable challenge.



Today's silence isn't because we forgot – it's because we solved it. The 1990 Clean Air Act, combined with technology and energy market changes, reduced acid rain emissions over 90%, according to comprehensive EPA data analysis.



This success offers hope for current challenges. It proves complex problems can be solved when science, policy, and technology work together. As we face climate change and plastic pollution, acid rain reminds us that dramatic positive change is possible.



Next time someone asks whether environmental regulations work, remember acid rain. It's proof that sometimes, we get it right.



<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>



Sources: This article draws from EPA official documentation and progress reports, peer-reviewed research published in environmental and atmospheric science journals, historical data from the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation records, US Geological Survey publications, policy analysis studies, and environmental monitoring data collected over three decades.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Frequently Asked Questions</h2>



1. Is acid rain completely gone? No, but EPA monitoring shows it's reduced to manageable levels. US sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990, making acid rain much less severe than the 1980s crisis.



2. How long did solving take? Environmental monitoring data shows significant improvements began within 5-10 years of 1990s emission controls. Full ecosystem recovery took longer – some areas need 20-30 years for complete recovery.



3. What made the solution successful? Clear scientific understanding, visible damage motivating action, bipartisan support, available technology, and innovative market-based policies like cap-and-trade.



4. Do other countries have acid rain problems? Yes, particularly rapidly industrializing Asian countries. However, international environmental research shows many implement similar successful control strategies.



5. Could acid rain return? Potentially, if regulations weaken or we return to high-sulfur coal without controls, though effects would take years to become severe according to environmental projections.



6. Can you recommend any teaching tools on the subject of "acid rain"? The United States Environmental Protection Agency produced a wonderful teacher's guide for ages 14 and under that you can find on the EPA website here: <a href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf</a>



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The environmental problem we actually solved

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk Acid rain and a crisis solved. Why don't we...

Green,Ecoduct,Over,An,Empty,Highway,During,Sunset.

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A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that wildlife tunnels significantly reduce amphibian road mortality during seasonal migrations. 



Frogs and salamanders often cross roads to reach breeding ponds each spring, but many are killed by vehicles. 



Researchers from the <a href="https://www.uvm.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Vermont</a>, in collaboration with local citizens and the Vermont Agency of Natural Resources, installed two underpass tunnels in 2015. 



Over a 12-year monitoring period, they observed an 80.2% reduction in amphibian deaths, and up to 94% for non-climbing species like salamanders. 



The study used a before-after-control-impact design and documented more than 5,200 amphibians, highlighting the tunnels’ effectiveness even in nearby buffer zones.



Funded at $342,397 - far cheaper than wildlife crossings for large mammals - the project showcased the power of community-led conservation.



Local groups initiated the effort after observing mass amphibian deaths. Wildlife cameras later captured over 2,200 amphibians using a tunnel in just one spring, along with other species like raccoons and bobcats, indicating wider ecosystem benefits.



This marks the first peer-reviewed, long-term data set in the northeastern U.S. confirming amphibian-specific underpasses work. 



The study urges transportation departments to incorporate these designs into road planning and highlights how community action, thoughtful infrastructure, and persistence can make a real difference for biodiversity.



The full study was published in the <a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1617138125000780" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal for Nature Conservation</a>.



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Wildlife tunnels save millions of amphibians

https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that...

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. 



The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.



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Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. 



Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.



Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. 



They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).



Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.



Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.



This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.



“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. 



The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.



“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;



“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”



The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;



The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.



Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Designing crops that can beat the heat

[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Carl...

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes the first comprehensive estimate of carbon density in the Saharan, Sahel, and Sudanian zones of Africa. In an effort to measure the amount of carbon stored across these drylands, a team of scientists used high-resolution satellite images and artificial intelligence to map nearly 10 billion individual trees. 



"The high spatial resolution (50 cm) combined with AI and field measurements used in this study is key to improving tree inventories in drylands," said Pierre Hiernaux, a French researcher working for NASA. "The ever-increasing availability of very high-resolution satellite imagery will make it possible to assess carbon pools and their dynamics at the individual tree level on a global scale."



"This study is exceptional because it is pioneering a type of approach that will revolutionize the monitoring of trees and forests on a global scale: in the short term, it will be possible to map the world's trees from the centre of the Amazon to our schoolyards," said <a href="https://www.inrae.fr/en">INRAE</a> researcher Jean-Pierre Wigneron.



"Many fields of application will become much more efficient and accurate, such as tracking carbon stocks, biodiversity, monitoring logging and protection against illegal forest degradation, in near real time.”



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Remote sensing will revolutionize the way we monitor trees

[sendtonews key="EjmSP20gQK-2593093-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.



According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."



Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;



ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. 



Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 



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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

[sendtonews key="uV9Lh2fQbV-1760058-12187" type="single"] Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s...

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> features a visual dataset of.methane emissions from wetlands across the globe. Atmospheric methane levels have reached record highs in recent years, and wetlands are a major source of these emissions.&nbsp;



"Methane is an important greenhouse gas that contributes substantially to global warming. On a molecule by molecule basis, methane is much more efficient at trapping heat than carbon dioxide, the main driver of warming," says NASA.



"Though human activities, including agriculture, oil and natural gas production and use, and waste disposal, collectively contribute the majority of methane to the atmosphere, about a third of total methane emissions comes from wetlands."&nbsp;



According to NASA, understanding methane emissions from wetlands and other natural sources is critically important for scientists and policymakers who are working to combat climate change by reducing emissions from human activities.



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Wetlands are a major source of methane emissions

[sendtonews key="f8fukm28Vz-2491833-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

[sendtonews key="0879czfG3k-1785905-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from NASA...

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes how record-breaking heat expressed itself around the world in 2022.



Scientists have determined that 2022 was the 5th warmest year since 1880. Furthermore, the last nine consecutive years have been the warmest on record.



From devastating floods and wildfires to natural disasters like Hurricane Ian, 2022 showed us yet again how a warming climate affects people across the globe.&nbsp;



"As we look back at 20:22 and years past, we see that each year we better understand the challenges we face and how important it is to meet them," says NASA.



Video/ Image Credit: NASA Goddard



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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2022 illustrated the consequences of a warming climate

[sendtonews key="3UUsNkFOuS-2487333-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes Earth’s interconnected systems, and how this network is affected by rising temperatures.&nbsp;



During 2020, average global temperatures matched the hottest year on record. The hurricane season was also record-breaking, with many of the storms intensifying at extraordinary speeds. Hot water in the ocean is fuel for hurricanes. The satellite data shows that it's all one interconnected system showing how Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected.



According to NASA, dust swept up from Northern Africa plays a major role in the formation of hurricanes, and is also a key source of fertilization in the Amazon rainforest. As a result of<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-wasting-disease-is-fueled-by-climate-change/"> climate</a> change, dust plumes are expected to decline, which will have an effect on vegetation far away.&nbsp;



Images from Earth-observing satellites show how the world’s plant life is affected by natural disasters, fires, and deforestation. Satellites also reveal how widespread changes in vegetation impact waterways,&nbsp; the climate, air quality. Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on the Earth. "Earth From Space" is a groundbreaking two-hour special that reveals a spectacular new space-based vision of our planet. 



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected

[sendtonews key="JbW4VsY53O-1632195-12187" type="single"] Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected...

Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://welcome.miami.edu/">University of Miami</a> Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science explores how changes in water temperatures have affected tiger shark habitats and movements in the North Atlantic Ocean. The study reveals that rising temperatures have caused the sharks to shift toward the poles over the past 40 years.



“Tiger shark annual migrations have expanded poleward, paralleling rising water temperatures,” explained study lead author Neil Hammerschlag. “These results have consequences for tiger shark conservation, since shifts in their movements outside of marine protected areas may leave them more vulnerable to commercial fishing.”



The researchers analyzed nine years of tracking data from satellite-tagged tiger sharks, combined with four decades of conventional tag and recapture data provided by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Cooperative Shark Tagging Program.



The experts found that during the last decade of record heat, for every one-degree Celsius increase in water temperatures, tiger sharks migrated further poleward by over 400 kilometers. They also migrated two weeks earlier than usual to waters off the northeastern coast of the United States.



“Given their role as apex predators, these changes to tiger shark movements may alter predator-prey interactions, leading to ecological imbalances, and more frequent encounters with humans,” concluded Professor Hammerschlag.



Video Credit: University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Tiger sharks are shifting poleward as temperatures rise

Today’s Video of the Day from the University of Miami...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> is focused on the melt ponds that emerge during the spring and summer on the Greenland Ice Sheet, which is the largest ice mass in the northern hemisphere.



"Melt ponds are vast pools of open water that form on both sea ice and ice sheets and are visible as turquoise-blue pools of water in this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image," says ESA.



"When snow and ice melts atop glaciers, water flows in channels and streams and collects in depressions on the surface. These melt ponds can speed up the melting of the surrounding ice since they greatly reduce the ice’s ability to reflect sunlight."



"This can create a positive feedback where an increasing number of melt ponds absorb more heat which causes ice cover to melt even faster."



According to ESA, Greenland has been hit with a late-season heatwave that began in early September. This caused the type of melt event that usually occurs in the middle of summer.



"In a recent paper published in Nature Climate Change, scientists found that major sea-level rise from the melting of the Greenland ice cap is now ‘inevitable’ even if the burning of fossil fuels were to halt overnight," says ESA. "Using satellite observations of Greenland ice loss and ice cap from 2000 to 2019, the team found the losses will lead to a minimum rise of 27 cm regardless of climate change."



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Melt ponds on the Greenland Ice Sheet

[sendtonews key="qARzJPSabQ-2270617-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes how Earth is unique in our solar system for its ability to sustain liquid water on its surface. But now, the water cycle is shifting as the climate warms, and scientists must find ways to predict how these changes will affect water availability.



Overall, 96 percent of Earth's water is saltwater, and nearly all of freshwater is found in ice and groundwater. These sources of water are linked as it passes through solid, liquid and gas phases.



In a warmer climate, the water cycle will be transformed. It will be easier for water to evaporate and form clouds, and storms will become more frequent and intense. Some regions will get too much water, while others will be left without enough water. In addition, soil moisture will be lost - which threatens food security.



Scientists are using satellite data from over the last 40 years to track changes that are happening in the water cycle. This will ultimately help us prepare for extreme events and better manage our water resources, according to ESA.



Video Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Tracking changes in Earth's water cycle

[sendtonews key="fxH3eJHEkQ-2010196-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

Saturn,-,High,Resolution,3d,Images,Presents,Planets,Of,The

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard Space Flight Center</a> features images of Saturn from NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope. The photographs capture the start of the mysterious "spoke season" on Saturn - when unexplained features appear on its rings. 



According to NASA, both the cause of the spokes and their seasonal variability have yet to be fully explained by planetary scientists.



"Like Earth, Saturn is tilted on its axis and therefore has four seasons, though because of Saturn's much larger orbit, each season lasts approximately seven Earth years. Equinox occurs when the rings are tilted edge-on to the Sun," explains NASA.



"The spokes disappear when it is near summer or winter solstice on Saturn. (When the Sun appears to reach either its highest or lowest latitude in the northern or southern hemisphere of a planet.) As the autumnal equinox of Saturn's northern hemisphere on May 6, 2025, draws near, the spokes are expected to become increasingly prominent and observable."



Experts believe that the spokes may be a product of the planet's variable magnetic field. When magnetic fields interact with solar wind, an electrically charged environment is created. This phenomenon is visible on Earth as the northern lights.&nbsp;



"Scientists think that the smallest, dust-sized icy ring particles can become charged as well, which temporarily levitates those particles above the rest of the larger icy particles and boulders in the rings," says NASA.



The spokes were first observed in the early 1980s by NASA's Voyager mission. Depending on the angle of the rings, the spokes can appear dark or light.



"Thanks to Hubble's OPAL program, which is building an archive of data on the outer solar system planets, we will have longer dedicated time to study Saturn’s spokes this season than ever before," said NASA senior planetary scientist Amy Simon, head of the Hubble Outer Planet Atmospheres Legacy (OPAL) program.



"Despite years of excellent observations by the Cassini mission, the precise beginning and duration of the spoke season is still unpredictable, rather like predicting the first storm during hurricane season."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Mysterious "spoke season" captured on Saturn

[sendtonews key="Ccjk8KEMzv-2550719-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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