<p>Hotter summers are not just uncomfortable, they also changing the odds of getting sick from food. A new analysis links warmer air, higher moisture, specific dewpoint ranges, and longer daylight to spikes in Salmonella infections across two European countries. </p>



<p>The team showed that risk climbs when average temperatures rise above about 50°F and days stretch past 12 to 15 hours.</p>



<p>Lead author <a href="https://www.londonntd.org/research/researchers/laura-c-gonzalez-villeta" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dr. Laura C. González Villeta</a> of the University of Surrey’s <a href="https://www.surrey.ac.uk/school-veterinary-medicine" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">School of Veterinary Medicine</a><strong> </strong>led work that tied laboratory confirmed Salmonella cases to local weather conditions using a transparent statistical approach.</p>



<p>The bacteria called Salmonella cause <a href="https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15697-salmonella" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">food poisoning</a> that often brings diarrhea, fever, and stomach cramps. Common symptoms usually start within hours to a few days and most people recover without treatment.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-salmonella-and-the-weather">Salmonella and the weather</h2>



<p>Researchers linked daily case counts from the <a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/uk-health-security-agency" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UK Health Security Agency</a> to detailed weather from the <a href="https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Met Office</a>, then checked the model with national surveillance data from the Netherlands. </p>



<p>They examined 14 factors, including temperature, relative humidity, precipitation, sunshine, and dewpoint temperature.</p>



<p>Instead of forcing a complex equation to fit the data, the group calculated a conditional incidence that directly describes how often cases occur when specific combinations of weather are present. </p>



<p>That method lets you see which trio of conditions lines up with higher infection counts without hiding the signal inside a black box.</p>



<p>The approach showed consistency when moved from one country to another after accounting for reporting differences. That matters because public <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/to-get-fit-and-stay-healthy-walk-this-exact-distance-every-day/">health</a> tools work best when they travel across borders without losing accuracy.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-the-model-found">What the model found</h2>



<p>Risk rose when average air temperatures topped roughly 50°F, day length sat between 12 and 15 hours, and dewpoint hovered around the mid 40s to about 50°F. The same pattern appeared regardless of location.</p>



<p>Not every weather knob seemed important. Wind speed, air pressure, and sunshine duration had little or no association with reported cases in this dataset.</p>



<p>Seasonal peaks in late summer were reproduced when the model fed on local weather. That gave officials a way to anticipate risk based on last week’s skies rather than waiting for lab reports to trickle in.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-weather-boosts-salmonella">How weather boosts Salmonella</h2>



<p>Broader evidence lines up with these findings. A large <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11530612/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">meta-analysis</a> of 23 Salmonella studies found about a 5 percent rise in risk for every 1.8°F increase in temperature.</p>



<p>Europe’s outbreak history shows why this topic matters. In 2018, nearly one in three foodborne outbreaks in the European Union were caused by Salmonella, according to an EFSA <a href="https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/news/salmonella-most-common-cause-foodborne-outbreaks-european-union" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">report</a>.</p>



<p>That baseline risk has not disappeared in recent years. Surveillance summaries still identify Salmonella as a leading cause of foodborne outbreaks across the region, with eggs and mixed foods often involved, as noted in EFSA’s public <a href="https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/7666" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">publication</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-this-means-for-public-health">What this means for public health</h2>



<p>“The study highlights how weather plays a significant role in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dogs-are-overlooked-sources-of-antibiotic-resistant-salmonella/">Salmonella</a> outbreaks and provides a valuable tool for predicting future risks and tailoring interventions, particularly in the context of climate change,” said Dr. Villeta. The work is not just about describing patterns.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Weather aware forecasting can help agencies time inspections, target hygiene messaging, and plan surge capacity when the odds of illness tick up. </p>



<p>Food businesses can also adjust cold chain checks, staff training, and consumer advice when riskier conditions line up.</p>



<p>Individuals are not powerless either. Keep cold foods cold, cook poultry and eggs to safe temperatures, refrigerate leftovers within 2 hours, and wash hands and surfaces, especially when the air is warm and the day runs long.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-high-tech-forecasting-tools">High-tech forecasting tools</h2>



<p>Most forecasting tools lean on regression or time series fits that struggle with tangled, non linear interactions. </p>



<p>The conditional incidence approach shows how combinations of temperature, humidity, and daylight align with cases, which is easier to interpret and to explain.</p>



<p>That clarity helps separate what drives risk from noise. It also allows public health teams to identify factor combinations that do not explain much, saving effort where it will not pay off.</p>



<p>Model outputs replicated real world peaks and mapped risk at fine spatial scales. That is the level where <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/childrens-screen-time-shapes-their-mental-health-as-teens/">health</a> departments and food producers make day to day choices.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-limits-and-next-steps">Limits and next steps</h2>



<p>The model tracks reported cases, which understate total infections. Even so, de trending and validation across two countries suggest the weather signals are real.</p>



<p>Future tests in different climates and income settings would show how far the method travels. Adding data on livestock density, land use, and consumer behavior could sharpen predictions without losing transparency.</p>



<p>Better early warnings do not replace basic food safety, but they can make those steps more timely. That is useful as warmer summers and longer heat seasons become more common.</p>



<p>The study is published in the <a href="https://www.journalofinfection.com/article/S0163-4453(25)00004-0/fulltext" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Journal of Infection</em></a>.</p>



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Warmer weather is impacting global food supply, but not in the way you think

Hotter summers are not just uncomfortable, they also changing the odds of getting sick from food. A new analysis links warmer air, higher moisture, specific dewpoint ranges, and longer daylight to spikes in Salmonella infections across two European countries. The team showed that risk climbs when average temperatures rise above about 50°F and days stretch past 12 to 15 hours. Lead author Dr. Laura C. González Villeta of the University of Surrey’s School of Veterinary Medicine led work that tied laboratory confirmed Salmonella cases to local weather...

<p>The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/antarctica-ice-shelves-melting-faster-due-to-ocean-currents/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Antarctic</a> ozone hole, a significant thinning in the Earth's protective <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/antarcticas-ozone-hole-is-now-one-of-the-largest-on-record/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ozone</a> layer, has long worried scientists and environmentalists. Despite global efforts to curb ozone-depleting substances, a concerning trend has emerged from recent studies. </p>



<p>Researchers now report that the ozone hole is remaining open for longer periods than previously observed. This extended duration poses a heightened risk to the unique wildlife of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/this-natural-process-is-making-antarcticas-ice-melt-faster/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Antarctica</a>, exposing them to increased levels of harmful ultraviolet radiation.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-ozone-layer">The ozone layer</h2>



<p>High up in the Earth's atmosphere, roughly 15 to 35 kilometers above our heads, lies a vital shield called the ozone layer. Unlike the familiar layers of the atmosphere that define temperature and weather patterns (troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, etc.), the ozone layer isn't defined by temperature but by the presence of a specific gas: ozone (O3). </p>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/large-ozone-holes-have-re-emerged-over-antarctica/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ozone</a> is a special three-molecule form of oxygen, where a regular oxygen molecule (O2) bonds with an extra oxygen atom. While oxygen is plentiful in our atmosphere, making up about 21% of the air we breathe, ozone is a much rarer gas. However, its concentration in the stratosphere is crucial for life on Earth.</p>



<p>The ozone layer acts like a giant sunscreen for our planet. It absorbs a significant portion of the sun's ultraviolet (UV) radiation, particularly the harmful UVB and UVC rays. These high-energy rays can damage living cells, causing sunburn, premature aging of the skin, and even contribute to the development of skin cancer. </p>



<p>While some UV radiation (UVA) reaches the Earth's surface and plays a role in vitamin D production, UVB and UVC rays are much more potent and pose significant health risks.</p>



<p>The ozone layer's protective function extends to all living things on Earth. Plants and animals, just like humans, are susceptible to UV damage. Excessive UV exposure can harm plant growth, disrupt ecosystems, and weaken the immune systems of animals. The ozone layer plays a critical role in safeguarding the delicate balance of life on our planet.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dynamics-of-the-antarctic-ozone-hole">Dynamics of the Antarctic ozone hole</h2>



<p>The term "ozone hole" can be a bit misleading. It doesn't mean there's a complete absence of ozone over Antarctica. Instead, it refers to a vast area where the concentration of ozone drops dramatically compared to normal levels. This depletion is so severe that scientists refer to it as a "hole," even though there's still some ozone present.</p>



<p>It forms annually due to a complex interplay of factors, including human-made chemicals (particularly now-banned chlorofluorocarbons or CFCs) and the extreme cold and atmospheric conditions over Antarctica. The hole normally begins to open in August, reaches its peak around October, and then closes by late November as temperatures in the stratosphere warm.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-worrying-trend-the-hole-s-delayed-closing">A worrying trend: The hole's delayed closing</h2>



<p>A previously reliable pattern has broken down in Antarctica. The ozone hole above <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/antarctica-is-experiencing-rapid-plant-growth-concerning-scientists/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Antarctica</a>, which typically starts to close in late November, has been persisting well into December in recent years. The prolonged presence of the ozone hole delays the natural healing processes of the ozone layer. </p>



<p>As a result, the diverse wildlife in Antarctica is exposed to the sun's harmful UV rays for extended periods. This increased exposure heightens the risk to these lifeforms, making them more vulnerable to health issues like sunburn and other UV-related damages.</p>



<p>This creates dangerous conditions because the December timeframe coincides with the Antarctic summer when protective snow and ice melts. Wildlife, especially young animals lacking developed fur or feathers, and delicate plant life freshly emerged from under the snow become incredibly vulnerable to UV damage. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-the-ozone-hole-threatens-antarctic-wildlife">How the ozone hole threatens Antarctic wildlife</h2>



<p>The increased persistence of the ozone <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ozone-hole-smallest/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">hole</a> affects several species combined:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-seals-and-penguins">Seals and penguins</h3>



<p>While adult seals and penguins have some protection from UV thanks to their fur or feathers, their young are highly susceptible. Sunburns, potential eye damage, and a greater risk of skin cancer in the future are all possible consequences. These impacts can reduce their chances of survival in the harsh Antarctic environment.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plants">Plants</h3>



<p>Antarctic mosses, grasses, and lichens are vital parts of the ecosystem. Increased UV forces some species to produce their own "sunscreen" compounds for protection. However, this adaptation comes with a trade-off, as it can potentially stunt their growth and decrease overall plant productivity.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-krill">Krill</h3>



<p>These tiny crustaceans are the foundation of the Antarctic food web. They respond to high UV levels by diving deeper, making them less accessible to penguins, seals, whales, and other marine life that depend on them for sustenance. This disruption can have cascading effects up the food chain.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-factors-contributing-to-the-antarctic-ozone-hole">Factors contributing to the Antarctic ozone hole</h2>



<p>The increased persistence of the ozone hole is likely due to a combination of factors:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lingering-cfcs">Lingering CFCs</h3>



<p>As discussed, although the production of most ozone-depleting CFCs has been banned, these chemicals linger in the atmosphere for an exceptionally long time. Their lifespan can stretch into decades, meaning the damage done in the past continues to impact the ozone layer today. </p>



<p>As CFCs slowly migrate upwards into the stratosphere, they continue to break down and release ozone-destroying chlorine, slowing the ozone layer's healing process.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-extreme-events">Extreme events</h3>



<p>Major events like the devastating 2019-2020 Australian bushfires and the powerful eruption of the Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai volcano in Tonga demonstrate the interconnectedness of our planet. The smoke, ash, and gases released by these events can reach the stratosphere, altering the chemical balance and leading to reactions that accelerate ozone depletion. </p>



<p>Such large-scale disruptions serve as a reminder that human activities and natural phenomena far from Antarctica can have unforeseen consequences for the ozone layer.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-change-and-antarctica-ozone-hole">Climate change and Antarctica ozone hole</h3>



<p>The wide-ranging effects of climate change introduce further complexity into ozone layer recovery. Shifting global temperatures and weather patterns, like the recurring La Niña events, can influence conditions within the stratosphere. </p>



<p>These changes might disrupt the natural processes that allow the ozone layer to regenerate. Researchers are continuously working to understand how global warming could make the ozone hole less predictable, potentially prolonging its recovery time or even intensifying future depletion.</p>



<p>Scientists are actively studying how this longer-lasting ozone hole will play out. Understanding the scale of the problem requires monitoring for the full ecological impact of increased UV exposure. </p>



<p>Further research will be vital in determining if this is a temporary anomaly or a worrying new trend for Antarctica. The situation emphasizes the ongoing need for vigilance not only in reducing ozone-depleting chemicals but also in mitigating the broader impacts of climate change.</p>



<p>The study is&nbsp;published in the journal&nbsp;<a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/gcb.17283" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Global Change Biology</a>.</p>



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Antarctic ozone hole exposes wildlife to harmful UV radiation

The Antarctic ozone hole, a significant thinning in the Earth's...

<p>The record snows of 2023 dramatically transformed <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/snow-water-deficit-california/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">California</a>'s landscape, erasing a persistent megadrought in a matter of months. However, a new study emphasizes that this reprieve is fleeting – climate change models point towards a future where those snow-capped peaks become increasingly rare.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">California's snow deluges</h2>



<p>Researchers analyzed historical snow data for California and combined it with future climate projections from sophisticated computer models. Their goal was to understand how snowfall patterns might change in the coming decades.</p>



<p>A key term emerged from this research: "snow deluge." This term refers to exceptionally heavy snowfall events. These events are crucial because they create a deep <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/record-snowpack-in-the-sierra-nevada-mountains/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">snowpack</a> that persists well into spring. This persistent snowpack melts slowly, releasing freshwater throughout the crucial dry summer months when California needs it most.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-california-snow-events-will-become-rare">California snow events will become rare </h2>



<p>The news from the study is not optimistic. The researchers found that these "snow deluges" are likely to become significantly less frequent in the future. Even under moderate climate change scenarios, the likelihood of another winter like 2023 – the one that snapped California out of its megadrought – is dramatically reduced for most Californians within their lifetimes.</p>



<p>Ultimately, the incredibly beneficial snowfalls of 2023 may be a thing of the past. As the climate warms, these heavy snow events will likely become rarer, jeopardizing California's future water security.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-california-s-water-supply">California's water supply</h2>



<p>California's water management system heavily relies on a consistent and substantial snowpack from the Sierra Nevada mountains. This natural ice reservoir forms a crucial part of the state's water supply, contributing approximately one-third of the water needed, especially during the hot, dry summer months.</p>



<p>As the snowpack decreases, due to rising temperatures and changing precipitation patterns linked to climate change, it disrupts the state's intricate water distribution system. This reduction has widespread impacts, influencing not only the amount of water available for irrigation, crucial for California's large agricultural industry, but also affecting the water supply to urban areas. </p>



<p>As the snowpack becomes less reliable, the challenge of managing water resources intensifies, threatening agriculture, urban water supply, and the overall ecological balance.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenges-and-opportunities">Challenges and opportunities</h2>



<p>"California's water woes aren't solved by a single snowy winter. This is a stark reminder that we urgently need adaptation strategies in the face of climate change," said study lead author Adrienne Marshall, a hydrologist at the <a href="https://www.mines.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Colorado School of Mines</a>.</p>



<p>As California faces the challenge of diminishing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/despite-record-snowpack-in-the-west-early-melting-could-lead-to-water-scarcity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">snowpacks</a> and fluctuating water availability, increased investment in water storage solutions becomes imperative. This involves expanding the capacity of existing reservoirs and exploring innovative groundwater recharge methods, which can help the state capture and store more water during periods of surplus. Such strategies are essential for buffering against dry spells and maintaining water supply during drought conditions.</p>



<p>In parallel, enhancing water use efficiency across various sectors is crucial. The state can incentivize the adoption of water-wise landscaping techniques and more efficient agricultural practices that minimize water consumption. </p>



<p>Additionally, repairing and updating the aging and often leaky water infrastructure can significantly reduce water loss. These measures not only conserve water but also promote a more sustainable and equitable distribution of this critical resource.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-alternative-water-sources">Alternative water sources</h2>



<p>In response to the dramatic effects of snow, California is also looking to diversify its water sources to reduce its dependency on traditional freshwater supplies. Technologies such as advanced water recycling systems and desalination, which converts seawater into drinkable water, are gaining traction. </p>



<p>These alternative approaches can provide additional reliable water sources, particularly in coastal and urban areas, thereby enhancing the state's resilience to water scarcity and supporting a sustainable future.</p>



<p>The extraordinary 2023 winter offered a tantalizing glimpse of California's potential when the weather cooperates. However, experts like Daniel Swain of UCLA caution that this may have been the "snowiest winter for the rest of our lifetimes." </p>



<p>While cherishing the relief brought by the snowfall, California needs to recognize this fleeting abundance as a wake-up call. Investment and innovation in water infrastructure are now a matter of survival, not just comfort, in an increasingly uncertain climate future.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2320600121" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a></em>.</p>



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California's 2023 snow: A temporary fix, not a lasting solution

The record snows of 2023 dramatically transformed California's landscape, erasing...

<p>The sight of a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/trees-help-gray-foxes-coexist-with-coyotes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fox</a> disappearing headfirst into snow is an iconic image of winter survival. However, behind this seemingly whimsical behavior lies a fascinating interplay of biomechanics and evolution. </p>



<p>Recent research from <a href="https://www.cornell.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cornell University</a> has unveiled the secrets behind the fox's remarkable hunting technique, highlighting the crucial role of their specialized snouts and remarkable sensory abilities.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-foxes-and-their-snout">Foxes and their snout</h2>



<p>"The fox’s sharp snout doesn’t significantly compress the snow; it penetrates it without much resistance," explained Sunghwan Jung, a Cornell University professor and corresponding author of the study.</p>



<p>By analyzing 3D-printed skulls of foxes, the researchers discovered that the fox's elongated snout acts like a natural ice pick. Upon impact, the narrow, pointed shape slices through the snow rather than compressing it forcefully. </p>



<p>This streamlined design minimizes deceleration forces, protecting the fox from potentially harmful head and neck injuries during its high-speed dives.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-adaptations-for-snow-hunting">Adaptations for snow hunting</h2>



<p>The research team's comparison between the fox's skull and those of larger felines like lynx and pumas revealed a stark contrast. Unlike the fox's narrow, pointed snout, these big cats possess wider, flatter snouts. This difference has significant implications for snow diving.</p>



<p>When a large feline attempts a headfirst dive into snow, its flat snout would impact the snow with greater surface area. This causes the snow to compress, creating substantial resistance and a significantly higher deceleration force. This sudden force increases the risk of injury to the cat's head and neck.</p>



<p>These findings underscore the fox's unique evolutionary adaptations for its specific ecological role. While large cats generally rely on stealthy ambushes and brute strength to overpower their prey, the fox's success in snowy environments depends on agility and precise targeting. The combination of its streamlined snout and keen hearing allows the fox to thrive in this specialized niche.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fox-s-sensory-advantage-in-snow">Fox's sensory advantage in snow</h2>



<p>The fox's success as a winter hunter extends beyond the specialized design of its snout. A remarkably keen sense of hearing plays a crucial role in its ability to locate and capture prey. Foxes have evolved the ability to detect even the faintest rustling sounds made by rodents moving beneath a layer of snow. This acute hearing gives them a distinct advantage in locating potential meals.</p>



<p>Researchers theorize that foxes utilize a form of "sound triangulation" to accurately determine the depth and position of their prey. This process likely involves analyzing how the sound reaches each ear, allowing the fox to create a precise mental map of the rodent's location.</p>



<p>The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/foxes-have-been-eating-human-scraps-for-42000-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fox</a>'s elongated snout further enhances its hunting prowess. The streamlined shape minimizes any potential obstruction of sound waves, ensuring maximum auditory clarity. It also allows the fox to quickly and precisely reach its target the moment it's been pinpointed, preventing the startled rodent from escaping.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-applications-of-the-research">Applications of the research</h2>



<p>While the fox's fascinating snow-diving strategy offers insights into animal adaptations, the research extends beyond the realm of pure natural history. By understanding the biomechanics of how animals interact with different substrates, like snow, we can potentially gain valuable knowledge applicable to various fields of study.</p>



<p>This research could have implications for sports medicine and the design of safety equipment. The fox's streamlined snout could inspire innovations in helmet design for snow sports enthusiasts. </p>



<p>Specifically, researchers could study the material properties of the fox's snout to identify potential shock-absorbing structures or design elements. These improvements could lead to better protection from head and neck injuries during falls or collisions.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-significance">Study significance</h2>



<p>The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/extinct-fox-may-have-once-been-mans-best-friend/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fox</a>'s spectacular snow dive serves as a testament to the remarkable power of natural selection. Over countless generations, the pressures of a harsh winter environment have shaped the fox's unique suite of adaptations. </p>



<p>Its specialized snout, designed to minimize impact with snow, operates in tandem with its exceptional hearing to allow precise targeting of prey. These traits, working synergistically, provide the fox with a crucial survival advantage.</p>



<p>Studies like this illuminate the intricate ways in which animals evolve to overcome the challenges of their specific environments. By analyzing the fox's adaptations, we gain a deeper understanding of the evolutionary processes that have shaped the diversity of life on our planet. </p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2321179121" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</em></a>.</p>



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How can a fox dive headfirst into snow? It's all in the snout

The sight of a fox disappearing headfirst into snow is...

<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/forests-rich-tree-diversity-adapt-better-changing-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Climate change</a> has already had a profound impact on Europe's forests, leading to the death of thousands of hectares of trees due to drought and bark beetle infestations. A recent study conducted by researchers from the <a href="https://www.univie.ac.at/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Vienna</a> and the <a href="https://www.tum.de/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Technical University of Munich</a> (TUM) has explored the future of reforestation in light of these challenges. </p>



<p>The experts identified a limited number of tree species that are viable for future forests, emphasizing the importance of mixed forests for ecosystem <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/reforestation-cannot-offset-carbon-emissions-from-harvesting-wood/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">resilience</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-enormous-decline-of-tree-species-nbsp">Enormous decline of tree species&nbsp;</h2>



<p>European forests, which traditionally feature a variety of tree species, have fewer types of trees compared to similar climatic regions in North America or East Asia. This diversity is expected to diminish further, as the research led by Johannes Wessely and Stefan Dullinger from the University of Vienna indicates.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The findings suggest that between one-third and half of the current tree species may not be able to withstand future climatic conditions.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“This is an enormous decline, especially when you consider that only some of the species are of interest for forestry,” said lead author Wessely, an expert in conservation biology at Vienna.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-suitability-of-future-tree-species-nbsp">Suitability of future tree species&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The study evaluated the resilience of the most common 69 out of over 100 European tree <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tree-species-diversity-makes-forests-more-productive/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">species</a> against the backdrop of 21st-century climate projections. On average, only nine of these species per location are deemed suitable for future conditions, with even fewer (four) in the UK, where species like the English oak are considered viable. </p>



<p>The suitability of tree species for future climates varies significantly across different regions of Europe.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sustaining-species-rich-mixed-forests">Sustaining species-rich mixed forests</h2>



<p>The research highlights a significant concern: even with a selection of climate-adapted trees, the diversity is insufficient to sustain species-rich mixed forests, which are crucial for enhancing forest robustness against disturbances like bark beetles.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Mixed forests consisting of many tree species are an important measure to make forests more robust against disturbances such as bark beetles. In some places in Europe, however, we could run out of tree species to establish such colorful mixed forests,” explained Rupert Seidl, a professor of ecosystem dynamics and forest resilience at TUM.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-protecting-future-forests">Protecting future forests</h2>



<p>Furthermore, not all trees are equally capable of fulfilling essential forest functions such as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mixed-forests-with-many-tree-species-are-more-effective-at-carbon-storage/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">carbon storage</a>, providing habitats or food for wildlife, or being used as timber. Only an average of three out of the nine suitable species can meet these needs.</p>



<p>These findings highlight the severe impact of climate change on forest vitality and the inadequacy of simply introducing a new mix of tree species as a solution.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Our work clearly shows how severely the vitality of forests is affected by climate change. We cannot rely solely on a new mix of tree species; rapid measures to mitigate climate change are essential for the sustainable protection of our forests,” Wessely concluded.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-future-forests">More about future forests</h2>



<p>Forests of the future are anticipated to undergo significant transformations due to climate change, human activities, and technological advancements.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-shifting-tree-species">Shifting tree species</h3>



<p>As global temperatures rise, the distribution of various tree species is expected to shift. For instance, species adapted to cooler climates may move toward higher altitudes or latitudes, while those tolerant of warmer conditions could expand their range. This shift will alter forest biodiversity and could lead to new compositions of plant and animal communities.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pests-and-diseases-nbsp">Pests and diseases&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Additionally, forests are likely to face increased threats from pests and diseases, which can spread more rapidly in warmer conditions. This could result in higher <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-identify-the-cause-of-tree-mortality-in-the-amazon/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tree mortality</a> rates and altered forest landscapes. In response, forest management practices are expected to evolve. </p>



<p>Techniques such as assisted migration, where tree species are intentionally moved to areas where they are expected to thrive under future climatic conditions, could become more common.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-shaping-future-forests">Shaping future forests</h2>



<p>Technological advancements will also play a crucial role in shaping the forests of the future. Innovations in drone technology and satellite imaging will improve monitoring of forest health and growth, enabling more precise and effective conservation strategies.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Moreover, genetic engineering might be used to develop tree species that are more resistant to pests, diseases, and extreme weather conditions, helping to ensure the resilience of forest ecosystems.</p>



<p>The forests of the future will likely be quite different from those we know today, shaped by a combination of environmental changes, human interventions, and technological innovations. Their ability to adapt and thrive will be crucial for biodiversity conservation, climate regulation, and the myriad ecological services they provide.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41559-024-02406-8" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Nature Ecology &amp; Evolution</em></a>.</p>



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Future forests: Which tree species can survive climate change?

Climate change has already had a profound impact on Europe's...

<p>Global <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-climate-change-and-biodiversity-loss-are-one-indivisible-global-health-crisis/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">biodiversity</a> has declined by 2% to 11% during the 20th century due to land-use changes alone. As we progress into the mid-21st century, climate change is projected to become the primary driver of biodiversity loss.</p>



<p>This is the conclusion of a comprehensive multi-model study led by the <a href="https://www.idiv.de/en/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">German Center for Integrative Biodiversity Research</a> (iDiv) and <a href="https://www.uni-halle.de/?lang=en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg</a> (MLU).</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-primary-drivers-of-biodiversity-loss">Primary drivers of biodiversity loss</h2>



<p>The researchers utilized thirteen models to evaluate the impacts of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/land-use-changes-expose-the-amazon-to-environmental-threats/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">land-use</a> and climate change on four different biodiversity metrics and nine ecosystem services. The findings highlight the substantial influence of human activity on natural environments.</p>



<p>Land-use change has long been recognized by the <a href="https://www.ipbes.net/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services</a> (IPBES) as a significant factor affecting biodiversity. This study's detailed modeling of land-use impacts over the last century indicates that these changes alone could have reduced global biodiversity by as much as 11 percent.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“By including all world regions in our model, we were able to fill many blind spots and address criticism of other approaches working with fragmented and potentially biased data,” said lead author Henrique Pereira, a conservation biologist at iDiv and MLU.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-land-use-changes-and-ecosystem-services-nbsp">Land-use changes and ecosystem services&nbsp;</h2>



<p>In addition to biodiversity metrics, the study also explored the effects of land-use change on ecosystem services.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The analysis revealed that, while provisioning services like food and timber production saw significant increases, regulating services such as pollination, nitrogen retention, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/reducing-air-pollution-could-greatly-boost-carbon-sequestration-by-plants/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">carbon sequestration</a> experienced declines.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-drivers-of-biodiversity-loss-nbsp">Future drivers of biodiversity loss &nbsp;</h2>



<p>Looking forward, the study combined the effects of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/people-want-to-fight-climate-change-more-than-you-think/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a> with land-use changes to project future biodiversity and ecosystem service trends.&nbsp;</p>



<p>All scenarios - from sustainable development to high emissions - suggest that biodiversity loss will occur across all global regions due to the compounded effects of these two factors.</p>



<p>According to the scientists, the purpose of examining long-term scenarios is not to predict what will happen, but to understand alternatives, and thus avoid the trajectories that are least desirable, and select those that have positive outcomes. These trajectories depend strongly on the policies we choose.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-safeguarding-biodiversity-in-the-coming-decades">Safeguarding biodiversity in the coming decades</h2>



<p>“Our analysis shows that a truly integrated approach considering the different sustainability dimensions in a consistent framework is needed to reduce conflicts between policies and safeguard biodiversity in the coming decades,” said study co-author Petr Havlík, the program director of <a href="https://iiasa.ac.at/programs/bnr" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">IIASA Biodiversity and Natural Resources</a>.</p>



<p>“For instance, while <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bioenergy-can-slow-climate-change-but-the-window-is-closing/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bioenergy</a> deployment is still a critical element of the majority of climate stabilization scenarios, it also poses a threat to species habitats.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-prioritizing-conservation-and-restoration-efforts">Prioritizing conservation and restoration efforts</h2>



<p>“Given the potentially synergistic negative effects of land use and climate change on biodiversity, our findings suggest that conservation and restoration efforts should be prioritized globally as necessary natural climate solutions,” noted study co-author Piero Visconti, the <a href="https://iiasa.ac.at/programs/bnr/bec" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Biodiversity, Ecology, and Conservation Research Group</a> leader at IIASA.</p>



<p>“This underscores the importance of effectively implementing area-based conservation targets for integrated planning, ecological restoration, and protected areas under the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework.”&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-addressing-human-induced-biodiversity-loss">Addressing human-induced biodiversity loss</h2>



<p>According to the scientists, evaluating the effects of specific policies on biodiversity is crucial for pinpointing the most effective strategies to protect and enhance biodiversity and ecosystem services.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Despite uncertainties in modeling, the results unequivocally demonstrate that existing policies fall short of achieving international biodiversity targets. This highlights the urgent need for intensified efforts to address human-induced biodiversity loss.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-biodiversity-loss-nbsp">More about biodiversity loss&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Biodiversity loss refers to the ongoing decline in the variety of life across the planet, encompassing species, genetic variants, and ecosystems. The drivers of biodiversity loss include human activities such as deforestation, pollution, climate change, and overexploitation of natural resources. </p>



<p>The impact of losing biodiversity is profound and multifaceted, affecting everything from ecosystem stability and resilience to the availability of resources like food, clean water, and medicines. As species disappear, so do crucial ecosystem services, leading to challenges that affect climate regulation, flood control, and the pollination of plants.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This loss also has significant cultural impacts, especially for indigenous communities who depend directly on their local ecosystems. The fight against biodiversity loss involves conservation efforts, sustainable practices, and international agreements aimed at preserving the natural world for future generations.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.adn3441" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Science</em></a><em>.</em></p>



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What are the biggest drivers of biodiversity loss?

Global biodiversity has declined by 2% to 11% during the...

<p>The warming associated with climate change manifests globally, yet its repercussions are distinctly local, affecting everything from air quality to public health, as well as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dust-exposure-human-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dust</a> levels. </p>



<p>A new study from the <a href="https://seas.harvard.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences</a> has uncovered an unexpected trend across various parts of the globe. </p>



<p>The experts report that dust levels are consistently decreasing in several critical areas, including northern India, the Persian Gulf Coast, and the broader Middle East. </p>



<p>These regions, where dust plays an integral role in the environment and human health, have seen notable declines in dust density. The reasons behind these reductions have been unclear to scientists.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-declining-dust-levels">Declining dust levels</h2>



<p>“Dust loading in West and South Asia has been a major environmental issue due to its negative effects on air quality, food security, energy supply and public health, as well as on regional and global weather and climate. Yet a robust understanding of its recent changes and future projection remains unclear,” wrote the study authors.</p>



<p>“On the basis of several high-quality remote sensing products, we detect a consistently decreasing trend of dust loading in West and South Asia over the last two decades.”</p>



<p>The researchers peeled back the layers of complexity surrounding atmospheric changes, suggesting links between global climatic shifts and localized dust patterns. </p>



<p>The study points to broader climatic factors influencing these changes, offering a clearer picture of the interconnections between global warming and regional conditions. This emerging understanding helps to address the previously unexplained decreases in dust levels and sets the stage for more targeted environmental management strategies.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-arctic-warming-and-local-dust-levels">Arctic warming and local dust levels</h2>



<p>The researchers have identified a link between the diminishing dust levels in certain global regions and the rapid increase in temperatures in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dust-impacts-glaciation-arctic-clouds/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Arctic</a>, a phenomenon referred to as Arctic amplification. This pattern of warming in the Arctic is accelerating faster than climatic changes in other parts of the world, leading to significant atmospheric disturbances.</p>



<p>The pronounced warming in the Arctic region has a profound impact on the jet stream - the powerful air currents encircling the globe at high altitudes - which, in turn, affects weather patterns far beyond the poles. </p>



<p>As Arctic temperatures rise, the jet stream's flow becomes more erratic, leading to alterations in storm tracks and wind patterns that influence some of the largest dust-producing areas on the planet, such as the Arabian Peninsula and the Thar Desert, situated between India and Pakistan.</p>



<p>These changes to the jet stream and the associated wind and storm patterns can modify the distribution and frequency of dust storms, reducing overall dust levels in these historically dust-rich regions. Understanding how Arctic warming influences these far-reaching meteorological elements offers crucial insights into the interconnected nature of global climate systems and regional environmental phenomena.</p>



<p>“While local land management, urbanization, and industrialization do affect dust levels in West and South Asia, our research highlights the increasingly significant role of changes in atmospheric circulation patterns driven by <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dust-storms-in-the-gulf-of-alaska-help-shape-the-global-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">global climate</a> dynamics,” explained Professor McElroy.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dust-dynamics-and-global-implications">Dust dynamics and global implications</h2>



<p>What might the future hold for dust levels in these regions? According to the research, much depends on global efforts to manage emissions. </p>



<p>Achieving carbon neutrality could increase dust levels by potentially restoring old jet stream and wind patterns. Professor McElroy emphasizes the necessity of pursuing carbon neutrality while local governments intensify their efforts in dust management.</p>



<p>“At the local level, we need robust anti-desertification measures like reforestation and irrigation management, coupled with improved monitoring of urban dust concentrations,” said McElroy. These efforts should align with broader climate mitigation to address both global <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/atmospheric-dust-has-been-masking-greenhouse-warming/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">warming</a> and local dust concerns effectively.</p>



<p>“While some previous studies demonstrated the influence of land management practices on dust loading reduction in West and South Asia, our research provides an additional dimension to this understanding by shedding light on the role of climate change-induced alterations in atmospheric circulation,” wrote the researchers.</p>



<p>“Undoubtedly local land management remains a vital contributor to dust loading dynamics, and our findings, by showing the indirect effect of circulation on local rainfall and soil moisture, corroborate the efficacy of sustained vegetation expansion in mitigating dust emissions.”&nbsp;</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2317444121" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a></em>.</p>



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Arctic warming impacts dust levels on a global scale

The warming associated with climate change manifests globally, yet its...

Symphysodon,Discus,In,An,Aquarium,On,A,Green,Background

<p>The animal kingdom is replete with varied behaviors that define survival strategies and influence biodiversity. Among these, curiosity is a critical personality trait that impacts <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/species-survival-adapt-diets/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">animal adaptation</a> and survival. It compels animals such as cichlids to explore new areas within their habitats, diversifying their experiences and potentially their genetic makeup, although it also increases their vulnerability to predators.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-exploring-cichlids-and-biodiversity">Exploring cichlids and biodiversity </h2>



<p>Nestled in the heart of Africa, Lake Tanganyika functions as an exceptional natural laboratory for exploring the complexities of biodiversity. This expansive lake hosts a myriad of cichlid species, each distinguished by its unique shape, diet, habitat, and coloration. </p>



<p>The incredible range of these characteristics among cichlids enables them to adapt to different ecological roles within the lake’s ecosystem. By filling various niches, these fish effectively spread out across different environmental zones, which reduces direct competition for resources among them. </p>



<p>This adaptation not only helps maintain ecological balance but also fosters a rich diversity within the lake, making it an ideal subject for scientific study.</p>



<p>Recent research led by Professor Walter Salzburger from the <a href="https://www.unibas.ch/en.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Basel</a> focuses on these cichlids to understand how curiosity contributes to the emergence of new species.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cichlid-curiosity">Cichlid curiosity</h2>



<p>Dr. Carolin Sommer-Trembo, the lead author of the study, dedicated nine months to closely observing 57 different cichlid <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cichlid-fish-transform-their-shape-to-handle-environmental-changes/">species</a> along the southern shores of Lake Tanganyika. </p>



<p>She utilized large experimental ponds to examine the exploratory behavior of these cichlids, all of which were initially captured from the lake and subsequently returned to their natural habitat.</p>



<p>Upon returning to Basel, Sommer-Trembo analyzed video recordings to assess how each species adapted to these new environments. She identified significant variations in exploratory behavior that remained consistent even in controlled laboratory settings.</p>



<p>"Large differences in exploratory behavior were observed between the cichlid species," Sommer-Trembo noted, emphasizing a strong connection between behavior, habitat preference, and physical traits. </p>



<p>Notably, bulkier cichlids found closer to the shores exhibited greater curiosity compared to their more elongated counterparts in open waters.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genetic-insights-into-cichlid-curiosity-and-biodiversity">Genetic insights into cichlid curiosity and biodiversity</h2>



<p>The research team took an innovative approach to explore the genetic foundations of these behaviors, developed in collaboration with Dr. Milan Malinsky of the <a href="https://www.unibe.ch/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bern</a>. </p>



<p>They discovered a genetic variant strongly linked to curiosity, characterized by a specific "T" in the DNA sequence, which almost perfectly predicts increased exploratory behavior, while a "C" suggests less curiosity.</p>



<p>Using CRISPR-Cas9, a cutting-edge gene-editing technology, the researchers successfully induced mutations in this specific DNA region, thereby enhancing the cichlids' curiosity. </p>



<p>Additionally, they employed artificial intelligence to provide predictive insights into the exploratory behaviors of cichlid species that had not previously been studied.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications-from-fish-to-humans">Broader implications: From fish to humans</h2>



<p>Interestingly, the genetic variant identified is located near the gene cacng5b, which is active in the brain and is also present in other vertebrates, including humans. </p>



<p>This gene is associated with neurological and psychiatric conditions, such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorders.</p>



<p>"This puts the focus back on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/environmental-change-makes-animals-alter-their-behavior/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">animal behavior</a> as a driving force behind key evolutionary processes," says Sommer-Trembo.</p>



<p>The implications of this research extend beyond the aquatic borders of Lake Tanganyika, suggesting potential insights into the biological foundations of personality traits in humans.</p>



<p>As the study of cichlids in Lake Tanganyika continues to reveal the intricate connections between genetics, behavior, evolution and biodiversity, it may also offer a glimpse into the mechanisms of human behavioral traits, potentially linking our own evolutionary story to those of the curious cichlids.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-cichlid-fish-beyond-their-curiosity">More about cichlid fish beyond their curiosity</h2>



<p>As discussed above, cichlid fish are a remarkably diverse group of freshwater fish, primarily found in tropical regions of Africa and Central and South America. </p>



<p>Their diversity is not just limited to their coloration and body shapes but extends to their behavior, reproductive strategies, and environmental adaptations, making them a favorite subject of study in evolutionary biology.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Origins and distribution</h3>



<p>Cichlids are most notably abundant in African lakes, with Lake Malawi, Lake Victoria, and Lake Tanganyika being the most famous for their cichlid populations. </p>



<p>Each of these lakes harbors hundreds of cichlid species, many of which are endemic - meaning they are found nowhere else on Earth. </p>



<p>Lake Tanganyika, in particular, is considered one of the oldest lakes in the world and hosts some of the most ancient cichlid lineages.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Morphological diversity</h3>



<p>The physical diversity of cichlids is astounding. They vary greatly in size, from just a few centimeters to over 30 centimeters in length. </p>



<p>Their bodies can be slim and elongated or short and stocky, adapted to different types of water flow and predation pressures. </p>



<p>The coloration of cichlids is equally varied and often plays a role in mating rituals; bright colors can attract mates or intimidate rivals.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Behavioral adaptations</h3>



<p>Cichlids exhibit a wide range of behaviors that have adapted to their environments. Some species are known for their complex mating dances and elaborate breeding behaviors, including mouthbrooding, where the female or even the male carries fertilized eggs in their mouths to protect them until they hatch. Others have developed unique feeding strategies like filter feeding, scraping algae, or cracking open shells.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Ecological roles</h3>



<p>Cichlids fill a wide array of ecological niches within their environments. Some are predators, eating smaller fish or invertebrates, while others may graze on algae or detritus on the lakebed. </p>



<p>This specialization helps to reduce direct competition for resources and is a driving force behind the speciation and high biodiversity observed in their habitats.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Conservation concerns</h3>



<p>Despite their adaptability, many cichlid species are threatened by environmental changes, including pollution, habitat loss, and the introduction of non-native species. </p>



<p>In Lake Victoria, for example, the introduction of the Nile perch in the 1950s led to the extinction or near-extinction of numerous cichlid species due to predation and competition.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Scientific importance beyond cichlid curiosity</h3>



<p>Cichlids are a key model group in studies of evolutionary biology, especially in understanding speciation, the process by which new species evolve. Their rapid rates of speciation and diverse adaptations make them ideal for studying genetic, ecological, and behavioral evolution.</p>



<p>Overall, cichlids not only contribute significantly to the biodiversity of their native habitats but also offer valuable insights into the evolutionary processes that drive the diversity of life on Earth.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adj9228" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science</a></em>.</p>



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Animal curiosity boosts biodiversity in global ecosystems

The animal kingdom is replete with varied behaviors that define...

<p>Marine <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/marine-plankton-hold-a-long-record-of-ocean-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plankton</a>, particularly the single-celled organisms known as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ancient-oceans-colder/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">foraminifera</a>, have populated the oceans for hundreds of millions of years. These microscopic, hard-shelled creatures are more than just tiny specks in the vast ocean; they are fundamental to the marine food chain and serve as a historical archive that helps scientists predict changes in global biodiversity related to our warming climate.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plankton-predicting-biodiversity-changes">Plankton predicting biodiversity changes</h2>



<p>Recently, an extensive study utilizing a high-resolution global dataset of planktonic foraminifera fossils - one of the richest biological archives available - has revealed crucial insights. </p>



<p>Researchers have discovered that major environmental stresses leading to mass <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earths-oceans-are-on-track-for-a-catastrophic-extinction-event/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">extinctions</a> were consistently preceded by subtle changes in the composition of these marine communities. These shifts act as an early warning system for potential future extinctions.</p>



<p>The study was led by Anshuman Swain, a researcher in the <a href="https://socfell.fas.harvard.edu/about" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Harvard Society of Fellows</a>, who is also affiliated with the Museum of Comparative Zoology. </p>



<p>Swain, initially trained as a physicist, applies network analysis to biological and paleontological data. Collaborating with co-first author Adam Woodhouse at the <a href="https://www.bristol.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bristol</a>, Swain investigated the ancient global community structure of marine plankton to develop predictions for the future of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/monitoring-ocean-life-through-underwater-soundscapes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ocean life</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-harnessing-the-past-to-protect-our-future">Harnessing the past to protect our future</h2>



<p>Swain emphasized the importance of historical data in understanding contemporary challenges. “Can we leverage the past to understand what might happen in the future, in the context of global change?” </p>



<p>He noted that his previous work on the impact of polar ice cap formations on marine plankton over the last 15 million years provides valuable context for how biodiversity responds to global climatic shifts, particularly during periods of global warmth, which mirror projections for future warming.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plankton-population-and-biodiversity">Plankton population and biodiversity</h2>



<p>Using the Triton database, crafted by Woodhouse, the team analyzed how the composition of foraminifera plankton communities evolved over extensive periods, far longer than those typically studied. </p>



<p>The focus was the Early Eocene Climatic Optimum, a significant phase of high global temperatures that occurred after the age of dinosaurs. This period is comparable to modern worst-case global warming scenarios.</p>



<p>The researchers found that prior to an extinction event around 34 million years ago, marine communities across the globe became highly specialized - except in southern high latitudes.</p>



<p>This suggests a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/whales-in-the-southern-ocean-are-losing-weight-due-to-global-warming/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mass migration</a> of micro-plankton to cooler, higher latitudes and away from the tropics. The pattern is indicative of significant ecological shifts detectable in the fossil records well before actual biodiversity extinctions took place.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-paleoinformatics-and-future-biodiversity">Paleoinformatics and future biodiversity</h2>



<p>The importance of monitoring biological community structures to predict future extinctions cannot be overstated. The insights gleaned from plankton studies pave the way for broader biodiversity research on other marine organisms, including sharks and even insects. </p>



<p>This burgeoning field, known as paleoinformatics, harnesses large, spatiotemporally resolved databases of fossil records to offer new perspectives on Earth’s future.</p>



<p>By studying the past with sophisticated tools and databases, scientists like Swain and Woodhouse are not only uncovering the secrets of ancient marine ecosystems but are also providing essential tools to anticipate and potentially mitigate future biodiversity losses due to climate change. </p>



<p>Their work underscores the critical role of historical ecological data in environmental conservation efforts and the broader understanding of our planet’s complex climate system.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-marine-plankton-biodiversity">Marine plankton biodiversity</h2>



<p>Marine plankton biodiversity encompasses a vast range of microscopic organisms that play crucial roles in ocean ecosystems. Here are a few key aspects:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-types-of-plankton">Types of plankton</h3>



<p>There are two main groups of marine plankton: phytoplankton and zooplankton. Phytoplankton, like algae, are photosynthetic and form the base of the marine food web. Zooplankton, which include foraminifera, are often tiny animals or protists that eat phytoplankton and other small particles.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ecological-importance">Ecological importance</h3>



<p>Phytoplankton produce about half of the oxygen we breathe and absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, helping to regulate the climate. Zooplankton, including krill and copepods, are a vital food source for larger marine animals such as fish, whales, and seabirds.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-on-biogeochemical-cycles">Impact on biogeochemical cycles</h3>



<p>Plankton are central to biogeochemical cycles. They help cycle nutrients through the ocean by breaking down and redistributing organic and inorganic matter. This includes the carbon cycle, where plankton influence carbon storage and release in the oceans.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-indicators-of-environmental-change">Indicators of environmental change</h3>



<p>The diversity and distribution of plankton can indicate changes in the environment, such as water temperature, salinity, and pollution levels. Shifts in plankton populations often reflect broader ecological changes that can impact fisheries, water quality, and global climate patterns.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-research-and-monitoring">Research and monitoring</h3>



<p>Scientists study marine plankton to monitor the health of marine ecosystems and predict ecological shifts due to factors like climate change. Advanced technologies, such as remote sensing and automated underwater vehicles, are used to collect data on plankton populations over large areas and extended periods.</p>



<p>Understanding the biodiversity of marine plankton is critical, as these organisms are foundational to marine ecosystems and global environmental health.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><em><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07337-9">Nature</a></em></em>.</p>



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Plankton help predict ocean biodiversity losses

Marine plankton, particularly the single-celled organisms known as foraminifera, have...

<p>Recent research has revealed a startling connection between plastic production and pollution, with every 1% increase in plastic production leading to a corresponding 1% rise in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/can-we-win-the-battle-of-planet-vs-plastic-drastic-changes-are-needed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plastic environmental pollution</a>. The study, published in <em>Science Advances</em>, marks the first robust quantification of this global relationship.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-corporate-culprits-in-plastic-production">Corporate culprits in plastic production</h2>



<p>The investigation was conducted by an international team from the United States, Australia, the Philippines, New Zealand, Estonia, Chile, Sweden, Canada, and the United Kingdom. </p>



<p>The findings point to 56 global companies, mainly in the food, beverage, and tobacco sectors, as being responsible for more than half of all branded <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-plastics-treaty-tackles-the-pollution-problem-directly-at-the-source/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plastic</a> pollution. </p>



<p>Notably, The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/coca-cola-pepsi-among-top-contributors-to-plastic-waste/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Coca-Cola Company</a> emerges as the top polluter, responsible for 11% of branded waste, followed by PepsiCo at 5%, and both Nestlé and Danone at 3%.</p>



<p>This significant and disturbing study utilized data from over 1,576 brand audits spanning 84 countries, gathered over five years by more than 200,000 volunteers through initiatives like Break Free From Plastic and 5 Gyres’ TrashBlitz app. </p>



<p>These brand audits involve volunteers conducting waste clean-ups and documenting the brands on the collected pollution, providing a ground-level view of the impact of plastic production.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reducing-plastic-production">Reducing plastic production</h2>



<p>The pervasive nature of plastic pollution across diverse geographical locations and waste management systems indicates that a reduction in plastic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plastic-production-must-be-phased-out-to-stop-pollution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">production</a>, especially within the fast-moving consumer goods sector, could dramatically lessen global plastic pollution. </p>



<p>As discussions unfold at the <a href="https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/nations-agree-end-plastic-pollution" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Global Plastics Treaty</a> negotiations this month in Ottawa, Canada, this research could greatly influence the adoption of high-ambition, legally binding provisions focusing on corporate accountability and the promotion of sustainable practices like reuse and refill systems.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-community-explains-the-study-s-significance">Scientific community explains the study's significance</h2>



<p>“When I first saw the relationship between production and pollution, I was shocked… But it gives me hope that reducing plastic production and shifting towards more durable and reusable products would have a strong positive impact on the environment,” stated Win Cowger, researcher at the <a href="https://mooreplasticresearch.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Moore Institute for Plastic Pollution Research</a>.</p>



<p>“I urge world leaders at INC-4 to listen to the science, and to consider the clear link between plastic production and pollution during negotiations for a Global Plastics Treaty,” added Dr. Lisa Erdle of The 5 Gyres.</p>



<p>Sybil Bullock from <a href="https://www.breakfreefromplastic.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Break Free From Plastic</a> calls attention to the persistent shortcomings of major corporations in reducing their plastic impact, advocating for, “a legally binding Global Plastics Treaty that mandates significant cuts in plastic production and stops corporations from flooding the planet with single-use plastic.”</p>



<p>Dr. Jorge Emmanuel critiques the often-misguided blame placed on poorer countries for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ocean-plastic-pollution-has-become-a-global-crisis/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">global plastic pollution</a>. He reflects on the role of global companies since the 1960s in introducing single-use plastics that displaced traditional, sustainable practices.</p>



<p>Dr. Kathy Willis highlights the major role that single-use packaging plays in branded plastic pollution, stressing the importance of, “data [that] can help inform ways to address plastic production and reduce plastic waste ending up in the environment.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-urgent-need-for-systematic-reform-and-policy-change">Urgent need for systematic reform and policy change</h2>



<p>The comprehensive results of this study distinctly illustrate the direct correlation between plastic production and environmental pollution, while emphasizing the pressing necessity for systemic reforms. </p>



<p>These changes are crucial not only for improving current conditions but also for ensuring long-term environmental sustainability.</p>



<p>Promoting <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/markets-punish-corporations-that-ignore-climate-environmental-pollution-risks/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">corporate accountability</a> and supporting sustainable methods can lead to substantial ecological advantages. By adopting responsible production practices and reducing plastic waste, companies can make a meaningful impact on global pollution levels.</p>



<p>Furthermore, as international discussions progress, the findings of this study are invaluable in pushing for effective and binding <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-interlinked-crisis-of-plastic-pollution-and-global-warming/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">environmental policies</a>. </p>



<p>This research equips policymakers and advocates with the evidence needed to implement stringent regulations that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/big-chemical-companies-hide-pollution-behind-subsidiaries/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">hold corporations accountable</a> and foster a shift towards more sustainable industrial practices.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-strategies-to-reduce-plastic-production">Strategies to reduce plastic production</h2>



<p>Reducing plastic production involves a multifaceted approach that incorporates regulatory, corporate, and community actions. Here’s a detailed breakdown of each strategy:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implement-regulations">Implement regulations</h3>



<ul>
<li><strong>Ban single-use plastics:</strong> Some governments have started banning or restricting the use of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-biggest-environmental-impacts-of-single-use-plastics-are-largely-overlooked/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">single-use plastic</a> items like straws, bags, and food containers.</li>



<li><strong>Quotas and tariffs:</strong> Implementing quotas on the amount of plastic that can be produced and imposing tariffs on plastic imports can reduce the availability and affordability of plastics.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-promote-sustainable-alternatives">Promote sustainable alternatives</h3>



<ul>
<li><strong>Research and development:</strong> Investing in the development of alternative materials such as plant-based <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/some-plastic-straws-degrade-faster-than-others/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bioplastics</a> that degrade more quickly and have a lower environmental impact.</li>



<li><strong>Support for alternatives:</strong> Providing subsidies or tax breaks for companies producing and using alternative, sustainable materials.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-enhance-recycling-programs">Enhance recycling programs</h3>



<ul>
<li><strong>Improve recycling infrastructure:</strong> Upgrading facilities and technologies to handle a broader range of plastic products and improve the efficiency of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-recycling-day-creating-a-healthier-planet-for-all/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">recycling processes</a>.</li>



<li><strong>Standardize recycling practices:</strong> Creating uniform guidelines for recycling across regions to maximize participation and effectiveness.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-corporate-responsibility">Corporate responsibility</h3>



<ul>
<li><strong>Product redesign:</strong> Companies can redesign products to use less plastic or replace plastic with other materials. For example, using glass or metal which are more easily recyclable and often more sustainable.</li>



<li><strong>Extended producer responsibility:</strong> Implementing policies where manufacturers are responsible for the entire <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/biodegradable-breakthrough-plastics-that-wont-make-us-sick/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lifecycle of their products</a>, including disposal and recycling.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-consumer-awareness-on-plastic-production">Consumer awareness on plastic production</h3>



<ul>
<li><strong>Educational Campaigns:</strong> Conducting campaigns to educate the public about the impacts of plastic pollution and how to reduce plastic use.</li>



<li><strong>Promoting Reuse:</strong> Encouraging consumers to use reusable items, like shopping bags, water bottles, and containers.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-economic-incentives">Economic incentives</h3>



<ul>
<li><strong>Grants and Loans:</strong> Offering financial support to start-ups and businesses that are developing plastic alternatives or improving recycling technologies.</li>



<li><strong>Penalties for High Plastic Use:</strong> Imposing fines on companies that exceed a certain level of plastic use or waste, incentivizing them to find greener solutions.</li>
</ul>



<p>By integrating these strategies, communities, nations, and businesses can significantly cut down on plastic production, leading to a cleaner and more sustainable environment.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plastic-pollution-and-the-path-towards-sustainability">Plastic, pollution, and the path towards sustainability</h2>



<p>In summary, this important study has exposed the undeniable link between plastic production and pollution, pinpointing the fast-moving consumer goods sector as the key contributor to this global crisis. </p>



<p>As world leaders convene to negotiate a Global Plastics Treaty, this research serves as a crucial plea for decisive action. We must demand corporate accountability, prioritize plastic production reduction measures, and promote reuse and refill systems. </p>



<p>The path forward is clear: by holding corporations responsible for their role in the plastic pollution predicament and focusing on reducing production, we can work towards a cleaner, more sustainable future for our planet. The time for action is now.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adj8275" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science Advances</a></em></p>



<p>-----</p>



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Every increase in plastic production results in identical increase in plastic pollution

Recent research has revealed a startling connection between plastic production...

Aerial,View.,Wild,Forest,Lake,In,Russia,,Caucasus.

<p>Climate change, often seen as a formidable adversary, poses a significant threat to humanity and the natural environment, particularly impacting the diversity of our vital <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tropical-trees-use-social-distancing-to-promote-forest-diversity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">forests</a>. </p>



<p>Historical research has painted a grim picture, highlighting a decline in forest productivity amidst global warming and persistent droughts, suggesting a precarious future for these diverse ecosystems.</p>



<p>A recent collaborative study involving researchers from multiple international institutions, including <a href="https://www.kyoto-u.ac.jp/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Kyoto University</a>, has shed light on a hopeful scenario. </p>



<p>They discovered that forests characterized by high trait diversity are not only better equipped to cope with climate change, they may actually flourish under such conditions.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-diversity-s-role-in-forest-health">Diversity's role in forest health</h2>



<p>Led by Han YH Chen from <a href="https://www.lakeheadu.ca/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Lakehead University</a>, the research team delved into the significance of tree functional trait diversity. This crucial aspect of biodiversity enhances the ability of forests to adapt to environmental stressors. </p>



<p>Their findings stem from an extensive analysis of 57 years of inventory data collected from dryland biomes across Canada, spanning from 1958 to 2015. </p>



<p>"In the face of environmental stress, these diverse trees have been shown to maintain higher productivity levels, in contrast to monoculture forests," Chen explains. </p>



<p>Consequently, this study underscores the resilience that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/forest-biodiversity-benefits-from-large-herbivores-like-elephants-and-moose/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">diversity</a> can confer to forest ecosystems, particularly in dryland areas which are notoriously susceptible to climate impacts.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-change-and-future-forest-management">Climate change and future forest management</h2>



<p>The study meticulously accounted for variables such as vegetation recovery from natural disturbances, local climate variations, and soil drainage characteristics.</p>



<p>This robust statistical approach not only highlights the resilience of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/diverse-forests-are-more-resilient-and-productive/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">diverse forests</a> but also paves the way for future explorations into the long-term dynamics of terrestrial ecosystems and biodiversity.</p>



<p>"Our robust statistical approach to the large-scale data may lead to future opportunities for further exploring the long-term dynamics of terrestrial ecosystems and biodiversity," said Masumi Hisano, the first author of the study and affiliated with <a href="https://www.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Hiroshima University</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-natural-forest-diversity-impact">Natural forest diversity impact</h2>



<p>The concept of nature-based solutions is gaining momentum within climate policy circles as a means to mitigate <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/complex-canopies-help-forests-recover-from-disturbances/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ecosystem</a> vulnerabilities. </p>



<p>Furthermore, this study contributes to the ongoing debate about the ability of biodiversity to enhance ecosystem resistance against short-term droughts and other climatic adversities.</p>



<p>"Due to limited evidence from multi-decade long-term observation, synthesizing several direct observations is essential for generalizing dynamic ecological patterns," Hisano noted.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cultivating-hope-through-ecological-diversity">Cultivating hope through ecological diversity</h2>



<p>The study illuminates the intricate relationships among forest diversity, how ecosystems operate, and the impacts of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tree-species-diversity-shaped-by-climate-change-for-21000-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a>. It highlights how various species within a forest interact and support each other, enhancing the whole ecosystem's ability to withstand climatic shifts.</p>



<p>These findings offer promising strategies for strengthening forest resilience, emphasizing the importance of maintaining a wide range of species. </p>



<p>By encouraging diversity, forests are better prepared to face environmental changes, potentially leading to healthier and more robust ecosystems.</p>



<p>As the severity of climate challenges increases, the role of diverse forests becomes increasingly critical. Their health and endurance are essential for their own survival and for the countless species, including humans, that depend on them. </p>



<p>In summary, preserving diverse forest ecosystems is pivotal for maintaining biodiversity, ensuring ecosystem services, and supporting overall planetary health.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-additional-benefits-of-rich-forest-diversity">Additional benefits of rich forest diversity</h2>



<p>Forest diversity offers numerous benefits beyond enhancing resilience to climate change. Here are some key advantages:</p>



<ul>
<li><strong>Increased productivity</strong>: Diverse forests often exhibit higher productivity than monocultures because different species utilize resources such as light, water, and nutrients in varying ways, reducing competition and increasing overall efficiency.</li>



<li><strong>Disease and pest resistance</strong>: A diverse forest is less susceptible to pests and diseases. With a variety of species, it's less likely that all will be affected by the same threats, preventing widespread devastation.</li>



<li><strong>Improved soil health</strong>: Different trees contribute differently to soil structure and nutrient content. This variety helps in maintaining healthy soil, which supports more robust plant growth and better water retention.</li>



<li><strong>Wildlife habitat</strong>: Biodiversity in forests provides varied habitats, which can support a wider range of wildlife. This is crucial for maintaining ecological balances and supporting species survival.</li>



<li><strong>Cultural and recreational value</strong>: Diverse forests attract more tourists and nature enthusiasts, providing recreational, educational, and aesthetic benefits. They are also vital to many cultures that rely on various forest species for traditional practices and medicines.</li>



<li><strong>Carbon sequestration</strong>: Forests with a high diversity of tree species have been shown to store more carbon than less diverse forests, playing a critical role in mitigating global warming.</li>



<li><strong>Water cycle regulation</strong>: Forests influence local and regional water cycles. Diverse forests are more effective at regulating water flow and purification, contributing to cleaner rivers and streams and more consistent rainfall patterns.</li>



<li><strong>Resilience to fire</strong>: Diversity can reduce the vulnerability of forests to fires by including species that are less flammable or that can help to regulate the forest microclimate.</li>
</ul>



<p>These benefits highlight the importance of preserving and promoting forest diversity as part of broader environmental conservation and sustainability efforts.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adn4152" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science Advances</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Forests with rich tree diversity adapt better to changing climate

Climate change, often seen as a formidable adversary, poses a...

<p>In certain corners of the world where climate catastrophes strike with alarming regularity, the impact on marginalized communities can transform their perception of daily life. A recent study from the <a href="https://www.ku.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Kansas</a> has shed light on the impact of frequent exposure to severe weather conditions. This exposure has led to the formation of what could be termed a "disaster subculture" in a poverty-stricken neighborhood in Seoul, South Korea.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-disaster-subculture-helps-to-normalize-hardship">Disaster subculture helps to normalize hardship</h2>



<p>A disaster subculture refers to a set of shared attitudes, behaviors, and practices that develop among a group of people frequently exposed to natural disasters. This concept is often observed in communities that regularly experience events like hurricanes, floods, or earthquakes. </p>



<p>These communities adapt to their challenging circumstances by developing unique coping mechanisms, knowledge, and survival strategies that are transmitted across generations, helping them manage the psychological and physical impacts of living in high-risk environments. </p>



<p>Essentially, the disaster subculture helps residents normalize and endure their hazardous conditions, often leading to a resigned acceptance of their situation.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-disaster-subculture-in-seoul-s-jjokbang-chon">Disaster subculture in Seoul's Jjokbang-chon</h2>



<p>Residents of Jjokbang-chon, a district marked by extreme <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/india-poverty-is-key-source-of-global-pollution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">poverty</a>, endure the harsh realities of climate change from the confines of cramped, 70-square-foot living spaces. Throughout a year of immersive ethnographic research, Joonmo Kang, an assistant professor of social welfare, delved deep into the lives of these individuals to understand disaster subculture. </p>



<p>Kang discovered that many residents have become so accustomed to severe weather that it shapes their entire outlook on life. The study uncovers a poignant narrative of indifference and acceptance among the residents. Despite living in conditions that many would find unbearable, they often express a fatalistic acceptance of their situation. </p>



<p> "All year around, all four seasons are filled with distress; every day is a disaster… the weather doesn't matter," stated one of the residents.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenges-in-social-work-and-climate-justice">Challenges in social work and climate justice</h2>



<p>The implications of this study related to disaster subculture are profound for social work and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ipcc-climate-action-urgently-needed-to-end-human-suffering/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate justice</a>. "This research focused on how people make meaning of extreme weather. The findings revealed they developed a ‘disaster subculture'… It is what it is,” Kang noted. </p>



<p>This acceptance and normalization of hardship reflect a significant challenge in addressing the needs of these communities. A community organizer working with the residents offered insight into their mindset, suggesting that the residents' acceptance might also be an expression of their efforts to cope. </p>



<p>"It might also be their way of telling us, ‘I am trying my best to adjust,’ and at the same time even though they have a desire to get out of here, they might just be saying that because they don't have the resources or the means to turn things around," the organizer explained.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-disaster-subculture">Understanding disaster subculture </h2>



<p>Understanding these lived experiences is crucial for social work professionals who aim to serve <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hurricane-related-deaths-on-the-rise-especially-in-vulnerable-communities/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">vulnerable populations</a> effectively. Kang’s research emphasizes the need to address the root causes of such living conditions and to listen closely to those directly affected. </p>



<p>Kang draws an analogy with the boiling frog metaphor, suggesting that unlike the frog, people in these extreme conditions offer valuable insights into potential solutions.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-advocating-for-marginalized-communities">Advocating for marginalized communities </h2>



<p>Kang plans to further explore how to empower and advocate for marginalized <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/poor-communities-on-river-deltas-will-be-hit-hard-by-coastal-flooding/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">communities</a> in addressing the daily impacts of climate change. “The folks who live these experiences know best. They have agency, and we need to listen to them."</p>



<p>His approach suggests a shift towards a more inclusive and responsive strategy in social work and climate justice, emphasizing the importance of listening and responding to the needs and desires of those most affected.</p>



<p>In conclusion, this study not only highlights the resilience and adaptability of marginalized populations in the face of environmental extremes but also calls for a reevaluation of how social agencies engage with and support these communities. </p>



<p>By acknowledging the distress and suffering of the disaster subculture in Jjokbang-chon, we must recognize an urgent need to address the broader implications of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-increases-poverty-in-asia-pacific-2/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a> on a deeply personal level.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ijsw.12650" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">International Journal of Social Welfare</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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'Disaster subculture' helps people cope on the frontline of the climate crisis

In certain corners of the world where climate catastrophes strike...

<p>Dust emissions in Central Asia have surged as the Aral Sea continues its dramatic decline. Once the world's fourth-largest lake covering an expansive 68,000 square kilometers, the Aral Sea has drastically diminished since the 1960s.</p>



<p>Originally, the lake was fed by the Amu Darya and Syr Darya rivers, drawing their waters from the mountain ranges of Pamir and Tian Shan. It thrived until unsustainable agricultural practices in the mid-20th century began to divert its essential water sources. </p>



<p>This transition ultimately transformed the once vast lake into the Aralkum Desert, a major source of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/atmospheric-dust-plays-surprisingly-crucial-role-in-stabilizing-ocean-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">atmospheric dust</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rising-dust-from-the-aral-sea">Rising dust from the Aral Sea</h2>



<p>Recent research highlights a troubling trend: over the last three decades, Central Asia has become 7% dustier. This increase corresponds with a near doubling of dust emissions, escalating from 14 million tons in 1984 to 27 million tons by 2015.</p>



<p>The study, conducted by a team from the <a href="https://www.tropos.de/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research</a> and the <a href="https://www.fu-berlin.de/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Free University of Berlin</a>, suggests that these figures are likely underestimated. Traditional satellite observations often fail to detect two-thirds of dust emissions, as they frequently occur under cloudy conditions.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-far-reaching-effects-of-increased-dust-emissions">Far-reaching effects of increased dust emissions</h2>



<p>The widespread effects of increased dust emissions from the Aralkum Desert are significant and have consequences across Central Asia. The fine dust particles released into the atmosphere pose serious health hazards to local populations such as respiratory issues and cardiovascular problems. </p>



<p>This degradation of air quality isn't confined to areas close to the desert; it extends to urban centers like the capitals of Tajikistan and Turkmenistan, which are notably far from the source.</p>



<p>The dust has environmental impacts beyond just air quality. It lands on glaciers, darkening their surfaces which leads to faster absorption of sunlight. This accelerates the melting process, contributing to a quicker reduction in glacier volumes.</p>



<p>As these glaciers are crucial water sources for the region, their melting intensifies the existing water scarcity issues, affecting agriculture, drinking water supplies, and the overall ecological balance in the area.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-aral-sea-dust-dynamics">Aral Sea dust dynamics </h2>



<p>To better understand these phenomena, the researchers utilized the COSMO-MUSCAT atmospheric dust model to simulate emissions and their effects. One of the challenges they faced was the lack of comprehensive data on the soil and surface characteristics of the Aralkum Desert. </p>



<p>Another challenge involved varying wind patterns, which influence the distribution and intensity of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sahara-desert-dust-storms-carry-harmful-bacteria-and-fungi-around-the-globe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dust storms</a>. Westerly winds tend to dominate this dust storm activity. The researchers noted that as the Arctic warms, westerly wind currents could become even more frequent in winter, with consequences for people east of the desert.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-radiative-effects-of-dust-over-aral-sea">Radiative effects of dust over Aral Sea</h2>



<p>"Looking at the changes between the past and the present, the near doubling of dust emissions over the Aral Sea/Aralkum region has led to an increase in both radiative cooling and heating at the surface and in the atmosphere," said lead researcher Dr. Jamie Banks.</p>



<p>These phenomena do not persist year-round but occur in episodes, profoundly influencing the seasonal climate dynamics. </p>



<p>"Aralkum dust increases the air pressure at ground level in the Aral region, altering large-scale weather patterns," noted Dr. Banks.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-central-asian-dust-conference">Central Asian dust conference</h2>



<p>The findings were presented at the Second Central Asian Dust Conference in Nukus, Uzbekistan, near the former Aral Sea shores. As the research continues, the scientific community aims to refine these models and deepen our understanding of dust's climatic impacts. </p>



<p>The establishment of the "OLALA" research group at TROPOS focuses on enhancing the remote sensing of mineral dust, a crucial step for global climate monitoring.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-global-environmental-management">Global environmental management</h2>



<p>This case study of the Aral Sea underscores the broader environmental challenges faced by regions around the world, where desertification and degradation pose immediate threats to ecosystems and human health.</p>



<p>The situation in Central Asia highlights the complex and delicate interplay between human activities and the health of our planet. The ongoing expansion of the Aralkum Desert, which is directly linked to previous unsustainable agricultural practices and water management, underscores how human interventions can lead to severe ecological consequences. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-cautionary-tale">A cautionary tale </h2>



<p>The increasing dust emissions from the Aralkum Desert are not just a local problem; they represent a broader environmental signal warning us of the critical need for sustainable practices.</p>



<p>As the desert grows and its dust impacts air quality, human health, and even climate patterns far beyond its immediate surroundings, it serves as a powerful cautionary tale. Without adopting and enforcing better practices, similar ecological and health crises could unfold in other parts of the world. </p>



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Aral Sea dust emissions have doubled, with major climate impacts

Dust emissions in Central Asia have surged as the Aral...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lHHxOej4QfE
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Researchers found a correlation between Alzheimer's disease and traffic pollution.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-invisible-threat-in-urban-air"><strong>Invisible threat in urban air</strong></h2>



<p>City dwellers face an unseen danger with every breath. New findings from Emory University researchers suggest that fine particulate matter from <a href="http://earth.com/news/traffic-related-air-pollution-might-increase-alzheimers-risk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">vehicle emissions may significantly elevate the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease</a>. The study examined brain tissue samples from 224 individuals who had confirmed diagnoses and volunteered their brains for scientific research.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-disturbing-connections-emerge"><strong>Disturbing connections emerge</strong></h2>



<p>Scientists analyzed neuritic plaques — protein clusters that characterize Alzheimer's — while mapping each participant's exposure to PM2.5 particles based on residential location and surrounding traffic density. The correlation proved more alarming than anticipated. Individuals experiencing higher pollution exposure showed nearly double the likelihood of elevated plaque accumulation in brain tissue.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-timing-matters"><strong>Timing matters</strong></h2>



<p>The research team discovered that pollution exposure during the final year before death demonstrated the strongest association with brain changes. This timeline suggests relatively rapid impacts from environmental toxins on neural health. The connection remained robust even after accounting for various demographic and health factors.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genetic-vulnerability-patterns"><strong>Genetic vulnerability patterns</strong></h2>



<p>Perhaps most concerning, people lacking the APOE gene—which naturally predisposes individuals to Alzheimer's — exhibited more than twice the susceptibility to pollution-related brain damage. Study author Dr. Anke Huels noted this indicates environmental elements like air contamination could trigger the disease in cases where hereditary factors don't explain.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-public-health-implications"><strong>Public health implications</strong></h2>



<p>These findings, published in <em><a href="https://www.neurology.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Neurology</a></em>, underscore the critical importance of air quality regulations in urban planning. The research suggests that implementing stricter emission controls and promoting alternative transportation could serve as powerful tools in Alzheimer's prevention.</p>



<p>As cities worldwide grapple with growing traffic congestion and aging populations, this study highlights an urgent need for comprehensive approaches to environmental health that protect both our lungs and our minds.</p>



<p>—–</p>



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<p>—–</p>

Traffic fumes may trigger Alzheimer's

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lHHxOej4QfE Researchers found a correlation between Alzheimer's disease and traffic...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that scientists never expected.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hidden-waters-beneath-ancient-craters">Hidden waters beneath ancient craters</h2>



<p>Scientists have made a startling discovery that challenges everything we thought we knew about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/saturn-moon-mimas-has-remarkably-young-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Saturn's moon Mimas</a>. Beneath the heavily cratered surface that earned it the nickname "Death Star" lies a global ocean that formed just 5 to 15 million years ago—a remarkably young age by cosmic standards.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cassini-data-reveals-orbital-secrets">Cassini data reveals orbital secrets</h2>



<p>The discovery, led by Dr. Valéry Lainey of the <a href="https://observatoiredeparis.psl.eu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Observatoire de Paris</a>, emerged from careful analysis of <a href="https://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>'s Cassini spacecraft data. By studying subtle irregularities in Mimas's orbit around Saturn, researchers detected the gravitational signature of liquid water hidden 20 to 30 kilometers beneath the moon's icy shell.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-an-unlikely-ocean-world">An unlikely ocean world</h2>



<p>At only 400 kilometers in diameter, Mimas seemed like the least likely candidate to harbor a subsurface ocean. Unlike other ocean moons such as Europa and Enceladus, which show clear surface signs of internal activity, Mimas displays no obvious hints of the liquid water beneath its ancient, crater-scarred exterior.</p>



<p>"Mimas is a small moon, and its heavily cratered surface gave no hint of the hidden ocean beneath," explained Dr. Nick Cooper from <a href="https://www.qmul.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Queen Mary University of London</a>, a study co-author.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-astrobiology">Implications for astrobiology</h2>



<p>The ocean's recent formation makes Mimas a prime target for studying how oceans develop and potentially support life. This discovery adds another member to the exclusive club of ocean worlds in our solar system, each offering unique insights into the conditions necessary for habitability.</p>



<p>The research, published in <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a></em> journal, demonstrates how advanced orbital analysis can reveal hidden features of celestial bodies, opening new possibilities for understanding ocean formation throughout the cosmos.</p>



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<p>—–</p>

Scientists discover unexpected young ocean on Saturn's cratered moon Mimas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ 'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K0DuSr87SHY
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">57 million-year ice age mystery solved by Australian scientists.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-when-earth-became-a-frozen-wasteland">When Earth became a frozen wasteland</h2>



<p>Imagine Earth as a giant snowball, frozen solid from the North Pole to the equator. This wasn't the plot of a science fiction movie – it was our planet's reality 700 million years ago during an extreme ice age that has puzzled scientists for decades.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-discovery">The discovery</h2>



<p>Australian researchers from the <a href="https://www.sydney.edu.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Sydney</a> have finally cracked one of geology's greatest mysteries: what caused the Sturtian glaciation and why it persisted for an unprecedented 57 million years. This period occurred long before dinosaurs roamed the Earth, when no complex plants or multicellular animals existed.</p>



<p>Dr. Adriana Dutkiewicz, the study's lead author, describes a world completely unlike today's climate. "Imagine the Earth almost completely frozen over," she explained. "The planet was blanketed in ice from poles to equator, and temperatures plunged."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-combination-of-climate-factors">The combination of climate factors</h2>



<p>The research team discovered that this massive freeze resulted from a "double whammy" of geological events. First, plate tectonic activity reduced volcanic carbon dioxide emissions to historically low levels. Volcanic activity typically releases CO2 into the atmosphere, creating a greenhouse effect that keeps Earth warm.</p>



<p>Simultaneously, weathering of volcanic rocks in what is now Canada actively absorbed atmospheric CO2, further reducing greenhouse gas concentrations. When atmospheric carbon dioxide levels dropped below 200 parts per million – less than half of today's levels – glaciation engulfed the entire planet.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-climate-implications">Modern climate implications</h2>



<p>Published in the journal <em><a href="https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/geology" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geology</a></em>, this research provides crucial insights into Earth's climate system. While geological climate changes occur over millions of years, the study emphasizes that human-induced climate change is happening at a pace ten times faster than previously observed natural changes, highlighting the urgent need to understand our planet's delicate climate balance.</p>



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What caused the planet's longest ice age

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K0DuSr87SHY 57 million-year ice age mystery solved by Australian scientists....

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WXXGGiynIjs
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Greenland is not sinking. In fact, it is the opposite.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-contrasting-climate-response">A contrasting climate response</h2>



<p>Most coastal towns are <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sinking-land-will-intensify-the-effects-of-rising-sea-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">preparing for higher sea levels</a>, but <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/greenland-no-longer-has-to-worry-about-rising-sea-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Greenland presents</a> a different scenario during climate change. The ground there is rising at a remarkable rate. Over the past decade, some areas have lifted about 20 centimeters, which translates to roughly 2 meters per century. This rate significantly exceeds current projections for sea level rise.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-geological-rebound-process-through-climate-change">Geological rebound process through climate change</h2>



<p>The mechanism behind this phenomenon is straightforward. As the ice sheet melts, the immense weight is removed from the bedrock, causing the land to rebound upward. This process resembles the way compressed material springs back when pressure is released.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-monitoring-networks">Scientific monitoring networks</h2>



<p>Researchers at the <a href="https://www.dtu.dk/english/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Technical University of Denmark</a> are documenting this uplift using the GNET network, consisting of 61 GPS stations positioned around Greenland's coast. These sensors can detect movement with millimeter precision, providing detailed measurements of the ongoing changes.</p>



<p>The data reveal that current uplift rates exceed the gradual rebound occurring since the last ice age ended approximately 12,000 years ago. This acceleration corresponds directly with increased ice sheet melting rates.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-coastal-transformation">Coastal Transformation</h2>



<p>This uplift is actively reshaping Greenland's coastline. New islands and rocky formations, called "skerries," are emerging as previously submerged land surfaces rise above the water level. This represents a notable contrast to global concerns about rising seas.</p>



<p>The study, published in Geophysical Research Letters, demonstrates the varied regional impacts of climate change. While many locations face rising water levels, Greenland's bedrock is literally rising above the surrounding seas.</p>



<p>The full study was recently published in <em><a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2023GL104851" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geophysical Research Letters</a></em>.</p>



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Greenland's ground rises while coasts worldwide face higher seas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WXXGGiynIjs Greenland is not sinking. In fact, it is the...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DSM3EVeGHJU
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Companies like MindStudio help companies train their employees to implement the latest AI Agent building platform.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ai-agent-training-transforms-the-workplace-fear-factor-into-a-competitive-advantage">AI agent training transforms the workplace 'fear factor' into a competitive advantage</h2>



<p>Organizations that offer comprehensive artificial intelligence training to their workers find remarkable value that extends well beyond basic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mind-wandering-might-be-more-productive-than-you-think/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">productivity improvements</a>. Emerging research demonstrates that carefully crafted AI training programs <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ai-does-not-replace-human-creativity-but-enhances-it/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">enhance</a> corporate performance, lower operational costs, and dramatically improve employee psychological well-being by turning workplace uncertainty into professional empowerment.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-addressing-the-widespread-ai-anxiety-crisis-among-us">Addressing the widespread 'AI anxiety' crisis among us</h2>



<p>A staggering 53% of employees expressed concern that the use of AI tools to automate work tasks could make them appear disposable to their employers, according to <a href="https://www.microsoft.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Microsoft</a>'s 2024 workplace survey. Such pervasive worry about being substituted by machines has caused what researchers have termed "AI technostress" – a psychological state that can result in occupational burnout and poorer mental well-being.</p>



<p>Data published in <a href="https://www.nature.com/palcomms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Humanities and Social Sciences Communications</a> showed that belief in AI learning ability was a moderator in the link between technology adoption and work pressure, and higher confidence significantly lowered negative psychological responses. Workers provided ample training to become competent with AI software have significantly lower stress.</p>



<p>Companies like <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MindStudio</a> have platforms for building what are known as "AI Agents".  In essence, AI Agents are simply tools that employees can build for themselves or their teams quickly and inexpensively.   MindStudio will even train entire companies, from the CEO on down, at no cost. By letting MindStudio empower employees, companies avoid hiring more IT staff, buying more software, and implementing solutions to problems that do not exist.</p>



<p>MindStudio even has partners locally for companies, like <a href="http://www.dominnus.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dominnus</a> with offices in the Carolinas, California, and Denver, to help build AI Agents and support employees as they become resident AI experts for their organization.  The training provided by MindStudio is applicable across other AI Agent building platforms as well.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-productivity-through-focused-learning">Revolutionary productivity through focused learning</h2>



<p>Organizations that implement large-scale AI training programs achieve dramatic outcomes. Employees performed tasks significantly better when they utilized AI support compared to when they didn't, according to <a href="https://www.nngroup.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nielsen Norman Group</a> research findings. Their study documented productivity increases of 66% for a variety of professional tasks.</p>



<p>Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis research finds workers record 33% higher productivity in time working with generative AI tools. The benefit is equivalent to 5.4% of work time savings for AI users – around 2.2 hours per week for full-time workers.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-psychological-well-being-benefits-through-ai-competence">Psychological well-being benefits through AI competence</h2>



<p>The emotional transformation when employees are provided with proper technology training is a fundamental transformation from fear to professional confidence. A survey of 600 employees across industries, carried out by ScienceDirect, proved that AI capabilities strengthen work environment commitment and improve job satisfaction.</p>



<p>A <a href="https://www.lut.fi/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">LUT University</a> study discovered that AI adoption has no direct effect on workers' well-being but does so indirectly through working conditions like task optimization and safety protocols. Strategically deployed AI that involves correct training can actually increase workplace mental well-being.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-from-replacement-anxiety-to-partnership-confidence">From 'replacement anxiety' to 'partnership confidence'</h2>



<p>Although 35% of those interviewed in recent McKinsey studies were concerned about workforce displacement, firms with large-scale training initiatives witness such fears dissipate quickly. The World Economic Forum found that two out of three respondents believe AI competencies will enhance their career prospects and job marketability.</p>



<p>This shift from fear to trust has measurable implications for job satisfaction. Applied Sciences research indicates AI can create tailored wellness programs based on individual employee requirements.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-financial-benefits-of-increased-retention">Financial benefits of increased retention</h2>



<p>The mental health advantages of AI learning have a direct impact on organizational bottom lines in the form of a positive feedback cycle with high retention of employees. Recent ROI research validates that artificial intelligence learning has a beneficial impact on employee turnover and satisfaction levels.</p>



<p>PriceWaterhouseCoopers' research documents 20% to 30% improvements in productivity, market speed, and revenue in organizations that attempt systematic AI adoption through comprehensive training.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-advantages-of-ai-enabled-teams">Environmental advantages of AI-enabled teams</h2>



<p>AI training has unforeseen environmental benefits as it makes the work environment more efficient. According to a study in Scientific Reports, the carbon footprint in writing and illustrating work is significantly lower when AI performs it compared to humans. AI software produces 130 to 1,500 times less CO2 equivalent per page of text created than human authors.</p>



<p>In addition, AI-driven remote work functionality significantly reduces environmental impact. Research by Cornell University and Microsoft indicates that remote workers reduce greenhouse gas emissions by up to 54% by not commuting daily to offices. Hybrid workers working remotely two to four days a week can reduce their carbon footprint by 11% to 29%.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cumulative-organizational-advantages">Cumulative organizational advantages</h2>



<p>The compounding gains of better mental well-being, reduced turnover, increased productivity, and environmental benefits flow to enterprises from the pairing. McKinsey analysis estimates the long-term AI potential at $4.4 trillion in incremental productivity growth opportunity from business use cases.</p>



<p>As of now, 75% of knowledge workers globally utilize generative AI, mirroring widespread adoption patterns. Organizations that provide organized training and assistance see the most favorable results in productivity, worker satisfaction, and ecological sustainability.</p>



<p>The research overwhelmingly indicates that companies that invest in proper AI education, like that offered through <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MindStudio</a>, establish win-win scenarios where employees are both more empowered and less stressed, and companies enjoy the gains of increased productivity, reduced turnover, and improved mental health outcomes throughout their workforce.</p>



<p>For more on MindStudio's free AI training for companies, visit the website's of MindStudio and Dominnus from the links below.</p>



<p>The research was published across a variety of peer-reviewed journals, including <a href="https://www.nature.com/palcomms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Humanities and Social Sciences Communications</a>, <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/artificial-intelligence" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence</a>, and <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/journal/applsci">Applied Sciences</a>.</p>



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<p>MindStudio.AI: <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.mindstudio.ai</a></p>



<p>Dominnus: <a href="https://www.dominnus.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.dominnus.com</a></p>

AI agent training boosts mental health and profits

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DSM3EVeGHJU Companies like MindStudio help companies train their employees to...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0HDXqTGEmi4
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Scientists give plants superpowers against bacterial disease</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-natural-solution-to-disease-through-crop-modification">A natural solution to disease through crop modification.</h2>



<p>The agricultural industry stands at a crossroads between productivity and environmental responsibility, and crop modification often carries a negative connotation. While chemical pesticides have long been the go-to solution for crop protection, their harmful effects on ecosystems and human health have prompted scientists to seek alternatives. The recent breakthrough by <a href="https://www.southampton.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Southampton</a> researchers offers a promising path forward through the precise manipulation of plant-associated microbial communities.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-science-behind-microbial-partnerships">The science behind microbial partnerships</h2>



<p>Plants naturally harbor diverse ecosystems of bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms that function as biological allies. These microscopic partners contribute to disease resistance, nutrient absorption, and stress tolerance. However, until now, scientists lacked the tools to deliberately reshape these communities to enhance crop protection.</p>



<p>The Southampton team's approach centered on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/engineered-plant-microbiomes-the-future-of-crop-protection/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">modifying lignin biosynthesis genes in rice plants</a>. This strategic intervention altered the plant's metabolic output, creating conditions that favored beneficial bacterial populations while suppressing harmful ones. The result was a living defense system embedded within the plant itself.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-global-food-security">Implications for global food security</h2>



<p>The successful demonstration against Xanthomonas oryzae, the pathogen responsible for bacterial blight in rice, represents more than a laboratory achievement. Rice feeds nearly half the world's population, and bacterial blight causes devastating crop losses annually. Traditional control methods rely heavily on pesticides that contaminate soil and water systems.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-looking-beyond-disease-resistance">Looking Beyond Disease Resistance</h2>



<p>While disease protection represents the immediate application, the research framework opens doors to broader agricultural improvements. Future developments could engineer microbiomes to enhance nutrient uptake, reducing dependence on synthetic fertilizers. This dual benefit addresses both crop productivity and environmental sustainability.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-path-forward">The path forward</h2>



<p>As this technology advances from laboratory to field applications, it promises to reshape sustainable agriculture. The ability to program plants with their own biological defense systems could herald a new era where crops protect themselves naturally, reducing chemical inputs while maintaining yields necessary for global food security.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal&nbsp;<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-44335-3" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Nature Communications</em></a>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Revolutionizing agriculture through microbiome engineering

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0HDXqTGEmi4 Scientists give plants superpowers against bacterial disease A natural...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Acid rain and a crisis solved.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-don-t-we-ever-hear-about-acid-rain-anymore-the-environmental-crisis-that-was-solved">Why don't we ever hear about "acid rain" anymore? The environmental crisis that was solved</h2>



<p>Remember the 1980s when acid rain dominated headlines? Dire warnings about rain eating buildings, killing fish, and destroying forests filled every news cycle. Then, almost like magic, acid rain vanished from public discourse. What happened? Did we actually solve one of the late 20th century's most pressing environmental challenges?</p>



<p>The answer might surprise you. Unlike many environmental issues that drag on indefinitely, acid rain represents one of modern history's most successful ecological recovery stories. It's a tale of science, politics, and technology working together to tackle what seemed impossible.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>What was acid rain?</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain isn't regular rain having a bad day – it's precipitation that became significantly more acidic due to air pollution. When power plants, factories, and vehicles burn fossil fuels, they release sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) into the atmosphere.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The science behind it</strong></h2>



<p>Think of acid rain as nature's chemistry experiment gone wrong. These compounds react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form sulfuric and nitric acids. When mixed with water vapor in clouds, they create precipitation with dangerously low pH levels.</p>



<p>While clean rain has a pH of about 5.6, acid rain could drop as low as 4.2 to 4.4 – roughly as acidic as tomato juice or coffee. According to US Geological Survey documentation, Scottish chemist Angus Smith first coined "acid rain" in 1872, but it didn't become a household phrase until the 1960s and 1970s when Swedish scientist Svante Odén documented its devastating effects on Scandinavian lakes and European forests.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The crisis at its peak</strong></h2>



<p>During the height of public concern, environmental damage was both widespread and visible. This wasn't some abstract future threat – people could see destruction happening in real-time.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Environmental devastation</strong></h2>



<p>The most dramatic impacts were impossible to ignore. Research documented by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation shows that in the Adirondack Mountains, more than 200 lakes became so acidic they couldn't support fish life. The Adirondack Council reports that 409 lakes once supported brook trout, but many lost their fish populations due to acid rain.</p>



<p>By 1976, when scientists cataloged all acidified lakes in the Adirondack Park, researchers found that half of the lakes over 2,000 feet above sea level had no fish, according to studies published in environmental journals. The acidification process worked like a slow-motion disaster. As acid rain fell into watersheds, it gradually lowered pH levels. Fish couldn't survive in acidic water, and their food sources died off too.</p>



<p>Trees at high elevations showed stress directly linked to acid rain. It weakened them by leaching nutrients and making them susceptible to disease. Historical records show Germany's Black Forest saw nearly half its trees damaged by the mid-1980s.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Economic impact</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain wasn't just environmental – it was expensive. Acidic precipitation corroded infrastructure, buildings, and monuments. Historic stone structures deteriorated at accelerated rates. Tourism suffered as lakes became fishless and forests declined. EPA economic analyses from the period documented repair costs mounting into billions annually.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The solution: government action and technology</strong></h2>



<p>Transformation from crisis to success required unprecedented cooperation between governments, industries, and environmental groups.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The Clean Air Act of 1990</strong></h2>



<p>The turning point came with the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, signed by President George H.W. Bush. This represented a fundamentally new approach to environmental regulation, as documented in EPA historical records.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Cap-and-trade success</strong></h2>



<p>Instead of mandating specific technologies, the 1990 amendments introduced something revolutionary: a cap-and-trade system for sulfur dioxide emissions. EPA program documentation shows this market-based approach set overall limits but allowed companies to trade emission allowances.</p>



<p>The genius was harnessing market forces to find cost-effective pollution reduction. Companies reducing emissions cheaply could sell excess allowances to those facing higher costs. Research published in environmental economics journals and EPA progress reports shows this resulted in dramatic SO2 reduction at a fraction of projected costs.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Technology advances</strong></h2>



<p>Policy provided the framework, but technology made reductions possible. Studies in atmospheric science journals document the widespread adoption of flue gas desulfurization systems ("scrubbers") that removed sulfur dioxide before it reached the atmosphere. By the 2000s, new installations could remove over 95% of SO2 emissions, according to EPA technical reports.</p>



<p>The push coincided with cleaner energy development. Natural gas produces fewer sulfur compounds than coal. Wind and solar, emerging in the 1990s, captured growing market share, reducing reliance on high-sulfur coal.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-we-don-t-hear-about-it-today"><strong>Why we don't hear about it today</strong></h2>



<p>Why did acid rain disappear from headlines? Simple: the problem was largely solved.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Success doesn't make news</strong></h2>



<p>There's an old journalism saying: "If it bleeds, it leads." Environmental success stories don't generate urgency like crisis reporting. Media attention shifted to other challenges: climate change, plastic pollution, and biodiversity loss. There's only so much environmental anxiety the public can absorb, and newer concerns replaced acid rain.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Mission accomplished</strong></h2>



<p>The primary reason is beautifully simple: interventions worked. EPA monitoring data shows sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990. Academic research published in environmental science journals confirms pH levels in formerly affected areas returned closer to normal. This represents one of history's most dramatic environmental recoveries. Studies by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation show fishless lakes now support healthy populations. Forests recovered, and building damage slowed dramatically.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-is-it-really-gone"><strong>Is it really gone?</strong></h2>



<p>The crisis is largely resolved, but monitoring data shows the problem isn't completely eliminated – it's managed to acceptable levels. Some areas still experience occasional events during high pollution periods. International environmental research indicates that rapidly industrializing Asian countries face similar problems to what we experienced decades ago, though they're implementing successful strategies.</p>



<p>EPA research shows nitrogen oxide emissions proved more challenging than sulfur dioxide, coming from vehicles and mobile sources. Climate science studies suggest changing weather patterns add complexity to how acid rain forms and falls.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>What this teaches us</strong></h2>



<p>The acid rain experience proves that seemingly intractable environmental problems can be solved with scientific understanding, political will, and technological innovation. Environmental monitoring data shows recovery speed was remarkable – within a decade, measurable improvements appeared in air quality and ecosystem health.</p>



<p>Success came from bipartisan support across party lines. Policy analysis studies show the market-based approach appealed to those preferring economic incentives while achieving environmental goals. This support created lasting policy surviving political changes.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Conclusion</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain's disappearance from public consciousness represents environmental science's greatest success stories. Through effective regulation, technological innovation, and international cooperation, we transformed an overwhelming crisis into a manageable challenge.</p>



<p>Today's silence isn't because we forgot – it's because we solved it. The 1990 Clean Air Act, combined with technology and energy market changes, reduced acid rain emissions over 90%, according to comprehensive EPA data analysis.</p>



<p>This success offers hope for current challenges. It proves complex problems can be solved when science, policy, and technology work together. As we face climate change and plastic pollution, acid rain reminds us that dramatic positive change is possible.</p>



<p>Next time someone asks whether environmental regulations work, remember acid rain. It's proof that sometimes, we get it right.</p>



<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>



<p><strong>Sources:</strong> <em>This article draws from EPA official documentation and progress reports, peer-reviewed research published in environmental and atmospheric science journals, historical data from the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation records, US Geological Survey publications, policy analysis studies, and environmental monitoring data collected over three decades.</em></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Frequently Asked Questions</strong></h2>



<p><strong>1. Is acid rain completely gone?</strong> No, but EPA monitoring shows it's reduced to manageable levels. US sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990, making acid rain much less severe than the 1980s crisis.</p>



<p><strong>2. How long did solving take?</strong> Environmental monitoring data shows significant improvements began within 5-10 years of 1990s emission controls. Full ecosystem recovery took longer – some areas need 20-30 years for complete recovery.</p>



<p><strong>3. What made the solution successful?</strong> Clear scientific understanding, visible damage motivating action, bipartisan support, available technology, and innovative market-based policies like cap-and-trade.</p>



<p><strong>4. Do other countries have acid rain problems?</strong> Yes, particularly rapidly industrializing Asian countries. However, international environmental research shows many implement similar successful control strategies.</p>



<p><strong>5. Could acid rain return?</strong> Potentially, if regulations weaken or we return to high-sulfur coal without controls, though effects would take years to become severe according to environmental projections.</p>



<p><strong>6. Can you recommend any teaching tools on the subject of "acid rain"?</strong> The United States Environmental Protection Agency produced a wonderful teacher's guide for ages 14 and under that you can find on the EPA website here: <a href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf</a></p>



<p>-----</p>



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The environmental problem we actually solved

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk Acid rain and a crisis solved. Why don't we...

Green,Ecoduct,Over,An,Empty,Highway,During,Sunset.

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU
</div></figure>



<p>A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that wildlife tunnels significantly reduce amphibian road mortality during seasonal migrations. </p>



<p>Frogs and salamanders often cross roads to reach breeding ponds each spring, but many are killed by vehicles. </p>



<p>Researchers from the <a href="https://www.uvm.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Vermont</a>, in collaboration with local citizens and the Vermont Agency of Natural Resources, installed two underpass tunnels in 2015. </p>



<p>Over a 12-year monitoring period, they observed an 80.2% reduction in amphibian deaths, and up to 94% for non-climbing species like salamanders. </p>



<p>The study used a before-after-control-impact design and documented more than 5,200 amphibians, highlighting the tunnels’ effectiveness even in nearby buffer zones.</p>



<p>Funded at $342,397 - far cheaper than wildlife crossings for large mammals - the project showcased the power of community-led conservation.</p>



<p>Local groups initiated the effort after observing mass amphibian deaths. Wildlife cameras later captured over 2,200 amphibians using a tunnel in just one spring, along with other species like raccoons and bobcats, indicating wider ecosystem benefits.</p>



<p>This marks the first peer-reviewed, long-term data set in the northeastern U.S. confirming amphibian-specific underpasses work. </p>



<p>The study urges transportation departments to incorporate these designs into road planning and highlights how community action, thoughtful infrastructure, and persistence can make a real difference for biodiversity.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the <em><a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1617138125000780" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal for Nature Conservation</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Wildlife tunnels save millions of amphibians

https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that...

<p>Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. </p>



<p>The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-embed aligncenter is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/Ug657J67iEo?si=w96YjGMsg939LD_3
</div></figure>



<p>Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. </p>



<p>Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.</p>



<p>Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. </p>



<p>They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).</p>



<p>Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.</p>



<p>Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.</p>



<p>This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.</p>

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.</p>



<p>“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. </p>



<p>The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.</p>



<p>“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”</p>



<p>The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Designing crops that can beat the heat

[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Carl...

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes the first comprehensive estimate of carbon density in the Saharan, Sahel, and Sudanian zones of Africa. In an effort to measure the amount of carbon stored across these drylands, a team of scientists used high-resolution satellite images and artificial intelligence to map nearly 10 billion individual trees. </p>



<p>"The high spatial resolution (50 cm) combined with AI and field measurements used in this study is key to improving tree inventories in drylands," said Pierre Hiernaux, a French researcher working for NASA. "The ever-increasing availability of very high-resolution satellite imagery will make it possible to assess carbon pools and their dynamics at the individual tree level on a global scale."</p>



<p>"This study is exceptional because it is pioneering a type of approach that will revolutionize the monitoring of trees and forests on a global scale: in the short term, it will be possible to map the world's trees from the centre of the Amazon to our schoolyards," said <a href="https://www.inrae.fr/en">INRAE</a> researcher Jean-Pierre Wigneron.</p>



<p>"Many fields of application will become much more efficient and accurate, such as tracking carbon stocks, biodiversity, monitoring logging and protection against illegal forest degradation, in near real time.”</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Remote sensing will revolutionize the way we monitor trees

[sendtonews key="EjmSP20gQK-2593093-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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<p>Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.</p>



<p>According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."</p>



<p>Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;</p>



<p>ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. </p>



<p>Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> </em>Staff Writer </p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

[sendtonews key="uV9Lh2fQbV-1760058-12187" type="single"] Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s...

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> features a visual dataset of.methane emissions from wetlands across the globe. Atmospheric methane levels have reached record highs in recent years, and wetlands are a major source of these emissions.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Methane is an important greenhouse gas that contributes substantially to global warming. On a molecule by molecule basis, methane is much more efficient at trapping heat than carbon dioxide, the main driver of warming," says NASA.</p>



<p>"Though human activities, including agriculture, oil and natural gas production and use, and waste disposal, collectively contribute the majority of methane to the atmosphere, about a third of total methane emissions comes from wetlands."&nbsp;</p>



<p>According to NASA, understanding methane emissions from wetlands and other natural sources is critically important for scientists and policymakers who are working to combat climate change by reducing emissions from human activities.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: NASA Goddard</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Wetlands are a major source of methane emissions

[sendtonews key="f8fukm28Vz-2491833-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;</p>



<p>According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.</p>



<p>In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.</p>



<p>The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.</p>



<p>The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.</p>



<p>The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. </p>



<p>Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes how record-breaking heat expressed itself around the world in 2022.</p>



<p>Scientists have determined that 2022 was the 5th warmest year since 1880. Furthermore, the last nine consecutive years have been the warmest on record.</p>



<p>From devastating floods and wildfires to natural disasters like Hurricane Ian, 2022 showed us yet again how a warming climate affects people across the globe.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"As we look back at 20:22 and years past, we see that each year we better understand the challenges we face and how important it is to meet them," says NASA.</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: NASA Goddard</em></p>



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<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

2022 illustrated the consequences of a warming climate

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<p>Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes Earth’s interconnected systems, and how this network is affected by rising temperatures.&nbsp;</p>



<p>During 2020, average global temperatures matched the hottest year on record. The hurricane season was also record-breaking, with many of the storms intensifying at extraordinary speeds. Hot water in the ocean is fuel for hurricanes. The satellite data shows that it's all one interconnected system showing how  Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected.</p>



<p>According to NASA, dust swept up from Northern Africa plays a major role in the formation of hurricanes, and is also a key source of fertilization in the Amazon rainforest. As a result of<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-wasting-disease-is-fueled-by-climate-change/"> climate</a> change, dust plumes are expected to decline, which will have an effect on vegetation far away.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Images from Earth-observing satellites show how the world’s plant life is affected by natural disasters, fires, and deforestation. Satellites also reveal how widespread changes in vegetation impact waterways,&nbsp; the climate, air quality. Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on the Earth. "Earth From Space" is a groundbreaking two-hour special that reveals a spectacular new space-based vision of our planet. </p>



<p><em>Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;</em></p>



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<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://welcome.miami.edu/">University of Miami</a> Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science explores how changes in water temperatures have affected tiger shark habitats and movements in the North Atlantic Ocean. The study reveals that rising temperatures have caused the sharks to shift toward the poles over the past 40 years.</p>



<p>“Tiger shark annual migrations have expanded poleward, paralleling rising water temperatures,” explained study lead author Neil Hammerschlag. “These results have consequences for tiger shark conservation, since shifts in their movements outside of marine protected areas may leave them more vulnerable to commercial fishing.”</p>



<p>The researchers analyzed nine years of tracking data from satellite-tagged tiger sharks, combined with four decades of conventional tag and recapture data provided by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Cooperative Shark Tagging Program.</p>



<p>The experts found that during the last decade of record heat, for every one-degree Celsius increase in water temperatures, tiger sharks migrated further poleward by over 400 kilometers. They also migrated two weeks earlier than usual to waters off the northeastern coast of the United States.</p>



<p>“Given their role as apex predators, these changes to tiger shark movements may alter predator-prey interactions, leading to ecological imbalances, and more frequent encounters with humans,” concluded Professor Hammerschlag.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science</em></p>



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<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Tiger sharks are shifting poleward as temperatures rise

Today’s Video of the Day from the University of Miami...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> is focused on the melt ponds that emerge during the spring and summer on the Greenland Ice Sheet, which is the largest ice mass in the northern hemisphere.</p>



<p>"Melt ponds are vast pools of open water that form on both sea ice and ice sheets and are visible as turquoise-blue pools of water in this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image," says ESA.</p>



<p>"When snow and ice melts atop glaciers, water flows in channels and streams and collects in depressions on the surface. These melt ponds can speed up the melting of the surrounding ice since they greatly reduce the ice’s ability to reflect sunlight."</p>



<p>"This can create a positive feedback where an increasing number of melt ponds absorb more heat which causes ice cover to melt even faster."</p>



<p>According to ESA, Greenland has been hit with a late-season heatwave that began in early September. This caused the type of melt event that usually occurs in the middle of summer.</p>



<p>"In a recent paper published in Nature Climate Change, scientists found that major sea-level rise from the melting of the Greenland ice cap is now ‘inevitable’ even if the burning of fossil fuels were to halt overnight," says ESA. "Using satellite observations of Greenland ice loss and ice cap from 2000 to 2019, the team found the losses will lead to a minimum rise of 27 cm regardless of climate change."</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;</em></p>



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<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Melt ponds on the Greenland Ice Sheet

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes how Earth is unique in our solar system for its ability to sustain liquid water on its surface. But now, the water cycle is shifting as the climate warms, and scientists must find ways to predict how these changes will affect water availability.</p>



<p>Overall, 96 percent of Earth's water is saltwater, and nearly all of freshwater is found in ice and groundwater. These sources of water are linked as it passes through solid, liquid and gas phases.</p>



<p>In a warmer climate, the water cycle will be transformed. It will be easier for water to evaporate and form clouds, and storms will become more frequent and intense. Some regions will get too much water, while others will be left without enough water. In addition, soil moisture will be lost - which threatens food security.</p>



<p>Scientists are using satellite data from over the last 40 years to track changes that are happening in the water cycle. This will ultimately help us prepare for extreme events and better manage our water resources, according to ESA.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: ESA</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Tracking changes in Earth's water cycle

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Saturn,-,High,Resolution,3d,Images,Presents,Planets,Of,The

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard Space Flight Center</a> features images of Saturn from NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope. The photographs capture the start of the mysterious "spoke season" on Saturn - when unexplained features appear on its rings. </p>



<p>According to NASA, both the cause of the spokes and their seasonal variability have yet to be fully explained by planetary scientists.</p>



<p>"Like Earth, Saturn is tilted on its axis and therefore has four seasons, though because of Saturn's much larger orbit, each season lasts approximately seven Earth years. Equinox occurs when the rings are tilted edge-on to the Sun," explains NASA.</p>



<p>"The spokes disappear when it is near summer or winter solstice on Saturn. (When the Sun appears to reach either its highest or lowest latitude in the northern or southern hemisphere of a planet.) As the autumnal equinox of Saturn's northern hemisphere on May 6, 2025, draws near, the spokes are expected to become increasingly prominent and observable."</p>



<p>Experts believe that the spokes may be a product of the planet's variable magnetic field. When magnetic fields interact with solar wind, an electrically charged environment is created. This phenomenon is visible on Earth as the northern lights.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Scientists think that the smallest, dust-sized icy ring particles can become charged as well, which temporarily levitates those particles above the rest of the larger icy particles and boulders in the rings," says NASA.</p>



<p>The spokes were first observed in the early 1980s by NASA's Voyager mission. Depending on the angle of the rings, the spokes can appear dark or light.</p>



<p>"Thanks to Hubble's OPAL program, which is building an archive of data on the outer solar system planets, we will have longer dedicated time to study Saturn’s spokes this season than ever before," said NASA senior planetary scientist Amy Simon, head of the Hubble Outer Planet Atmospheres Legacy (OPAL) program.</p>



<p>"Despite years of excellent observations by the Cassini mission, the precise beginning and duration of the spoke season is still unpredictable, rather like predicting the first storm during hurricane season."</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;</em></p>



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<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Mysterious "spoke season" captured on Saturn

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