<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/grapevines-could-offer-a-breakthrough-alternative-to-plastic-packaging/">Plastic</a> bags are everywhere, and too many slip into rivers and onto beaches. A new analysis finds that policies that either charge a small fee per bag or prohibit them outright cut the share of bags found during shoreline cleanups by 25 to 47 percent.</p>



<p>The study combed through hundreds of city, county, and state rules passed between 2017 and 2023. It matched those policies to more than 45,000 volunteer cleanups across the United States to see what actually changed on the ground.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-who-ran-the-study">Who ran the study</h2>



<p>The research was coauthored by <a href="https://www.udel.edu/academics/colleges/ceoe/departments/smsp/faculty/kimberly-oremus/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Kimberly L. Oremus</a> of the University of Delaware’s School of Marine Science and Policy (<a href="https://www.udel.edu/academics/colleges/ceoe/departments/smsp/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UDEL</a>). </p>



<p>Oremus and her collaborator set out to measure litter, not just shopping behavior, so the results speak to what ends up in nature.</p>



<p>The team relied on citizen science, meaning trained volunteers recorded what they collected during beach, river, and lake cleanups. </p>



<p>They drew on <a href="https://www.coastalcleanupdata.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">TIDES</a>, a public database that stores those counts in one place so researchers can analyze patterns across time and place.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-studying-plastic-bag-policies">Studying plastic bag policies</h2>



<p>To isolate the effect of bag policies, the authors used a Difference-in-Differences (<a href="https://www.publichealth.columbia.edu/research/population-health-methods/difference-difference-estimation" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">DiD</a>) approach that compares places with and without new laws over the same period. </p>



<p>That design helps rule out unrelated trends that affect everyone, such as national shifts in shopping or packaging.</p>



<p>The headline result is simple. In communities with full bans or fees, the share of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/drinking-from-plastic-bottles-linked-to-high-blood-pressure-and-heart-problems/">plastic</a> bags in the litter mix fell relative to similar places without policies, and the decline grew in the years after a law took effect.</p>



<p>State level rules tended to be more reliable in the data than city or county policies. Effects looked similar along coasts and rivers, with hints of larger gains along lakes where winds and currents spread litter differently.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plastic-policy-fees-vs-bans">Plastic policy: Fees vs. bans</h2>



<p>Fees change the default at every checkout and discourage taking a bag when you do not need one, which reduces both thin and thicker bag use.</p>



<p>Other <a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/carrier-bag-charge-summary-of-data-in-england/single-use-plastic-carrier-bags-charge-data-for-england-2024-to-2025" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evidence</a> points in the same direction outside the United States. England reports an almost 98 percent drop in single use carrier bags at major retailers since its charge began.</p>



<p>Policies that only restrict thin bags often allow thicker <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/agricultural-soil-is-now-the-worlds-biggest-plastic-dumping-ground/">plastic</a> labeled as reusable. </p>



<p>Those partial bans showed the smallest and least precise effects in the analysis, which is consistent with shoppers substituting one kind of plastic for another.</p>



<p>Some states also pass preemption <a href="https://www.ncsl.org/environment-and-natural-resources/state-plastic-bag-legislation" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">laws</a> that block cities and counties from regulating bags at all. When local governments cannot act, the study’s data suggest statewide policies become especially important.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wildlife-and-entanglement">Wildlife and entanglement</h2>



<p>The cleanup records include notes on animals found <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microplastics-found-in-99-percent-sea-turtles-organ-tissue-reproductive-system/">entangled in debris</a>. </p>



<p>In areas with bag policies, the presence of entangled animals dropped by roughly 30 to 37 percent, although the authors caution that the estimates are imprecise and more data are needed.</p>



<p>That finding aligns with what we know about <a href="https://www.nrdc.org/stories/single-use-plastics-101" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">single-use-plastics</a>. Thin bags linger in water and along shorelines, where they can snag, smother, or be eaten by turtles, birds, and fish.</p>



<p>Many studies track what happens at store checkouts, but fewer track what ends up outdoors. Shoreline cleanups offer a window into that last step in the chain from purchase to pollution.</p>



<p>Across the study period, the share of bags among collected items rose overall, but it rose less where bag laws existed. That pattern is exactly what you want to see if policies are slowing the flow of litter into the environment.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-global-plastic-policy-steps">Global plastic policy steps</h2>



<p>A small, universal fee is a simple tool that nudges behavior without banning choices. Full bans can work too, and the analysis shows both approaches reduce the share of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/glass-bottles-contain-more-microplastics-than-plastic-containers/">plastic</a> bags found during cleanups.</p>



<p>The mix of policies should match local conditions. In places with more bag litter to begin with, impacts were largest, so targeting high problem areas with fast action can deliver quick gains.</p>



<p>Plastic bag rules are only one part of the picture. Negotiators from 175 countries are working toward a plastics treaty under <a href="https://www.unep.org/inc-plastic-pollution" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UNEP</a> that could standardize action on a wider set of products and chemicals.</p>



<p>The study notes that bottles, caps, and other items did not decline when bag policies passed. That is a signal that targeted rules for other single use products would be needed to curb overall litter.</p>



<p>Adopt a modest fee or a full ban that applies across retail and restaurant settings, and keep the text simple so it is easy to enforce. Pair the policy with clear signs at checkout and with retailer reporting that tracks compliance.</p>



<p>Measure results in the same way the researchers did. Recruit volunteers, log items in TIDES, and watch how the litter mix changes year over year so the policy can be adjusted as needed.</p>



<p>The study is published in <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adp9274" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Science</em></a>.</p>



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Studies confirm that a small tax definitely helps curb plastic pollution

Plastic bags are everywhere, and too many slip into rivers and onto beaches. A new analysis finds that policies that either charge a small fee per bag or prohibit them outright cut the share of bags found during shoreline cleanups by 25 to 47 percent. The study combed through hundreds of city, county, and state rules passed between 2017 and 2023. It matched those policies to more than 45,000 volunteer cleanups across the United States to see what actually changed on the ground. Who ran the study...

Thermometer,Shows,High,Temperature,In,Summer,Heat

<p>If you thought <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/red-alert-climate-warning-issued-after-2023-smashed-heat-records/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">2023</a> was hot, you were absolutely right. Climate models, the tools we rely on to predict the future, couldn't foresee just how dramatically temperatures would spike.</p>



<p>Europe sweltered under record-breaking heatwaves, wildfires raged across <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/canadian-wildfires-of-2023-were-a-global-environmental-setback/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">California</a>, and devastating floods swept through Pakistan. </p>



<p>These disasters didn't just make headlines; they displaced families, destroyed livelihoods, and tragically, took lives. </p>



<p>Scientists have now confirmed that it was the hottest year on record, and that's causing both alarm and fascination.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-is-climate-change">What is climate change?</h2>



<p>Climate change refers to long-term shifts in temperatures and typical weather patterns across our entire planet. These changes can include hotter summers, harsher winters, unpredictable rainfall, stronger hurricanes, rising sea levels, and a whole host of knock-on effects.</p>



<p>While some of these shifts occur naturally over long periods, the rapid warming we're seeing right now is overwhelmingly caused by human activity - especially our reliance on burning fossil fuels (coal, oil, and gas).</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-greenhouse-effect">The greenhouse effect</h3>



<p>Greenhouse gases like <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-co2-emissions-expected-to-reach-a-new-high-in-2023/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">carbon dioxide</a> (CO2) play a crucial role in regulating Earth's temperature. When sunlight hits our planet, some of that energy is absorbed, warming the surface. </p>



<p>A portion of this energy is then radiated back into space as heat. Greenhouse gases naturally trap some of this outgoing heat in the atmosphere, maintaining a habitable temperature for life on Earth.</p>



<p>However, excessive amounts of greenhouse gases, primarily released through burning fossil fuels, intensify this natural process. This leads to an imbalance where more heat is trapped than escapes, causing the planet's overall temperature to rise.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-2023-climate-change-a-scorching-surprise">2023 climate change: A scorching surprise</h2>



<p>While the ongoing trend of global warming was widely understood, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/november-2023-sets-global-record-as-warmest-ever/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">2023</a>'s dramatic temperature increase underscored its alarming immediacy. Here's why scientists are concerned:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-beyond-normal">Beyond normal</h3>



<p>The global average temperature in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/prediction-this-winter-will-be-the-warmest-in-recorded-history/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">2023</a> significantly exceeded those typical of the pre-industrial era (1800s). This rapid warming marks a departure from previous incremental changes, forcing scientists to re-evaluate their models and predictions.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-complex-causes">Complex causes</h3>



<p>While climate science has established the relationship between human activity and global warming, the exceptional spike in 2023 suggests a complex interplay of factors. These include:</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-aerosol-regulations">Aerosol regulations</h4>



<p>Recent changes in shipping regulations aimed at reducing air pollution near ports may have unintentionally allowed more sunlight to reach Earth's surface, contributing to warming.</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hunga-tonga-hunga-ha-apai-eruption">Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai eruption</h4>



<p>This powerful 2022 volcanic eruption released massive amounts of water vapor into the stratosphere, potentially contributing to temporary heat-trapping effects.</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-solar-cycle">Solar cycle</h4>



<p>The sun's natural 11-year cycle of activity is a recognized factor influencing Earth's temperature. Its current upswing likely played a role in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-sea-levels-spiked-dramatically-in-2023/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">2023</a> heat spike, but scientists believe it's insufficient to explain the record-breaking anomaly on its own.</p>



<p>The lack of a single, clear-cut explanation highlights the interconnectedness of our climate system and suggests that our understanding of feedback mechanisms and their potential for rapid change may be incomplete.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-does-2023-climate-change-imply">What does 2023 climate change imply?</h2>



<p><a href="https://science.gsfc.nasa.gov/sci/bio/gavin.a.schmidt" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Gavin Schmidt</a>, a top NASA climate scientist, thinks something more fundamental might be at play. Here are his three main possibilities and what they mean for our future:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-statistical-anomaly">A statistical anomaly</h3>



<p>2023 might represent a rare confluence of various natural climate forcings. While these natural factors could combine to cause unusually hot years, they don't fully explain the magnitude of the 2023 temperature increase. </p>



<p>Schmidt's statement underscores the limitations of current models in predicting the convergence of all these elements, highlighting the need for continuous refinement to increase their accuracy. Even if the "blip" theory holds true, a return to pre-industrial "normal" temperatures is highly unlikely.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-knowledge-gaps">Knowledge gaps</h3>



<p>Our scientific understanding of climate change, while extensive, may require significant revisions. The underlying processes influencing global warming might be more complex and interconnected than previously thought. </p>



<p>This could include underestimating the sensitivity of the climate system to greenhouse gas emissions or needing to better account for feedback loops within the system itself.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rapid-and-unpredictable-change">Rapid and unpredictable change </h3>



<p>The most concerning possibility is that the climate system is undergoing an accelerated shift, moving towards a new state faster than our models predicted. </p>



<p>This scenario implies that nonlinear dynamics and unforeseen feedback mechanisms within the Earth's system could lead to abrupt and unpredictable climate disruptions. </p>



<p>As a result, the ability of scientists to project future climate scenarios could be seriously compromised.</p>



<p>"We need answers for why 2023 turned out to be the warmest year in possibly the past 100,000 years," said <a href="https://science.gsfc.nasa.gov/sci/bio/gavin.a.schmidt" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Schmidt</a>. "And we need them quickly."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-is-there-cause-for-panic">Is there cause for panic?</h2>



<p>Not everyone agrees with Schmidt's analysis. Michael Mann, a climate scientist at the <a href="https://www.upenn.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Pennsylvania</a>, argues that the 2023 temperature spike is actually similar to other extreme years in the past and that models aren't totally failing. "The situation is extremely similar to what we saw during the 2014–2016 period," he explains.</p>



<p>"I think it's unfortunate that so much has been made of the El Niño-spiked 2023&nbsp;global temperatures, where in my view there is nothing surprising, or inconsistent with model predictions, there," said Mann. </p>



<p>"There are much better, scientifically-sound reasons to be concerned about the unfolding climate crisis --particularly the onslaught of devastating weather extremes, heat waves, wildfires, floods, drought, which by some measures are indeed exceeding model predictions."</p>



<p>Others, however, believe that the sheer magnitude of the recent warming suggests we might be crossing a threshold into even more volatile climate patterns.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-2023-climate-conundrum-a-call-to-action">The 2023 climate conundrum: A call to action</h2>



<p>Whether 2023 was an outlier or a glimpse into the future, the extreme weather events we saw last year, both in the US and globally, are proof positive that the climate crisis isn't some far-off possibility. </p>



<p>It's here, it's now, and it's dangerous. Unraveling the mystery behind 2023's unprecedented temperature increase is a matter of critical importance.</p>



<p>Determining whether the spike was a one-time anomaly or a sign of more frequent and extreme heatwaves in the future is vital. </p>



<p>This knowledge will inform how society adapts, prepares for climate-related risks, and develops strategies to mitigate those risks.</p>



<p>Moreover, the rapid changes we're witnessing demand more advanced and continuous monitoring systems. Scientists need real-time, high-resolution data on various climate indicators to keep pace with the evolving state of our planet and refine their predictive models accordingly.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-insights-from-2023-climate-change">Insights from 2023 climate change</h2>



<p>By deciphering the complex interplay of factors that led to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/record-heat-of-2023-likely-exceeds-that-of-the-last-100000-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">2023</a>'s heatwave, we can gain crucial insights that could drive innovation in several areas:</p>



<ul>
<li><strong>Improved climate modeling:</strong> A deeper understanding of feedback mechanisms and the climate system's sensitivity will help scientists create more accurate and dependable projections of future scenarios.<br></li>



<li><strong>Novel adaptation strategies:</strong> Recognizing potential trigger points for abrupt climate shifts can inform proactive measures to build societal resilience and develop targeted adaptation solutions.<br></li>



<li><strong>Technological breakthroughs:</strong> Uncovering hidden vulnerabilities in our climate system could inspire the development of new technologies for carbon capture, renewable energy sources, and other climate-focused solutions.</li>
</ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-from-2023-climate-knowledge-to-individual-change">From 2023 climate knowledge to individual change</h2>



<p>Science alone is not enough. Even with the most sophisticated understanding of the climate crisis, the real work lies in taking urgent and decisive action.</p>



<p>Drastic reductions in greenhouse gas emissions through a rapid transition away from fossil fuels are essential. This requires policy changes, investments in alternative energy sources, and shifts in industrial practices.</p>



<p>Additionally, while large-scale change is necessary, everyday actions matter too. Choosing plant-based foods over meat, using public transportation, reducing energy consumption, and being politically active all contribute to the collective effort needed to address the climate crisis.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-024-00816-z" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Global temperature increase in 2023 blew past all climate models

If you thought 2023 was hot, you were absolutely right....

<p>Nature-based solutions are pivotal in the fight against climate change, with U.S. ecologists, scientists, and policy experts rallying together for their enhancement at the federal level. </p>



<p>Harnessing their extensive knowledge in climate and ecosystem sciences, the experts have put forward key recommendations. The proposals aim to build a robust scientific basis for nature-based climate solutions (NbCS), focusing on their effective nationwide rollout.</p>



<p>NbCS strategies include protecting carbon-rich forests and wetlands, enhancing land management, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/restoring-coastal-ecosystems-can-mitigate-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">restoring ecosystems</a>. These strategies are essential for enhancing the removal of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. </p>



<p>Consequently, the importance of these solutions is paramount. Their successful implementation could be crucial for meeting global greenhouse gas reduction goals and averting further climate destabilization.</p>



<p>However, the implementation of NbCS has sparked controversy. It often advances faster than the scientific community's grasp of their long-term benefits. Therefore, there is a pressing need for a more robust, evidence-based approach to nature-based climate solutions, ensuring their deployment is both effective and scientifically sound.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mapping-the-future-recommendations-for-robust-nbcs">Mapping the future: recommendations for robust NbCS</h2>



<ol>
<li><strong>Open Data, Open Opportunities:</strong> Experts emphasize the need for federal agencies and partners to make data and products freely accessible. This transparency is key to advancing science and refining methods to assess NbCS effectiveness. Openness fosters collaboration, ensuring projects are based on top-notch science.</li>



<li><strong>A Network of Networks:</strong> For precise carbon benefit assessments of NbCS, experts recommend creating a tiered ecosystem monitoring network. This network, tracking carbon across ecosystems with diverse data and tools, seeks a thorough NbCS impact understanding through advanced techniques and datasets.</li>



<li><strong>The Mapping Initiative:</strong> Detailed mapping is essential to track management practices and link carbon outcomes to specific management changes or disturbances. This is vital for extending localized monitoring to wider, policy-relevant areas. Better data access and resolution will improve NbCS effectiveness evaluations.</li>
</ol>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implementing-science-driven-nbcs">Implementing science-driven NbCS</h2>



<p>The need to strengthen the scientific basis for NbCS is more critical than ever, given the recent surge in federal and private investments in NbCS projects. To ensure these investments yield meaningful climate mitigation outcomes, they must be underpinned by a solid scientific basis.</p>



<p>Dr. William Anderegg of the <a href="https://www.utah.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Utah</a> emphasizes the critical need for better science to guide NbCS efforts: "We're at an inflection point —we need better science to get this right. These proposed measures aim to address current gaps in knowledge and data, providing a pathway to more credible and effective NbCS programs."</p>



<p>The call to action underlines the importance of developing a coordinated approach to monitoring land-sector greenhouse gas exchanges. By emphasizing open data sharing and creating a network-of-networks, the United States can lead in developing robust NbCS programs. Additionally, improving large-area mapping will ensure these programs offer substantial benefits for biodiversity, communities, and the climate.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-united-front-science-and-strategy-in-climate-action">A united front: science and strategy in climate action</h2>



<p>Dr. Kim Novick of Indiana University notes new federal initiatives could enhance NbCS programs if based on transparency and science.</p>



<p>Meanwhile, Jonathan Sanderman of the Woodwell Climate Research Center highlights the critical role of nature-based <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nature-inspires-solutions-for-a-sustainable-future/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">solutions</a> in shaping our climate future. He stresses the importance of understanding their capabilities and the necessity of measuring their success.</p>



<p>The collective expertise of the scientific community, combined with strategic coordination and investment, is poised to pave the way for a future where nature-based solutions are integral in our fight against climate change. </p>



<p>These recommendations provide a roadmap for the science-based implementation of NbCS across the U.S. Moreover, they reaffirm the vital role of scientific inquiry in shaping our environmental policies and practices.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">More about nature-based climate solutions&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Nature-based climate solutions involve leveraging the power and processes of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/survey-mother-nature-is-more-likely-to-solve-climate-change-than-geoengineering/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nature</a> to mitigate climate change and its impacts. These solutions are grounded in the understanding that healthy ecosystems like forests, wetlands, and grasslands can play a crucial role in sequestering carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere, thus reducing the overall concentration of greenhouse gases. </p>



<p>Beyond carbon sequestration, nature-based solutions offer a multitude of co-benefits including biodiversity conservation, water filtration, soil stabilization, and enhancement of local livelihoods through sustainable practices.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Forests and wetlands</h3>



<p>For example, reforestation and afforestation efforts involve planting <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/trees-and-bushes-near-highways-improve-air-quality/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">trees</a> in areas where forests have been depleted and in locations where forests did not previously exist. Trees absorb CO2 as they grow, making these efforts a straightforward way to capture significant amounts of carbon over time. </p>



<p>Similarly, restoring wetlands can also sequester carbon, while providing critical habitat for wildlife and natural water filtration systems.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Agriculture&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Conservation agriculture practices, another facet of nature-based solutions, focus on improving the resilience and carbon storage capacity of agricultural lands. Techniques such as crop rotation, reduced tillage, and cover cropping not only enhance soil health and productivity but also increase the amount of carbon that soils can hold.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Urban greening</h3>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nature-based-solutions-city-greening-reduces-carbon-emissions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Urban greening</a> initiatives, including the creation of parks, green roofs, and urban forests, contribute to lowering urban temperatures, improving air quality, and enhancing urban biodiversity, all while sequestering CO2.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Careful management</h3>



<p>Nature-based climate solutions are increasingly recognized for their potential to provide a significant portion of the carbon dioxide removal needed to meet global climate targets.&nbsp;</p>



<p>However, their implementation must be carefully managed to ensure that they do not lead to unintended negative consequences, such as the displacement of local communities or the loss of biodiversity.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2318505121" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Nature-based climate solutions are now more critical than ever

Nature-based solutions are pivotal in the fight against climate change,...

Fishing,Boat,Unloading,Its,Catch,Of,The,Day

<p>The health of our oceans depends on sustainable management. That's why experts are concerned about something called "destructive fishing," which harms marine ecosystems and the livelihoods of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fishing-communities-cooperate-to-survive-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">communities</a> that depend on them. </p>



<p>Until now, the term "destructive fishing" has eluded clear definition, complicating efforts to combat its effects. This lack of clarity has stymied policy development and the implementation of effective solutions. </p>



<p>Dr. Joshua Brian and his team at <a href="https://www.kcl.ac.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">King's College London</a> address this issue head-on, offering a clear target for policy and conservation efforts.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-s-the-big-deal-about-a-missing-definition">What's the big deal about a missing definition?</h2>



<p>Effective policies and regulations require clear definitions. In the case of destructive <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dark-fleets-hidden-industrial-fishing-activity-exposed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fishing</a>, the lack of a concrete definition has made it difficult to create targeted laws, measure progress in reducing destructive practices, and hold those responsible accountable.</p>



<p>"For policy to be effective, it needs a clear target to aim at. Without a clear definition of destructive fishing, this target has been absent until now," says Dr. Joshua Brian.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-so-what-is-destructive-fishing">So, what IS destructive fishing?</h2>



<p>An international team of experts has collaborated to develop a working definition. Here's how they describe it:</p>



<p><em>"Destructive fishing is any fishing practice that causes irrecoverable habitat degradation, or which causes significant adverse environmental impacts, results in long-term declines in target or non-target species beyond biologically safe limits and has negative livelihood impacts."</em></p>



<p>In simpler terms, destructive fishing involves:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-severe-damage-to-habitats">Severe damage to habitats</h3>



<p>This damage encompasses the destruction or alteration of crucial underwater habitats, such as coral reefs and seagrass beds. </p>



<p>These ecosystems are vital for the survival of numerous marine species, serving as breeding grounds, feeding areas, and shelters. </p>



<p>Damaging these habitats causes the entire marine ecosystem to suffer, leading to a ripple effect that can decimate marine biodiversity.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-harm-to-non-target-species">Harm to non-target species</h3>



<p>Destructive <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/common-fishing-method-of-bottom-trawling-harms-both-the-ocean-and-the-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fishing</a> doesn't only impact the species being targeted by fishermen. It also leads to the unintended catch and significant decline of other marine life. </p>



<p>This includes dolphins, turtles, and countless fish species that are caught in nets or harmed by other fishing gear. </p>



<p>These "bycatch" incidents can drastically reduce populations of non-target species, many of which are already vulnerable or endangered.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-negative-impacts-on-communities">Negative impacts on communities</h3>



<p>The repercussions of destructive fishing extend beyond the marine environment to affect human <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fishing-communities-are-on-the-frontline-of-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">communities</a> as well. </p>



<p>Many coastal and island communities depend heavily on healthy marine ecosystems for their livelihoods, including fishing, tourism, and recreation. </p>



<p>Destructive fishing practices can threaten these jobs and jeopardize food security by depleting fish stocks and damaging the marine resources these communities rely on. </p>



<p>This can lead to economic instability and increased poverty in areas already vulnerable to environmental challenges.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-expert-opinions-on-destructive-fishing">Expert opinions on destructive fishing</h2>



<p>To arrive at this definition, researchers enlisted diverse perspectives from 80 fisheries experts from across the globe. </p>



<p>The team included scientists, conservationists, and individuals from within the fishing industry. Collaborators used a structured method called the Delphi technique to reach a consensus.</p>



<p>Hannah Richardson, a leading expert on destructive <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fishing-levels-can-destroy-or-save-coral-reef-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fishing</a>, highlights the urgency: </p>



<p>“Fisheries are fundamental to global food security, but if we want to ensure the future health of fish stocks – and our ocean – we need to avoid fishing methods that are destructive to marine ecosystems and everything living in them.”</p>



<p>With a clear definition, we can:</p>



<ul>
<li><strong>Empower policymakers:</strong> Governments can use the definition to craft specific and enforceable laws targeting destructive practices.<br></li>



<li><strong>Measure our impact:</strong> We can develop ways to track the prevalence of destructive fishing and monitor whether conservation efforts are making a difference.<br></li>



<li><strong>Promote accountability:</strong>&nbsp;Having a definition provides a reference point for holding governments, fishing companies, and individuals responsible for destructive practices.</li>
</ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-beyond-destructive-fishing-definition">Beyond destructive fishing definition</h2>



<p>This working definition is a significant starting point. The next steps involve refining the definition further through discussions with policymakers, with the aim of achieving its adoption on an international level. </p>



<p>Alongside this, there's the important task of developing methods to measure the extent of destructive fishing, so the impact of policies can be accurately assessed.</p>



<p>Clear and specific definitions are crucial tools for addressing complex problems. This newly formulated definition of destructive fishing provides a foundation for taking action to protect our oceans and the communities that depend on them. </p>



<p>It's a step towards ensuring that future generations inherit healthy and productive marine ecosystems.</p>



<p>The study is published in&nbsp;<em><a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.13015" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Conservation Letters</a></em>.</p>



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What exactly is 'destructive fishing'? Time for a clear definition

The health of our oceans depends on sustainable management. That's...

<p>They've been called phantoms of the North – the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-do-great-grey-owls-capture-prey-beneath-snow/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">great gray owl</a>. Their haunting calls and striking size make them a captivating sight in the snowy Alaskan wilderness. We picture these owls hunting voles in isolated forests, far away from any hint of human activity. But here's a twist: new research suggests that might not be the whole story.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-owls-in-human-neighborhood">Owls in human neighborhood?</h2>



<p>"We like to think of our wildlife, especially in Alaska, as existing in pristine wilderness untouched by humans," said Falk Huettmann, professor of wildlife and ecology at the University of Alaska Fairbanks (<a href="https://www.uaf.edu/uaf/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UAF</a>). </p>



<p>But his team's computer models show something surprising: great gray <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-silent-flight-of-owls-is-one-of-natures-great-mysteries/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">owls</a> might be more common in areas closer to human development. The areas include small towns, roads, and even structures like the trans-Alaska oil pipeline.</p>



<p>This definitely challenges the stereotype we have of owls as these solitary hunters of the deep woods.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-power-of-machine-learning">The power of machine learning</h2>



<p>So, what's the secret behind this discovery? Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning, the heroes of the study. The research team turned to a state-of-the-art computer system, arming it with a treasure trove of data. </p>



<p>Initially the systems were fed temperature information. The team analyzed how the mercury dips and rises across various locales, understanding the chilly conditions these owls might favor. Then, the human footprint - every road, town, and structure that marks the presence of human activity. </p>



<p>But what about the owls themselves? Here's where citizen science shines. The team tapped into vast databases like <a href="https://ebird.org/home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">eBird.org</a>, along with local birdwatching groups and other enthusiastic observers. Each sighting and each note added another piece to the puzzle.</p>



<p>The computers sifted through this wealth of information, learning and discerning patterns that draw a line between specific environmental factors and the presence of these majestic owls. This task, deciphering the habitat preferences of one of nature's enigmas, was a feat that only became feasible with the advent of such advanced computing capabilities.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-do-the-owls-reside-near-humans">Why do the owls reside near humans?</h2>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-food-availability">Food availability</h3>



<p>Urban and semi-urban areas can offer abundant food sources for great gray owls. These areas might attract rodents and other prey, making them appealing hunting grounds for the owls. The edges of urban areas, in particular, can provide a rich interface of habitats for owls to hunt.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nesting-sites">Nesting sites</h3>



<p>While great gray owls typically nest in large trees, the outskirts of human settlements or areas with scattered human structures can offer suitable nesting opportunities. These areas might have the large, mature trees that owls need for nesting, along with a lower presence of predators.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-microclimates">Microclimates</h3>



<p>Human-made structures and altered landscapes can create microclimates that may be more favorable for the owls or their prey. For example, areas cleared for buildings or roads might open up spaces for hunting or lead to changes in local vegetation that attract prey animals.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-adaptability">Adaptability</h3>



<p>Great gray owls, like many other wildlife species, have shown adaptability to human-altered landscapes. Their presence near human populations indicates their ability to exploit new opportunities for food, nesting, and territory that come with human development.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-significance">Study significance</h2>



<p>These owls carry a certain allure, a mystique that seems to cloak them in an aura of mystery. Their Latin name, Strix nebulosa, translates roughly to "foggy screech owl," evoking images of these creatures as ethereal beings, emerging from the mists of the wilderness. </p>



<p>This name alone paints a picture that feels almost magical, as if these owls belong more to the realm of folklore than to the scientific world we understand today.</p>



<p>However, as Huettmann suggests, there's a gap between this romanticized view and the reality uncovered by science. "I think we are seeing that it's not scientifically accurate to hang onto these traditional narratives and myths that are perpetuated about wildlife." </p>



<p>This insight challenges us to rethink our perceptions, urging us to set aside age-old tales and look more closely at the factual evidence presented by modern research.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-other-owl-preferences-besides-human-proximity">Other owl preferences besides human proximity</h2>



<p>Great gray owls, with their distinctive large size and piercing eyes, have specific habitat preferences that go beyond their unexpected proximity to human-populated areas. </p>



<p>Their choices reflect a balance between the availability of prey, the suitability of nesting sites, and the need for adequate cover and territory size. Understanding these preferences helps us grasp the broader ecological needs of these majestic birds.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Dense forests for cover and nesting</h3>



<p>Great gray owls have a strong preference for dense forests, particularly those with a mix of old-growth trees. These environments offer crucial cover from predators and harsh weather conditions. </p>



<p>The forests also provide essential nesting sites. Great gray <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/barn-owls-improve-navigational-devices/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">owls</a> do not build their own nests; instead, they often rely on abandoned raptor nests or natural tree cavities found in older, larger trees common in mature forests.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Open areas for hunting</h3>



<p>While dense forests are crucial for nesting and protection, great gray owls also require access to open areas for hunting. These can include meadows, clearings, and the edges of forests. </p>



<p>Such open habitats are vital for the owls' hunting strategy. They perch silently before swooping down on prey. The availability of open hunting grounds close to nesting sites in dense forests creates an ideal habitat for these owls.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Wetlands and riparian areas</h3>



<p>Great gray owls also show a preference for wetlands and riparian areas. These environments are rich in biodiversity and offer abundant prey, including small mammals like voles and mice. </p>



<p>The interface between aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems provides a diverse hunting ground for the owls, allowing them to exploit a variety of prey species.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Owls prefer minimal human disturbance</h3>



<p>Although the study reveals that great gray owls can and do live closer to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/owls-humans-visual/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">human</a> settlements than previously thought, it's essential to recognize that these owls still require areas with minimal human disturbance for optimal breeding and hunting. </p>



<p>Too much noise, light pollution, and direct human interference can negatively impact their ability to thrive.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-will-more-owls-be-seen-near-humans">Will more owls be seen near humans?</h2>



<p>This doesn't mean your local park is going to be overflowing with great grays. However, it does paint a more nuanced picture. We're starting to get a clearer understanding of where these birds thrive.</p>



<p>And here's the even bigger bonus: this same supercomputing tech can help us learn about all sorts of other animals, even ones we know almost nothing about.</p>



<p>It's a reminder that even as wild as the Alaskan landscape is, humans shape it in complex and unexpected ways. It also shows us the power of technology in unlocking the secrets of the natural world. </p>



<p>The study is published in&nbsp;the journal <em><a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-57588-9" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Scientific Reports</a></em>.</p>



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Great gray owls thrive closer to human areas

They've been called phantoms of the North – the great...

<p>In a revealing study, a stark image emerged: boreal forest landscape, once blanketed in snow, now nearly bare. This was not a distant prediction but an observed reality at the SPRUCE Experiment in Minnesota, where researchers mimicked future climates.</p>



<p>And according to the research, even small amounts of warming can <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-drastically-lowers-snows-water-storage-capacity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dramatically change</a> these vast ecosystems.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-boreal-forests">Boreal forests</h2>



<p>Boreal forests, also known as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-does-climate-change-alter-alaskas-boreal-forest/">tai</a><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-does-climate-change-alter-alaskas-boreal-forest/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">g</a><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-does-climate-change-alter-alaskas-boreal-forest/">as</a>, are vast ecosystems located in the northern regions of the globe, just below the Arctic Circle. These forests are characterized by their cold, harsh climates and short growing seasons. </p>



<p>They are primarily made up of coniferous trees such as pines, spruces, and firs, which are well adapted to the cold environment. Boreal forests cover large parts of Russia, Canada, Alaska, and Scandinavia, making them one of the world's largest biome types.</p>



<p>These forests play a crucial role in the Earth's climate system by acting as significant carbon sinks, absorbing large amounts of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. They are also home to a diverse range of wildlife, including bears, wolves, moose, and numerous bird species. </p>



<p>The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/unexpected-changes-what-happens-to-boreal-forests-after-fire/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">boreal forest</a> ecosystem is adapted to its cold environment, but it is sensitive to climate change, especially to warming temperatures and the resulting changes in snow cover and permafrost.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-snow-matters">Why snow matters</h2>



<p>For much of the northern hemisphere, snow transforms the landscape into a breathtaking <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-driven-climate-change-is-to-blame-for-sharp-snowpack-declines-since-1980/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">winter wonderland</a>. But beyond its beauty, snow plays a crucial role in the ecosystem:</p>



<ul>
<li><strong>Earth's natural mirror:</strong> Snow's bright surface reflects a significant amount of sunlight. This helps keep the air and ground cooler, slowing down the rate of snowmelt.<br></li>



<li><strong>A cozy insulator:</strong> Snow acts like a fluffy blanket, shielding the plants and diverse creatures of the forest floor from the bitter cold and harsh winds.<br></li>



<li><strong>The source of spring:</strong>&nbsp;As spring arrives, the gradual melt of snowpack provides a steady supply of water, feeding rivers, streams, and the plants that burst back to life after their winter slumber.</li>
</ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-less-snow-even-warmer-temperatures">Less Snow, Even Warmer Temperatures</h2>



<p>A team led by Dr. Andrew Richardson of Northern Arizona University (<a href="https://nau.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NAU</a>) investigated the cascading effects of a seemingly minor change: slightly warmer winters. </p>



<p>"Snow is really a critical part of winter in most northern ecosystems," said Richardson. "Transitioning to low- or no-snow winters is going to have major implications for how these ecosystems 'work.'"</p>



<p>Their findings paint a concerning picture:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-extra-warmth-in-boreal-forest">Extra warmth in boreal forest</h3>



<p>Even a degree or two of added warmth results in a substantial decrease in snow cover. This seemingly minor change can have profound effects on global ecosystems and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/extreme-floods-what-turns-a-rainstorm-into-a-catastrophe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">water cycles</a>. The reduction in snow has cascading effects on local and global climates. </p>



<p>For instance, areas that traditionally rely on snowmelt for freshwater may face shortages, affecting both human populations and wildlife. </p>



<p>Additionally, without the reflective surface of snow, the ground absorbs more solar radiation, further increasing local temperatures in a feedback loop that exacerbates the original warming.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-heat-absorbing-soil">Heat-absorbing soil</h3>



<p>Without the reflective power of snow, exposed soil absorbs more of the sun's rays, turning it into a giant heater. </p>



<p>This absorption exacerbates local warming, as the darkened soil surfaces retain more heat compared to the highly reflective snow. </p>



<p>This process not only raises ground temperatures but also contributes to a feedback loop that further accelerates the melting of any remaining <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alpine-ecosystems-are-thrown-off-balance-by-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">snow and ice</a>. </p>



<p>The increased soil temperatures can disrupt local ecosystems, altering the growth cycles of plants and the habitats of wildlife, leading to broader ecological impacts and enhancing the overall warming of the planet.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-warming-feedback-loop">A warming feedback loop</h3>



<p>The additional heat from the sun-absorbing soil elevates air temperatures, accelerating the melt of surrounding snow. </p>



<p>This rapid snowmelt feeds into a vicious cycle. Reduced snow cover increases <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/understanding-how-soil-sequesters-carbon-from-the-atmosphere/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">soil heat absorption</a>, which in turn further warms the air. </p>



<p>This cycle of disappearing snow and escalating temperatures perpetuates a self-reinforcing loop, exacerbating climate warming effects. </p>



<p>Such changes can dramatically alter ecosystems, reduce water availability from snowpack-dependent sources, and increase the frequency of wildfires and other extreme weather events. </p>



<p>The cycle underscores the interconnectedness of climate systems and the significant impact of incremental temperature rises on the environment.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-spruce-experiment-simulating-boreal-forest-winters">The SPRUCE experiment: Simulating boreal forest winters</h2>



<p>To isolate the influence of rising temperatures on boreal forest snow, scientists turned to a fascinating project in Minnesota – the U.S. Department of Energy's <a href="https://mnspruce.ornl.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">SPRUCE Experiment</a>. </p>



<p>Here, researchers carefully increased the temperature in steps, simulating various levels of warming. Time-lapse cameras captured the vanishing snow, providing a stark visual record.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-even-small-changes-matter">Even small changes matter</h2>



<p>The team wasn't prepared for just how quickly the snow in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-is-shifting-the-earths-coldest-forest-northward/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">boreal forest</a> would disappear. Even with the smallest temperature increase, snowpack dwindled rapidly. This meant plants lost their protection earlier in the season, battled temperature swings, and suffered from dehydration with reduced snowmelt.</p>



<p>The consequences, they worry, could ripple through the entire interconnected web of the forest:</p>



<ul>
<li><strong>Struggling plants:</strong> Untimely exposure to cold and lack of water can stress or even kill trees and other plant life.<br></li>



<li><strong>Drier summers:</strong> Without a healthy snowpack to slowly melt, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/even-moderate-warming-will-transform-northern-forests/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">forest</a> might face water shortages in the warmer months.<br></li>



<li><strong>Wildfire risk:</strong>&nbsp;Dried-out forests become tinderboxes, creating a greater risk of devastating wildfires.</li>
</ul>



<p>"We'll likely see negative impacts of low snow, such as frozen soils and damaged plant tissues, as well as reduced spring runoff and drier soils going into summer. Even if you don't like winter, this is just bad news all around," Richardson explains.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-arizona-linked-to-boreal-forests">Arizona linked to boreal forests</h2>



<p>While Arizona's ponderosa pine forests are a world away from the boreal, this study offers a cautionary tale. Even here, we see how sensitive our winters are to a few degrees difference. </p>



<p>Remember the last time Flagstaff was on the verge of a snowstorm, but warmer temperatures brought rain instead? That's a hint of what the future might hold.</p>



<p>"We're kind of close to the edge already...This may sound like good news for local residents who are tired of snow by the end of January, but it probably translates to more stressed forests," warns Richardson.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lessons-for-a-changing-world">Lessons for a changing world</h2>



<p>This research isn't about mourning the loss of boreal forest snow; it's about understanding the far-reaching effects of climate change:</p>



<ul>
<li><strong>Improving climate models:</strong> This unique study's results will help scientists refine the complex models used to predict our planet's future.<br></li>



<li><strong>Ecosystem management:</strong>&nbsp;Knowing how sensitive a region is to snow loss helps us design strategies to protect forests and the countless species they support.</li>
</ul>



<p>"As someone who loves winter, this is a double dose of bad news -- less snow and more fire danger," reflects Richardson.</p>



<p>While solutions to climate change are complex, this study reminds us that even seemingly small temperature shifts have immense power to reshape our world -- from the faraway boreal forests to our own backyard.</p>



<p>The study is published in <a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2023JG007833" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">J</a><a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2023jg007833" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ournal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences</a>.</p>



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Just a single degree of warming will wreak havoc in boreal forests

In a revealing study, a stark image emerged: boreal forest...

<p>Seagrass meadows, vital ecosystems teeming with life, are facing an increasingly uncertain future with climate change. </p>



<p>A team of experts from <a href="https://www.jcu.edu.au" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">James Cook University</a> has issued a dire warning: climate change and human activities could devastate these fragile habitats without swift and decisive action.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-are-seagrass-meadows">What are seagrass meadows?</h2>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-reveals-the-evolutionary-adaptations-of-seagrasses/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Seagrasses</a>, intriguingly, are not marine algae but flowering plants that have bravely ventured into the ocean's depths. Over time, through the process of evolution, seagrasses have become adept at thriving underwater. They form extensive, submerged meadows. </p>



<p>These meadows span across the coastlines of the globe. Moreover, these underwater prairies are not just scenic; they are bustling hubs of marine biodiversity.</p>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrasses-continue-to-release-methane-after-they-die/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Seagrasses</a> perform roles that are vital not only for the marine environment but also for the planet as a whole. They are ecosystem engineers, crafting and maintaining habitats that support a wide array of marine life.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-change-warriors">Climate change warriors</h3>



<p>Seagrasses are formidable foes against climate change. They sequester carbon dioxide from the atmosphere at a rate much higher than terrestrial forests, storing it in their leaves, roots, and the surrounding sediment. </p>



<p>This process is a natural way of reducing the amount of greenhouse gases - the primary drivers of global warming.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-guardians-of-the-coast">Guardians of the coast</h3>



<p>The intricate root systems of seagrass not only anchor the plants but also the very seafloor itself, preventing erosion and mitigating the impact of storm surges. This natural barrier helps protect coastal communities from the increasing occurrences of extreme weather events.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nurseries-of-the-sea">Nurseries of the sea</h3>



<p>Seagrass meadows provide a sheltered environment for numerous marine species during their vulnerable juvenile stages. These underwater nurseries play a pivotal role in the life cycles of fish, crabs, and other marine creatures. </p>



<p>They are vital for maintaining biodiversity. Additionally, they bolster fisheries that provide food and livelihoods for millions of people worldwide.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-seagrass-climate-change-and-human-activities">Seagrass, climate change and human activities</h2>



<p>Sadly, these remarkable habitats are in decline. "We assessed that more than 50% of WH seagrass habitats are highly vulnerable to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrasses-face-an-uncertain-future-due-to-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a> impacts, with long-term increases in sea-surface temperature and short-term marine heat waves being the greatest threats," said Riccardo Losciale, a lead researcher from James Cook University.</p>



<p>Here's a breakdown of the key threats:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Warming waters</h3>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-meadows-under-threat-herbivores-migrating-warm-waters/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Seagrasses</a> thrive within a specific temperature range, a delicate balance that global warming increasingly disrupts. As greenhouse gas emissions escalate, ocean temperatures follow suit, often exceeding the tolerance limits of many seagrass species. </p>



<p>This thermal stress not only inhibits their growth but can also lead to widespread die-offs, reducing the resilience of these ecosystems to other stressors.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Extreme weather</h3>



<p>Marine heatwaves, periods of abnormally high ocean temperatures, have become more frequent and intense due to climate change. These extreme weather events can swiftly decimate seagrass meadows, leaving little time for recovery. </p>



<p>The sudden loss of vast areas of seagrass not only diminishes their ability to store carbon and support marine life but also exposes coastlines to increased erosion.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">The human factor</h3>



<p>Human activities exacerbate the threats to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-is-of-fundamental-importance-to-earths-future/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">seagrass meadows</a>, particularly through coastal development and pollution. Construction projects near shorelines often lead to sedimentation, which can smother seagrasses by blocking the sunlight they need for photosynthesis. </p>



<p>Additionally, runoff from agriculture, industry, and urban areas introduces pollutants and excess nutrients into coastal waters. </p>



<p>This eutrophication can cause harmful algal blooms that further reduce light availability and create dead zones where few marine species can survive. Together, these factors create a hostile environment for seagrass, challenging their survival and proliferation.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-seagrass-decline-due-to-climate-change">Seagrass decline due to climate change</h2>



<p>"On a global scale, the documented area of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-meadows-absorb-less-co2-than-previously-thought/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">seagrass</a> has declined by 19% since the start of the second industrial revolution, around 1870, due to the cumulative impacts of human-caused and climate stressors," Losciale points out.</p>



<p>The path forward isn't easy, but it's necessary. Professor Scott Heron noted that a multi-pronged approach is crucial. "We found most seagrass site managers are not well equipped to effectively deal with these impacts, possibly leading to management strategies that less effectively address climate change."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-saving-seagrasses-from-climate-change">Saving seagrasses from climate change</h2>



<p>Here's the action plan outlined by the research team:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Cut the carbon</h3>



<p>Dr. Heron emphasized the critical need for a swift and significant reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, pinpointing them as the primary culprit behind climate change. </p>



<p>This global challenge demands a concerted effort from nations worldwide to transition towards renewable energy sources, implement more efficient energy use, and adopt sustainable practices that curb emissions. </p>



<p>It’s a monumental task but essential for stabilizing ocean temperatures and creating a more favorable environment for seagrass meadows.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Shielding seagrass against climate change</h3>



<p>Protecting coastal areas involves halting practices that directly harm seagrass ecosystems. This means regulating coastal development to prevent habitat destruction, controlling pollution sources to improve water quality, and implementing protective measures to prevent runoff from carrying pollutants and sediments into the sea. </p>



<p>By preserving the integrity of coastal zones, we can ensure that seagrass meadows continue to thrive.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Collaborative conservation efforts</h3>



<p>The preservation of seagrass meadows requires the combined efforts of scientists, coastal managers, policymakers, and local communities. This collaboration can lead to the development of effective management strategies that consider both scientific knowledge and the socio-economic context of coastal regions. </p>



<p>Engaging local communities in conservation efforts ensures that those who directly depend on coastal resources are involved in protecting them.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Monitoring matters</h3>



<p>Understanding the current state and trends in seagrass health is essential for effective conservation. Developing detailed maps of seagrass meadows and employing systematic monitoring techniques can provide the data needed to assess the impacts of threats and the effectiveness of management actions. </p>



<p>Advances in remote sensing and marine survey technologies are making it easier to track changes in seagrass coverage and condition over time, allowing for timely interventions.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Engaging the public</h3>



<p>The broader public has a vital role to play in seagrass conservation. Raising awareness about the importance of seagrass meadows and the threats they face can inspire more people to support conservation efforts. </p>



<p>Moreover, citizen science projects offer an opportunity for individuals to contribute directly to scientific research and conservation by monitoring local seagrass health, reporting pollution incidents, or participating in restoration projects. </p>



<p>Such engagement not only aids in conservation efforts but also fosters a deeper connection between people and their marine environment.</p>



<p>Seagrasses quietly contribute to the health of our oceans in countless ways. We cannot afford to neglect these vital underwater ecosystems. Now is the time to take action, both globally and locally, to ensure their survival.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.17113" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Global Change Biology</a></em>.</p>



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Seagrass meadows and climate change: An uncertain future

Seagrass meadows, vital ecosystems teeming with life, are facing an...

<p>Soil, often taken for granted, plays a critical role in the global carbon cycle and climate regulation. It acts as a natural carbon sink, sequestering carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere. </p>



<p>However, new research from <a href="https://www.curtin.edu.au" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Curtin University</a> underscores how rising temperatures threaten to turn Australia's <a href="https://www.earth.com/search-results/?search=soil&amp;start=0" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">soil</a> into a net carbon emitter, exacerbating the climate crisis.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-soil-s-role-in-climate-regulation">Soil's role in climate regulation</h2>



<p>Healthy soil teems with life and organic matter, storing vast quantities of carbon drawn from the atmosphere through plant activity. </p>



<p>This stored carbon helps mitigate climate change. However, the relationship between soil and climate is delicate. </p>



<p>As temperatures increase, the ability of the soil to hold carbon diminishes. Additionally, under certain conditions, it can even begin to release stored carbon back into the atmosphere.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-australia-s-soil-dilemma-and-climate-change">Australia's soil dilemma and climate change</h2>



<p>"Unless farming methods are further improved so farmland soils can continue to store carbon, any gains and benefit will likely decrease by 2045 and worsen in time, if the Earth continues to warm at its current rate," warns Professor Raphael Viscarra Rossel of Curtin University.</p>



<p>His team predicts a concerning shift: instead of sequestering carbon, Australian soil could become a significant emissions source. </p>



<p>This is particularly critical in sensitive coastal areas and the nation's extensive rangelands, which hold an estimated 70% of the country's soil carbon reserves.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-growing-threat">The growing threat</h2>



<p>Under a 'middle-of-the-road' emissions scenario, soil emissions could contribute over 14% of Australia's total emissions by 2045. This proportion is likely to increase significantly by 2100, further complicating global efforts to limit warming.</p>



<p>Professor Viscarra Rossel stresses, "If emissions continue at the current rate, the Earth’s temperature is expected to reach 2 degrees above pre-industrial temperatures sometime this century, which is predicted to have dire consequences and potentially catastrophic impacts for the planet.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-solutions-for-soil-impacted-by-climate-change">Solutions for soil impacted by climate change</h2>



<p>Australia faces a critical choice. Allowing soils to become carbon sources will severely undermine <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/arctic-soil-plays-a-major-role-in-fighting-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate</a> goals. Yet, the study emphasizes the potential for solutions:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Sustainable land management</h3>



<p>Sustainable land management involves practices designed to protect natural resources, enhance agricultural productivity, and reduce CO2 emissions. Specifically, revitalizing grazing practices on rangelands can significantly improve soil health. </p>



<p>By managing the intensity and timing of grazing, we can encourage the growth of vegetation that captures more CO2 from the atmosphere. </p>



<p>This not only increases the soil's carbon storage capacity but also enhances the resilience and biodiversity of ecosystems. These practices can lead to healthier soils that are more fertile and better able to retain water.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Indigenous Knowledge:</h3>



<p>Indigenous communities have managed their lands for thousands of years using practices that are inherently sustainable and adapted to local environments. </p>



<p>One such practice is cultural burning, which involves controlled burns to manage the landscape. </p>



<p>Large, uncontrolled fires are definitely harmful. They release a lot of CO2 and harm ecosystems. Cultural burns are different. </p>



<p>They reduce the amount of fire fuel and make the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cow-manure-greatly-improves-soil-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">soil</a> healthier. It even helps the land hold more carbon. This approach honors indigenous wisdom and uses new innovations for the good of the planet.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Regenerative Agriculture:</h3>



<p>Regenerative agriculture represents a paradigm shift in farming, moving beyond merely "doing no harm" to actively improving and restoring ecosystems. </p>



<p>This approach includes a variety of practices, such as cover cropping, reduced tillage, composting, and diversified crop rotations, all aimed at increasing soil organic matter. This not only sequesters more carbon but also enhances soil fertility and farm resilience. </p>



<p>Farmers adopting these techniques play a critical role in climate mitigation, transforming agriculture from a net emitter of CO2 to a potential net sink. </p>



<p>By focusing on soil health and ecosystem services, regenerative agriculture can produce more nutritious food, reduce dependency on chemical inputs, and build resilience to climate variability.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-insights-from-the-study">Insights from the study</h2>



<p>"Ensuring Australia’s rangeland soils can maintain their carbon stocks is imperative: capturing and storing additional carbon will require interdisciplinary science, innovation, cultural awareness, and effective policies," urges Professor Viscarra Rossel.</p>



<p>Addressing soil carbon loss requires a collaborative effort across sectors. Policymakers, scientists, land managers, and the broader community must prioritize soil health as integral to Australia's climate resilience and a key element of global emissions strategies.</p>



<p>The study is published in <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41612-024-00619-z" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Npj Climate and Atmospheric Science</em></a>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Australia's warming climate transforms soil into a carbon emitter

Soil, often taken for granted, plays a critical role in...

The,Portrait,Of,Wild,Lizard,(blue-crested,Lizard),On,The,Tree.

<p>New research highlights the plight of lizards due to the widespread loss of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/should-we-cut-down-all-the-oak-trees-a-disturbing-discovery-makes-this-question-plausible/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">trees</a>. The study has revealed that the combined stress of deforestation and climate change will negatively impact up to 84 percent of North America's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/anoles-are-the-scuba-diving-champions-of-the-lizard-world/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lizards</a> by the end of the century.</p>



<p>According to scientists from <a href="https://m.tau.ac.il/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Tel Aviv University</a> and the <a href="https://www.cu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Colorado</a>, lizards are particularly sensitive to temperature fluctuations, making them ideal indicators of how climate change impacts wildlife. The problems they face foreshadow challenges for a wide variety of animals.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lizards-and-the-importance-of-trees">Lizards and the importance of trees</h2>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/trees-struggling-to-breathe-store-co2-hotter-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Trees</a> act as natural air conditioners. The shade they provide creates a significantly cooler environment compared to the sun-exposed ground. This cooling effect is vital for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/coexisting-lizards-challenge-what-we-know-about-natural-selection/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lizards</a>, which, as ectotherms, rely on external sources to regulate their body temperature.</p>



<p>Beyond mere shade, trees offer a variety of microhabitats within a single structure. By moving around a tree, lizards can find microclimates that suit their thermal needs at different times of the day or year. </p>



<p>These microhabitats become critical refuges, especially as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sandy-soil-reptiles-face-extinction-threat-due-to-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ground temperatures</a> become increasingly inhospitable due to global warming.</p>



<p>"Animals will become increasingly dependent on trees for survival as temperatures rise," said study co-author Dr. Ofir Levy. </p>



<p>Within a single tree, temperatures become cooler and wind increases with height. A lizard can strategically move between sun, shade, and the breezy higher branches to regulate its temperature.</p>



<p>Dr. Levy's team observed this directly. "We'd see the lizards actively using different parts of the tree to find the most comfortable temperature. It underscored their absolute reliance on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/planting-too-many-trees-could-spoil-the-planet/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">trees</a>," he said. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lizards-trees-and-climate-change">Lizards, trees and climate change</h2>



<p>At first glance, the effects of a warming climate might seem beneficial for cold-blooded creatures like <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/endangered-lizard-faces-an-unexpected-threat/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lizards</a>. These animals depend on external heat sources to regulate their body temperature. </p>



<p>Therefore, a warmer environment could potentially extend their periods of activity, allowing them more time for essential behaviors like foraging, mating, and territory defense. </p>



<p>The study suggests that in many places, climate change could initially allow lizards to thrive due to reduced periods of cold that force them into inactivity.</p>



<p>However, the research underscores a critical caveat: the initial benefits of a warmer climate are significantly overshadowed by the adverse effects when combined with habitat destruction caused by humans, such as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/deforestation-threatens-the-future-of-8-in-10-lizards/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">deforestation</a>. </p>



<p>As discussed, trees not only provide crucial shade and cooler microhabitats but also serve as vital platforms for many of the lizards' activities, including escaping predators, finding food, and even regulating their body temperature.</p>



<p>Study co-author Omer Zlotnick explained: "Computer simulations show that in warmer regions, climate change alone could harm lizards populations. Add in tree loss, and the situation becomes far worse."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-of-tree-loss-beyond-lizards">Impact of tree loss beyond lizards</h2>



<p>Lizards are not the only animals that face hardships associated with deforestation. The loss of trees disrupts the delicate thermal balance that countless species depend on.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Impact on birds</h3>



<p>Birds use <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/trees-are-in-big-trouble-and-scientists-are-sounding-the-alarm/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">trees</a> for more than just nesting; trees provide essential shade that helps regulate the temperature of nests, protecting eggs and young chicks from overheating. This natural cooling system is crucial for the survival of fledglings. </p>



<p>Without the canopy cover, nests become exposed to direct sunlight, leading to increased temperatures that can be lethal to the eggs and young birds. </p>



<p>Similarly to lizards, birds use trees for protection from predators and a supply of food through fruits, seeds, and insects. The loss of trees thus not only threatens their thermal comfort but also their food security and safety.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Impact on mammals</h3>



<p>Mammals, ranging from small rodents to large predators, often adapt to rising temperatures by moving to higher altitudes, where the climate is naturally cooler. </p>



<p>However, as deforestation expands and climate change exacerbates, these once-forested areas at higher elevations are becoming barren. </p>



<p>This shift not only leaves mammals without the necessary cover and resources found in forested habitats but also forces them into closer quarters with other species, potentially leading to increased competition for dwindling resources and higher susceptibility to predation. </p>



<p>The lack of vegetation at higher altitudes also means less carbon sequestration, a vital process in mitigating climate change.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-take-action-to-protect-trees">Take action to protect trees </h2>



<p>While the news is sobering, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/urban-trees-surrounded-by-less-asphalt-grow-taller-and-stronger/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">trees</a> offer a powerful solution, and we can take action to protect them. "Our research demonstrates the crucial role forests and trees play for animals struggling with a changing climate," said Dr. Levy.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Advocate for forest protection</h3>



<p>Take a stand for forest conservation by voicing your support for policies and initiatives aimed at <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/worlds-newest-oldest-forest-recently-discovered-is-full-of-calamophyton-trees/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">protecting forests</a>. Whether it's through signing petitions, joining conservation groups, or contacting your representatives, your advocacy can help halt deforestation. </p>



<p>Make informed decisions when purchasing products by choosing those that do not contribute to forest loss. Look for certifications that indicate sustainable sourcing.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Participate in tree-planting efforts</h3>



<p>Engage directly in the fight against deforestation by taking part in local tree-planting campaigns. Many communities and environmental organizations organize events aimed at reforesting areas that have been cleared or degraded. </p>



<p>If you have the space, consider planting <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/young-trees-are-not-responding-well-to-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">native trees</a> on your own property. Not only do trees absorb carbon dioxide, but they also provide habitats for wildlife, contributing to biodiversity.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Support sustainable forestry practices</h3>



<p>Backing sustainable forestry practices is crucial in ensuring that forests can be used without being destroyed. This includes purchasing products from companies that are committed to reducing their impact on forests. </p>



<p>Additionally, consider reducing your paper consumption where possible, opting for digital alternatives, and recycling paper products. </p>



<p>By making these sustainable choices, you contribute to a demand for responsibly sourced products, encouraging industries to adopt practices that protect rather than harm forests.</p>



<p>The next time you're grateful for shade on a hot day, remember the countless creatures like lizards that depend on trees for their very survival. By taking steps to protect trees, we safeguard the delicate balance that allows wildlife (and ourselves) to thrive.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-024-01939-x" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Nature Climate Change</em></a>.</p>



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Lizards rely on trees, so what happens when they disappear?

New research highlights the plight of lizards due to the...

<p>We're all told that planting <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/planting-too-many-trees-could-spoil-the-planet/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">trees</a> is a fantastic way to fight climate change. But what if it's not always that simple? A new study by <a href="https://www.clarku.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Clark University</a> reveals a hidden factor, the albedo effect, that could turn a well-intended tree-planting project into a climate misstep.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-basics-trees-as-climate-heroes">The basics: Trees as climate heroes</h2>



<p>We know the basics – <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/should-we-cut-down-all-the-oak-trees-a-disturbing-discovery-makes-this-question-plausible/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">trees</a> breathe in carbon dioxide (CO2), a major greenhouse gas, and store that carbon in their trunks, branches, and roots. It's like nature's own carbon capture technology. That's why ambitious tree-planting programs are popping up worldwide as a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/young-trees-are-not-responding-well-to-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate</a> solution.</p>



<p>However, there's a less obvious way trees interact with the Earth's climate, and it has everything to do with sunlight.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-albedo-effect-earth-s-reflectivity-factor">Albedo effect: Earth's reflectivity factor</h2>



<p>Albedo is a measure of how much sunlight a surface bounces back into space. Think of it like this: bright surfaces keep things cool, dark surfaces heat things up. </p>



<p>These differences in 'reflectiveness' have a huge impact on temperatures around the world.</p>



<p>Snow and ice have high albedo, acting like giant mirrors for sunlight and helping keep things chilly. Dark surfaces, like oceans, forests, or even city streets have low albedo. They soak up sunlight like a sponge, which turns into heat.</p>



<p>Forests, despite their amazing benefits for cleaning the air and sheltering wildlife, actually make their surroundings warmer. </p>



<p>See, all those dark leaves are like millions of tiny solar panels, collecting energy from the sun. This is the opposite of what happens with super reflective snow, keeping sunlight from being turned into heat.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tree-planting-and-the-albedo-effect">Tree planting and the albedo effect</h2>



<p>While <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tree-planting-campaigns-fall-short-of-successful-reforestation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">planting trees</a> is often touted as a straightforward solution to climate change, the reality is far more complicated.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Snowy region tree planting</h3>



<p>As discussed, in snowy regions, the ground naturally has a high albedo due to the reflective properties of snow and ice. This means that a significant portion of the sunlight that hits these surfaces is reflected back into the atmosphere, helping to keep the Earth's temperature in check. </p>



<p>However, when these snow-covered landscapes are replaced with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/soil-fungi-determine-the-gradient-of-forest-diversity-worldwide/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dark forests</a>, the albedo effect decreases dramatically. The dark foliage of trees absorbs more sunlight, converting it into heat and leading to an increase in local temperatures. </p>



<p>This process can inadvertently contribute to warming, undermining the climate benefits traditionally associated with tree planting.</p>



<p>The implications of this are profound, particularly for reforestation efforts in boreal regions and areas prone to seasonal snow cover. While the intention behind such projects is to sequester carbon and mitigate global warming, the reduction in albedo could offset these benefits. </p>



<p>As such, it's essential to weigh the carbon sequestration potential of new <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/deep-learning-can-help-track-changes-in-forest-cover/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">forests</a> against the potential for increased local warming due to decreased albedo.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Albedo effect on trees in semi-arid areas</h3>



<p>The albedo effect plays a critical role in semi-arid areas as well, albeit in a different manner. These regions, characterized by their sparse vegetation and dry conditions, have a naturally lower albedo compared to snowy landscapes. </p>



<p>However, the introduction of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/trees-struggling-to-breathe-store-co2-hotter-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">trees</a> into these environments still results in a decrease in albedo, albeit less dramatically. The trees' dark surfaces absorb more sunlight than the surrounding land, potentially leading to local warming.</p>



<p>In semi-arid regions, the trade-off between the benefits of carbon sequestration and the potential for increased heat absorption due to lower albedo is a delicate balance. </p>



<p>While trees can provide numerous environmental benefits, including soil stabilization and habitat provision, their impact on local temperatures through changes in albedo must be considered. </p>



<p>In some cases, the warming effect may partially offset the cooling benefits derived from carbon storage.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">A considered approach to reforestation</h3>



<p>This complex interplay between albedo, local climates, and reforestation efforts underscores the need for a nuanced approach to tree planting. It's clear that reforestation is not a one-size-fits-all solution to climate change. </p>



<p>Instead, projects must be carefully planned and executed with an understanding of the local environment and the potential climate impacts.</p>



<p>Selecting the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/species-richness-linked-to-forest-productivity-in-the-eastern-u-s/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">right species of trees</a>, considering their albedo effect, and strategically choosing planting locations are critical steps in maximizing the climate benefits of reforestation. </p>



<p>In some cases, this may mean prioritizing tree planting in areas where the decrease in albedo will not lead to significant warming, or where the benefits of carbon sequestration outweigh potential drawbacks.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-new-tool-for-smarter-tree-planting">A New Tool for Smarter Tree Planting</h2>



<p>"The balance of carbon storage versus albedo change that comes from restoring tree cover varies from place to place," explains lead researcher Natalia Hasler. "But until now we didn't have the tools to tell the good climate solutions from the bad."</p>



<p>This landmark study changes the game! Scientists have developed highly detailed maps showing where tree planting makes the most sense for maximizing climate benefits. </p>



<p>They've even created a user-friendly tool to help governments, conservation groups, and landowners make informed decisions.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-good-news-we-can-still-plant-smart">The good news: We can still plant smart</h2>



<p>Thankfully, many existing tree-planting efforts are already focused on areas where the benefits are strongest. However, even in these ideal locations, adjustments might be needed. </p>



<p>The true <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-outpaces-the-ability-for-trees-to-adapt/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate impact</a> might be smaller than initial carbon-only estimates suggested.</p>



<p>"We've addressed a significant research gap and gained a much more complete picture of how restoring tree cover can impact our global climate -- both positively and also sometimes negatively," says co-author Susan Cook-Patton.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-albedo-means-for-you">What albedo means for you</h2>



<ul>
<li><strong>Support informed projects</strong>: If you donate to tree-planting, ensure the organization is considering the albedo effect and focusing on the right locations.<br></li>



<li><strong>Don't lose hope in trees</strong>: Trees offer countless benefits beyond climate mitigation – biodiversity, cleaner air and water, and stronger communities. This research doesn't change that.<br></li>



<li><strong>Climate action is multifaceted</strong>: Fighting climate change effectively means using a variety of tools and strategies. Explore supporting renewable energy initiatives, reducing your own energy use, changing your dietary choices, or getting involved in local climate advocacy.</li>
</ul>



<p>Climate science is complex, which means solutions rarely come with a neat little bow. But science's true power is that it keeps improving. </p>



<p>This albedo effect research gives us a better roadmap, empowering us to make even smarter choices about tree-planting, ensuring these efforts are a true force for good in the fight for a healthier planet.</p>



<p>The study is published in&nbsp;<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-46577-1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Communications</a>.</p>



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Could tree planting warm Earth? Science behind the albedo effect

We're all told that planting trees is a fantastic way...

<p>As trash decomposes in landfills, it releases a very potent greenhouse gas called <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microbes-in-landfills-produce-valuable-methane/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">methane</a>. During the first 20 years following its emission, methane has a global warming potential (GWP) that is more than 80 times greater than that of carbon dioxide, meaning it traps substantially more heat in the Earth's atmosphere.</p>



<p>Landfills alone account for a substantial chunk of human-caused <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/u-s-finalizes-ambitious-rule-to-slash-methane-emissions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">methane emissions</a> in the United States. Their combined impact can be compared to adding the yearly greenhouse gas emissions of nearly 23 million gas-powered cars to the atmosphere.</p>



<p>The problem is, getting accurate measurements of landfill methane has been a real challenge. Scientists often rely on models and estimates, but they haven't been able to study the direct emissions from many individual landfills...until now.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-methane-leaks-from-landfills">Methane leaks from landfills</h2>



<p><a href="https://carbonmapper.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Carbon Mapper</a>, a non-profit, led the largest-ever direct survey of U.S. landfills. They teamed up with top scientists from NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (<a href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">JPL</a>), Arizona State University (<a href="https://www.asu.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ASU</a>), and even the Environmental Protection Agency (<a href="https://www.epa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EPA</a>). </p>



<p>Armed with cutting-edge aircraft, the team swooped in to gather real-time data on landfill emissions.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-point-source-methane-in-landfills">Point source methane in landfills</h2>



<p>The study revealed that point source emissions, which are concentrated releases of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/melting-arctic-glaciers-are-releasing-a-new-source-of-potent-methane-emissions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">methane</a> from specific areas within a landfill, were present in over half of the surveyed landfills. </p>



<p>This rate of concentrated methane leakage is significantly higher than the leak rates commonly observed in the oil and gas industry.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-persistent-pollution">Persistent pollution</h2>



<p>Unlike oil and gas leaks, which often get patched up quickly, landfill leaks can be stubbornly persistent. The study revealed that 60% of landfills with leaks were spewing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wetland-methane-emissions-have-surged-at-high-latitudes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">methane</a> for months or even years. These continuous leaks account for the lion's share of landfill emissions.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reported-methane-emissions">Reported methane emissions</h2>



<p>The team discovered a big mismatch between their measured emissions and what landfills officially reported to the government. In many cases, the actual pollution levels were much higher than reported, suggesting that our current reporting methods are missing major methane culprits.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tackling-methane-mess-from-landfills">Tackling methane mess from landfills</h2>



<p>“Addressing these high methane sources and mitigating persistent landfill emissions offers strong potential for climate benefit,” said Dr. Dan Cusworth, Carbon Mapper Program Scientist and lead author on the paper.</p>



<p>So, how do we tackle this methane mess? It starts with better detection. Traditional ground-level surveys, where workers walk around with handheld <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-reveals-previously-unknown-sources-of-methane-production/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">methane</a> sensors, simply aren't cutting it. </p>



<p>Hence, advanced tech like satellites, aircraft, and drones could help in painting a complete picture of which landfills are leaking and exactly where the leaks are located.</p>



<p>Carbon Mapper is determined to be at the forefront of change. Their satellite initiative, scheduled for launch in 2024, is designed to track landfill emissions all over the world. Furthermore, this vital data will be freely available to landfill operators, policymakers, and the public.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-of-methane-from-landfills">Impact of methane from landfills</h2>



<p>As discussed above, methane emissions have a profound impact on our planet, primarily contributing to climate change due to their potent greenhouse effect. </p>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/greenland-absorbs-more-methane-than-it-emits-surprising-scientists/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Methane</a> (CH4) is over 28 times more effective than carbon dioxide (CO2) at trapping heat in the atmosphere over a 100-year period, making it a significant driver of global warming.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Acceleration of climate change</h3>



<p>Methane's high potency as a greenhouse gas means that even small amounts can have a large impact on Earth's temperature. Its release from sources like landfills, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/greener-cattle-seeking-ways-to-inhibit-methane-production-in-cows/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">agriculture</a> (particularly from the digestive processes of livestock), and the production and transport of coal, oil, and natural gas significantly accelerates the rate of climate change. This leads to more extreme weather conditions, such as heatwaves, droughts, and severe storms, affecting ecosystems, human health, and food security.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Formation of ground-level ozone</h3>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/melting-fire-ice-unleashes-deep-methane-from-beneath-the-seafloor/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Methane</a> also contributes to the formation of ground-level ozone (smog), a harmful air pollutant. While ozone in the stratosphere protects life on Earth from the sun's ultraviolet rays, at ground level, it can cause respiratory issues, aggravate lung diseases like asthma, and reduce lung function. This not only affects human health but also can reduce agricultural productivity by damaging crops.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Shorter atmospheric lifetime, big impact</h3>



<p>Despite <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rising-seas-release-more-methane-from-wetlands-than-expected/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">methane</a> having a much shorter atmospheric lifetime than CO2 (about 12 years compared to centuries for CO2), its immediate impact on climate change is much stronger. This means that actions taken to reduce methane emissions can lead to relatively quick climate benefits, making methane reduction a critical part of strategies to limit global warming in the short term.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Positive feedback loops</h3>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/methane-leaks-in-us-oil-and-gas-hit-10-billion-in-economic-losses/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Methane emissions</a> are part of several positive feedback loops that can exacerbate climate change. For example, melting permafrost due to rising global temperatures can release massive amounts of methane trapped in ice, leading to even more warming and further permafrost melt. Similarly, drying wetlands release methane that was previously absorbed by wet soils, contributing to more warming.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Biodiversity</h3>



<p>Climate change driven by <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/viruses-influence-methane-production-across-various-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">methane emissions</a> poses a significant threat to biodiversity. Changing temperatures and weather patterns disrupt habitats, forcing species to migrate, adapt, or face extinction. This loss of biodiversity can destabilize ecosystems, affecting ecosystem services like pollination, water purification, and disease control that are vital for human survival.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-can-you-do-to-reduce-landfills-methane">What can <em>you</em> do to reduce landfills methane?</h2>



<p>In facing the daunting challenge of reducing landfill emissions, let's remember this: individual actions, multiplied across our communities, create a groundswell of change. </p>



<p>The key to tackling this issue lies in the choices we make every day, and our willingness to demand better systems. So, here's how each of us can be part of the solution:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-embrace-waste-management-as-a-lifestyle">Embrace waste management as a lifestyle</h3>



<p>"Reduce, Reuse, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/people-recycle-know-new-products/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Recycle</a>...and Compost!" It's not just a catchy phrase, it's your toolkit. By mindfully reducing what we buy, creatively reusing items, and diligently recycling, we slash the amount of trash heading to the landfill. </p>



<p>And composting? It's a game-changer. Food scraps and yard waste are major landfill culprits, but they can become rich soil instead. Home composting or using a local program keeps this stuff out of landfills and puts it to good use.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-advocate-as-loudly-as-you-recycle">Advocate as loudly as you recycle</h3>



<p>Individual action is powerful, but to truly transform how we deal with waste, we need bigger changes. Support policies that require better landfill monitoring and force methane reductions. </p>



<p>Contact your representatives, make your voice heard at town halls, and back groups fighting for a cleaner future.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-spread-the-word-it-s-contagious">Spread the word, it's contagious</h3>



<p>Talk to friends and family about the surprising impact of landfill emissions. Share what YOU do to make a difference, and encourage them to join in. </p>



<p>Post about it, blog about it, shout it from the social media rooftops. Awareness leads to better choices and a whole lot more people taking action for a healthier planet.</p>



<p>Change starts with understanding. Now that you know about the hidden pollution coming from landfills, let's work together towards a cleaner, more sustainable future.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adi7735" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Science</em></a>. </p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

U.S. landfills emit an exorbitant amount of methane into the atmosphere

As trash decomposes in landfills, it releases a very potent...

<p>Don't be fooled by its name. The grassland earless dragon isn't a mythical beast. It's a real, albeit peculiar, little <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/lizards-rely-on-trees-so-what-happens-when-they-disappear/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lizard</a> fighting for its life in Australia's wild grasslands. </p>



<p>These unique creatures are only found amongst Australia's grasslands, making them an irreplaceable piece of the country's natural heritage.</p>



<p>Here's the alarming part: the wild grassland earless dragon population is on the verge of collapse. A few years ago, there were hundreds; now, just 11. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dwindling-population-of-the-earless-dragon">Dwindling population of the earless dragon</h2>



<p>In some parts of Australia, they haven't been seen for decades. While 11 might seem like a small number on its own, for a wild population, it's a critical warning sign. </p>



<p>This puts the grassland earless dragon on the brink of <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/its-too-late-the-6th-mass-extinction-is-here/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">extinction</a>. It's time to unravel the mystery behind their disappearance.</p>



<p>Earless dragons face a barrage of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/endangered-lizard-faces-an-unexpected-threat/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">threats</a>. Australia's unique wildlife, home to an incredible variety of reptiles, is battling climate change, invasive species, and habitat destruction. </p>



<p>The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/australian-bushfires-triggered-rare-multi-year-la-nina/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">devastating bushfires</a> of 2019 ravaged millions of hectares, wreaking havoc on delicate ecosystems. </p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-needs">Environmental needs</h3>



<p>These diminutive lizards, known for their distinct lack of external ears and relatively small size, require specific habitat conditions to thrive. </p>



<p>They inhabit temperate grasslands, a biome increasingly rare due to human activities such as urban development and agricultural expansion. </p>



<p>The precise environmental requirements of the earless dragons make them particularly vulnerable to the broad-scale environmental changes that are occurring across Australia. </p>



<p>Their struggle is emblematic of the broader crisis impacting Australia's biodiversity, highlighting the urgent need for concerted conservation efforts.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-breeding-programs-for-earless-dragons">Breeding programs for earless dragons</h2>



<p>Dedicated scientists, like Professor Bernd Gruber at the <a href="https://www.canberra.edu.au" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Canberra</a>, are in a race against time. Gruber told the AFP recently, "If we properly manage their conservation, we can bring them back." </p>



<p>But it's not easy. Breeding programs are our best hope, but the path is fraught with unique challenges.</p>



<p>Breeding programs offer a glimmer of hope. While they are essential, lizard matchmaking is no simple affair. </p>



<p>Female earless dragons are picky, and scientists need to introduce them to several potential partners before finding a good match. </p>



<p>Moreover, researchers need to conduct genetic analysis to ensure healthy, diverse offspring, preventing the problems that can arise in populations with limited genetic variety.</p>



<p>Professor Gruber's current project involves caring for over 20 newly hatched dragons. "There is a sense of hope looking over them," he shares. It's a delicate and painstaking process, but every single hatchling represents a step towards rebuilding the population.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-fragile-ecosystem">A fragile ecosystem</h2>



<p>Grassland earless dragons aren't just cute; they play a vital role in their ecosystem. Experts think they help manage insect populations and aerate the soil. Imagine how different Australia's grasslands would look without them.</p>



<p>The fight isn't just about saving one species "They are highly specialized to live in their habitat but they will not adapt quickly to change," explains Peta Bulling of the <a href="https://www.acf.org.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Australian Conservation Foundation</a>. We need to protect their homes to give these reintroduced lizards a fighting chance.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-earless-dragons">More about earless dragons</h2>



<p>As discussed above, earless dragons, belonging to the genus <em>Tympanocryptis</em>, are a group of lizards that are highly unique to Australia, particularly noted for their absence of external ear openings. </p>



<p>These reptiles, often camouflaged against the grasslands they inhabit, have evolved a fascinating set of characteristics that distinguish them from other lizard species.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Physical characteristics</h3>



<p>An adult earless dragon can grow to about 15 centimeters in length, roughly the size of a US dollar bill, making them relatively small compared to other reptilian fauna. </p>



<p>Their bodies are slender, and their coloration, typically a blend of light brown with distinctive white stripes or patterns along their sides, helps them blend into their grassy surroundings. </p>



<p>This camouflage is crucial for avoiding predators and successful hunting of their insect prey.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Habitat and distribution</h3>



<p>Earless dragons prefer temperate grassland habitats, a biome that has faced significant reduction across Australia due to urban expansion, agriculture, and other forms of land use change. </p>



<p>These habitats are critical not only for the dragons but also for a host of other species, including various invertebrates and plants, forming a complex ecosystem that has existed for thousands of years.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Diet and behavior</h3>



<p>Primarily insectivorous, earless dragons feed on a variety of insects and arthropods found within their grassland homes. </p>



<p>Their hunting strategy is largely opportunistic, relying on their ability to remain unseen until the perfect moment to strike. </p>



<p>The breeding behavior of these dragons is fascinating, involving complex rituals that ensure the selection of the strongest and most genetically diverse mates.</p>



<p>There's still hope for the earless dragon, but urgent action is needed. Whether it's supporting <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/texas-project-aims-to-save-horned-lizards/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">conservation efforts</a>, reducing our environmental impact, or simply spreading awareness, each of us can play a small part in ensuring these unique lizards get a second chance. </p>



<p>Let's make sure their story doesn't end in extinction.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Saving the last 11 wild 'earless dragons' remaining on Earth

Don't be fooled by its name. The grassland earless dragon...

<p>The Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) is the most powerful current on Earth, encircling Antarctica and influencing the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/atlantic-ocean-currents-slowing-as-water-temperature-rises/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">global climate</a>. </p>



<p>Over the last few decades, observations show that it has been speeding up. Experts were uncertain whether this was a result of human-caused warming or a natural pattern.</p>



<p>However, scientists have discovered that this oceanic powerhouse is getting even stronger. What does this mean for our planet's future?</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ocean-depths">Ocean depths</h2>



<p>An international team of researchers embarked on a daring expedition to remote, turbulent waters. The goal was to recover sediment cores containing millions of years' worth of clues about the ACC's behavior alongside Earth's temperature changes. </p>



<p>Through meticulous analysis, the experts uncovered the secrets held within the layers of sediment.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-current-climate-and-ice">Current, climate, and ice</h2>



<p>The study reveals a strong link between the ACC's speed and Earth's overall temperature, much like a thermostat. </p>



<p>During colder periods, the current slowed down. But when the planet warmed up naturally in the past, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rising-surface-temperatures-are-speeding-up-ocean-currents/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">current</a> responded by speeding up. </p>



<p>What's truly alarming is that these past ACC speedups were directly connected to major losses of Antarctic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ice-sheet-fracture-sets-a-speed-record-in-antarctica/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ice</a>. We're observing a similar speedup of the ACC <em>right now</em>, driven by human-caused warming. </p>



<p>This suggests that Antarctica's ice will likely continue to retreat – potentially fueling sea-level rise and even affecting the ocean's ability to soak up carbon from our atmosphere.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-antarctic-currents-matter">Why Antarctic currents matter</h2>



<p>"This is the mightiest and fastest current on the planet. It is arguably the most important current of the Earth climate system," said Gisela Winckler, a geochemist at Columbia University's <a href="https://lamont.columbia.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory</a>. </p>



<p>ACC is a major player in Earth's climate system, acting as a global conveyor belt that redistributes heat and nutrients across the world's oceans. </p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Characteristics of the ACC</h3>



<p><strong>Vast scale</strong>: The ACC is the largest ocean current, stretching around <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/antarctic-ice-loss-sea-level/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Antarctica</a> and connecting the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans. It's the only ocean current that encircles the globe completely, free from any continental barriers.</p>



<p><strong>Volume and speed</strong>: It transports more water than any other current -- approximately 135 million cubic meters per second. Its flow is influenced by wind patterns, the Earth's rotation, and differences in water density.</p>



<p><strong>Depth and width</strong>: The ACC extends from the surface to the ocean floor, reaching depths of up to 4,000 meters (about 13,123 feet) and spans widths of up to 2,000 kilometers (about 1,243 miles).</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Functions of the ACC</h3>



<p><strong>Climate regulation</strong>: The ACC plays a crucial role in regulating the global climate. It helps distribute heat around the planet by moving warm water from the equator towards the poles and cold water towards the equator.</p>



<p><strong>Carbon sequestration</strong>: The ACC is instrumental in the global carbon cycle. It absorbs significant amounts of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, transporting it deep into the ocean where it can be stored for centuries.</p>



<p><strong>Nutrient distribution</strong>: By stirring up water from different depths (upwelling), the ACC brings nutrients from the deep to the surface, supporting marine ecosystems around Antarctica and beyond.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Importance of the ACC</h3>



<p><strong>Biodiversity support</strong>: The nutrients brought to the surface by the ACC support phytoplankton blooms, which are the foundation of the Antarctic food web, sustaining a diverse array of marine life from krill to whales.</p>



<p><strong>Impact on global ocean circulation</strong>: The ACC influences global ocean circulation patterns, including the formation of deep water masses in the North Atlantic that drive the global conveyor belt, a critical component of Earth's climate system.</p>



<p><strong>Climate change indicator</strong>: Changes in the speed or pattern of the ACC can indicate alterations in the global climate system. Its acceleration due to increased westerly winds is a concern, as it could have implications for sea-level rise and global temperature patterns.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-ocean-s-influence-on-antarctic-current">The ocean's influence on Antarctic current</h2>



<p>How does the speeding up of the ACC affect things directly? Here's how:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-melting-antarctica-s-ice-shelves">Melting Antarctica's ice shelves</h3>



<p>Winds over the Southern Ocean have grown about 40% stronger in the past few decades, driving the ACC and pulling warmer waters towards Antarctica's floating ice shelves. </p>



<p>These shelves act like giant plugs holding back huge glaciers. The warmer water erodes them from below, causing melting. </p>



<p>"If you leave an ice cube out in the air, it takes quite a while to melt. If you put it in contact with warm water, it goes rapidly" explains Winckler.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-uncertain-carbon-sponge">Uncertain carbon sponge</h3>



<p>The oceans around Antarctica are a vital component of the Earth's carbon cycle. They absorb a substantial amount of the carbon dioxide (CO2) that humans emit into the atmosphere, roughly 40%, acting as a "carbon sponge." </p>



<p>This process is critical in moderating global warming, as it removes CO2 from the atmosphere, where it would otherwise trap heat, contributing to the greenhouse effect.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-ocean-currents-are-important">Why ocean currents are important</h2>



<p>Ocean currents play a crucial role in shaping the Earth's climate and supporting marine ecosystems. These massive, continuous streams of water flow through the world's oceans, transporting heat, nutrients, and organisms across vast distances.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Types of ocean currents</h3>



<p>Two primary types of ocean currents exist: surface currents and deep water currents. </p>



<p>Surface currents, driven by wind patterns and the Earth's rotation (Coriolis effect), flow in the upper 400 meters of the ocean. </p>



<p>Deep water currents, on the other hand, are driven by density differences caused by variations in temperature and salinity.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Antarctic and other ocean currents</h3>



<p>Several major ocean currents significantly impact the Earth's climate and marine life:</p>



<p><strong>The Gulf Stream</strong>: This warm, swift current originates in the Gulf of Mexico and flows along the eastern coast of the United States before crossing the Atlantic Ocean towards Europe.</p>



<p><strong>The Antarctic Circumpolar Current</strong>: As discussed in this article, this current connects the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans, facilitating the exchange of water and influencing global climate patterns.</p>



<p><strong>The Kuroshio Current</strong>: Also known as the Japan Current, this western boundary current in the North Pacific Ocean transports warm, tropical water northward, affecting the climate of Japan and the Korean Peninsula.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Impact on climate and marine life</h3>



<p>Ocean currents regulate global climate by redistributing heat from the equator to the poles, moderating temperatures worldwide. </p>



<p>They also transport nutrients, plankton, and other organisms, supporting diverse marine ecosystems and fisheries.</p>



<p>As the Earth's climate continues to change due to global warming, ocean currents may also undergo significant alterations. </p>



<p>Melting ice caps, rising sea levels, and shifting wind patterns can all influence the strength and direction of currents, potentially leading to far-reaching consequences for the planet's climate and marine life.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-of-antarctic-current">Future of Antarctic current</h2>



<p>"These findings provide geological evidence in support of further increasing ACC flow with continued global warming," noted the researchers. </p>



<p>As humans continue to pump greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, it's almost certain that the ACC will keep speeding up. This is likely to unleash more intense warming around Antarctica, further destabilizing the West Antarctic Ice Sheet. </p>



<p>This vast reservoir of ice, much of it below sea level, holds the potential to raise global sea levels dramatically.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-it-s-time-to-pay-attention-to-antarctic-current">It's time to pay attention to Antarctic current</h2>



<p>The ACC isn't getting as much attention as rising temperatures or melting Arctic ice caps, but perhaps it should. This mighty current has a complex relationship with our planet's climate system, and changes to it will have ripple effects worldwide. </p>



<p>Understanding these complex forces, along with reducing greenhouse gas emissions, is essential to prepare for a future where a sped-up ACC, rising seas, and extreme weather might reshape our world.</p>



<p>More about ocean currents</p>



<p></p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07143-3" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Strongest ocean current on Earth is speeding up and causing problems

The Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) is the most powerful current...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lHHxOej4QfE
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Researchers found a correlation between Alzheimer's disease and traffic pollution.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-invisible-threat-in-urban-air"><strong>Invisible threat in urban air</strong></h2>



<p>City dwellers face an unseen danger with every breath. New findings from Emory University researchers suggest that fine particulate matter from <a href="http://earth.com/news/traffic-related-air-pollution-might-increase-alzheimers-risk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">vehicle emissions may significantly elevate the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease</a>. The study examined brain tissue samples from 224 individuals who had confirmed diagnoses and volunteered their brains for scientific research.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-disturbing-connections-emerge"><strong>Disturbing connections emerge</strong></h2>



<p>Scientists analyzed neuritic plaques — protein clusters that characterize Alzheimer's — while mapping each participant's exposure to PM2.5 particles based on residential location and surrounding traffic density. The correlation proved more alarming than anticipated. Individuals experiencing higher pollution exposure showed nearly double the likelihood of elevated plaque accumulation in brain tissue.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-timing-matters"><strong>Timing matters</strong></h2>



<p>The research team discovered that pollution exposure during the final year before death demonstrated the strongest association with brain changes. This timeline suggests relatively rapid impacts from environmental toxins on neural health. The connection remained robust even after accounting for various demographic and health factors.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genetic-vulnerability-patterns"><strong>Genetic vulnerability patterns</strong></h2>



<p>Perhaps most concerning, people lacking the APOE gene—which naturally predisposes individuals to Alzheimer's — exhibited more than twice the susceptibility to pollution-related brain damage. Study author Dr. Anke Huels noted this indicates environmental elements like air contamination could trigger the disease in cases where hereditary factors don't explain.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-public-health-implications"><strong>Public health implications</strong></h2>



<p>These findings, published in <em><a href="https://www.neurology.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Neurology</a></em>, underscore the critical importance of air quality regulations in urban planning. The research suggests that implementing stricter emission controls and promoting alternative transportation could serve as powerful tools in Alzheimer's prevention.</p>



<p>As cities worldwide grapple with growing traffic congestion and aging populations, this study highlights an urgent need for comprehensive approaches to environmental health that protect both our lungs and our minds.</p>



<p>—–</p>



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<p>—–</p>

Traffic fumes may trigger Alzheimer's

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lHHxOej4QfE Researchers found a correlation between Alzheimer's disease and traffic...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that scientists never expected.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hidden-waters-beneath-ancient-craters">Hidden waters beneath ancient craters</h2>



<p>Scientists have made a startling discovery that challenges everything we thought we knew about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/saturn-moon-mimas-has-remarkably-young-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Saturn's moon Mimas</a>. Beneath the heavily cratered surface that earned it the nickname "Death Star" lies a global ocean that formed just 5 to 15 million years ago—a remarkably young age by cosmic standards.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cassini-data-reveals-orbital-secrets">Cassini data reveals orbital secrets</h2>



<p>The discovery, led by Dr. Valéry Lainey of the <a href="https://observatoiredeparis.psl.eu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Observatoire de Paris</a>, emerged from careful analysis of <a href="https://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>'s Cassini spacecraft data. By studying subtle irregularities in Mimas's orbit around Saturn, researchers detected the gravitational signature of liquid water hidden 20 to 30 kilometers beneath the moon's icy shell.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-an-unlikely-ocean-world">An unlikely ocean world</h2>



<p>At only 400 kilometers in diameter, Mimas seemed like the least likely candidate to harbor a subsurface ocean. Unlike other ocean moons such as Europa and Enceladus, which show clear surface signs of internal activity, Mimas displays no obvious hints of the liquid water beneath its ancient, crater-scarred exterior.</p>



<p>"Mimas is a small moon, and its heavily cratered surface gave no hint of the hidden ocean beneath," explained Dr. Nick Cooper from <a href="https://www.qmul.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Queen Mary University of London</a>, a study co-author.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-astrobiology">Implications for astrobiology</h2>



<p>The ocean's recent formation makes Mimas a prime target for studying how oceans develop and potentially support life. This discovery adds another member to the exclusive club of ocean worlds in our solar system, each offering unique insights into the conditions necessary for habitability.</p>



<p>The research, published in <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a></em> journal, demonstrates how advanced orbital analysis can reveal hidden features of celestial bodies, opening new possibilities for understanding ocean formation throughout the cosmos.</p>



<p>—–</p>



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<p>—–</p>

Scientists discover unexpected young ocean on Saturn's cratered moon Mimas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ 'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K0DuSr87SHY
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">57 million-year ice age mystery solved by Australian scientists.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-when-earth-became-a-frozen-wasteland">When Earth became a frozen wasteland</h2>



<p>Imagine Earth as a giant snowball, frozen solid from the North Pole to the equator. This wasn't the plot of a science fiction movie – it was our planet's reality 700 million years ago during an extreme ice age that has puzzled scientists for decades.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-discovery">The discovery</h2>



<p>Australian researchers from the <a href="https://www.sydney.edu.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Sydney</a> have finally cracked one of geology's greatest mysteries: what caused the Sturtian glaciation and why it persisted for an unprecedented 57 million years. This period occurred long before dinosaurs roamed the Earth, when no complex plants or multicellular animals existed.</p>



<p>Dr. Adriana Dutkiewicz, the study's lead author, describes a world completely unlike today's climate. "Imagine the Earth almost completely frozen over," she explained. "The planet was blanketed in ice from poles to equator, and temperatures plunged."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-combination-of-climate-factors">The combination of climate factors</h2>



<p>The research team discovered that this massive freeze resulted from a "double whammy" of geological events. First, plate tectonic activity reduced volcanic carbon dioxide emissions to historically low levels. Volcanic activity typically releases CO2 into the atmosphere, creating a greenhouse effect that keeps Earth warm.</p>



<p>Simultaneously, weathering of volcanic rocks in what is now Canada actively absorbed atmospheric CO2, further reducing greenhouse gas concentrations. When atmospheric carbon dioxide levels dropped below 200 parts per million – less than half of today's levels – glaciation engulfed the entire planet.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-climate-implications">Modern climate implications</h2>



<p>Published in the journal <em><a href="https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/geology" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geology</a></em>, this research provides crucial insights into Earth's climate system. While geological climate changes occur over millions of years, the study emphasizes that human-induced climate change is happening at a pace ten times faster than previously observed natural changes, highlighting the urgent need to understand our planet's delicate climate balance.</p>



<p>—–</p>



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<p>—–</p>

What caused the planet's longest ice age

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K0DuSr87SHY 57 million-year ice age mystery solved by Australian scientists....

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WXXGGiynIjs
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Greenland is not sinking. In fact, it is the opposite.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-contrasting-climate-response">A contrasting climate response</h2>



<p>Most coastal towns are <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sinking-land-will-intensify-the-effects-of-rising-sea-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">preparing for higher sea levels</a>, but <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/greenland-no-longer-has-to-worry-about-rising-sea-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Greenland presents</a> a different scenario during climate change. The ground there is rising at a remarkable rate. Over the past decade, some areas have lifted about 20 centimeters, which translates to roughly 2 meters per century. This rate significantly exceeds current projections for sea level rise.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-geological-rebound-process-through-climate-change">Geological rebound process through climate change</h2>



<p>The mechanism behind this phenomenon is straightforward. As the ice sheet melts, the immense weight is removed from the bedrock, causing the land to rebound upward. This process resembles the way compressed material springs back when pressure is released.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-monitoring-networks">Scientific monitoring networks</h2>



<p>Researchers at the <a href="https://www.dtu.dk/english/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Technical University of Denmark</a> are documenting this uplift using the GNET network, consisting of 61 GPS stations positioned around Greenland's coast. These sensors can detect movement with millimeter precision, providing detailed measurements of the ongoing changes.</p>



<p>The data reveal that current uplift rates exceed the gradual rebound occurring since the last ice age ended approximately 12,000 years ago. This acceleration corresponds directly with increased ice sheet melting rates.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-coastal-transformation">Coastal Transformation</h2>



<p>This uplift is actively reshaping Greenland's coastline. New islands and rocky formations, called "skerries," are emerging as previously submerged land surfaces rise above the water level. This represents a notable contrast to global concerns about rising seas.</p>



<p>The study, published in Geophysical Research Letters, demonstrates the varied regional impacts of climate change. While many locations face rising water levels, Greenland's bedrock is literally rising above the surrounding seas.</p>



<p>The full study was recently published in <em><a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2023GL104851" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geophysical Research Letters</a></em>.</p>



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<p>—–</p>

Greenland's ground rises while coasts worldwide face higher seas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WXXGGiynIjs Greenland is not sinking. In fact, it is the...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DSM3EVeGHJU
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Companies like MindStudio help companies train their employees to implement the latest AI Agent building platform.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ai-agent-training-transforms-the-workplace-fear-factor-into-a-competitive-advantage">AI agent training transforms the workplace 'fear factor' into a competitive advantage</h2>



<p>Organizations that offer comprehensive artificial intelligence training to their workers find remarkable value that extends well beyond basic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mind-wandering-might-be-more-productive-than-you-think/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">productivity improvements</a>. Emerging research demonstrates that carefully crafted AI training programs <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ai-does-not-replace-human-creativity-but-enhances-it/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">enhance</a> corporate performance, lower operational costs, and dramatically improve employee psychological well-being by turning workplace uncertainty into professional empowerment.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-addressing-the-widespread-ai-anxiety-crisis-among-us">Addressing the widespread 'AI anxiety' crisis among us</h2>



<p>A staggering 53% of employees expressed concern that the use of AI tools to automate work tasks could make them appear disposable to their employers, according to <a href="https://www.microsoft.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Microsoft</a>'s 2024 workplace survey. Such pervasive worry about being substituted by machines has caused what researchers have termed "AI technostress" – a psychological state that can result in occupational burnout and poorer mental well-being.</p>



<p>Data published in <a href="https://www.nature.com/palcomms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Humanities and Social Sciences Communications</a> showed that belief in AI learning ability was a moderator in the link between technology adoption and work pressure, and higher confidence significantly lowered negative psychological responses. Workers provided ample training to become competent with AI software have significantly lower stress.</p>



<p>Companies like <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MindStudio</a> have platforms for building what are known as "AI Agents".  In essence, AI Agents are simply tools that employees can build for themselves or their teams quickly and inexpensively.   MindStudio will even train entire companies, from the CEO on down, at no cost. By letting MindStudio empower employees, companies avoid hiring more IT staff, buying more software, and implementing solutions to problems that do not exist.</p>



<p>MindStudio even has partners locally for companies, like <a href="http://www.dominnus.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dominnus</a> with offices in the Carolinas, California, and Denver, to help build AI Agents and support employees as they become resident AI experts for their organization.  The training provided by MindStudio is applicable across other AI Agent building platforms as well.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-productivity-through-focused-learning">Revolutionary productivity through focused learning</h2>



<p>Organizations that implement large-scale AI training programs achieve dramatic outcomes. Employees performed tasks significantly better when they utilized AI support compared to when they didn't, according to <a href="https://www.nngroup.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nielsen Norman Group</a> research findings. Their study documented productivity increases of 66% for a variety of professional tasks.</p>



<p>Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis research finds workers record 33% higher productivity in time working with generative AI tools. The benefit is equivalent to 5.4% of work time savings for AI users – around 2.2 hours per week for full-time workers.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-psychological-well-being-benefits-through-ai-competence">Psychological well-being benefits through AI competence</h2>



<p>The emotional transformation when employees are provided with proper technology training is a fundamental transformation from fear to professional confidence. A survey of 600 employees across industries, carried out by ScienceDirect, proved that AI capabilities strengthen work environment commitment and improve job satisfaction.</p>



<p>A <a href="https://www.lut.fi/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">LUT University</a> study discovered that AI adoption has no direct effect on workers' well-being but does so indirectly through working conditions like task optimization and safety protocols. Strategically deployed AI that involves correct training can actually increase workplace mental well-being.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-from-replacement-anxiety-to-partnership-confidence">From 'replacement anxiety' to 'partnership confidence'</h2>



<p>Although 35% of those interviewed in recent McKinsey studies were concerned about workforce displacement, firms with large-scale training initiatives witness such fears dissipate quickly. The World Economic Forum found that two out of three respondents believe AI competencies will enhance their career prospects and job marketability.</p>



<p>This shift from fear to trust has measurable implications for job satisfaction. Applied Sciences research indicates AI can create tailored wellness programs based on individual employee requirements.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-financial-benefits-of-increased-retention">Financial benefits of increased retention</h2>



<p>The mental health advantages of AI learning have a direct impact on organizational bottom lines in the form of a positive feedback cycle with high retention of employees. Recent ROI research validates that artificial intelligence learning has a beneficial impact on employee turnover and satisfaction levels.</p>



<p>PriceWaterhouseCoopers' research documents 20% to 30% improvements in productivity, market speed, and revenue in organizations that attempt systematic AI adoption through comprehensive training.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-advantages-of-ai-enabled-teams">Environmental advantages of AI-enabled teams</h2>



<p>AI training has unforeseen environmental benefits as it makes the work environment more efficient. According to a study in Scientific Reports, the carbon footprint in writing and illustrating work is significantly lower when AI performs it compared to humans. AI software produces 130 to 1,500 times less CO2 equivalent per page of text created than human authors.</p>



<p>In addition, AI-driven remote work functionality significantly reduces environmental impact. Research by Cornell University and Microsoft indicates that remote workers reduce greenhouse gas emissions by up to 54% by not commuting daily to offices. Hybrid workers working remotely two to four days a week can reduce their carbon footprint by 11% to 29%.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cumulative-organizational-advantages">Cumulative organizational advantages</h2>



<p>The compounding gains of better mental well-being, reduced turnover, increased productivity, and environmental benefits flow to enterprises from the pairing. McKinsey analysis estimates the long-term AI potential at $4.4 trillion in incremental productivity growth opportunity from business use cases.</p>



<p>As of now, 75% of knowledge workers globally utilize generative AI, mirroring widespread adoption patterns. Organizations that provide organized training and assistance see the most favorable results in productivity, worker satisfaction, and ecological sustainability.</p>



<p>The research overwhelmingly indicates that companies that invest in proper AI education, like that offered through <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MindStudio</a>, establish win-win scenarios where employees are both more empowered and less stressed, and companies enjoy the gains of increased productivity, reduced turnover, and improved mental health outcomes throughout their workforce.</p>



<p>For more on MindStudio's free AI training for companies, visit the website's of MindStudio and Dominnus from the links below.</p>



<p>The research was published across a variety of peer-reviewed journals, including <a href="https://www.nature.com/palcomms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Humanities and Social Sciences Communications</a>, <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/artificial-intelligence" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence</a>, and <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/journal/applsci">Applied Sciences</a>.</p>



<p id="block-9bd989d6-2fd3-4580-957f-6cacce134f08">-----</p>



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<p id="block-1f9a227a-ec37-4140-81b8-ffa4a7cc6689">-----</p>



<p>MindStudio.AI: <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.mindstudio.ai</a></p>



<p>Dominnus: <a href="https://www.dominnus.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.dominnus.com</a></p>

AI agent training boosts mental health and profits

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DSM3EVeGHJU Companies like MindStudio help companies train their employees to...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0HDXqTGEmi4
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Scientists give plants superpowers against bacterial disease</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-natural-solution-to-disease-through-crop-modification">A natural solution to disease through crop modification.</h2>



<p>The agricultural industry stands at a crossroads between productivity and environmental responsibility, and crop modification often carries a negative connotation. While chemical pesticides have long been the go-to solution for crop protection, their harmful effects on ecosystems and human health have prompted scientists to seek alternatives. The recent breakthrough by <a href="https://www.southampton.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Southampton</a> researchers offers a promising path forward through the precise manipulation of plant-associated microbial communities.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-science-behind-microbial-partnerships">The science behind microbial partnerships</h2>



<p>Plants naturally harbor diverse ecosystems of bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms that function as biological allies. These microscopic partners contribute to disease resistance, nutrient absorption, and stress tolerance. However, until now, scientists lacked the tools to deliberately reshape these communities to enhance crop protection.</p>



<p>The Southampton team's approach centered on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/engineered-plant-microbiomes-the-future-of-crop-protection/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">modifying lignin biosynthesis genes in rice plants</a>. This strategic intervention altered the plant's metabolic output, creating conditions that favored beneficial bacterial populations while suppressing harmful ones. The result was a living defense system embedded within the plant itself.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-global-food-security">Implications for global food security</h2>



<p>The successful demonstration against Xanthomonas oryzae, the pathogen responsible for bacterial blight in rice, represents more than a laboratory achievement. Rice feeds nearly half the world's population, and bacterial blight causes devastating crop losses annually. Traditional control methods rely heavily on pesticides that contaminate soil and water systems.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-looking-beyond-disease-resistance">Looking Beyond Disease Resistance</h2>



<p>While disease protection represents the immediate application, the research framework opens doors to broader agricultural improvements. Future developments could engineer microbiomes to enhance nutrient uptake, reducing dependence on synthetic fertilizers. This dual benefit addresses both crop productivity and environmental sustainability.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-path-forward">The path forward</h2>



<p>As this technology advances from laboratory to field applications, it promises to reshape sustainable agriculture. The ability to program plants with their own biological defense systems could herald a new era where crops protect themselves naturally, reducing chemical inputs while maintaining yields necessary for global food security.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal&nbsp;<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-44335-3" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Nature Communications</em></a>.</p>



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<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



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Revolutionizing agriculture through microbiome engineering

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0HDXqTGEmi4 Scientists give plants superpowers against bacterial disease A natural...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Acid rain and a crisis solved.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-don-t-we-ever-hear-about-acid-rain-anymore-the-environmental-crisis-that-was-solved">Why don't we ever hear about "acid rain" anymore? The environmental crisis that was solved</h2>



<p>Remember the 1980s when acid rain dominated headlines? Dire warnings about rain eating buildings, killing fish, and destroying forests filled every news cycle. Then, almost like magic, acid rain vanished from public discourse. What happened? Did we actually solve one of the late 20th century's most pressing environmental challenges?</p>



<p>The answer might surprise you. Unlike many environmental issues that drag on indefinitely, acid rain represents one of modern history's most successful ecological recovery stories. It's a tale of science, politics, and technology working together to tackle what seemed impossible.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>What was acid rain?</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain isn't regular rain having a bad day – it's precipitation that became significantly more acidic due to air pollution. When power plants, factories, and vehicles burn fossil fuels, they release sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) into the atmosphere.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The science behind it</strong></h2>



<p>Think of acid rain as nature's chemistry experiment gone wrong. These compounds react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form sulfuric and nitric acids. When mixed with water vapor in clouds, they create precipitation with dangerously low pH levels.</p>



<p>While clean rain has a pH of about 5.6, acid rain could drop as low as 4.2 to 4.4 – roughly as acidic as tomato juice or coffee. According to US Geological Survey documentation, Scottish chemist Angus Smith first coined "acid rain" in 1872, but it didn't become a household phrase until the 1960s and 1970s when Swedish scientist Svante Odén documented its devastating effects on Scandinavian lakes and European forests.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The crisis at its peak</strong></h2>



<p>During the height of public concern, environmental damage was both widespread and visible. This wasn't some abstract future threat – people could see destruction happening in real-time.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Environmental devastation</strong></h2>



<p>The most dramatic impacts were impossible to ignore. Research documented by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation shows that in the Adirondack Mountains, more than 200 lakes became so acidic they couldn't support fish life. The Adirondack Council reports that 409 lakes once supported brook trout, but many lost their fish populations due to acid rain.</p>



<p>By 1976, when scientists cataloged all acidified lakes in the Adirondack Park, researchers found that half of the lakes over 2,000 feet above sea level had no fish, according to studies published in environmental journals. The acidification process worked like a slow-motion disaster. As acid rain fell into watersheds, it gradually lowered pH levels. Fish couldn't survive in acidic water, and their food sources died off too.</p>



<p>Trees at high elevations showed stress directly linked to acid rain. It weakened them by leaching nutrients and making them susceptible to disease. Historical records show Germany's Black Forest saw nearly half its trees damaged by the mid-1980s.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Economic impact</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain wasn't just environmental – it was expensive. Acidic precipitation corroded infrastructure, buildings, and monuments. Historic stone structures deteriorated at accelerated rates. Tourism suffered as lakes became fishless and forests declined. EPA economic analyses from the period documented repair costs mounting into billions annually.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The solution: government action and technology</strong></h2>



<p>Transformation from crisis to success required unprecedented cooperation between governments, industries, and environmental groups.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The Clean Air Act of 1990</strong></h2>



<p>The turning point came with the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, signed by President George H.W. Bush. This represented a fundamentally new approach to environmental regulation, as documented in EPA historical records.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Cap-and-trade success</strong></h2>



<p>Instead of mandating specific technologies, the 1990 amendments introduced something revolutionary: a cap-and-trade system for sulfur dioxide emissions. EPA program documentation shows this market-based approach set overall limits but allowed companies to trade emission allowances.</p>



<p>The genius was harnessing market forces to find cost-effective pollution reduction. Companies reducing emissions cheaply could sell excess allowances to those facing higher costs. Research published in environmental economics journals and EPA progress reports shows this resulted in dramatic SO2 reduction at a fraction of projected costs.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Technology advances</strong></h2>



<p>Policy provided the framework, but technology made reductions possible. Studies in atmospheric science journals document the widespread adoption of flue gas desulfurization systems ("scrubbers") that removed sulfur dioxide before it reached the atmosphere. By the 2000s, new installations could remove over 95% of SO2 emissions, according to EPA technical reports.</p>



<p>The push coincided with cleaner energy development. Natural gas produces fewer sulfur compounds than coal. Wind and solar, emerging in the 1990s, captured growing market share, reducing reliance on high-sulfur coal.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-we-don-t-hear-about-it-today"><strong>Why we don't hear about it today</strong></h2>



<p>Why did acid rain disappear from headlines? Simple: the problem was largely solved.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Success doesn't make news</strong></h2>



<p>There's an old journalism saying: "If it bleeds, it leads." Environmental success stories don't generate urgency like crisis reporting. Media attention shifted to other challenges: climate change, plastic pollution, and biodiversity loss. There's only so much environmental anxiety the public can absorb, and newer concerns replaced acid rain.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Mission accomplished</strong></h2>



<p>The primary reason is beautifully simple: interventions worked. EPA monitoring data shows sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990. Academic research published in environmental science journals confirms pH levels in formerly affected areas returned closer to normal. This represents one of history's most dramatic environmental recoveries. Studies by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation show fishless lakes now support healthy populations. Forests recovered, and building damage slowed dramatically.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-is-it-really-gone"><strong>Is it really gone?</strong></h2>



<p>The crisis is largely resolved, but monitoring data shows the problem isn't completely eliminated – it's managed to acceptable levels. Some areas still experience occasional events during high pollution periods. International environmental research indicates that rapidly industrializing Asian countries face similar problems to what we experienced decades ago, though they're implementing successful strategies.</p>



<p>EPA research shows nitrogen oxide emissions proved more challenging than sulfur dioxide, coming from vehicles and mobile sources. Climate science studies suggest changing weather patterns add complexity to how acid rain forms and falls.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>What this teaches us</strong></h2>



<p>The acid rain experience proves that seemingly intractable environmental problems can be solved with scientific understanding, political will, and technological innovation. Environmental monitoring data shows recovery speed was remarkable – within a decade, measurable improvements appeared in air quality and ecosystem health.</p>



<p>Success came from bipartisan support across party lines. Policy analysis studies show the market-based approach appealed to those preferring economic incentives while achieving environmental goals. This support created lasting policy surviving political changes.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Conclusion</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain's disappearance from public consciousness represents environmental science's greatest success stories. Through effective regulation, technological innovation, and international cooperation, we transformed an overwhelming crisis into a manageable challenge.</p>



<p>Today's silence isn't because we forgot – it's because we solved it. The 1990 Clean Air Act, combined with technology and energy market changes, reduced acid rain emissions over 90%, according to comprehensive EPA data analysis.</p>



<p>This success offers hope for current challenges. It proves complex problems can be solved when science, policy, and technology work together. As we face climate change and plastic pollution, acid rain reminds us that dramatic positive change is possible.</p>



<p>Next time someone asks whether environmental regulations work, remember acid rain. It's proof that sometimes, we get it right.</p>



<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>



<p><strong>Sources:</strong> <em>This article draws from EPA official documentation and progress reports, peer-reviewed research published in environmental and atmospheric science journals, historical data from the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation records, US Geological Survey publications, policy analysis studies, and environmental monitoring data collected over three decades.</em></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Frequently Asked Questions</strong></h2>



<p><strong>1. Is acid rain completely gone?</strong> No, but EPA monitoring shows it's reduced to manageable levels. US sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990, making acid rain much less severe than the 1980s crisis.</p>



<p><strong>2. How long did solving take?</strong> Environmental monitoring data shows significant improvements began within 5-10 years of 1990s emission controls. Full ecosystem recovery took longer – some areas need 20-30 years for complete recovery.</p>



<p><strong>3. What made the solution successful?</strong> Clear scientific understanding, visible damage motivating action, bipartisan support, available technology, and innovative market-based policies like cap-and-trade.</p>



<p><strong>4. Do other countries have acid rain problems?</strong> Yes, particularly rapidly industrializing Asian countries. However, international environmental research shows many implement similar successful control strategies.</p>



<p><strong>5. Could acid rain return?</strong> Potentially, if regulations weaken or we return to high-sulfur coal without controls, though effects would take years to become severe according to environmental projections.</p>



<p><strong>6. Can you recommend any teaching tools on the subject of "acid rain"?</strong> The United States Environmental Protection Agency produced a wonderful teacher's guide for ages 14 and under that you can find on the EPA website here: <a href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf</a></p>



<p>-----</p>



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The environmental problem we actually solved

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk Acid rain and a crisis solved. Why don't we...

Green,Ecoduct,Over,An,Empty,Highway,During,Sunset.

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https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU
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<p>A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that wildlife tunnels significantly reduce amphibian road mortality during seasonal migrations. </p>



<p>Frogs and salamanders often cross roads to reach breeding ponds each spring, but many are killed by vehicles. </p>



<p>Researchers from the <a href="https://www.uvm.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Vermont</a>, in collaboration with local citizens and the Vermont Agency of Natural Resources, installed two underpass tunnels in 2015. </p>



<p>Over a 12-year monitoring period, they observed an 80.2% reduction in amphibian deaths, and up to 94% for non-climbing species like salamanders. </p>



<p>The study used a before-after-control-impact design and documented more than 5,200 amphibians, highlighting the tunnels’ effectiveness even in nearby buffer zones.</p>



<p>Funded at $342,397 - far cheaper than wildlife crossings for large mammals - the project showcased the power of community-led conservation.</p>



<p>Local groups initiated the effort after observing mass amphibian deaths. Wildlife cameras later captured over 2,200 amphibians using a tunnel in just one spring, along with other species like raccoons and bobcats, indicating wider ecosystem benefits.</p>



<p>This marks the first peer-reviewed, long-term data set in the northeastern U.S. confirming amphibian-specific underpasses work. </p>



<p>The study urges transportation departments to incorporate these designs into road planning and highlights how community action, thoughtful infrastructure, and persistence can make a real difference for biodiversity.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the <em><a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1617138125000780" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal for Nature Conservation</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Wildlife tunnels save millions of amphibians

https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that...

<p>Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. </p>



<p>The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.</p>



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https://youtu.be/Ug657J67iEo?si=w96YjGMsg939LD_3
</div></figure>



<p>Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. </p>



<p>Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.</p>



<p>Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. </p>



<p>They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).</p>



<p>Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.</p>



<p>Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.</p>



<p>This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.</p>

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.</p>



<p>“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. </p>



<p>The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.</p>



<p>“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”</p>



<p>The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Designing crops that can beat the heat

[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Carl...

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes the first comprehensive estimate of carbon density in the Saharan, Sahel, and Sudanian zones of Africa. In an effort to measure the amount of carbon stored across these drylands, a team of scientists used high-resolution satellite images and artificial intelligence to map nearly 10 billion individual trees. </p>



<p>"The high spatial resolution (50 cm) combined with AI and field measurements used in this study is key to improving tree inventories in drylands," said Pierre Hiernaux, a French researcher working for NASA. "The ever-increasing availability of very high-resolution satellite imagery will make it possible to assess carbon pools and their dynamics at the individual tree level on a global scale."</p>



<p>"This study is exceptional because it is pioneering a type of approach that will revolutionize the monitoring of trees and forests on a global scale: in the short term, it will be possible to map the world's trees from the centre of the Amazon to our schoolyards," said <a href="https://www.inrae.fr/en">INRAE</a> researcher Jean-Pierre Wigneron.</p>



<p>"Many fields of application will become much more efficient and accurate, such as tracking carbon stocks, biodiversity, monitoring logging and protection against illegal forest degradation, in near real time.”</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Remote sensing will revolutionize the way we monitor trees

[sendtonews key="EjmSP20gQK-2593093-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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<p>Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.</p>



<p>According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."</p>



<p>Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;</p>



<p>ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. </p>



<p>Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> </em>Staff Writer </p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

[sendtonews key="uV9Lh2fQbV-1760058-12187" type="single"] Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s...

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> features a visual dataset of.methane emissions from wetlands across the globe. Atmospheric methane levels have reached record highs in recent years, and wetlands are a major source of these emissions.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Methane is an important greenhouse gas that contributes substantially to global warming. On a molecule by molecule basis, methane is much more efficient at trapping heat than carbon dioxide, the main driver of warming," says NASA.</p>



<p>"Though human activities, including agriculture, oil and natural gas production and use, and waste disposal, collectively contribute the majority of methane to the atmosphere, about a third of total methane emissions comes from wetlands."&nbsp;</p>



<p>According to NASA, understanding methane emissions from wetlands and other natural sources is critically important for scientists and policymakers who are working to combat climate change by reducing emissions from human activities.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: NASA Goddard</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Wetlands are a major source of methane emissions

[sendtonews key="f8fukm28Vz-2491833-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;</p>



<p>According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.</p>



<p>In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.</p>



<p>The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.</p>



<p>The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.</p>



<p>The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. </p>



<p>Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

[sendtonews key="0879czfG3k-1785905-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from NASA...

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes how record-breaking heat expressed itself around the world in 2022.</p>



<p>Scientists have determined that 2022 was the 5th warmest year since 1880. Furthermore, the last nine consecutive years have been the warmest on record.</p>



<p>From devastating floods and wildfires to natural disasters like Hurricane Ian, 2022 showed us yet again how a warming climate affects people across the globe.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"As we look back at 20:22 and years past, we see that each year we better understand the challenges we face and how important it is to meet them," says NASA.</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: NASA Goddard</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

2022 illustrated the consequences of a warming climate

[sendtonews key="3UUsNkFOuS-2487333-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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<p>Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes Earth’s interconnected systems, and how this network is affected by rising temperatures.&nbsp;</p>



<p>During 2020, average global temperatures matched the hottest year on record. The hurricane season was also record-breaking, with many of the storms intensifying at extraordinary speeds. Hot water in the ocean is fuel for hurricanes. The satellite data shows that it's all one interconnected system showing how  Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected.</p>



<p>According to NASA, dust swept up from Northern Africa plays a major role in the formation of hurricanes, and is also a key source of fertilization in the Amazon rainforest. As a result of<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-wasting-disease-is-fueled-by-climate-change/"> climate</a> change, dust plumes are expected to decline, which will have an effect on vegetation far away.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Images from Earth-observing satellites show how the world’s plant life is affected by natural disasters, fires, and deforestation. Satellites also reveal how widespread changes in vegetation impact waterways,&nbsp; the climate, air quality. Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on the Earth. "Earth From Space" is a groundbreaking two-hour special that reveals a spectacular new space-based vision of our planet. </p>



<p><em>Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected

[sendtonews key="JbW4VsY53O-1632195-12187" type="single"] Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected...

<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://welcome.miami.edu/">University of Miami</a> Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science explores how changes in water temperatures have affected tiger shark habitats and movements in the North Atlantic Ocean. The study reveals that rising temperatures have caused the sharks to shift toward the poles over the past 40 years.</p>



<p>“Tiger shark annual migrations have expanded poleward, paralleling rising water temperatures,” explained study lead author Neil Hammerschlag. “These results have consequences for tiger shark conservation, since shifts in their movements outside of marine protected areas may leave them more vulnerable to commercial fishing.”</p>



<p>The researchers analyzed nine years of tracking data from satellite-tagged tiger sharks, combined with four decades of conventional tag and recapture data provided by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Cooperative Shark Tagging Program.</p>



<p>The experts found that during the last decade of record heat, for every one-degree Celsius increase in water temperatures, tiger sharks migrated further poleward by over 400 kilometers. They also migrated two weeks earlier than usual to waters off the northeastern coast of the United States.</p>



<p>“Given their role as apex predators, these changes to tiger shark movements may alter predator-prey interactions, leading to ecological imbalances, and more frequent encounters with humans,” concluded Professor Hammerschlag.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Tiger sharks are shifting poleward as temperatures rise

Today’s Video of the Day from the University of Miami...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> is focused on the melt ponds that emerge during the spring and summer on the Greenland Ice Sheet, which is the largest ice mass in the northern hemisphere.</p>



<p>"Melt ponds are vast pools of open water that form on both sea ice and ice sheets and are visible as turquoise-blue pools of water in this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image," says ESA.</p>



<p>"When snow and ice melts atop glaciers, water flows in channels and streams and collects in depressions on the surface. These melt ponds can speed up the melting of the surrounding ice since they greatly reduce the ice’s ability to reflect sunlight."</p>



<p>"This can create a positive feedback where an increasing number of melt ponds absorb more heat which causes ice cover to melt even faster."</p>



<p>According to ESA, Greenland has been hit with a late-season heatwave that began in early September. This caused the type of melt event that usually occurs in the middle of summer.</p>



<p>"In a recent paper published in Nature Climate Change, scientists found that major sea-level rise from the melting of the Greenland ice cap is now ‘inevitable’ even if the burning of fossil fuels were to halt overnight," says ESA. "Using satellite observations of Greenland ice loss and ice cap from 2000 to 2019, the team found the losses will lead to a minimum rise of 27 cm regardless of climate change."</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Melt ponds on the Greenland Ice Sheet

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes how Earth is unique in our solar system for its ability to sustain liquid water on its surface. But now, the water cycle is shifting as the climate warms, and scientists must find ways to predict how these changes will affect water availability.</p>



<p>Overall, 96 percent of Earth's water is saltwater, and nearly all of freshwater is found in ice and groundwater. These sources of water are linked as it passes through solid, liquid and gas phases.</p>



<p>In a warmer climate, the water cycle will be transformed. It will be easier for water to evaporate and form clouds, and storms will become more frequent and intense. Some regions will get too much water, while others will be left without enough water. In addition, soil moisture will be lost - which threatens food security.</p>



<p>Scientists are using satellite data from over the last 40 years to track changes that are happening in the water cycle. This will ultimately help us prepare for extreme events and better manage our water resources, according to ESA.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: ESA</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Tracking changes in Earth's water cycle

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Saturn,-,High,Resolution,3d,Images,Presents,Planets,Of,The

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard Space Flight Center</a> features images of Saturn from NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope. The photographs capture the start of the mysterious "spoke season" on Saturn - when unexplained features appear on its rings. </p>



<p>According to NASA, both the cause of the spokes and their seasonal variability have yet to be fully explained by planetary scientists.</p>



<p>"Like Earth, Saturn is tilted on its axis and therefore has four seasons, though because of Saturn's much larger orbit, each season lasts approximately seven Earth years. Equinox occurs when the rings are tilted edge-on to the Sun," explains NASA.</p>



<p>"The spokes disappear when it is near summer or winter solstice on Saturn. (When the Sun appears to reach either its highest or lowest latitude in the northern or southern hemisphere of a planet.) As the autumnal equinox of Saturn's northern hemisphere on May 6, 2025, draws near, the spokes are expected to become increasingly prominent and observable."</p>



<p>Experts believe that the spokes may be a product of the planet's variable magnetic field. When magnetic fields interact with solar wind, an electrically charged environment is created. This phenomenon is visible on Earth as the northern lights.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Scientists think that the smallest, dust-sized icy ring particles can become charged as well, which temporarily levitates those particles above the rest of the larger icy particles and boulders in the rings," says NASA.</p>



<p>The spokes were first observed in the early 1980s by NASA's Voyager mission. Depending on the angle of the rings, the spokes can appear dark or light.</p>



<p>"Thanks to Hubble's OPAL program, which is building an archive of data on the outer solar system planets, we will have longer dedicated time to study Saturn’s spokes this season than ever before," said NASA senior planetary scientist Amy Simon, head of the Hubble Outer Planet Atmospheres Legacy (OPAL) program.</p>



<p>"Despite years of excellent observations by the Cassini mission, the precise beginning and duration of the spoke season is still unpredictable, rather like predicting the first storm during hurricane season."</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Mysterious "spoke season" captured on Saturn

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