<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/grapevines-could-offer-a-breakthrough-alternative-to-plastic-packaging/">Plastic</a> bags are everywhere, and too many slip into rivers and onto beaches. A new analysis finds that policies that either charge a small fee per bag or prohibit them outright cut the share of bags found during shoreline cleanups by 25 to 47 percent.</p>



<p>The study combed through hundreds of city, county, and state rules passed between 2017 and 2023. It matched those policies to more than 45,000 volunteer cleanups across the United States to see what actually changed on the ground.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-who-ran-the-study">Who ran the study</h2>



<p>The research was coauthored by <a href="https://www.udel.edu/academics/colleges/ceoe/departments/smsp/faculty/kimberly-oremus/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Kimberly L. Oremus</a> of the University of Delaware’s School of Marine Science and Policy (<a href="https://www.udel.edu/academics/colleges/ceoe/departments/smsp/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UDEL</a>). </p>



<p>Oremus and her collaborator set out to measure litter, not just shopping behavior, so the results speak to what ends up in nature.</p>



<p>The team relied on citizen science, meaning trained volunteers recorded what they collected during beach, river, and lake cleanups. </p>



<p>They drew on <a href="https://www.coastalcleanupdata.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">TIDES</a>, a public database that stores those counts in one place so researchers can analyze patterns across time and place.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-studying-plastic-bag-policies">Studying plastic bag policies</h2>



<p>To isolate the effect of bag policies, the authors used a Difference-in-Differences (<a href="https://www.publichealth.columbia.edu/research/population-health-methods/difference-difference-estimation" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">DiD</a>) approach that compares places with and without new laws over the same period. </p>



<p>That design helps rule out unrelated trends that affect everyone, such as national shifts in shopping or packaging.</p>



<p>The headline result is simple. In communities with full bans or fees, the share of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/drinking-from-plastic-bottles-linked-to-high-blood-pressure-and-heart-problems/">plastic</a> bags in the litter mix fell relative to similar places without policies, and the decline grew in the years after a law took effect.</p>



<p>State level rules tended to be more reliable in the data than city or county policies. Effects looked similar along coasts and rivers, with hints of larger gains along lakes where winds and currents spread litter differently.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plastic-policy-fees-vs-bans">Plastic policy: Fees vs. bans</h2>



<p>Fees change the default at every checkout and discourage taking a bag when you do not need one, which reduces both thin and thicker bag use.</p>



<p>Other <a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/carrier-bag-charge-summary-of-data-in-england/single-use-plastic-carrier-bags-charge-data-for-england-2024-to-2025" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evidence</a> points in the same direction outside the United States. England reports an almost 98 percent drop in single use carrier bags at major retailers since its charge began.</p>



<p>Policies that only restrict thin bags often allow thicker <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/agricultural-soil-is-now-the-worlds-biggest-plastic-dumping-ground/">plastic</a> labeled as reusable. </p>



<p>Those partial bans showed the smallest and least precise effects in the analysis, which is consistent with shoppers substituting one kind of plastic for another.</p>



<p>Some states also pass preemption <a href="https://www.ncsl.org/environment-and-natural-resources/state-plastic-bag-legislation" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">laws</a> that block cities and counties from regulating bags at all. When local governments cannot act, the study’s data suggest statewide policies become especially important.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wildlife-and-entanglement">Wildlife and entanglement</h2>



<p>The cleanup records include notes on animals found <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microplastics-found-in-99-percent-sea-turtles-organ-tissue-reproductive-system/">entangled in debris</a>. </p>



<p>In areas with bag policies, the presence of entangled animals dropped by roughly 30 to 37 percent, although the authors caution that the estimates are imprecise and more data are needed.</p>



<p>That finding aligns with what we know about <a href="https://www.nrdc.org/stories/single-use-plastics-101" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">single-use-plastics</a>. Thin bags linger in water and along shorelines, where they can snag, smother, or be eaten by turtles, birds, and fish.</p>



<p>Many studies track what happens at store checkouts, but fewer track what ends up outdoors. Shoreline cleanups offer a window into that last step in the chain from purchase to pollution.</p>



<p>Across the study period, the share of bags among collected items rose overall, but it rose less where bag laws existed. That pattern is exactly what you want to see if policies are slowing the flow of litter into the environment.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-global-plastic-policy-steps">Global plastic policy steps</h2>



<p>A small, universal fee is a simple tool that nudges behavior without banning choices. Full bans can work too, and the analysis shows both approaches reduce the share of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/glass-bottles-contain-more-microplastics-than-plastic-containers/">plastic</a> bags found during cleanups.</p>



<p>The mix of policies should match local conditions. In places with more bag litter to begin with, impacts were largest, so targeting high problem areas with fast action can deliver quick gains.</p>



<p>Plastic bag rules are only one part of the picture. Negotiators from 175 countries are working toward a plastics treaty under <a href="https://www.unep.org/inc-plastic-pollution" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UNEP</a> that could standardize action on a wider set of products and chemicals.</p>



<p>The study notes that bottles, caps, and other items did not decline when bag policies passed. That is a signal that targeted rules for other single use products would be needed to curb overall litter.</p>



<p>Adopt a modest fee or a full ban that applies across retail and restaurant settings, and keep the text simple so it is easy to enforce. Pair the policy with clear signs at checkout and with retailer reporting that tracks compliance.</p>



<p>Measure results in the same way the researchers did. Recruit volunteers, log items in TIDES, and watch how the litter mix changes year over year so the policy can be adjusted as needed.</p>



<p>The study is published in <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adp9274" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Science</em></a>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read?<a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/"> Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Check us out on<a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/"> EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by<a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/"> Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Studies confirm that a small tax definitely helps curb plastic pollution

Plastic bags are everywhere, and too many slip into rivers and onto beaches. A new analysis finds that policies that either charge a small fee per bag or prohibit them outright cut the share of bags found during shoreline cleanups by 25 to 47 percent. The study combed through hundreds of city, county, and state rules passed between 2017 and 2023. It matched those policies to more than 45,000 volunteer cleanups across the United States to see what actually changed on the ground. Who ran the study...

<p>Recent studies led by <a href="https://www.imperial.ac.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Imperial College London</a> have brought a surprising twist to the tale of water on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mars-has-a-water-reservoir-two-miles-deep-enough-to-fill-earths-red-sea/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mars</a>' Gale Crater.</p>



<p>When you think of Mars, you probably picture a barren, dusty wasteland. Billions of years ago, rivers flowed and lakes filled its craters. But scientists believe the planet dried up eons ago. </p>



<p>This research turns that idea on its head, suggesting that Mars may have had water – and possibly habitable environments – much more recently than we believed.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-water-and-the-gale-crater">Water and the Gale Crater</h2>



<p>Gale Crater, a vast basin near <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/the-history-of-mars-is-much-more-complex-than-we-thought/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mars</a>' equator, is the Curiosity rover's playground. It's a fantastic place to explore the history of the red planet. The crater can be imagined as a giant lake, with sediments piling up to form the towering Mount Sharp in its center. </p>



<p>Over time, the lake dried. Rivers vanished. Winds piled sand dunes against those sediments, preserving a record of Mars' transition from wet to dry. Or so we thought.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-gale-crater-sandstone-hints-at-water">Gale Crater sandstone hints at water</h2>



<p>The researchers studied wind-blown sandstone layers high on Mount Sharp within Gale Crater specifically within an area known as the Feòrachas structure. </p>



<p>These layers, created in a supposedly bone-dry era of Martian history, didn't look right. Instead of neatly stacked, they were warped and twisted.</p>



<p>"Usually, the wind deposits sediment in a very regular, predictable way," explained study co-author Amelie Roberts. </p>



<p>"Surprisingly, we found that these wind-deposited layers were contorted into strange shapes, which suggests the sand had been deformed shortly after being laid down. These structures point to the presence of water just below the surface."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-so-what-deformed-the-sand">So, what deformed the sand?</h2>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pressurized-groundwater">Pressurized groundwater</h3>



<p>"The sandstone revealed that water was probably abundant more recently and for longer than previously thought - but by which process did the water leave these clues?" asked study lead author Dr. Steven Banham. The sand could've warped as pressurized water seeped up, nudging the sand grains around.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-frozen-ground">Frozen ground</h3>



<p>Perhaps water froze and then thawed repeatedly, the ice pushing and pulling the sand into contortions. Dr. Banham noted: "This water might have been pressurized liquid, forced into and deforming the sediment; frozen, with the repeat freezing and thawing process causing the deformation; or briny, and subject to large temperature swings."</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-brines">Brines</h3>



<p>It's also possible that extremely salty water (brine) flowed near the surface. Brines handle extreme cold better than pure water, and wild temperature swings in the Martian desert could've caused strange effects.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-extended-presence-of-water-on-mars">Extended presence of water on Mars</h2>



<p>"What's clear is that behind each of these potential ways to deform this sandstone, water is the common link," explained Dr. Banham.</p>



<p>Interestingly, scientists agree Mars lost its surface water long ago. These warped sand layers prove something different. It seems water was hanging around longer than we thought, lingering underground even as the surface turned to desert. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-water-in-the-gale-crater">Significance of water in the Gale Crater </h2>



<p>The discovery matters because of water persisting in Mars' Gale Crater means potential for life. If water lingered in Martian rocks, perhaps some kind of simple life took refuge there, eking out an existence long after lakes and rivers vanished. </p>



<p>"The layers of sediment in the crater reveal a shift from a wet environment to a drier one over time - reflecting Mars' transition from a humid and habitable environment to an inhospitable desert world," explained Roberts. </p>



<p>"But these water-formed structures in the desert sandstone show that water persisted on Mars much later than previously thought."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mars-rocks-not-off-the-list-for-life">Mars rocks: Not off the list for life</h2>



<p>Previously, dry Martian deserts were low on the list of places to look for traces of past life – biosignatures.</p>



<p>"Determining whether Mars and other planets were once able to support life has been a major driving force for planetary <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/the-history-of-water-on-mars/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">research</a>," said Dr. Banham. "Our findings reveal new avenues for exploration - shedding light on Mars' potential to support life and highlighting where we should continue hunting for new clues."</p>



<p>"The search for life, whether Mars once harbored it or if other planets could, has driven space exploration for decades. Our findings open entirely new possibilities – they point us to places with the potential to answer those big questions."</p>



<p>Don't let those dusty landscapes fool you. When it comes to water – and potential life – Mars might still have a few secrets hiding beneath its barren surface.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://doi.org/10.1130/g51849.1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geology</a>. </p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Gale Crater on Mars seems to have recently had a lot of water

Recent studies led by Imperial College London have brought a...

<p>We've all heard about global warming and rising temperatures. But what does a 1.5 or 2 degree Celsius increase <em>really</em> mean for our daily lives? Researchers at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (<a href="https://www.mit.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MIT</a>) have a compelling answer: "Outdoor Days." </p>



<p>This new way of measuring <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/can-we-outrun-the-flood-risks-of-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate impact</a> focuses on something deeply personal -- the days of the year when the weather lets us work or play outside comfortably. Sadly, it paints a stark picture -- climate change has winners and losers, and geography matters significantly.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-outdoor-day-tool">Outdoor Day tool</h2>



<p>The beauty of this concept is that <em>you</em> decide. Here's how it works:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-you-define-it">You define it</h3>



<p>The "Outdoor Days" concept celebrates the simple joys of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ski-resorts-face-snow-scarcity-due-to-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">being outside</a>, tailored entirely to what makes <em>you</em> happiest. Imagine having a tool to pinpoint the days when the weather aligns perfectly with your own sense of comfort.</p>



<p>Whether you thrive in the crisp bite of a 50-degree morning or bask in the sunshine at 80 degrees, "Outdoor Days" embraces your unique preferences. The power lies in defining your own perfect temperature range -- the sweet spot where being outside feels energizing and enjoyable.</p>



<p>This personalized approach is all about anticipating those delightful days. Picture yourself effortlessly planning your outdoor adventures based on your custom forecast. </p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-location-matters">Location matters</h3>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/indisputable-evidence-of-human-caused-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Climate change</a> impacts aren't uniform. The number of days that fit your definition might increase in some places, but drop dramatically in others. This means some areas might face brutal, prolonged heatwaves, shrinking the window of comfortable days. </p>



<p>Meanwhile, traditionally cooler regions might see more days that cater to someone's outdoor preferences. But it's not just a matter of rising or falling temperatures. Climate change breeds <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/flowers-blooming-92-days-earlier-due-to-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">unpredictability</a>. </p>



<p>In some places, there might be wild swings between blistering heat and biting cold, or between drought and torrential rain. This lack of consistency makes those perfect "Outdoor Days" harder to anticipate. </p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-tool-tells-all">The tool tells all</h3>



<p>Upon visiting the <a href="https://eltahir.mit.edu/globaloutdoordays/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">website</a> researchers developed, you're prompted to set your own temperature preferences for what you consider ideal outdoor conditions. This could be anything from a cool 50-degree Fahrenheit day that's perfect for a hike, to a warm 80-degree day that's just right for a beach outing. </p>



<p>Once you've defined these parameters, the tool then lets you explore a map of the world or the detailed maps of the United States. By selecting a specific location, you can see projections of how the frequency of your perfect-weather days is expected to change due to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-driven-climate-change-is-to-blame-for-sharp-snowpack-declines-since-1980/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a>. </p>



<p>The data behind these projections is derived from a comprehensive analysis of climate models, ensuring that the forecasts are grounded in scientific research.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-outdoor-days-matters">Why Outdoor Days matters</h2>



<p>Instead of abstract numbers, this system connects climate change directly to our quality of life. Alarming stats include</p>



<ul>
<li><strong>The global south suffers</strong>: Places like Sudan, Bangladesh, and Colombia are projected to lose a LOT of comfortable outdoor days. This could severely impact livelihoods, recreation, and basic comfort.<br></li>



<li><strong>Northern climates could thrive</strong>: Areas like Canada and Russia might see their pleasant-weather days increase substantially. This shift has huge implications for everything from tourism to agriculture.<br></li>



<li><strong>Travel trends tell the tale</strong>: People are already vacationing more in Northern Europe, ditching traditional Mediterranean hotspots as they become uncomfortably hot. It's a subtle, but powerful indicator of climate shifts.</li>
</ul>



<p>“When you look at places like Bangladesh, Colombia, Ivory Coast, Sudan, Indonesia — they are all losing outdoor days.” said MIT professor Elfatih Eltahir.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-insights-from-outdoor-days">Insights from Outdoor Days</h2>



<p>The "Outdoor Days" system forces us to confront the uneven impact of climate change. It's no longer just about melting ice caps or distant wildfires. Benefits of a personalized <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/revolutionizing-aerodynamics-airplane-emissions-ai-deep-learning-tool/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tool</a> include:</p>



<ul>
<li><strong>Real-world impact</strong>: It translates complex climate models into how many days <em>you'll</em> enjoy (or suffer through) outside.<br></li>



<li><strong>Localized data = Smart Decisions</strong>: Communities can plan using their own specific projections. Goodbye, vague global averages.<br></li>



<li><strong>A call to action</strong>: Understanding the personal consequences of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/more-than-48-million-americans-deny-that-climate-change-is-real/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a> can hopefully inspire more aggressive solutions.</li>
</ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-significance">Study significance</h2>



<p>To create this <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ai-identify-water-security-risks/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tool</a>, the MIT team crunched data from about 50 climate models. Their projections show the <em>range</em> of possibilities, not just a single doomsday scenario. That's empowering, as it highlights that while change is inevitable, the full extent is still partially in our control.</p>



<p>Climate change impacts aren't confined to a far-off future. The "Outdoor Days" concept brings it down to something incredibly tangible: how many days a year you can comfortably work in your garden, walk your dog, have a picnic, or simply enjoy the fresh air without feeling miserable.</p>



<p>This approach adds a powerful dimension to a complex issue. And who knows, it might even make you rethink what the phrase "perfect weather" really means.</p>



<p>The study is published in <a href="https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/clim/aop/JCLI-D-23-0346.1/JCLI-D-23-0346.1.xml" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of Climate</a>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Fewer number of 'Outdoor Days' in our lives as global climate continues to warm

We've all heard about global warming and rising temperatures. But...

Massive,Volcano,Eruption.,A,Large,Volcano,Erupting,Hot,Lava,And

<p>Approximately 74,000 years ago, the Earth bore witness to the cataclysmic eruption of the Toba <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/yellowstones-supervolcano-holds-a-surprising-amount-of-magma/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">supervolcano</a>. The eruption cast a vast pall of ash and debris over the planet. It plunged regions into prolonged darkness and dramatically altering the global climate. </p>



<p>Yet, archaeological evidence from the <a href="https://www.utexas.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Texas at Austin</a> suggests that early humans not only survived this disaster but may have used it as a catalyst for dispersal out of Africa. This set the stage for the eventual population of the globe. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-life-on-the-edge-of-a-supervolcano">Life on the Edge of a Supervolcano</h2>



<p>In the lush lowlands of modern-day Ethiopia, archaeologists have unearthed a treasure trove of information at the Shinfa-Metema 1 site. This ancient settlement paints a vivid picture of determined Middle <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/stone-age-humans-used-tools-to-make-timber-for-woodworking/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Stone Age humans</a> who somehow managed to endure the Toba supereruption. </p>



<p>But what was life like before, during, and after the volcano changed their world?</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-resilience-towards-toba-eruption">Resilience towards Toba eruption</h2>



<p>The people of Shinfa-Metema 1 embodied incredible resilience. Studying the leftovers from their meals, scientists discovered these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/stone-age-diet-deer-and-trout-were-on-the-menu-10000-years-ago/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">early humans</a> weren't picky eaters. </p>



<p>Their diet shifted with the changing seasons and the ebb and flow of resources. Antelope, monkeys, fish – they skillfully hunted, gathered, and likely cooked whatever they could find. This flexibility in their diet would become crucial for survival.</p>



<p>The presence of tiny volcanic glass shards at the site reveals that the Toba eruption wasn't the end for these ancient settlers. </p>



<p>Instead, they endured an extended period of even harsher drought brought on by the eruption. Their ingenuity is the key to understanding how they made it through this post-apocalyptic landscape.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rivers-during-toba-eruption">Rivers during Toba eruption</h2>



<p>Scientists theorize that amidst the challenges, shrinking waterholes and seasonal rivers may have played a surprising role in the dispersal of humans <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/a-lush-green-sahara-desert-helped-early-humans-migrate-out-of-africa/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">out of Africa</a>.</p>



<p>"As people depleted food in and around a given dry season waterhole, they were likely forced to move to new waterholes," explained Professor John Kappelman, lead author of the study.</p>



<p>These seasonal waterways acted as natural pathways, guiding groups further and further from home. Ancient bands of people followed rivers in search of food and resources. Unknowingly, they may have charted routes that would, over millennia, lead them across continents.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-significance">Study significance </h2>



<p>The Shinfa-Metema 1 site has offered up another astonishing discovery: tiny, meticulously crafted triangular stone points that researchers believe are the oldest known arrowheads. </p>



<p>This finding dramatically revises the timeline for the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/stone-tool-discovery-challenges-entire-theory-of-human-evolution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">development of tools</a>, like bows and arrows. Imagine the advantage these projectiles would have given those ancient hunters, especially when food became scarce.</p>



<p>They could potentially target smaller, faster prey and become less reliant on dwindling herds of larger animals.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lessons-from-the-ashes-of-toba">Lessons from the ashes of Toba</h2>



<p>While the inhabitants of Shinfa-Metema 1 weren't likely the direct ancestors of those who ventured <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/middle-stone-age-culture-lasted-20000-years-longer-than-expected/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">outside Africa</a>, their story echoes our own. It highlights crucial traits that allowed humans to spread across the world:</p>



<ul>
<li>Adaptability: They ate what was available and changed their strategies with the changing environment.<br></li>



<li>Resilience: They pushed through extreme challenges, refusing to bow to disaster.<br></li>



<li>Innovation:&nbsp;They developed new technologies like archery to better their chances.</li>
</ul>



<p>The Toba eruption may have momentarily dimmed the light of human existence, but it couldn't snuff out the spark within us. Instead, this volcanic cataclysm might have ignited a strange catalyst for our global expansion. </p>



<p>The story of Shinfa-Metema 1 is a testament to humanity's enduring spirit -- a reminder that even in the darkest of times, we can adapt, overcome, and thrive against the odds.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-supervolcanoes-and-the-toba-eruption">More about supervolcanoes and the Toba eruption</h2>



<p>As discussed above, supervolcanoes represent one of the most powerful and potentially devastating natural phenomena on Earth. </p>



<p>Unlike ordinary volcanoes, supervolcanoes have the capability to produce eruptions of magnitude 8 on the Volcano Explosivity Index (VEI), indicating they can eject more than 1,000 cubic kilometers (240 cubic miles) of material. These colossal eruptions can have global consequences, affecting climate, ecosystems, and human societies.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-science-behind-these-massive-volcanoes">Science behind these massive volcanoes</h3>



<p>Supervolcanoes operate on a much grander scale than their smaller counterparts. Beneath their surface lies a vast magma chamber, filled with molten rock and gases under immense pressure. When the pressure exceeds the strength of the earth's crust above, it triggers an eruption. </p>



<p>This eruption can release massive quantities of volcanic ash, gas, and rock into the atmosphere and across the surrounding landscape.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-historical-eruptions-beyond-toba">Historical eruptions beyond Toba</h3>



<p>The eruption of supervolcanoes is a rare event, but history records several instances that have had profound effects on the planet. </p>



<p>One of the most well-known is the eruption of Toba, as discussed previously in this article, on the island of Sumatra, around 74,000 years ago. This event is believed to have drastically altered the global climate, leading to a volcanic winter that lasted for years and significantly impacted human populations.</p>



<p>Another example is the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/two-unknown-super-eruptions-discovered-in-yellowstone/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Yellowstone Caldera</a>, located in the United States. It has experienced three supereruptions over the past 2.1 million years, with the most recent occurring approximately 630,000 years ago. </p>



<p>These events have left behind vast calderas, or large cauldrons, formed by the collapse of land following the eruption.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-global-consequences-of-a-supervolcano-eruption">Global consequences of a supervolcano eruption</h3>



<p>The eruption of a supervolcano could lead to catastrophic changes on a global scale. The enormous amounts of ash and sulfur dioxide ejected into the atmosphere can reduce sunlight, lower temperatures worldwide, and disrupt agricultural practices, leading to food shortages. </p>



<p>These climatic changes can persist for years, affecting ecosystems and human populations alike. Given the potential global impact of supervolcano eruptions, scientists closely monitor known supervolcanoes, such as Yellowstone and Toba, for signs of increased activity. </p>



<p>Advances in technology and geology have improved our ability to predict volcanic eruptions, allowing for better preparedness and response strategies.</p>



<p>Efforts to understand and monitor supervolcanoes aim to mitigate the risks associated with their eruptions. While the exact timing of future supereruptions remains uncertain, ongoing research and monitoring are vital in preparing for such a potentially catastrophic event.</p>



<p>In summary, supervolcanoes embody the awe-inspiring and fearsome power of nature. Their eruptions, though rare, can unleash devastation on an unimaginable scale, affecting global climates and the very course of human history. Through continued research, monitoring, and preparedness, humanity strives to understand and mitigate the threats posed by these</p>



<p>The study is published in <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07208-3" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a>. </p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

How early humans survived the eruption of Toba supervolcano

Approximately 74,000 years ago, the Earth bore witness to the...

<p>The ocean's rhythm now echoes with a rising urgency – a stark warning delivered by recent <a href="https://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a> analysis. Global sea levels spiked dramatically in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/record-breaking-sea-level-rise-found-along-u-s-coasts/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">2023</a>, a consequence of both relentless climate change and a powerful <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/satellite-detects-early-warning-signs-of-an-el-nino-event/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">El Niño</a> event. </p>



<p>This revelation sounds an alarm for coastal communities globally, particularly island cities like Honolulu. Here, the advancing ocean poses a real, immediate threat. It's not just a looming danger, but a current reality, altering daily life for many.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-do-scientists-chart-sea-levels">How do scientists chart sea levels?</h2>



<p>Scientists use a range of advanced tools to calculate ocean height:</p>



<ul>
<li>Radar altimeters on satellites:&nbsp;Special instruments on satellites send microwave signals down to the ocean and measure how long it takes the signal to bounce back.</li>



<li>Tide gauges:&nbsp;These instruments located along coastlines provide historic long-term data for comparison.</li>



<li>Other satellites:&nbsp;Scientists use information on ocean temperature, ice loss, and even Earth's gravity field, which all affect sea level measurements.</li>
</ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-fast-are-oceans-rising">How fast are oceans rising?</h2>



<p>Satellite observations spanning the past 30 years present a clear picture: global average sea levels have risen by a shocking 4 inches (9.4 centimeters) since 1993. </p>



<p>To make matters worse, the rate of this rise is accelerating. In 1993, sea levels increased by approximately 0.07 inches (0.18 centimeters) per year. Now, the annual increase is more than double, at 0.17 inches (0.42 centimeters) per year.</p>



<p>"Current rates of acceleration mean that we are on track to add another 20 centimeters of global mean sea level by 2050," said Nadya Vinogradova Shiffer, the director for NASA's sea level change team. That would mean doubling the amount of sea level rise in the next 30 years compared to the last 100 years.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sea-levels-a-thermometer-for-earth">Sea levels: A thermometer for Earth</h2>



<p>Sea level rise isn't random. It's a direct response to our warming planet and acts almost like a giant thermometer. They tell us exactly how much extra heat is trapped in the Earth's climate system by greenhouse gases. There are two main ways climate change drives this rise:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-melting-ice">Melting ice</h3>



<p>As glaciers and ice sheets melt due to rising temperatures, the water makes its way into the ocean, adding to the global volume. Think about ice cubes melting in your glass – the water level rises as the ice disappears.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-expanding-water-nbsp">Expanding water&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Warmer water takes up more space than cooler water, a phenomenon known as thermal expansion. This is similar to how liquids in a thermometer expand when it's hot.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-2023-a-year-of-global-sea-level-rise">2023: A year of global sea level rise</h2>



<p>A large part of the recent spike in sea level observed in 2023 is related to the switch between two naturally occurring climate patterns, La Niña and El Niño.</p>



<p>During La Niña years, like 2021-2022, rainfall patterns shift, leading to more rain over land and temporarily suppressing sea level rise. However, a strong El Niño event in 2023 did the opposite–dumping much of that land-based rainfall back into the ocean, raising levels.</p>



<p>"In El Niño years, a lot of the rain that normally falls on land ends up in the ocean, which raises sea levels temporarily," explained Josh Willis, a sea level researcher at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-role-of-climate-change">Role of climate change</h2>



<p>Importantly, while climate patterns play a role in year-to-year variation in sea level, the long-term trend is entirely unmistakable: Sea levels are rising because of human-caused climate change.</p>



<p>"Long-term datasets like this 30-year satellite record allow us to differentiate between short-term effects on sea level, like El Niño, and trends that let us know where sea level is heading," said Ben Hamlington, who leads NASA's sea level change team.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-significance">Study significance</h2>



<p>Rising sea levels directly threaten <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/el-nino-drives-millions-of-children-into-hunger/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">coastal communities</a> around the globe, increasing the risk of flooding, erosion, and saltwater intrusion into freshwater sources. </p>



<p>As sea levels rise, even moderate storms become capable of causing significant damage and displacement. </p>



<p>Unfortunately, many of the most populous cities and essential infrastructure are located near the coast, making them particularly vulnerable. While the news about sea level rise is <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/el-nino-event-may-push-earth-towards-its-hottest-year-ever/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sobering</a>, it's critical to recognize that the future is yet to be written. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-importance-of-being-alert">The importance of being alert</h2>



<p>We are moving through times of change. Long-term data, international teamwork, and scientific breakthroughs are crucial. They help us tell short-lived trends from lasting shifts, guiding us towards insight and action.</p>



<p>In a time when sea levels are rising, the urgency is unmistakable. Our oceans call for our focus, respect, and proactive measures. This call encourages us to discover more about the deep, life-giving oceans that cover our world.</p>



<p>Science and curiosity drive us forward. We're learning and adjusting in a constantly evolving environment. Water, life, and the quest for knowledge connect us all, reminding us of the continuous cycle that shapes our existence.</p>



<p>Read more about sea level and climate change <a href="https://sealevel.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">here</a>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates. </p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Global sea levels spiked dramatically in 2023

The ocean's rhythm now echoes with a rising urgency –...

Plastic,Bottle,Dirty,Around,River,With,Children,Sitting,On,Ground

<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/limiting-global-warming-to-1-5-degrees-celsius-would-save-billions-of-lives/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Global warming</a> and plastic pollution, two critical environmental challenges, now clearly intertwine, forming a vicious circle where each exacerbates the other.</p>



<p>Researchers in Sweden have published a comprehensive study in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-46127-9">Nature Communications</a>, revealing the mutually reinforcing relationship between these issues. This cycle not only intensifies global warming and material degradation but also increases <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plastic-waste-kills-person/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plastic waste</a> and toxic chemical leakage into our environment.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-vicious-circle-between-warming-and-plastic-pollution">Vicious circle between warming and plastic pollution</h2>



<p>The study was led by Xinfeng Wei, from the <a href="https://www.kth.se/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">KTH Royal Institute of Technology</a> in Stockholm. With rising <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earths-global-temperature-exceeded-2c-for-the-first-time/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">global temperatures</a>, plastics - materials we depend on daily - deteriorate more quickly. </p>



<p>This deterioration demands the production of more plastics. Additionally, it significantly increases <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/epa-plans-to-eliminate-greenhouse-gas-emissions-from-power-plants-by-2040/">greenhouse gas emissions</a>, further heating our planet.</p>



<p>"A self-reinforcing cycle is formed, creating a vicious circle between climate change and plastic pollution," Wei explained.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-emissions-on-the-rise-the-plastic-contribution">Emissions on the rise: The plastic contribution</h2>



<p>In 2019, the OECD reported that plastics contributed to 3.4% of global greenhouse gas emissions, about 1.8 billion tons, primarily due to their production and fossil fuel conversion. Alarmingly, this figure is expected to more than double by 2060.</p>



<p>The research underscores the interconnected escalation of heat, moisture, and the weakening of polymers - materials like plastic and rubber, which consist of long molecular chains.</p>



<p>Wei highlights the issue, stating: "The higher the increase in temperature, the more the materials' properties are compromised."</p>



<p>With common plastics such as polyethylene, polypropylene, and polyvinyl chloride, a temperature rise from 23°C to 40°C leads to a stiffness decrease of over 20%. Consequently, items made from these polymers, like clothing, auto parts, and appliances, require more frequent replacement, driving up manufacturing demands.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ripple-effects-of-global-warming-and-plastic-pollution">Ripple effects of global warming and plastic pollution </h2>



<p>The repercussions extend far beyond manufacturing challenges. Increased temperatures and plastic deterioration lead to several issues. Specifically, they cause unreliable food packaging, fouled waterways, and a surge in microplastics contaminating fish habitats.</p>



<p>Moreover, the study documents the release of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and other hazardous substances, such as lubricants and plasticizers, into the air, soil, and water. Heat exacerbates this issue by accelerating their diffusion, evaporation, and leaching.</p>



<p>Wei noted the compound effects of increasing heat and moisture from global warming. A warmer atmosphere enhances moisture evaporation and water vapor capacity, posing challenges for polymers.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-united-for-change-a-call-to-action">United for change: A call to action</h2>



<p>To confront the intertwined crises of plastic pollution and global warming, the study emphasizes the need for urgent attention. It advocates for concerted action across all sectors involved in the plastic lifecycle.</p>



<p>It's clear that mitigating these escalating threats requires a holistic and collaborative approach. There is a critical need for innovation and regulation in addressing one of the most pressing environmental challenges of our time.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">More about plastic pollution&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Plastic pollution has far-reaching impacts on ecosystems, wildlife, and human health. Here are some key facts about plastic pollution:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Scale of the problem</h3>



<p>Every year, about 380 million tons of plastic are produced globally, and a significant portion of this ends up in the oceans. It's estimated that up to 12 million tons of plastic enter the oceans each year.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Longevity of plastics</h3>



<p>Plastics can take anywhere from 20 to 500 years to decompose in the environment, depending on the type of plastic. This longevity contributes to the accumulation of plastics in our oceans, waterways, and landscapes.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Impact on marine life</h3>



<p>Marine animals, including fish, seabirds, sea turtles, and marine mammals, can ingest or become entangled in plastic debris, leading to injuries, starvation, and death. It's estimated that over 100 million marine animals are killed by plastic waste each year.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Microplastics</h3>



<p>These are tiny plastic particles less than 5mm in size, which result from the breakdown of larger plastic waste or are manufactured for use in products like cosmetics.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Microplastics have been found in tap water, bottled water, and even in the air we breathe, posing potential health risks to humans.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Economic costs</h3>



<p>The economic impact of plastic pollution affects tourism, fisheries, and shipping industries. The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) estimates the economic damage of plastic pollution to marine ecosystems at $13 billion per year.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Recycling challenges</h3>



<p>Despite efforts to improve waste management and recycling, only about 9% of all plastic waste ever produced has been recycled. The rest is incinerated, dumped in landfills, or ends up in the environment.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Legislation and initiatives</h3>



<p>Many countries and regions have introduced legislation to reduce plastic waste, such as banning single-use plastics (e.g., plastic bags, straws, and cutlery) and implementing plastic bag levies.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Additionally, there are global and local initiatives aimed at cleaning up plastic pollution and promoting alternatives to plastic.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Role of individuals</h3>



<p>Individuals can make a difference by reducing their plastic use, recycling properly, participating in beach clean-ups, and supporting policies and organizations that aim to tackle plastic pollution.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-46127-9" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Communications</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Plastic pollution and global warming are linked in a vicious cycle

Global warming and plastic pollution, two critical environmental challenges, now...

<p>Sandy soil <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/top-3-coolest-underground-reptiles/">reptiles</a>, once considered able to withstand against global warming, now face an increased risk of extinction and substantial habitat loss due to climate change.</p>



<p>Consequently, this stark revelation stems from a detailed study on ten lizard and snake species across three South American biomes. Contrary to earlier beliefs that rising global temperatures would benefit these reptiles, Brazilian researchers have revealed a more alarming reality.</p>



<p>The findings reveal the unforeseen vulnerabilities of these creatures. This challenges the notion that warmer climates would expand their suitable habitats.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unexpected-findings">Unexpected findings</h2>



<p>“We concluded that climate change will modify the geographical distribution of reptiles and lead to the extinction of some species. That’s the opposite of the usual prediction,” said Júlia Oliveira, lead author of the study. </p>



<p>The research was a significant part of Oliveira's master's project at the State University of Maranhão (UEMA). It feeds into a broader study titled “Evolution and biogeography of the herpetofauna: patterns, process, and implications for conservation in a scenario of environmental and climate changes,” coordinated by Professor Thaís Guedes.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-adaptation-or-extinction-survival-in-the-sands">Adaptation or extinction: Survival in the sands</h2>



<p>“The species we studied have the peculiarity of being adapted to sandy soil habitats, which confers traits such as reduced or absent limbs, reduced eyes, and raised rostral scales," Guedes explained. Initially seen as beneficial, these unique adaptations now suggest imminent danger for the species amid fast-changing climate conditions.</p>



<p>The study's detailed analysis of the South American Diagonal of Open Formations paints a grim future for sandy soil reptiles. By blending current climate data with future projections, the researchers revealed the likely habitat loss and extinction risks faced by these reptiles.</p>



<p>“Some of the species for which we predict major losses and even extinction wouldn’t even be endangered according to the current criteria used in this kind of threat assessment. The criteria must be changed for the next assessment,” said Oliveira, highlighting the need for revised conservation criteria.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-conservation-challenges-protecting-the-sands-of-time">Conservation challenges: Protecting the sands of time</h2>



<p>The experts recommend establishing and expanding protected areas to meet the species' current and future needs. However, despite the creation of 27 new protected areas in the last six years, less than 16% suit the targeted reptiles. This fact highlights the inadequacy of current conservation efforts in the face of shifting climate dynamics.</p>



<p>The findings present a stark warning but also provide hope by identifying potential new habitats for the reptiles. This dual perspective underscores the critical need for incorporating future climate scenarios into conservation planning. It ensures the survival of sandy soil reptiles in a rapidly changing world.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">More about sandy soil reptiles&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Reptiles that inhabit sandy soil environments have evolved unique adaptations to thrive in these conditions. Sandy soils, characterized by loose granular structures, are often found in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/burrowing-animals-in-the-mojave-desert-escape-the-heat-of-climate-change/">deserts</a>, beaches, and certain forested areas.&nbsp;</p>



<p>These environments pose challenges such as limited water availability, extreme temperature fluctuations, and loose footing for movement. Here are some general characteristics and examples of reptiles adapted to sandy soil environments:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Adaptations</h3>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">Burrowing</h4>



<p>Many sandy soil reptiles are adept at burrowing. This behavior helps them escape the extreme heat of the surface, hide from predators, and sometimes hunt for prey.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The physical adaptations for burrowing can include wedge-shaped heads, strong forelimbs, and flattened bodies.</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">Temperature regulation</h4>



<p>Reptiles are ectotherms, relying on the environment to regulate their body temperature. Sandy soil reptiles often have behavioral adaptations like basking in the sun to raise their body temperature or burrowing to cool down.</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">Water conservation</h4>



<p>Reptiles in sandy environments have developed efficient means of conserving water.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This can include a highly efficient kidney that recycles water, scales that minimize water loss, and behaviors such as drinking dew.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Examples of sandy soil reptiles&nbsp;</h2>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Sand Viper (Cerastes cerastes)</h3>



<p>Found in the deserts of North Africa and the Middle East, this viper is well adapted to sandy environments. Its coloration blends perfectly with the sand, and it can bury itself in the sand to ambush prey.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Gopher tortoise (Gopherus genus)</h3>



<p>Native to the southeastern United States, the gopher tortoise digs extensive burrows in sandy soils. These burrows provide shelter for the tortoise and numerous other species.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Fringe-toed lizards (Uma notata)</h3>



<p>These <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/coexisting-lizards-challenge-what-we-know-about-natural-selection/">lizards</a> have specialized scales on their toes that help them move quickly across loose sand, resembling snowshoes. They inhabit desert and sandy areas in North America.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Horned lizards (Phrynosoma)&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Adapted to desert and arid environments with sandy soils, horned lizards have a flat, rounded body and colors that mimic their surroundings, offering camouflage against predators.</p>



<p>Reptiles living in sandy soil environments exemplify the remarkable adaptability of life. Each species has developed a set of traits that allow it not only to survive but to thrive in conditions that might initially seem inhospitable.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S014019632300188X" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Arid Environments</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Sandy soil reptiles face extinction threat due to climate change

Sandy soil reptiles, once considered able to withstand against global...

<p>Anyone who's endured rush-hour bumper-to-bumper traffic knows how unpleasant the air can get. Between fumes, dust, and all those exhaust pipes, it's definitely not a nature lover's paradise. But what if those trees and bushes lining our highways weren't just there for decoration? </p>



<p>What if they were secretly cleaning the air you breathe? Well, a new study from <a href="https://www.gsu.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Georgia State University</a> says they just might be.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-power-of-trees">The power of trees</h2>



<p>We all know trees are vital for the environment. They turn carbon dioxide into oxygen and give us shade – essentials for the planet. However, scientists have uncovered another lesser-known benefit of roadside greenery, and it may have you looking at those leafy medians in a whole new light.</p>



<p>"Trees and bushes near roadways don't solve the problem of air pollution caused by motor vehicles, but they can help reduce the severity of the problem," said Roby Greenwald, lead researcher on the study.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-trees-near-highways">Trees near highways</h2>



<p>Think of plants along the highway as a giant, organic filter system. Their leaves and branches create a massive surface area. Air pollution particles, some so tiny you couldn't even see them individually, get trapped on these surfaces, effectively taking them out of circulation. These include:</p>



<ul>
<li>Soot:&nbsp;Those black, carbon-filled particles that turn your fingers grimy if you live in a polluted city.</li>



<li>Ultrafine particles:&nbsp;Microscopic nasties invisible to the naked eye, but they can do serious damage to your respiratory system if you breathe them in over time.</li>
</ul>



<p>The Georgia State study measured the air quality around busy Atlanta highways, comparing sites with plentiful trees to those without. </p>



<p>Impressively, they found a 37% reduction in soot and a 7% reduction in ultrafine particles where trees and bushes were present.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-health-connection">The health connection</h2>



<p>Air pollution is a bad news for our health. "A growing body of evidence has linked motor vehicle pollution to conditions such as asthma, chronic bronchitis, lung cancer, and heart attacks," said Greenwald.</p>



<p>It's especially worrying for the 45 million Americans living, working, or studying within a stone's throw of a major highway. Children are particularly vulnerable, as their lungs are still developing. </p>



<p>So, anything that helps reduce their exposure, even a little, is a win for public health.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-not-a-miracle-solution">Not a miracle solution</h2>



<p>While this is fantastic news, it's important to be realistic. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/planting-too-many-trees-could-spoil-the-planet/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Trees</a> aren't going to magically make all our pollution problems go away. "Trees and bushes near roadways don't solve the problem of air pollution caused by&nbsp;motor vehicles, but they can help reduce the severity of the problem," said Greenwald.</p>



<p>Greenwald emphasizes that for a truly <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/urban-greening-is-a-powerful-weapon-against-air-pollution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">comprehensive approach</a>, we need to tackle the root cause of the problem: our dependence on cars. This means making public transport more accessible and convenient, and investing in better cycling and pedestrian infrastructure. </p>



<p>Getting people out of their cars and onto bikes or buses is the ultimate way to improve air quality for everyone.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-planting-trees-alongside-highways">Planting trees alongside highways</h2>



<p>So, the next time you're stuck in traffic, give a little thanks to those unassuming trees along the road. They're working hard to make your commute that tiny bit healthier. As Greenwald noted: "We should plant more <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/trees-struggling-to-breathe-store-co2-hotter-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">trees</a> along roadways because they provide benefits that go beyond aesthetics."</p>



<p>This doesn't excuse us from finding real ways to ditch our car dependency. However, sometimes progress happens in small steps, and every cleaner breath we take thanks to some strategically placed greenery is a step in the right direction.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0296885" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PLOS ONE</a>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Trees and bushes near highways improve air quality

Anyone who's endured rush-hour bumper-to-bumper traffic knows how unpleasant the...

<p>A popular product Nemaslug, created to kill pesky agricultural slugs, could be deadly to one of the Pacific Northwest's native sideband snail. </p>



<p>Scientists at <a href="https://oregonstate.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Oregon State University</a> released a study revealing this shocking discovery. The study urges caution as the product aims for approval in the United States. </p>



<p>It's a reminder that even seemingly helpful solutions can have unanticipated consequences for our delicate ecosystems.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nemaslug-and-sideband-snails">Nemaslug and sideband snails</h2>



<p>The product, called Nemaslug, relies on a microscopic parasitic worm (<a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/nematodes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nematode</a>). These tiny assassins are a farmer's friend when battling slimy crop-munching slugs. </p>



<p>However, OSU's research reveals the dark side: these same nematodes could infect and kill native Pacific sideband <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ocean-acidification-sea-snails/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">snails</a> – and possibly other innocent gastropods, including the iconic banana slug.</p>



<p>The Pacific Northwest's misty climate is a paradise for snails and slugs. It's a biodiversity hotspot for these often overlooked creatures. Sadly, threats like habitat loss and rising temperatures already plague these unique animals, making the Nemaslug discovery even more concerning.</p>



<p>"This finding is a big deal because there are strong efforts to bring this commercialized nematode to U.S. markets to control invasive <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/crop-pest-will-spread-northward-as-soil-temperatures-warm/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pests</a>, such as the gray field slug, that cause damage to a variety of agricultural crops,” explained Dee Denver, head of OSU's Department of Integrated Biology</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-nemaslug-affects-snails">How Nemaslug affects snails</h2>



<p>Nematodes might be tiny, but they're ruthless. They exploit natural openings in a slug's body, sneaking inside like microscopic ninjas. </p>



<p>Once within, they release a deadly bacteria, and the slug's fate is sealed. The nematodes multiply rapidly, and when their victim perishes, they burst out like a scene out of a horror movie, ready to find their next snail or slug to conquer.</p>



<p>Unfortunately, those nematodes don't seem to know the difference between a pesky agricultural slug and a harmless native snail. </p>



<p>If Nemaslug becomes widely available in its current form, scientists fear it could wreak havoc on the local snail populations in our backyards and forests.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lessons-from-past">Lessons from past</h2>



<p>Farmers understandably need solutions to protect their livelihoods. But protecting those delicate ecosystems is a responsibility we all share. Good intentions in pest control have often gone wrong throughout history.</p>



<p>“Terrestrial slugs and snails make up more than one-third of the total documented animal species extinctions since the year 1500.” said Denver.</p>



<p>Remember, in Hawaii, well-meaning scientists introduced a snail to control another invasive snail species. Tragically, it led to the extinction of hundreds of native Hawaiian snail species. This sobering example proves the unforeseen dangers of tinkering with ecosystems without rigorous study.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-field-research-on-nemaslug-and-snails">Field research on Nemaslug and snails</h2>



<p>Clearly, more research is crucial. Scientists must study Nemaslug's effects on snails and slugs in the wild, not just in labs. </p>



<p>Are there ways to modify it to target only the harmful invasive slugs? Are there <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/natural-pest-control-the-hidden-power-of-aloe-vera-peels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">alternative pest control</a> methods that are safer for our native snails? These questions need answers before Nemaslug gets approval for widespread use in the U.S.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-can-you-do">What can you do?</h2>



<p>Following steps could help in conserving snails:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-get-to-know-your-local-snails">Get to know your local snails</h3>



<p>Diving deeper into understanding and protecting our slimy companions starts with a simple curiosity about the mollusks that inhabit our local environments. </p>



<p>By conducting a bit of online research, you might be amazed to discover the diversity of snail and slug species living right in your backyard or local park. This newfound knowledge transforms these often-overlooked creatures into familiar neighbors, fostering a deeper connection and a personal stake in their well-being.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-spread-the-word">Spread the Word </h3>



<p>Knowledge is most powerful when shared. By discussing what you've learned about local mollusks and the broader implications of indiscriminate pest control practices with friends and family, you create a ripple effect. </p>



<p>Informed citizens are more likely to demand environmentally responsible pest management solutions from local authorities and gardening centers, emphasizing the importance of preserving our delicate ecosystems for future generations.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-support-wildlife-conservation">Support wildlife conservation</h3>



<p>Beyond individual actions and spreading awareness, supporting organizations dedicated to wildlife conservation is a vital step in protecting our natural world. These organizations work on the front lines to safeguard habitats, conduct essential research, and advocate for policies that benefit biodiversity. </p>



<p>Your contributions, whether financial or volunteering your time, empower these efforts. They also provide a means for you to be part of a larger community committed to environmental preservation.</p>



<p>Let's not let our beautiful Northwest snails become casualties of careless pest control.</p>



<p>The study is published in <a href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0298165" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PLOS ONE</a>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Pest control product 'Nemaslug' could harm beneficial snails

A popular product Nemaslug, created to kill pesky agricultural slugs,...

<p>Scientists have recently uncovered a surprising balance between natural ecosystems. Leaves drift from towering trees into the water, where they become a feast for aquatic creatures. Insects, nourished within the stream, take flight and sustain birds and bats that call the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/worlds-oldest-forest-discovered-close-to-new-york-city/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">forest</a> their home. </p>



<p>The term allochthony, derived from the Greek words for "other" and "origin," best describes this ongoing flow of energy and resources.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-recognizing-the-ecosystems-balance">Recognizing the ecosystems balance</h2>



<p>A global team led by <a href="https://www.psu.edu">Penn State</a> researchers embarked on an ambitious project to analyze data from 149 studies. The goal was to quantify and understand allochthony in forest-stream ecosystems around the world. This large-scale approach sought to uncover patterns and principles governing this fundamental ecological process.</p>



<p>The findings revealed that forests and streams engage in an equal exchange of energy. "This was a really interesting and unexpected result because we know that there’s way more energy flowing into streams in the form of leaves that fall from trees than what comes out in the form of emergent aquatic insects," stated Dr. Daniel Allen, the study's lead author.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nutritional-quality-in-ecosystem-balance">Nutritional quality in ecosystem balance </h2>



<p>This observation seems counterintuitive: more energy appears to flow into streams than flows out. However, the study revealed a surprising truth: aquatic and terrestrial organisms consume near-equal amounts of resources originating from the opposite <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/carnivores-healthy-ecosystem/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ecosystem</a>. </p>



<p>The researchers propose that nutritional quality likely plays a major role in maintaining this ecosystem balance. Aquatic creatures receive a large amount of energy from leaves. Insects emerging from the stream have a higher nutritional value that compensates the aquatic creatures.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-variations-in-ecosystem-balance">Variations in ecosystem balance</h2>



<p>The research team further explored how allochthony patterns differ among various species groups and across diverse climates:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-players">The players</h3>



<p>Aquatic invertebrates (including various insect species), fish, terrestrial arthropods (insects, beetles, spiders), and terrestrial vertebrates (birds, rodents), all participate in this energy exchange. </p>



<p>However, the strength and pathways of this exchange vary significantly across these groups. For instance, land-dwelling vertebrates seem to rely less on resources originating from the stream.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-role-of-climate">The role of climate</h3>



<p>Arid climates exhibit strikingly different patterns from tropical zones. In dry regions, aquatic invertebrates engage in nearly twice the amount of energy exchange compared to their counterparts in tropical environments. </p>



<p>Interestingly, fish across different climates maintain relatively consistent levels of allochthony. Understanding such climate-driven variations provides important clues about how these intricate exchanges might shift in response to changing environmental conditions.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-significance">Study significance</h2>



<p>"Most people don’t think about streams and forests being interrelated, but the organisms those habitats support are dependent on energy and resources that come from outside their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/groundwater-is-a-keystone-ecosystem-vital-for-our-planets-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ecosystem</a>," noted Dr. Allen.</p>



<p>The balance of ecosystems is often underappreciated. By quantifying allochthony across the globe and under diverse conditions, this study highlights the delicate dependence between seemingly separate environments. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-key-takeaway">Key takeaway</h2>



<p>Our daily lives often obscure the intricate web of ecosystems that supports us. This study shines a light on the beautifully balanced exchange between forests and streams, a powerful reminder of nature’s interconnectedness. </p>



<p>It urges us to protect these vital environments so they can continue to thrive. Ultimately, it reveals a simple truth: everything in nature is linked. The connection between forests and streams is but one example of the countless ways our world achieves balance. </p>



<p>As stewards of this planet, we must understand, cherish, and protect these delicate connections. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The team behind the discovery</h2>



<p>The research was a collaborative endeavor, with contributions from Veronica Saenz, Kierstyn Higgins, and Alice Belskis of Penn State, among others from institutions such as the <a href="https://www.usgs.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">U.S. Geological Survey</a> and universities across the globe. </p>



<p>This diverse team brought together expertise from various fields, underscoring the study's comprehensive approach to understanding ecosystem interactions.</p>



<p>Supported by the <a href="https://www.nsf.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">U.S. National Science Foundation</a>, this research not only advances our scientific knowledge but also serves as a reminder of the intricate connections that sustain life on Earth.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.14401" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ecology Letters</a>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Nature's ecosystems constantly share energy to achieve balance

Scientists have recently uncovered a surprising balance between natural ecosystems....

<p>Air pollution, a well-known source of various illnesses, finds a surprising combatant in urban greening near highways. </p>



<p>A study from <a href="https://www.gsu.edu/">Georgia State University</a> has shown that these natural elements do more than just enhance the visual appeal of the area. They also play a crucial role in mitigating the pollution caused by motor vehicles.</p>



<p>Thie study highlights the importance of finding effective ways to combat air pollution. It underlines the potential of integrating vegetation into our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/colorful-urban-environments-promote-well-being/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">urban environments</a> for health and aesthetic benefits.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-leafy-shield-against-pollution">A leafy shield against pollution</h2>



<p>For the investigation, the researchers conducted air quality tests over six months at various metro Atlanta highway sites. They discovered that areas with trees and bushes experienced a significant decrease in pollutants. </p>



<p>Specifically, there was a 37% reduction in soot and a 7% decrease in ultrafine particles. These pollutants are harmful to health and are linked to serious diseases like asthma and lung cancer.</p>



<p>Study lead author Professor Roby Greenwald stated: “Trees and bushes near roadways don't solve the problem of air pollution caused by motor vehicles, but they can help reduce the severity of the problem."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-growing-need-for-greener-solutions">Growing need for greener solutions</h2>



<p>The need for solutions is critical, given that around 45 million people in the United States live, work, or attend school within 300 feet of a major highway. This proximity exposes them to elevated levels of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/auto-emission-climate-policies-save-children-boost-economies/">pollution</a>.</p>



<p>Consequently, the study shows that roadside vegetation can effectively reduce particulate air pollution. It achieves this through mechanisms such as offering a large surface area for small particles to adhere to. </p>



<p>The research built upon previous findings by incorporating an extended sampling period. Additionally, it included a model that accounted for variables like wind direction, traffic volume, and proximity to the highway.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-alternative-transportation-methods">Alternative transportation methods</h2>



<p>Professor Greenwald noted the limitations of roadside vegetation, noting that it does not reduce carbon dioxide emissions or ozone pollution.</p>



<p>Therefore, to achieve a more comprehensive mitigation of health hazards associated with highways, the study suggests that municipalities should focus on enhancing the viability of alternative transportation methods. </p>



<p>This effort could include expanding public transportation and upgrading infrastructure for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/active-travel-can-greatly-reduce-co2-emissions-in-the-city/">bicycles</a> and pedestrians. Such improvements would make it safer, more pleasant, and convenient for individuals to travel without depending on motor vehicles.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-planting-the-seeds-of-change">Planting the seeds of change</h2>



<p>Professor Greenwald emphasized the value of roadside trees. "We should plant more trees along roadways because they provide benefits that go beyond aesthetics." </p>



<p>Yet, Greenwald warned against seeing this as a complete solution to vehicle emissions, advocating for a comprehensive approach to the issue.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Additional benefits of urban greening</h2>



<p>Urban greening is a multifaceted approach with benefits that touch on every aspect of urban life, from enhancing biodiversity and ecosystem services to improving <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/blue-and-green-spaces-are-beneficial-in-all-stages-of-life/">human well-being</a> and economic vitality.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Environmental benefits&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Environmentally, urban greening helps to mitigate the urban heat island effect, which is the phenomenon where urban areas experience higher temperatures than their rural surroundings due to human activities and the prevalence of concrete and asphalt.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Trees and plants provide shade and release moisture into the air through transpiration, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-measures-the-cooling-effect-of-shade-in-urban-areas/">cooling</a> urban areas. Additionally, green spaces can improve air quality by filtering pollutants and dust from the air.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Societal benefits&nbsp;</h3>



<p>From a social perspective, urban greening has been linked to improved mental health and well-being. Access to parks and natural environments in urban settings offers residents spaces for recreation and relaxation, which can reduce stress and improve mood.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Furthermore, these green spaces can foster a sense of community by serving as gathering places for social interactions and community events.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Economic benefits&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Economically, urban greening can enhance property values. Properties adjacent to or near well-maintained parks and green spaces are often more desirable and can command higher prices.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Moreover, green infrastructure, such as green roofs and walls, can reduce energy costs by providing natural insulation and cooling, leading to savings on heating and cooling expenses.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Biodiversity benefits</h3>



<p>Urban greening also plays a crucial role in biodiversity conservation within cities, providing habitats for various species and contributing to the maintenance of ecological balance.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><em><a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0296885" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PLoS One</a></em></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Urban greening is a powerful weapon against air pollution

Air pollution, a well-known source of various illnesses, finds a...

European,Seabass,(dicentrarchus,Labrax),,Aegean,Sea,,Greece,,Halkidiki

<p>Marine fish species are rapidly migrating toward the poles in response to the challenges of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/oceans-are-quickly-losing-ability-to-support-fish-due-to-plankton-loss/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">global warming</a>. This concerning trend was unveiled in a study led by <a href="https://english.tau.ac.il/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Tel Aviv University</a>.</p>



<p>The research, spearheaded by PhD student Shahar Chaikin and Professor Jonathan Belmaker, uncovers a stark decline in marine fish populations as they migrate poleward in an attempt to escape rising sea temperatures. </p>



<p>This international effort, published in the prestigious <em>Nature Ecology &amp; Evolution</em>, challenges the previously held notion that rapid geographic shifts could be a lifeline for species under the threat of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/warming-waters-have-an-unexpected-impact-on-fish-size/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">global warming</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-deep-dive-into-migrating-fish-populations">Deep dive into migrating fish populations</h2>



<p>The study meticulously analyzed over 2,572 fish populations across 146 species, primarily from the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. </p>



<p>This vast dataset was drawn from two global databases, one tracking fish population sizes over time and the other documenting the velocities of range shifts among <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fish-evolution-takes-place-in-decades-not-millions-of-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marine fishes</a>. </p>



<p>The findings reveal an alarming trend. Species that migrate faster towards the poles are experiencing more significant declines in population abundance.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-consequences-of-these-rapid-shifts">Consequences of these rapid shifts</h2>



<p>Professor Belmaker sheds light on the motivation behind the research. "Climate change triggers a survival response in animal species, prompting them to move towards cooler areas," Belmaker said. </p>



<p>"Our goal was to understand the repercussions of these fish migrating. Surprisingly, we found that the quicker these fish move towards the poles, the more their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/without-strong-action-global-fish-stocks-could-collapse/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">populations decline</a>, suggesting difficulty in adapting to new environments," he concluded.</p>



<p>"Our observations indicate that species like the European seabass, which shift their geographical range swiftly towards the poles, are more prone to losing their abundance," Shahar Chaikin adds.</p>



<p>"Moreover, populations closer to the poles, which one might assume to be less affected by climate change, are actually facing more rapid declines compared to those near the equator within the same species," Chaikin concluded.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-conservation-and-the-future-of-migrating-fish">Conservation and the future of migrating fish</h2>



<p>These insights are crucial for environmental policymakers and conservationists. The study advocates for a reassessment of conservation statuses. The scientists emphasize the need for close monitoring and careful management of species exhibiting rapid poleward shifts. </p>



<p>Proposed strategies include implementing fishing limits to reduce additional pressures on these vulnerable populations.</p>



<p>Professor Belmaker concludes, "Contrary to the belief that rapid range shifts protect against population decline, our findings suggest that species making these shifts are more vulnerable to climate change. This vulnerability underscores the need for special attention and further research into the causal relationships affecting marine species beyond fish."</p>



<p>This study marks a pivotal step in understanding the complex dynamics of climate change and marine life migration. As we continue to witness the unfolding consequences of global warming, research like this provides valuable insights for shaping future conservation strategies, ensuring the survival of marine biodiversity in the face of unprecedented environmental challenges.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-the-consequences-of-warming-oceans">More about the consequences of warming oceans</h2>



<p>Oceans, covering more than 70% of the Earth's surface, act as a massive heat sink, absorbing and redistributing heat around the globe. However, this vital function comes at a cost. </p>



<p>As mentioned above, recent decades have seen a significant rise in ocean temperatures, a direct consequence of climate change driven by increased greenhouse gas emissions. This warming poses a severe threat to marine ecosystems, affecting species diversity, population distributions, and the health of marine habitats.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Disrupted ecosystems and migrating fish species</h3>



<p>As ocean temperatures climb, marine species face critical survival challenges. Many organisms, from tiny plankton to large fish, corals, and marine mammals, have adapted to live within specific temperature ranges. </p>



<p>When their habitats warm beyond these comfort zones, these species must migrate to cooler waters or face population declines and even extinction.</p>



<p>Warming oceans disrupt the delicate balance of marine ecosystems. Predatory relationships, breeding grounds, and migration patterns, honed over millennia, are now changing. </p>



<p>For instance, coral reefs, the ocean's biodiversity hotspots, suffer from coral bleaching when water temperatures rise, weakening these vital ecosystems.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Impact on fisheries and global food security</h3>



<p>As discussed above in the study from Tel Aviv University, the migration of fish populations towards cooler polar regions has significant implications for global fisheries, a crucial source of food and livelihood for billions of people. </p>



<p>As fish stocks decline or move from traditional fishing grounds, local communities and entire nations face economic and food security challenges. This shift necessitates adaptive management strategies for fisheries to sustainably manage these changing resources.</p>



<p>Compounding the issue of warming is ocean acidification, a result of the ocean absorbing increased levels of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. </p>



<p>This chemical change in seawater can have devastating effects on marine life, particularly species like shellfish and corals, which rely on calcium carbonate to build their shells and skeletons. </p>



<p>Acidification reduces the availability of this essential mineral, threatening the survival of these organisms and the entire ecosystems relying on them.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Conservation and future implications</h3>



<p>The impacts of warming oceans underscore the urgent need for global action to mitigate climate change. Reducing greenhouse gas emissions, adopting sustainable fishing practices, and protecting marine habitats are critical steps in safeguarding our oceans. </p>



<p>Furthermore, increasing research and monitoring efforts can provide the necessary insights to guide policy and conservation strategies, ensuring the resilience of marine ecosystems in a warming world.</p>



<p>In summary, the rising temperatures of our oceans signal a clear warning: without concerted efforts to address climate change, the rich tapestry of marine life, upon which humanity so heavily depends, faces an uncertain future. It is a global challenge that requires immediate and sustained action from all sectors of society.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-024-02350-7" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Ecology &amp; Evolution</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Fish are migrating towards the poles to escape warming waters

Marine fish species are rapidly migrating toward the poles in...

Scientist,Researcher,In,Protective,Suit,Takes,Water,For,Analysis,From

<p>Chemical companies and their subsidiaries are at the heart of a recent investigation that uncovers a strategic ploy to evade environmental accountability, positioning the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/creators-of-forever-chemicals-covered-up-the-toxic-dangers-for-decades/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">chemical manufacturing sector</a> as one of the United States' top three polluters. </p>



<p>Alongside metal mining and electric utilities, this sector is responsible for two-thirds of the nation’s toxic emissions, as reported by the Environmental Protection Agency's Toxics Release Inventory (<a href="https://www.epa.gov/toxics-release-inventory-tri-program" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">TRI</a>). </p>



<p>A study featured in the <em>Strategic Management Journal</em> reveals that major chemical corporations use a complex network of subsidiaries. </p>



<p>This network helps them hide the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-plastics-treaty-tackles-the-pollution-problem-directly-at-the-source/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">environmental impacts</a> of their operations. Consequently, this practice poses a significant challenge to the enforcement of environmental regulations.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-corporate-camouflage-in-action">Corporate camouflage in action</h2>



<p>The study, led by Juyoung Lee of the <a href="https://www.polyu.edu.hk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Hong Kong Polytechnic University</a> and <a href="https://www.ivey.uwo.ca/faculty_research/directory/tima-bansal/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Pratima Bansal of Ivey Business School</a> in Canada, delves into the practices of 7,400 U.S.-based entities under the umbrella of 67 of America's largest chemical manufacturing groups. </p>



<p>The researchers used comprehensive data from Dun and Bradstreet’s Corporate Family Tree and the EPA’s TRI program. They demonstrated that highly polluting sites are often strategically placed deep within corporate hierarchies. This positioning distances them from their parent companies.</p>



<p>Moreover, this deliberate separation serves a specific function. "The multi-layered structure permits parent companies to buffer themselves from the negative legal, reputational, and punitive outcomes related to risky activities, thereby shifting the costs to society as a whole," Lee articulates. </p>



<p>Corporations dodge repercussions by hiding polluting operations in subsidiary mazes, shifting costs to society.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evading-environmental-responsibility">Evading environmental responsibility</h2>



<p>Bansal elucidates the strategic benefits of this setup: "The lower pollution-intensive activities are in the corporate hierarchy, the more effectively the parent company can protect itself from government-related risks." </p>



<p>The study shows proving a parent company's role in pollution is hard due to complex structures distancing them from polluting subsidiaries. </p>



<p>Moreover, the research explored how a company's home state's environmental laws affect the placement of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/toxic-pfas-forever-chemicals-released-by-dupont-and-chemours-caused-significant-harm/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">polluting sites</a> in its structure.</p>



<p>The findings suggest several points. First, firms in states with strict environmental laws place their most polluting subsidiaries further down the corporate chain. This strategy complicates regulatory oversight and accountability.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-call-for-transparency">A call for transparency</h2>



<p>Lee's analysis shows: In states with lax environmental laws, companies often run or delegate pollution close to the parent level. In stricter states, they increasingly distance such activities down the hierarchy.</p>



<p>The evidence, though not definitive, strongly hints at strategic buffering by using subsidiaries to avoid pollution penalties as a key corporate tactic. </p>



<p>This tactic weakens environmental law enforcement and shows regulation limits that miss corporate complexities. </p>



<p>The study urges reevaluating regulations to tackle challenges posed by corporate veils, aiming to reveal rather than hide environmental harm.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/smj.3582" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Strategic Management Journal</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Big chemical companies hide pollution behind subsidiaries

Chemical companies and their subsidiaries are at the heart of...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lHHxOej4QfE
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Researchers found a correlation between Alzheimer's disease and traffic pollution.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-invisible-threat-in-urban-air"><strong>Invisible threat in urban air</strong></h2>



<p>City dwellers face an unseen danger with every breath. New findings from Emory University researchers suggest that fine particulate matter from <a href="http://earth.com/news/traffic-related-air-pollution-might-increase-alzheimers-risk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">vehicle emissions may significantly elevate the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease</a>. The study examined brain tissue samples from 224 individuals who had confirmed diagnoses and volunteered their brains for scientific research.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-disturbing-connections-emerge"><strong>Disturbing connections emerge</strong></h2>



<p>Scientists analyzed neuritic plaques — protein clusters that characterize Alzheimer's — while mapping each participant's exposure to PM2.5 particles based on residential location and surrounding traffic density. The correlation proved more alarming than anticipated. Individuals experiencing higher pollution exposure showed nearly double the likelihood of elevated plaque accumulation in brain tissue.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-timing-matters"><strong>Timing matters</strong></h2>



<p>The research team discovered that pollution exposure during the final year before death demonstrated the strongest association with brain changes. This timeline suggests relatively rapid impacts from environmental toxins on neural health. The connection remained robust even after accounting for various demographic and health factors.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genetic-vulnerability-patterns"><strong>Genetic vulnerability patterns</strong></h2>



<p>Perhaps most concerning, people lacking the APOE gene—which naturally predisposes individuals to Alzheimer's — exhibited more than twice the susceptibility to pollution-related brain damage. Study author Dr. Anke Huels noted this indicates environmental elements like air contamination could trigger the disease in cases where hereditary factors don't explain.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-public-health-implications"><strong>Public health implications</strong></h2>



<p>These findings, published in <em><a href="https://www.neurology.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Neurology</a></em>, underscore the critical importance of air quality regulations in urban planning. The research suggests that implementing stricter emission controls and promoting alternative transportation could serve as powerful tools in Alzheimer's prevention.</p>



<p>As cities worldwide grapple with growing traffic congestion and aging populations, this study highlights an urgent need for comprehensive approaches to environmental health that protect both our lungs and our minds.</p>



<p>—–</p>



<p>Like what you saw and read?&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a>&nbsp;for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>—–</p>



<p>Check us out on&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth.com</a>.</p>



<p>—–</p>

Traffic fumes may trigger Alzheimer's

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lHHxOej4QfE Researchers found a correlation between Alzheimer's disease and traffic...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that scientists never expected.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hidden-waters-beneath-ancient-craters">Hidden waters beneath ancient craters</h2>



<p>Scientists have made a startling discovery that challenges everything we thought we knew about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/saturn-moon-mimas-has-remarkably-young-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Saturn's moon Mimas</a>. Beneath the heavily cratered surface that earned it the nickname "Death Star" lies a global ocean that formed just 5 to 15 million years ago—a remarkably young age by cosmic standards.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cassini-data-reveals-orbital-secrets">Cassini data reveals orbital secrets</h2>



<p>The discovery, led by Dr. Valéry Lainey of the <a href="https://observatoiredeparis.psl.eu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Observatoire de Paris</a>, emerged from careful analysis of <a href="https://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>'s Cassini spacecraft data. By studying subtle irregularities in Mimas's orbit around Saturn, researchers detected the gravitational signature of liquid water hidden 20 to 30 kilometers beneath the moon's icy shell.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-an-unlikely-ocean-world">An unlikely ocean world</h2>



<p>At only 400 kilometers in diameter, Mimas seemed like the least likely candidate to harbor a subsurface ocean. Unlike other ocean moons such as Europa and Enceladus, which show clear surface signs of internal activity, Mimas displays no obvious hints of the liquid water beneath its ancient, crater-scarred exterior.</p>



<p>"Mimas is a small moon, and its heavily cratered surface gave no hint of the hidden ocean beneath," explained Dr. Nick Cooper from <a href="https://www.qmul.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Queen Mary University of London</a>, a study co-author.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-astrobiology">Implications for astrobiology</h2>



<p>The ocean's recent formation makes Mimas a prime target for studying how oceans develop and potentially support life. This discovery adds another member to the exclusive club of ocean worlds in our solar system, each offering unique insights into the conditions necessary for habitability.</p>



<p>The research, published in <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a></em> journal, demonstrates how advanced orbital analysis can reveal hidden features of celestial bodies, opening new possibilities for understanding ocean formation throughout the cosmos.</p>



<p>—–</p>



<p>Like what you saw and read?&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a>&nbsp;for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>—–</p>



<p>Check us out on&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth.com</a>.</p>



<p>—–</p>

Scientists discover unexpected young ocean on Saturn's cratered moon Mimas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ 'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K0DuSr87SHY
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">57 million-year ice age mystery solved by Australian scientists.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-when-earth-became-a-frozen-wasteland">When Earth became a frozen wasteland</h2>



<p>Imagine Earth as a giant snowball, frozen solid from the North Pole to the equator. This wasn't the plot of a science fiction movie – it was our planet's reality 700 million years ago during an extreme ice age that has puzzled scientists for decades.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-discovery">The discovery</h2>



<p>Australian researchers from the <a href="https://www.sydney.edu.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Sydney</a> have finally cracked one of geology's greatest mysteries: what caused the Sturtian glaciation and why it persisted for an unprecedented 57 million years. This period occurred long before dinosaurs roamed the Earth, when no complex plants or multicellular animals existed.</p>



<p>Dr. Adriana Dutkiewicz, the study's lead author, describes a world completely unlike today's climate. "Imagine the Earth almost completely frozen over," she explained. "The planet was blanketed in ice from poles to equator, and temperatures plunged."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-combination-of-climate-factors">The combination of climate factors</h2>



<p>The research team discovered that this massive freeze resulted from a "double whammy" of geological events. First, plate tectonic activity reduced volcanic carbon dioxide emissions to historically low levels. Volcanic activity typically releases CO2 into the atmosphere, creating a greenhouse effect that keeps Earth warm.</p>



<p>Simultaneously, weathering of volcanic rocks in what is now Canada actively absorbed atmospheric CO2, further reducing greenhouse gas concentrations. When atmospheric carbon dioxide levels dropped below 200 parts per million – less than half of today's levels – glaciation engulfed the entire planet.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-climate-implications">Modern climate implications</h2>



<p>Published in the journal <em><a href="https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/geology" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geology</a></em>, this research provides crucial insights into Earth's climate system. While geological climate changes occur over millions of years, the study emphasizes that human-induced climate change is happening at a pace ten times faster than previously observed natural changes, highlighting the urgent need to understand our planet's delicate climate balance.</p>



<p>—–</p>



<p>Like what you saw and read?&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a>&nbsp;for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>—–</p>



<p>Check us out on&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth.com</a>.</p>



<p>—–</p>

What caused the planet's longest ice age

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K0DuSr87SHY 57 million-year ice age mystery solved by Australian scientists....

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WXXGGiynIjs
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Greenland is not sinking. In fact, it is the opposite.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-contrasting-climate-response">A contrasting climate response</h2>



<p>Most coastal towns are <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sinking-land-will-intensify-the-effects-of-rising-sea-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">preparing for higher sea levels</a>, but <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/greenland-no-longer-has-to-worry-about-rising-sea-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Greenland presents</a> a different scenario during climate change. The ground there is rising at a remarkable rate. Over the past decade, some areas have lifted about 20 centimeters, which translates to roughly 2 meters per century. This rate significantly exceeds current projections for sea level rise.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-geological-rebound-process-through-climate-change">Geological rebound process through climate change</h2>



<p>The mechanism behind this phenomenon is straightforward. As the ice sheet melts, the immense weight is removed from the bedrock, causing the land to rebound upward. This process resembles the way compressed material springs back when pressure is released.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-monitoring-networks">Scientific monitoring networks</h2>



<p>Researchers at the <a href="https://www.dtu.dk/english/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Technical University of Denmark</a> are documenting this uplift using the GNET network, consisting of 61 GPS stations positioned around Greenland's coast. These sensors can detect movement with millimeter precision, providing detailed measurements of the ongoing changes.</p>



<p>The data reveal that current uplift rates exceed the gradual rebound occurring since the last ice age ended approximately 12,000 years ago. This acceleration corresponds directly with increased ice sheet melting rates.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-coastal-transformation">Coastal Transformation</h2>



<p>This uplift is actively reshaping Greenland's coastline. New islands and rocky formations, called "skerries," are emerging as previously submerged land surfaces rise above the water level. This represents a notable contrast to global concerns about rising seas.</p>



<p>The study, published in Geophysical Research Letters, demonstrates the varied regional impacts of climate change. While many locations face rising water levels, Greenland's bedrock is literally rising above the surrounding seas.</p>



<p>The full study was recently published in <em><a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2023GL104851" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geophysical Research Letters</a></em>.</p>



<p>—–</p>



<p>Like what you saw and read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>—–</p>



<p>Check us out on&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth.com</a>.</p>



<p>—–</p>

Greenland's ground rises while coasts worldwide face higher seas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WXXGGiynIjs Greenland is not sinking. In fact, it is the...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DSM3EVeGHJU
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Companies like MindStudio help companies train their employees to implement the latest AI Agent building platform.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ai-agent-training-transforms-the-workplace-fear-factor-into-a-competitive-advantage">AI agent training transforms the workplace 'fear factor' into a competitive advantage</h2>



<p>Organizations that offer comprehensive artificial intelligence training to their workers find remarkable value that extends well beyond basic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mind-wandering-might-be-more-productive-than-you-think/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">productivity improvements</a>. Emerging research demonstrates that carefully crafted AI training programs <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ai-does-not-replace-human-creativity-but-enhances-it/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">enhance</a> corporate performance, lower operational costs, and dramatically improve employee psychological well-being by turning workplace uncertainty into professional empowerment.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-addressing-the-widespread-ai-anxiety-crisis-among-us">Addressing the widespread 'AI anxiety' crisis among us</h2>



<p>A staggering 53% of employees expressed concern that the use of AI tools to automate work tasks could make them appear disposable to their employers, according to <a href="https://www.microsoft.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Microsoft</a>'s 2024 workplace survey. Such pervasive worry about being substituted by machines has caused what researchers have termed "AI technostress" – a psychological state that can result in occupational burnout and poorer mental well-being.</p>



<p>Data published in <a href="https://www.nature.com/palcomms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Humanities and Social Sciences Communications</a> showed that belief in AI learning ability was a moderator in the link between technology adoption and work pressure, and higher confidence significantly lowered negative psychological responses. Workers provided ample training to become competent with AI software have significantly lower stress.</p>



<p>Companies like <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MindStudio</a> have platforms for building what are known as "AI Agents".  In essence, AI Agents are simply tools that employees can build for themselves or their teams quickly and inexpensively.   MindStudio will even train entire companies, from the CEO on down, at no cost. By letting MindStudio empower employees, companies avoid hiring more IT staff, buying more software, and implementing solutions to problems that do not exist.</p>



<p>MindStudio even has partners locally for companies, like <a href="http://www.dominnus.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dominnus</a> with offices in the Carolinas, California, and Denver, to help build AI Agents and support employees as they become resident AI experts for their organization.  The training provided by MindStudio is applicable across other AI Agent building platforms as well.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-productivity-through-focused-learning">Revolutionary productivity through focused learning</h2>



<p>Organizations that implement large-scale AI training programs achieve dramatic outcomes. Employees performed tasks significantly better when they utilized AI support compared to when they didn't, according to <a href="https://www.nngroup.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nielsen Norman Group</a> research findings. Their study documented productivity increases of 66% for a variety of professional tasks.</p>



<p>Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis research finds workers record 33% higher productivity in time working with generative AI tools. The benefit is equivalent to 5.4% of work time savings for AI users – around 2.2 hours per week for full-time workers.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-psychological-well-being-benefits-through-ai-competence">Psychological well-being benefits through AI competence</h2>



<p>The emotional transformation when employees are provided with proper technology training is a fundamental transformation from fear to professional confidence. A survey of 600 employees across industries, carried out by ScienceDirect, proved that AI capabilities strengthen work environment commitment and improve job satisfaction.</p>



<p>A <a href="https://www.lut.fi/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">LUT University</a> study discovered that AI adoption has no direct effect on workers' well-being but does so indirectly through working conditions like task optimization and safety protocols. Strategically deployed AI that involves correct training can actually increase workplace mental well-being.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-from-replacement-anxiety-to-partnership-confidence">From 'replacement anxiety' to 'partnership confidence'</h2>



<p>Although 35% of those interviewed in recent McKinsey studies were concerned about workforce displacement, firms with large-scale training initiatives witness such fears dissipate quickly. The World Economic Forum found that two out of three respondents believe AI competencies will enhance their career prospects and job marketability.</p>



<p>This shift from fear to trust has measurable implications for job satisfaction. Applied Sciences research indicates AI can create tailored wellness programs based on individual employee requirements.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-financial-benefits-of-increased-retention">Financial benefits of increased retention</h2>



<p>The mental health advantages of AI learning have a direct impact on organizational bottom lines in the form of a positive feedback cycle with high retention of employees. Recent ROI research validates that artificial intelligence learning has a beneficial impact on employee turnover and satisfaction levels.</p>



<p>PriceWaterhouseCoopers' research documents 20% to 30% improvements in productivity, market speed, and revenue in organizations that attempt systematic AI adoption through comprehensive training.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-advantages-of-ai-enabled-teams">Environmental advantages of AI-enabled teams</h2>



<p>AI training has unforeseen environmental benefits as it makes the work environment more efficient. According to a study in Scientific Reports, the carbon footprint in writing and illustrating work is significantly lower when AI performs it compared to humans. AI software produces 130 to 1,500 times less CO2 equivalent per page of text created than human authors.</p>



<p>In addition, AI-driven remote work functionality significantly reduces environmental impact. Research by Cornell University and Microsoft indicates that remote workers reduce greenhouse gas emissions by up to 54% by not commuting daily to offices. Hybrid workers working remotely two to four days a week can reduce their carbon footprint by 11% to 29%.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cumulative-organizational-advantages">Cumulative organizational advantages</h2>



<p>The compounding gains of better mental well-being, reduced turnover, increased productivity, and environmental benefits flow to enterprises from the pairing. McKinsey analysis estimates the long-term AI potential at $4.4 trillion in incremental productivity growth opportunity from business use cases.</p>



<p>As of now, 75% of knowledge workers globally utilize generative AI, mirroring widespread adoption patterns. Organizations that provide organized training and assistance see the most favorable results in productivity, worker satisfaction, and ecological sustainability.</p>



<p>The research overwhelmingly indicates that companies that invest in proper AI education, like that offered through <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MindStudio</a>, establish win-win scenarios where employees are both more empowered and less stressed, and companies enjoy the gains of increased productivity, reduced turnover, and improved mental health outcomes throughout their workforce.</p>



<p>For more on MindStudio's free AI training for companies, visit the website's of MindStudio and Dominnus from the links below.</p>



<p>The research was published across a variety of peer-reviewed journals, including <a href="https://www.nature.com/palcomms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Humanities and Social Sciences Communications</a>, <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/artificial-intelligence" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence</a>, and <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/journal/applsci">Applied Sciences</a>.</p>



<p id="block-9bd989d6-2fd3-4580-957f-6cacce134f08">-----</p>



<p id="block-eff5dea3-a9bb-40b5-a923-e5a9978bc0e2">Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p id="block-43e218f4-0391-477c-8396-eb777c8c80a3">Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p id="block-1f9a227a-ec37-4140-81b8-ffa4a7cc6689">-----</p>



<p>MindStudio.AI: <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.mindstudio.ai</a></p>



<p>Dominnus: <a href="https://www.dominnus.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.dominnus.com</a></p>

AI agent training boosts mental health and profits

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DSM3EVeGHJU Companies like MindStudio help companies train their employees to...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0HDXqTGEmi4
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Scientists give plants superpowers against bacterial disease</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-natural-solution-to-disease-through-crop-modification">A natural solution to disease through crop modification.</h2>



<p>The agricultural industry stands at a crossroads between productivity and environmental responsibility, and crop modification often carries a negative connotation. While chemical pesticides have long been the go-to solution for crop protection, their harmful effects on ecosystems and human health have prompted scientists to seek alternatives. The recent breakthrough by <a href="https://www.southampton.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Southampton</a> researchers offers a promising path forward through the precise manipulation of plant-associated microbial communities.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-science-behind-microbial-partnerships">The science behind microbial partnerships</h2>



<p>Plants naturally harbor diverse ecosystems of bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms that function as biological allies. These microscopic partners contribute to disease resistance, nutrient absorption, and stress tolerance. However, until now, scientists lacked the tools to deliberately reshape these communities to enhance crop protection.</p>



<p>The Southampton team's approach centered on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/engineered-plant-microbiomes-the-future-of-crop-protection/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">modifying lignin biosynthesis genes in rice plants</a>. This strategic intervention altered the plant's metabolic output, creating conditions that favored beneficial bacterial populations while suppressing harmful ones. The result was a living defense system embedded within the plant itself.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-global-food-security">Implications for global food security</h2>



<p>The successful demonstration against Xanthomonas oryzae, the pathogen responsible for bacterial blight in rice, represents more than a laboratory achievement. Rice feeds nearly half the world's population, and bacterial blight causes devastating crop losses annually. Traditional control methods rely heavily on pesticides that contaminate soil and water systems.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-looking-beyond-disease-resistance">Looking Beyond Disease Resistance</h2>



<p>While disease protection represents the immediate application, the research framework opens doors to broader agricultural improvements. Future developments could engineer microbiomes to enhance nutrient uptake, reducing dependence on synthetic fertilizers. This dual benefit addresses both crop productivity and environmental sustainability.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-path-forward">The path forward</h2>



<p>As this technology advances from laboratory to field applications, it promises to reshape sustainable agriculture. The ability to program plants with their own biological defense systems could herald a new era where crops protect themselves naturally, reducing chemical inputs while maintaining yields necessary for global food security.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal&nbsp;<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-44335-3" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Nature Communications</em></a>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Revolutionizing agriculture through microbiome engineering

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0HDXqTGEmi4 Scientists give plants superpowers against bacterial disease A natural...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Acid rain and a crisis solved.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-don-t-we-ever-hear-about-acid-rain-anymore-the-environmental-crisis-that-was-solved">Why don't we ever hear about "acid rain" anymore? The environmental crisis that was solved</h2>



<p>Remember the 1980s when acid rain dominated headlines? Dire warnings about rain eating buildings, killing fish, and destroying forests filled every news cycle. Then, almost like magic, acid rain vanished from public discourse. What happened? Did we actually solve one of the late 20th century's most pressing environmental challenges?</p>



<p>The answer might surprise you. Unlike many environmental issues that drag on indefinitely, acid rain represents one of modern history's most successful ecological recovery stories. It's a tale of science, politics, and technology working together to tackle what seemed impossible.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>What was acid rain?</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain isn't regular rain having a bad day – it's precipitation that became significantly more acidic due to air pollution. When power plants, factories, and vehicles burn fossil fuels, they release sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) into the atmosphere.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The science behind it</strong></h2>



<p>Think of acid rain as nature's chemistry experiment gone wrong. These compounds react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form sulfuric and nitric acids. When mixed with water vapor in clouds, they create precipitation with dangerously low pH levels.</p>



<p>While clean rain has a pH of about 5.6, acid rain could drop as low as 4.2 to 4.4 – roughly as acidic as tomato juice or coffee. According to US Geological Survey documentation, Scottish chemist Angus Smith first coined "acid rain" in 1872, but it didn't become a household phrase until the 1960s and 1970s when Swedish scientist Svante Odén documented its devastating effects on Scandinavian lakes and European forests.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The crisis at its peak</strong></h2>



<p>During the height of public concern, environmental damage was both widespread and visible. This wasn't some abstract future threat – people could see destruction happening in real-time.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Environmental devastation</strong></h2>



<p>The most dramatic impacts were impossible to ignore. Research documented by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation shows that in the Adirondack Mountains, more than 200 lakes became so acidic they couldn't support fish life. The Adirondack Council reports that 409 lakes once supported brook trout, but many lost their fish populations due to acid rain.</p>



<p>By 1976, when scientists cataloged all acidified lakes in the Adirondack Park, researchers found that half of the lakes over 2,000 feet above sea level had no fish, according to studies published in environmental journals. The acidification process worked like a slow-motion disaster. As acid rain fell into watersheds, it gradually lowered pH levels. Fish couldn't survive in acidic water, and their food sources died off too.</p>



<p>Trees at high elevations showed stress directly linked to acid rain. It weakened them by leaching nutrients and making them susceptible to disease. Historical records show Germany's Black Forest saw nearly half its trees damaged by the mid-1980s.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Economic impact</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain wasn't just environmental – it was expensive. Acidic precipitation corroded infrastructure, buildings, and monuments. Historic stone structures deteriorated at accelerated rates. Tourism suffered as lakes became fishless and forests declined. EPA economic analyses from the period documented repair costs mounting into billions annually.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The solution: government action and technology</strong></h2>



<p>Transformation from crisis to success required unprecedented cooperation between governments, industries, and environmental groups.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The Clean Air Act of 1990</strong></h2>



<p>The turning point came with the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, signed by President George H.W. Bush. This represented a fundamentally new approach to environmental regulation, as documented in EPA historical records.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Cap-and-trade success</strong></h2>



<p>Instead of mandating specific technologies, the 1990 amendments introduced something revolutionary: a cap-and-trade system for sulfur dioxide emissions. EPA program documentation shows this market-based approach set overall limits but allowed companies to trade emission allowances.</p>



<p>The genius was harnessing market forces to find cost-effective pollution reduction. Companies reducing emissions cheaply could sell excess allowances to those facing higher costs. Research published in environmental economics journals and EPA progress reports shows this resulted in dramatic SO2 reduction at a fraction of projected costs.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Technology advances</strong></h2>



<p>Policy provided the framework, but technology made reductions possible. Studies in atmospheric science journals document the widespread adoption of flue gas desulfurization systems ("scrubbers") that removed sulfur dioxide before it reached the atmosphere. By the 2000s, new installations could remove over 95% of SO2 emissions, according to EPA technical reports.</p>



<p>The push coincided with cleaner energy development. Natural gas produces fewer sulfur compounds than coal. Wind and solar, emerging in the 1990s, captured growing market share, reducing reliance on high-sulfur coal.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-we-don-t-hear-about-it-today"><strong>Why we don't hear about it today</strong></h2>



<p>Why did acid rain disappear from headlines? Simple: the problem was largely solved.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Success doesn't make news</strong></h2>



<p>There's an old journalism saying: "If it bleeds, it leads." Environmental success stories don't generate urgency like crisis reporting. Media attention shifted to other challenges: climate change, plastic pollution, and biodiversity loss. There's only so much environmental anxiety the public can absorb, and newer concerns replaced acid rain.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Mission accomplished</strong></h2>



<p>The primary reason is beautifully simple: interventions worked. EPA monitoring data shows sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990. Academic research published in environmental science journals confirms pH levels in formerly affected areas returned closer to normal. This represents one of history's most dramatic environmental recoveries. Studies by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation show fishless lakes now support healthy populations. Forests recovered, and building damage slowed dramatically.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-is-it-really-gone"><strong>Is it really gone?</strong></h2>



<p>The crisis is largely resolved, but monitoring data shows the problem isn't completely eliminated – it's managed to acceptable levels. Some areas still experience occasional events during high pollution periods. International environmental research indicates that rapidly industrializing Asian countries face similar problems to what we experienced decades ago, though they're implementing successful strategies.</p>



<p>EPA research shows nitrogen oxide emissions proved more challenging than sulfur dioxide, coming from vehicles and mobile sources. Climate science studies suggest changing weather patterns add complexity to how acid rain forms and falls.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>What this teaches us</strong></h2>



<p>The acid rain experience proves that seemingly intractable environmental problems can be solved with scientific understanding, political will, and technological innovation. Environmental monitoring data shows recovery speed was remarkable – within a decade, measurable improvements appeared in air quality and ecosystem health.</p>



<p>Success came from bipartisan support across party lines. Policy analysis studies show the market-based approach appealed to those preferring economic incentives while achieving environmental goals. This support created lasting policy surviving political changes.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Conclusion</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain's disappearance from public consciousness represents environmental science's greatest success stories. Through effective regulation, technological innovation, and international cooperation, we transformed an overwhelming crisis into a manageable challenge.</p>



<p>Today's silence isn't because we forgot – it's because we solved it. The 1990 Clean Air Act, combined with technology and energy market changes, reduced acid rain emissions over 90%, according to comprehensive EPA data analysis.</p>



<p>This success offers hope for current challenges. It proves complex problems can be solved when science, policy, and technology work together. As we face climate change and plastic pollution, acid rain reminds us that dramatic positive change is possible.</p>



<p>Next time someone asks whether environmental regulations work, remember acid rain. It's proof that sometimes, we get it right.</p>



<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>



<p><strong>Sources:</strong> <em>This article draws from EPA official documentation and progress reports, peer-reviewed research published in environmental and atmospheric science journals, historical data from the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation records, US Geological Survey publications, policy analysis studies, and environmental monitoring data collected over three decades.</em></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Frequently Asked Questions</strong></h2>



<p><strong>1. Is acid rain completely gone?</strong> No, but EPA monitoring shows it's reduced to manageable levels. US sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990, making acid rain much less severe than the 1980s crisis.</p>



<p><strong>2. How long did solving take?</strong> Environmental monitoring data shows significant improvements began within 5-10 years of 1990s emission controls. Full ecosystem recovery took longer – some areas need 20-30 years for complete recovery.</p>



<p><strong>3. What made the solution successful?</strong> Clear scientific understanding, visible damage motivating action, bipartisan support, available technology, and innovative market-based policies like cap-and-trade.</p>



<p><strong>4. Do other countries have acid rain problems?</strong> Yes, particularly rapidly industrializing Asian countries. However, international environmental research shows many implement similar successful control strategies.</p>



<p><strong>5. Could acid rain return?</strong> Potentially, if regulations weaken or we return to high-sulfur coal without controls, though effects would take years to become severe according to environmental projections.</p>



<p><strong>6. Can you recommend any teaching tools on the subject of "acid rain"?</strong> The United States Environmental Protection Agency produced a wonderful teacher's guide for ages 14 and under that you can find on the EPA website here: <a href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf</a></p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

The environmental problem we actually solved

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk Acid rain and a crisis solved. Why don't we...

Green,Ecoduct,Over,An,Empty,Highway,During,Sunset.

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU
</div></figure>



<p>A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that wildlife tunnels significantly reduce amphibian road mortality during seasonal migrations. </p>



<p>Frogs and salamanders often cross roads to reach breeding ponds each spring, but many are killed by vehicles. </p>



<p>Researchers from the <a href="https://www.uvm.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Vermont</a>, in collaboration with local citizens and the Vermont Agency of Natural Resources, installed two underpass tunnels in 2015. </p>



<p>Over a 12-year monitoring period, they observed an 80.2% reduction in amphibian deaths, and up to 94% for non-climbing species like salamanders. </p>



<p>The study used a before-after-control-impact design and documented more than 5,200 amphibians, highlighting the tunnels’ effectiveness even in nearby buffer zones.</p>



<p>Funded at $342,397 - far cheaper than wildlife crossings for large mammals - the project showcased the power of community-led conservation.</p>



<p>Local groups initiated the effort after observing mass amphibian deaths. Wildlife cameras later captured over 2,200 amphibians using a tunnel in just one spring, along with other species like raccoons and bobcats, indicating wider ecosystem benefits.</p>



<p>This marks the first peer-reviewed, long-term data set in the northeastern U.S. confirming amphibian-specific underpasses work. </p>



<p>The study urges transportation departments to incorporate these designs into road planning and highlights how community action, thoughtful infrastructure, and persistence can make a real difference for biodiversity.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the <em><a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1617138125000780" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal for Nature Conservation</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Wildlife tunnels save millions of amphibians

https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that...

<p>Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. </p>



<p>The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-embed aligncenter is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/Ug657J67iEo?si=w96YjGMsg939LD_3
</div></figure>



<p>Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. </p>



<p>Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.</p>



<p>Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. </p>



<p>They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).</p>



<p>Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.</p>



<p>Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.</p>



<p>This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.</p>

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"]</div>



<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.</p>



<p>“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. </p>



<p>The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.</p>



<p>“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”</p>



<p>The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Designing crops that can beat the heat

[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Carl...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="EjmSP20gQK-2593093-12187" type="single"]</div>



<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes the first comprehensive estimate of carbon density in the Saharan, Sahel, and Sudanian zones of Africa. In an effort to measure the amount of carbon stored across these drylands, a team of scientists used high-resolution satellite images and artificial intelligence to map nearly 10 billion individual trees. </p>



<p>"The high spatial resolution (50 cm) combined with AI and field measurements used in this study is key to improving tree inventories in drylands," said Pierre Hiernaux, a French researcher working for NASA. "The ever-increasing availability of very high-resolution satellite imagery will make it possible to assess carbon pools and their dynamics at the individual tree level on a global scale."</p>



<p>"This study is exceptional because it is pioneering a type of approach that will revolutionize the monitoring of trees and forests on a global scale: in the short term, it will be possible to map the world's trees from the centre of the Amazon to our schoolyards," said <a href="https://www.inrae.fr/en">INRAE</a> researcher Jean-Pierre Wigneron.</p>



<p>"Many fields of application will become much more efficient and accurate, such as tracking carbon stocks, biodiversity, monitoring logging and protection against illegal forest degradation, in near real time.”</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Remote sensing will revolutionize the way we monitor trees

[sendtonews key="EjmSP20gQK-2593093-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="uV9Lh2fQbV-1760058-12187" type="single"]</div>



<p>Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.</p>



<p>According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."</p>



<p>Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;</p>



<p>ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. </p>



<p>Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> </em>Staff Writer </p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

[sendtonews key="uV9Lh2fQbV-1760058-12187" type="single"] Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="f8fukm28Vz-2491833-12187" type="single"]</div>



<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> features a visual dataset of.methane emissions from wetlands across the globe. Atmospheric methane levels have reached record highs in recent years, and wetlands are a major source of these emissions.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Methane is an important greenhouse gas that contributes substantially to global warming. On a molecule by molecule basis, methane is much more efficient at trapping heat than carbon dioxide, the main driver of warming," says NASA.</p>



<p>"Though human activities, including agriculture, oil and natural gas production and use, and waste disposal, collectively contribute the majority of methane to the atmosphere, about a third of total methane emissions comes from wetlands."&nbsp;</p>



<p>According to NASA, understanding methane emissions from wetlands and other natural sources is critically important for scientists and policymakers who are working to combat climate change by reducing emissions from human activities.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: NASA Goddard</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Wetlands are a major source of methane emissions

[sendtonews key="f8fukm28Vz-2491833-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="0879czfG3k-1785905-12187" type="single"]</div>



<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;</p>



<p>According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.</p>



<p>In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.</p>



<p>The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.</p>



<p>The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.</p>



<p>The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. </p>



<p>Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

[sendtonews key="0879czfG3k-1785905-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from NASA...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="3UUsNkFOuS-2487333-12187" type="single"]</div>



<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes how record-breaking heat expressed itself around the world in 2022.</p>



<p>Scientists have determined that 2022 was the 5th warmest year since 1880. Furthermore, the last nine consecutive years have been the warmest on record.</p>



<p>From devastating floods and wildfires to natural disasters like Hurricane Ian, 2022 showed us yet again how a warming climate affects people across the globe.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"As we look back at 20:22 and years past, we see that each year we better understand the challenges we face and how important it is to meet them," says NASA.</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: NASA Goddard</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

2022 illustrated the consequences of a warming climate

[sendtonews key="3UUsNkFOuS-2487333-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="JbW4VsY53O-1632195-12187" type="single"]</div>



<p>Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes Earth’s interconnected systems, and how this network is affected by rising temperatures.&nbsp;</p>



<p>During 2020, average global temperatures matched the hottest year on record. The hurricane season was also record-breaking, with many of the storms intensifying at extraordinary speeds. Hot water in the ocean is fuel for hurricanes. The satellite data shows that it's all one interconnected system showing how  Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected.</p>



<p>According to NASA, dust swept up from Northern Africa plays a major role in the formation of hurricanes, and is also a key source of fertilization in the Amazon rainforest. As a result of<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-wasting-disease-is-fueled-by-climate-change/"> climate</a> change, dust plumes are expected to decline, which will have an effect on vegetation far away.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Images from Earth-observing satellites show how the world’s plant life is affected by natural disasters, fires, and deforestation. Satellites also reveal how widespread changes in vegetation impact waterways,&nbsp; the climate, air quality. Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on the Earth. "Earth From Space" is a groundbreaking two-hour special that reveals a spectacular new space-based vision of our planet. </p>



<p><em>Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected

[sendtonews key="JbW4VsY53O-1632195-12187" type="single"] Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected...

<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://welcome.miami.edu/">University of Miami</a> Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science explores how changes in water temperatures have affected tiger shark habitats and movements in the North Atlantic Ocean. The study reveals that rising temperatures have caused the sharks to shift toward the poles over the past 40 years.</p>



<p>“Tiger shark annual migrations have expanded poleward, paralleling rising water temperatures,” explained study lead author Neil Hammerschlag. “These results have consequences for tiger shark conservation, since shifts in their movements outside of marine protected areas may leave them more vulnerable to commercial fishing.”</p>



<p>The researchers analyzed nine years of tracking data from satellite-tagged tiger sharks, combined with four decades of conventional tag and recapture data provided by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Cooperative Shark Tagging Program.</p>



<p>The experts found that during the last decade of record heat, for every one-degree Celsius increase in water temperatures, tiger sharks migrated further poleward by over 400 kilometers. They also migrated two weeks earlier than usual to waters off the northeastern coast of the United States.</p>



<p>“Given their role as apex predators, these changes to tiger shark movements may alter predator-prey interactions, leading to ecological imbalances, and more frequent encounters with humans,” concluded Professor Hammerschlag.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Tiger sharks are shifting poleward as temperatures rise

Today’s Video of the Day from the University of Miami...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="qARzJPSabQ-2270617-12187" type="single"]</div>



<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> is focused on the melt ponds that emerge during the spring and summer on the Greenland Ice Sheet, which is the largest ice mass in the northern hemisphere.</p>



<p>"Melt ponds are vast pools of open water that form on both sea ice and ice sheets and are visible as turquoise-blue pools of water in this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image," says ESA.</p>



<p>"When snow and ice melts atop glaciers, water flows in channels and streams and collects in depressions on the surface. These melt ponds can speed up the melting of the surrounding ice since they greatly reduce the ice’s ability to reflect sunlight."</p>



<p>"This can create a positive feedback where an increasing number of melt ponds absorb more heat which causes ice cover to melt even faster."</p>



<p>According to ESA, Greenland has been hit with a late-season heatwave that began in early September. This caused the type of melt event that usually occurs in the middle of summer.</p>



<p>"In a recent paper published in Nature Climate Change, scientists found that major sea-level rise from the melting of the Greenland ice cap is now ‘inevitable’ even if the burning of fossil fuels were to halt overnight," says ESA. "Using satellite observations of Greenland ice loss and ice cap from 2000 to 2019, the team found the losses will lead to a minimum rise of 27 cm regardless of climate change."</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Melt ponds on the Greenland Ice Sheet

[sendtonews key="qARzJPSabQ-2270617-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="fxH3eJHEkQ-2010196-12187" type="single"]</div>



<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes how Earth is unique in our solar system for its ability to sustain liquid water on its surface. But now, the water cycle is shifting as the climate warms, and scientists must find ways to predict how these changes will affect water availability.</p>



<p>Overall, 96 percent of Earth's water is saltwater, and nearly all of freshwater is found in ice and groundwater. These sources of water are linked as it passes through solid, liquid and gas phases.</p>



<p>In a warmer climate, the water cycle will be transformed. It will be easier for water to evaporate and form clouds, and storms will become more frequent and intense. Some regions will get too much water, while others will be left without enough water. In addition, soil moisture will be lost - which threatens food security.</p>



<p>Scientists are using satellite data from over the last 40 years to track changes that are happening in the water cycle. This will ultimately help us prepare for extreme events and better manage our water resources, according to ESA.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: ESA</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Tracking changes in Earth's water cycle

[sendtonews key="fxH3eJHEkQ-2010196-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

Saturn,-,High,Resolution,3d,Images,Presents,Planets,Of,The

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="Ccjk8KEMzv-2550719-12187" type="single"]</div>



<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard Space Flight Center</a> features images of Saturn from NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope. The photographs capture the start of the mysterious "spoke season" on Saturn - when unexplained features appear on its rings. </p>



<p>According to NASA, both the cause of the spokes and their seasonal variability have yet to be fully explained by planetary scientists.</p>



<p>"Like Earth, Saturn is tilted on its axis and therefore has four seasons, though because of Saturn's much larger orbit, each season lasts approximately seven Earth years. Equinox occurs when the rings are tilted edge-on to the Sun," explains NASA.</p>



<p>"The spokes disappear when it is near summer or winter solstice on Saturn. (When the Sun appears to reach either its highest or lowest latitude in the northern or southern hemisphere of a planet.) As the autumnal equinox of Saturn's northern hemisphere on May 6, 2025, draws near, the spokes are expected to become increasingly prominent and observable."</p>



<p>Experts believe that the spokes may be a product of the planet's variable magnetic field. When magnetic fields interact with solar wind, an electrically charged environment is created. This phenomenon is visible on Earth as the northern lights.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Scientists think that the smallest, dust-sized icy ring particles can become charged as well, which temporarily levitates those particles above the rest of the larger icy particles and boulders in the rings," says NASA.</p>



<p>The spokes were first observed in the early 1980s by NASA's Voyager mission. Depending on the angle of the rings, the spokes can appear dark or light.</p>



<p>"Thanks to Hubble's OPAL program, which is building an archive of data on the outer solar system planets, we will have longer dedicated time to study Saturn’s spokes this season than ever before," said NASA senior planetary scientist Amy Simon, head of the Hubble Outer Planet Atmospheres Legacy (OPAL) program.</p>



<p>"Despite years of excellent observations by the Cassini mission, the precise beginning and duration of the spoke season is still unpredictable, rather like predicting the first storm during hurricane season."</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Mysterious "spoke season" captured on Saturn

[sendtonews key="Ccjk8KEMzv-2550719-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

News coming your way