<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/grapevines-could-offer-a-breakthrough-alternative-to-plastic-packaging/">Plastic</a> bags are everywhere, and too many slip into rivers and onto beaches. A new analysis finds that policies that either charge a small fee per bag or prohibit them outright cut the share of bags found during shoreline cleanups by 25 to 47 percent.</p>



<p>The study combed through hundreds of city, county, and state rules passed between 2017 and 2023. It matched those policies to more than 45,000 volunteer cleanups across the United States to see what actually changed on the ground.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-who-ran-the-study">Who ran the study</h2>



<p>The research was coauthored by <a href="https://www.udel.edu/academics/colleges/ceoe/departments/smsp/faculty/kimberly-oremus/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Kimberly L. Oremus</a> of the University of Delaware’s School of Marine Science and Policy (<a href="https://www.udel.edu/academics/colleges/ceoe/departments/smsp/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UDEL</a>). </p>



<p>Oremus and her collaborator set out to measure litter, not just shopping behavior, so the results speak to what ends up in nature.</p>



<p>The team relied on citizen science, meaning trained volunteers recorded what they collected during beach, river, and lake cleanups. </p>



<p>They drew on <a href="https://www.coastalcleanupdata.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">TIDES</a>, a public database that stores those counts in one place so researchers can analyze patterns across time and place.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-studying-plastic-bag-policies">Studying plastic bag policies</h2>



<p>To isolate the effect of bag policies, the authors used a Difference-in-Differences (<a href="https://www.publichealth.columbia.edu/research/population-health-methods/difference-difference-estimation" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">DiD</a>) approach that compares places with and without new laws over the same period. </p>



<p>That design helps rule out unrelated trends that affect everyone, such as national shifts in shopping or packaging.</p>



<p>The headline result is simple. In communities with full bans or fees, the share of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/drinking-from-plastic-bottles-linked-to-high-blood-pressure-and-heart-problems/">plastic</a> bags in the litter mix fell relative to similar places without policies, and the decline grew in the years after a law took effect.</p>



<p>State level rules tended to be more reliable in the data than city or county policies. Effects looked similar along coasts and rivers, with hints of larger gains along lakes where winds and currents spread litter differently.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plastic-policy-fees-vs-bans">Plastic policy: Fees vs. bans</h2>



<p>Fees change the default at every checkout and discourage taking a bag when you do not need one, which reduces both thin and thicker bag use.</p>



<p>Other <a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/carrier-bag-charge-summary-of-data-in-england/single-use-plastic-carrier-bags-charge-data-for-england-2024-to-2025" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evidence</a> points in the same direction outside the United States. England reports an almost 98 percent drop in single use carrier bags at major retailers since its charge began.</p>



<p>Policies that only restrict thin bags often allow thicker <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/agricultural-soil-is-now-the-worlds-biggest-plastic-dumping-ground/">plastic</a> labeled as reusable. </p>



<p>Those partial bans showed the smallest and least precise effects in the analysis, which is consistent with shoppers substituting one kind of plastic for another.</p>



<p>Some states also pass preemption <a href="https://www.ncsl.org/environment-and-natural-resources/state-plastic-bag-legislation" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">laws</a> that block cities and counties from regulating bags at all. When local governments cannot act, the study’s data suggest statewide policies become especially important.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wildlife-and-entanglement">Wildlife and entanglement</h2>



<p>The cleanup records include notes on animals found <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microplastics-found-in-99-percent-sea-turtles-organ-tissue-reproductive-system/">entangled in debris</a>. </p>



<p>In areas with bag policies, the presence of entangled animals dropped by roughly 30 to 37 percent, although the authors caution that the estimates are imprecise and more data are needed.</p>



<p>That finding aligns with what we know about <a href="https://www.nrdc.org/stories/single-use-plastics-101" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">single-use-plastics</a>. Thin bags linger in water and along shorelines, where they can snag, smother, or be eaten by turtles, birds, and fish.</p>



<p>Many studies track what happens at store checkouts, but fewer track what ends up outdoors. Shoreline cleanups offer a window into that last step in the chain from purchase to pollution.</p>



<p>Across the study period, the share of bags among collected items rose overall, but it rose less where bag laws existed. That pattern is exactly what you want to see if policies are slowing the flow of litter into the environment.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-global-plastic-policy-steps">Global plastic policy steps</h2>



<p>A small, universal fee is a simple tool that nudges behavior without banning choices. Full bans can work too, and the analysis shows both approaches reduce the share of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/glass-bottles-contain-more-microplastics-than-plastic-containers/">plastic</a> bags found during cleanups.</p>



<p>The mix of policies should match local conditions. In places with more bag litter to begin with, impacts were largest, so targeting high problem areas with fast action can deliver quick gains.</p>



<p>Plastic bag rules are only one part of the picture. Negotiators from 175 countries are working toward a plastics treaty under <a href="https://www.unep.org/inc-plastic-pollution" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UNEP</a> that could standardize action on a wider set of products and chemicals.</p>



<p>The study notes that bottles, caps, and other items did not decline when bag policies passed. That is a signal that targeted rules for other single use products would be needed to curb overall litter.</p>



<p>Adopt a modest fee or a full ban that applies across retail and restaurant settings, and keep the text simple so it is easy to enforce. Pair the policy with clear signs at checkout and with retailer reporting that tracks compliance.</p>



<p>Measure results in the same way the researchers did. Recruit volunteers, log items in TIDES, and watch how the litter mix changes year over year so the policy can be adjusted as needed.</p>



<p>The study is published in <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adp9274" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Science</em></a>.</p>



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Studies confirm that a small tax definitely helps curb plastic pollution

Plastic bags are everywhere, and too many slip into rivers and onto beaches. A new analysis finds that policies that either charge a small fee per bag or prohibit them outright cut the share of bags found during shoreline cleanups by 25 to 47 percent. The study combed through hundreds of city, county, and state rules passed between 2017 and 2023. It matched those policies to more than 45,000 volunteer cleanups across the United States to see what actually changed on the ground. Who ran the study...

<p>World Frog Day, observed annually on March 20th, serves as a pivotal reminder of the ecological and biological significance of frog <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/eu-responsible-for-extinction-of-frog-populations/">species</a> across the globe. </p>



<p>It's a day dedicated to celebrating these fascinating creatures, understanding their vital roles in our ecosystems, and acknowledging the severe threats they face due to human activity and environmental changes.</p>



<p>Frogs, belonging to the order Anura, are amphibians characterized by their long hind legs, smooth or warty skin, and their unique life cycle that typically involves metamorphosis from a larval stage (tadpole) to an adult form.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-global-distribution-of-frogs">Global distribution of frogs</h2>



<p>These creatures are found in a wide array of environments, from the deepest rainforests to deserts and even in urban areas, adapting to various habitats with remarkable versatility. Their global distribution, except for Antarctica, highlights their ecological importance and the need for concerted conservation efforts.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ecological-roles-of-frogs">Ecological roles of frogs</h2>



<p>The significance of frogs extends beyond their ecological roles as both predators and prey within food webs. They are integral for maintaining <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/healthy-ecosystems-are-needed-to-prevent-future-pandemics/">healthy ecosystems</a>, controlling insect populations that could otherwise lead to crop damage and spread diseases.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Additionally, frogs are bioindicators, their presence or absence provides crucial information about the health of the environment. Their permeable skin makes them particularly sensitive to pollutants, thus serving as early warning systems for ecosystem health.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-urgent-need-for-conservation-efforts">Urgent need for conservation efforts</h2>



<p>World Frog Day emphasizes the pressing need for conservation due to the alarming decline in frog populations worldwide. This decline is attributed to several factors, including <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hippopotamus-population-hit-hard-by-habitat-destruction/">habitat destruction</a>, climate change, pollution, invasive species, and the deadly chytrid fungus, which has devastated frog populations globally.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Conservation efforts on this day focus on habitat preservation, research into diseases affecting amphibians, and public education on the importance of frogs and the challenges they face.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fascinating-facts-about-frogs">Fascinating facts about frogs</h2>



<p>Frogs are incredibly fascinating creatures that exhibit a variety of interesting behaviors and traits. Here are some captivating facts about them:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-diverse-species">Diverse species</h3>



<p>There are over 7,000 species of frogs, ranging from the tiny Paedophryne amauensis, the world's smallest vertebrate measuring just 7.7 mm in length, to the Goliath frog, which can grow up to 32 cm in length.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-remarkable-adaptations">Remarkable adaptations</h3>



<p>Frogs have various adaptations that help them survive. Some species can change color for camouflage, while others have developed resistance to freezing temperatures by producing antifreeze substances in their blood.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-powerful-legs">Powerful legs</h3>



<p>Frogs are known for their jumping abilities. Their powerful legs allow them to leap multiple times their body length. The record for the longest frog jump is held by the South African sharp-nosed frog, which can leap up to 3.3 meters.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-vocal-abilities">Vocal abilities</h3>



<p>Male frogs have vocal sacs that they use to make loud croaking sounds to attract females or deter rivals. Each species has a unique call.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-life-cycle">Life cycle</h3>



<p>Frogs undergo a fascinating transformation in their life cycle, from egg to tadpole to adult. This process, known as metamorphosis, involves significant changes in their body structure and habitat.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-habitat-and-diet">Habitat and diet</h3>



<p>Frogs can be found in diverse environments, from tropical rainforests to deserts. Their diet mainly consists of insects, but some larger species can eat small animals like mice and other frogs.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-breathing-and-skin">Breathing and skin</h3>



<p>Frogs breathe through their lungs and their skin, which must remain moist to facilitate gas exchange. This is why they are often found near water sources.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cultural-significance-of-frogs">Cultural significance of frogs</h3>



<p>Frogs have been symbols of fertility, luck, and rain in various cultures throughout history. They are featured in folklore, mythology, and art around the world.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-engagement-in-world-frog-day">Engagement in World Frog Day</h2>



<p>World Frog Day activities spans across various sectors, from educational institutions hosting lectures and workshops to conservation organizations conducting field research and habitat restoration projects.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Social media campaigns and community clean-up events also play a significant role in raising awareness and fostering community involvement in frog conservation.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reflecting-on-our-environmental-responsibilities">Reflecting on our environmental responsibilities</h2>



<p>As we celebrate World Frog Day, it's crucial to recognize the beauty and diversity of frog species, their indispensable contributions to ecosystems, and the urgent need for actions to ensure their survival. </p>



<p>This day calls for a collective effort to protect these remarkable creatures and the environments they inhabit, ensuring a balanced and healthy planet for future generations.</p>



<p>In essence, World Frog Day is not just a celebration but a call to action - a day to reflect on our environmental responsibilities and commit to making a difference in the preservation of frog populations and the broader <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-solutions-for-the-climate-and-biodiversity-crisis/">biodiversity</a> they represent.</p>



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World Frog Day 2024: Addressing environmental threats to frogs

World Frog Day, observed annually on March 20th, serves as...

<p>The <a href="https://wmo.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">World Meteorological Organization</a> (WMO) is issuing a dire warning about the accelerated pace of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-warming-is-the-strongest-in-7000-years/">global warming</a>, indicating that recent record-breaking environmental changes pose a severe threat to the planet's climate stability. </p>



<p>The Geneva-based agency's latest "State of the Global Climate" report underscores the failure of global efforts to curtail these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/januarys-record-heat-marks-an-alarming-milestone/">alarming trends</a> and raises concerns about reaching the critical climate threshold outlined in the Paris agreement.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sounding-the-red-alert">Sounding the red alert</h2>



<p>"Never have we been so close – albeit on a temporary basis at the moment – to the 1.5° C lower limit of the Paris agreement on climate change. The WMO community is sounding the red alert to the world," said WMO's secretary-general Celeste Saulo.</p>



<p>Data from the European Union’s <a href="https://climate.copernicus.eu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Copernicus Climate Change Service</a> (C3S) revealed that the period from March 2023 to February 2024 surpassed the 1.5-degree Celsius increase over pre-industrial levels, averaging 1.56 C (2.81 F) higher. Although the year 2023 remained slightly below this threshold at 1.48 C (2.66 F), a record hot start to 2024 pushed the 12-month average beyond the limit.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-distress-call-from-the-earth">A distress call from the Earth</h2>



<p>“Earth’s issuing a distress call. The latest State of the Global Climate report shows a planet on the brink. Fossil fuel pollution is sending climate chaos off the charts,” said U.N. Secretary-General Antonio Guterres.</p>



<p>“So we cannot say definitively about 2024 is going to be the warmest year. But what I would say: There is a high probability that 2024 will again break the record of 2023, but let’s wait and see. January was the warmest January on record. So the records are still being broken,” added WMO’s chief of climate monitoring, Omar Baddour.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-alarming-environmental-records">Alarming environmental records</h2>



<p>The report presents numerous alarming environmental <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/record-heat-of-2023-likely-exceeds-that-of-the-last-100000-years/">records</a> set in 2023, including unprecedented ocean heat wave conditions affecting over 90% of the world's oceans, historic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alarming-study-previously-stable-glaciers-are-now-rapidly-disappearing/">glacier ice loss</a>, and the lowest ever recorded levels of Antarctic sea ice.</p>



<p>“Topping all the bad news, what worries me the most is that the planet is now in a meltdown phase - literally and figuratively given the warming and mass loss from our polar ice sheets,” warned Jonathan Overpeck, dean of the <a href="https://umich.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Michigan</a> School for Environment and Sustainability.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tumbling-climate-records">Tumbling climate records</h2>



<p>“2023 was an exceptional year with climate records tumbling like dominoes. Temperatures during 2023 likely exceed those of any period in at least the last 100,000 years,” said Samantha Burgess, deputy director of the Copernicus Climate Change Service.</p>



<p>Managed by the European Commission, C3S compiles temperature readings from multiple sources, including weather stations, balloons, and satellites, to provide a comprehensive view of global air temperature.</p>



<p>“The extremes we have observed over the last few months provide a dramatic testimony of how far we are now from the climate in which our civilization developed,” said Carlo Buontempo, director of C3S, emphasizing the profound implications for the Paris Agreement and all human endeavors.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-urgent-climate-warning-nbsp">Urgent climate warning&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-crisis-global-supply-chains-face-25-trillion-in-losses/">climate crisis</a>, according to Saulo, is a critical challenge that humanity must address, compounded by a growing crisis of inequality that manifests in food insecurity and migration patterns.</p>



<p>Despite the overwhelming evidence of climate change's impact, the report offers a sliver of hope with the significant increase in renewable energy capacity, highlighting the critical need for accelerated action to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-action-is-needed">Climate action is needed</h2>



<p>The red alert warning has been released just ahead of a significant climate action meeting in Copenhagen on March 21-22. Experts and officials will discuss enhancing national commitments to combat global warming. </p>



<p>The consensus among scientists and experts is clear: urgent and decisive action is necessary to prevent further catastrophic climate change and preserve the planet for future generations.</p>



<p>The full report from the World Meteorological Organization can be found <a href="https://wmo.int/publication-series/state-of-global-climate-2023" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">here</a>.</p>



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"Red alert" climate warning issued after 2023 smashed all records

The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) is issuing a dire warning...

<p>Hydrogen, or H2, is the most abundant element in the entire universe. Scientists have long suspected that hydrogen gas was the key energy source for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-may-have-learned-how-earth-got-its-water/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth</a>'s earliest lifeforms. But the question was <em>how</em>?</p>



<p>Living things need a way to convert energy sources into usable forms. For our bodies, that means breaking down food to power everything we do. For the first cells, the challenge was figuring out how to utilize hydrogen.</p>



<p>New insights from teams across Germany and Asia point to a surprisingly simple answer. The research suggests that alkaline hydrothermal vents could be the missing link.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hydrothermal-vents-and-the-origin-of-life">Hydrothermal vents and the origin of life</h2>



<p>Hydrothermal vents are openings in the sea floor where geothermally heated water emerges. They're found in places where the Earth's tectonic plates are moving apart or where volcanic activity is present. </p>



<p>This hot, mineral-rich water, which can reach temperatures exceeding 752°F, mixes with the cold, deep-sea water around it.</p>



<p>Despite the extreme conditions -- immense pressure, scalding temperatures, and no light -- these vents teem with diverse life forms. </p>



<p>Scientists are constantly intrigued by life thriving in such harsh conditions. They believe these vents could reveal how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/origins-life-simple-molecules/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth's life started</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hydrogen-gas-in-pushing-electrons">Hydrogen gas in pushing electrons</h2>



<p>So, how do the deep-sea creatures survive and even flourish? The research helps us understand one of the secrets to life at these vents: harvesting energy from hydrogen gas. </p>



<p>Think of hydrogen gas as a kind of fuel for these microorganisms. But there's a catch. To extract energy from hydrogen, cells have to do something that seems to defy nature -- they have to move electrons in an energetically "uphill" direction.</p>



<p>"In order to harvest energy, cells first have to push the electrons from H2 energetically uphill," explains Max Brabender, one of the study's authors. "That is like asking a river to flow uphill instead of downhill, so cells need engineered solutions."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-role-of-iron-in-earth-s-origin">Role of iron in Earth's origin</h2>



<p>The secret to this uphill energy transfer? It turns out, a humble metal – iron – may have played a starring role. </p>



<p>At the alkaline pH of these vents, scientists discovered that iron, produced by natural processes in this environment, could split hydrogen and send those energy-carrying electrons in the right direction. </p>



<p>No fancy enzymes or complex cellular machinery were needed!</p>



<p>"Metals provide answers," says <a href="https://www.mpi-marburg.mpg.de/martina-preiner">Martina Preiner</a> from the Max Planck Institute (MPI)&nbsp;. "At the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-clues-from-asteroid-bennu-about-the-origins-of-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">onset of life</a>, metals under ancient environmental conditions can send the electrons from H2 uphill, and we can see relicts of that primordial chemistry preserved in the biology of modern cells." But metals alone are not enough. </p>



<p>"H2 needs to be produced by the environment as well," adds co-first author Delfina Pereira from Preiner's lab.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-insights-from-hydrogen-gas-study">Insights from hydrogen gas study</h2>



<p>"Several different theories have proposed how the environment might have pushed electrons energetically uphill...we have identified a process that could not be simpler and that works in the natural conditions of hydrothermal vents," notes William F. Martin, lead researcher from the <a href="https://www.hhu.de/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Düsseldorf</a>.</p>



<p>"That hydrogen can make metallic iron out of minerals is no secret," says Harun Tüysüz, an expert for high-tech materials at the <a href="https://www.kofo.mpg.de" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung Mülheim</a> and co-author of the study. </p>



<p>"Many processes in the chemical industry use H2 to make metals out of minerals during the reaction." The surprise is that nature does this too, especially at hydrothermal vents, and that this naturally deposited iron could have played a crucial role in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sulfur-may-have-played-key-role-origin-of-life-on-earth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">origin of life</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-significance">Study significance</h2>



<p>The beauty of this discovery lies in its simplicity. The same process found in modern microbes might have been the key that kick-started life itself billions of years ago. </p>



<p>It creates an image of Earth's earliest lifeforms. These organisms didn't rely on complex machinery. Instead, they tapped into a natural mechanism to gather the essential energy and make a crucial leap towards life.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-hydrothermal-vents-and-hydrogen-gas">More about hydrothermal vents and hydrogen gas</h2>



<p>As discussed above, hydrothermal vents, the seafloor's mysterious geysers, captivate scientists and oceanographers with their extreme conditions and unique ecosystems. These fascinating features of the deep sea offer insights into the origins of life, the limits of biological endurance, and the potential for life beyond Earth.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-definition-and-formation-of-hydrothermal-vents">Definition and formation of hydrothermal vents</h3>



<p>Hydrothermal vents are fissures on the planet's surface from which geothermally heated water discharges. Located primarily on mid-ocean ridges, these vents form when seawater seeps through cracks in the ocean floor, heats up by the magma beneath the Earth's crust, and then gushes back into the ocean, creating plumes of mineral-rich water that support a diverse range of life forms.</p>



<p>The process begins with tectonic plates diverging at mid-ocean ridges, creating new oceanic crust and allowing seawater to penetrate the Earth's crust. As the water interacts with the hot magma, it becomes superheated, dissolving minerals and metals from the surrounding rocks. </p>



<p>This superheated, mineral-rich water, which can reach temperatures of up to 400°C (752°F), then rises and exits through the seafloor, cooling rapidly as it mixes with the ocean water, causing the dissolved minerals to precipitate and form chimney-like structures around the vents.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-living-on-hydrogen-gas-in-extreme-conditions">Living on hydrogen gas in extreme conditions</h3>



<p>Hydrothermal vents are home to unique ecosystems that thrive in conditions once thought to be inhospitable to life. These ecosystems rely not on photosynthesis, which is impossible in the dark depths of the ocean, but on chemosynthesis. </p>



<p>Microorganisms at the base of the vent ecosystem convert the chemical energy from the vent minerals into organic compounds, serving as the primary producers and supporting a diverse community of organisms, including giant tube worms, clams, and unique species of fish and crustaceans.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-past-present-and-future-significance">Past, present, and future significance</h3>



<p>Hydrothermal vents have significant scientific, economic, and environmental importance. They provide unique natural laboratories for studying the origins of life, as the chemosynthetic processes observed at vents are similar to those that might have occurred on the early Earth. </p>



<p>Additionally, hydrothermal vents are of interest for bioprospecting, as organisms adapted to extreme conditions often produce unique enzymes and compounds that can be of pharmaceutical and industrial use.</p>



<p>Moreover, vents play a crucial role in the geochemical cycles of the ocean, influencing the composition of seawater and the global distribution of minerals. However, they also face threats from deep-sea mining and climate change, raising concerns about the need for their conservation and sustainable management.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenges-and-opportunities">Challenges and opportunities</h3>



<p>Studying hydrothermal vents poses significant technical challenges due to their deep, remote locations and the extreme conditions present. However, advances in deep-sea exploration technologies, such as remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) and autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs), are enabling more detailed and frequent studies of these fascinating systems.</p>



<p>The exploration of hydrothermal vents not only expands our knowledge of Earth's processes and life in extreme environments but also enhances our understanding of the potential for life on other planetary bodies. For instance, Jupiter's moon Europa and Saturn's moon Enceladus, both of which have subsurface oceans, may host hydrothermal vent-like conditions, suggesting the possibility of life beyond Earth.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-and-future-study">Implications and future study</h3>



<p>In summary, hydrothermal vents, with their extreme conditions and unique ecosystems, continue to fascinate and challenge our understanding of life and the Earth's processes. </p>



<p>As we explore these enigmatic features of the deep sea, we uncover the secrets of our own planet and open the door to discovering the potential for life in the far reaches of the solar system. </p>



<p>The study of hydrothermal vents represents a thrilling intersection of geology, biology, and astrobiology, offering insights and opportunities that stretch the imagination and drive forward the frontiers of science.</p>



<p>The study is published in <a href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2318969121" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Earth's first living beings used hydrogen gas for energy

Hydrogen, or H2, is the most abundant element in the...

Woman,Suffering,Heat,Stroke,In,A,Town,Street,On,Summer

<p>The impact of global warming in the United States is far more severe than previously thought. This is caused, in large part, by the heat index. While an increase of about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/emissions-gap-report-paris-pledges-are-not-enough-to-avoid-catastrophe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">3 degrees Fahrenheit</a> due to global warming might seem minimal, the actual "experience" of the heat tells a different story.</p>



<p>The research, centered on Texas's climate data from the summer of 2023, reveals that the heat index -- the measure of how hot it really feels, considering humidity -- has risen about three times faster than the actual temperature. </p>



<p>On the most sweltering days, this means Texans are enduring feels-like temperatures between 8 and 11 degrees Fahrenheit hotter than what would be expected without the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/red-alert-climate-warning-issued-after-2023-smashed-heat-records/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">influence of climate change</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rethinking-the-heat-index-and-heat-stress">Rethinking the heat index and heat stress</h2>



<p>David Romps, a professor of earth and planetary science at the <a href="https://www.berkeley.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of California, Berkeley</a>, and the study's lead author, highlights a significant communication gap in conveying the real dangers of rising temperatures. </p>



<p>Traditional measures, including the heat index itself, fall short of accurately capturing the heat stress experienced by individuals. This discrepancy is primarily caused by not fully accounting for the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humans-are-substantially-changing-the-seasons-of-the-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">extremes of temperature</a> and humidity we now face. </p>



<p>Forgetting these factors often leads to a dangerous underestimation of the risks of hyperthermia and heat-related mortality.</p>



<p>The findings from Texas echo a broader, national concern. For instance, Arizona reported a staggering 50% increase in heat-associated deaths from 2022 to 2023, with the majority of these deaths occurring among individuals aged 50 years and older. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-insights-for-surviving-the-new-heat">Insights for surviving the "new" heat</h2>



<p>These statistics underscore the urgent need for action to address the escalating risks posed by climate change. Romps stresses the imperative to halt <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/unbearable-heat-could-make-some-parts-of-the-world-uninhabitable/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">further warming</a> by ceasing the burning of fossil fuels. </p>



<p>"I mean, the obvious thing to do is to cease additional warming, because this is not going to get better unless we stop burning fossil fuels," Romps asserts.</p>



<p>"That's message No. 1, without doubt. We have only one direction we can really be taking the planet's average temperature, and that's up. And that's through additional burning of fossil fuels. So that's gotta stop and stop fast," he explained.</p>



<p>In the face of these challenges, Romps offers practical advice for coping with the heat, particularly for those without access to air conditioning. </p>



<p>Strategies like seeking shade, using water, and employing fans can significantly aid in preventing hyperthermia. Simple actions, such as wetting one's skin and staying hydrated, can provide essential relief.</p>



<p>"You can coat yourself in water. Get a wet rag, run it under the faucet, get your skin wet and get in front of a fan. As long as you are drinking enough water and you can keep that skin wetted in front of the fan, you're doing a good thing for yourself," Romps advised.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-method-to-measure-the-heat-index">New method to measure the heat index</h2>



<p>Romps, also an atmospheric physicist, alongside Yi-Chuan Lu, a graduate student turned postdoctoral fellow, embarked on a crucial journey to redefine our understanding of heat stress in the face of global warming. </p>



<p>Their research pivots around the heat index, a measure devised in 1979 to gauge the stress exerted on the human body by combined heat and humidity. </p>



<p>Despite its longstanding use, Romps identified a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/asymmetric-warming-between-day-and-night-impacts-all-life-on-earth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">critical gap</a>. As mentioned previously, original calculations used for measuring the heat index did not account for the extreme heat and humidity levels we encounter today.</p>



<p>Addressing this gap, Romps and Lu advanced the calculation of the heat index, extending its applicability to encompass even the most severe heatwaves, such as those Texas experienced in the summer of 2023. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-true-impact-of-the-scorching-summer-sun">True impact of the scorching summer sun</h2>



<p>This enhancement reveals that the traditional method of extrapolating heat index values by the National Weather Service (<a href="https://www.nws.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NWS</a>), part of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (<a href="https://www.noaa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NOAA</a>), significantly underestimates the stress experienced during extreme conditions.</p>



<p>The duo's findings come from a detailed case study of Texas, chosen due to its alarming heat index values. A particular focus was on Houston’s Ellington Airport, where on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/july-was-earths-hottest-month-in-120000-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">July 23, 2023</a>, they recorded a heat index of a staggering 167 degrees Fahrenheit (75 C), with global warming contributing to 12 degrees Fahrenheit (6 C) of this figure. </p>



<p>“It sounds completely insane,” Romps said. “It’s beyond the physiological capacity of a young, healthy person to maintain a standard core temperature. We think it’s hyperthermic, but survivable.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wet-bulb-temperature-directly-impacts-survival">Wet bulb temperature directly impacts survival</h2>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-temperature-threshold-can-the-human-body-handle/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">This survivability</a>, as Romps points out, hinges on the body's ability to cool itself through evaporative cooling -- a process demanding significant cardiovascular effort due to intense sweating. </p>



<p>The generally accepted threshold for maximum survivable temperature is a "wet bulb temperature" of 35 degrees Celsius, which is equivalent to a skin temperature when sweating of 95 degrees Fahrenheit, close to the average person’s core <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/depression-may-be-linked-to-higher-body-temperatures/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">body temperature</a>. </p>



<p>Their research suggests that while this may not necessarily result in death for young, healthy adults, it does pose a serious risk of hyperthermia.</p>



<p>"Heat index is very much like the wet bulb thermometer, only it adds the metabolic heat that a human has that a thermometer does not have," Romps explained, expanding on the concept of the wet bulb temperature.</p>



<p>"We think if you kept your skin wet and you were exposed to 167 degrees, even though we're approaching something like a setting on the oven, you'd still be alive. Definitely not happy. But alive," he emphasized.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-change-and-the-new-normal">Climate change and the new normal</h2>



<p>Looking to the future, Romps acknowledges the increasing risk of hyperthermic conditions due to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-earth-energy-imbalance-temperature-rise/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a>, without attempting to predict specific occurrences. </p>



<p>The study’s broader implication warns of a future where, if current fossil fuel consumption continues, a significant portion of the world's population could face life-threatening heat stress levels, especially those who are not young and healthy, or those working or exposed to direct sunlight.</p>



<p>In light of these findings, Romps is keen on investigating other regions using the refined heat index scale, expecting to uncover <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/2024-is-expected-to-exceed-the-1-5c-warming-limit/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">similar trends</a> across the globe. </p>



<p>"If humanity goes ahead and burns the fossil fuel available to it, then it is conceivable that half of Earth's population would be exposed to unavoidably hyperthermic conditions, even for young, healthy adults," Romps said. </p>



<p>"People who aren't young and healthy would be suffering even more, as would people who are laboring or are out in the sun -- all of them would be suffering potentially life-threatening levels of heat stress," he concluded.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-global-implications-of-a-hotter-heat-index">Global implications of a hotter heat index</h2>



<p>In summary, the research conducted by David Romps and Yi-Chuan Lu serves as a crucial wake-up call to the underestimated impacts of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-accelerated-in-the-last-decade-making-it-the-hottest-on-record/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">global warming</a> on heat stress, highlighting the inadequacies of current heat index calculations to capture the extremities of today's climate conditions. </p>



<p>By extending the heat index calculations to cover all possible combinations of temperature and humidity, their work focuses on the severe, yet survivable, conditions experienced in Texas and around the U.S., offering a glimpse into a future where such extremities could become commonplace.</p>



<p>Their eye-opening study emphasizes the urgency for immediate action to curb fossil fuel consumption while advocating for the adoption of innovative strategies to adapt to the unavoidable increases in global temperatures, thereby safeguarding communities against the escalating threat of heat stress.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/ad3144" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Environmental Research Letters</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Heat index, how hot it 'feels' outside, is rising faster than actual temperatures

The impact of global warming in the United States is...

<p>A groundbreaking study led by the <a href="https://www.ulisboa.pt/en">University of Lisbon</a> raises the startling possibility that the Atlantic Ocean might one day vanish, consumed by an expanding subduction zone known as the "Ring of Fire."</p>



<p>According to the research, currently nestled beneath the Strait of Gibraltar - the sliver of sea separating Spain from Morocco - this subduction zone could extend westward into the Atlantic, potentially initiating the ocean basin's gradual closure.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-process-may-already-be-underway-nbsp">Process may already be underway&nbsp;</h2>



<p>This significant geological shift is predicted to occur "soon" in geological terms, roughly in 20 million years, suggesting that humanity might witness this monumental change.</p>



<p>Subduction zones, where one <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/major-volcanic-events-linked-to-the-slowing-of-tectonic-plates/">tectonic plate</a> is forced beneath another, are hotspots for intense seismic events. Led by Professor João Duarte at the University of Lisbon's Faculty of Sciences, the study emphasizes that the formation of new subduction zones could herald the eventual disappearance of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/discovery-ancient-ocean-floor-surrounds-the-earths-core/">entire oceans</a>, a process that might already be underway with the Atlantic.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"We have good reason to think that the Atlantic is starting to close," Duarte said. "Subduction zones are what cause the oceans to close, by pulling their ocean floor back into the mantle, bringing the continents together."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-potential-for-subduction-invasion-nbsp">Potential for subduction invasion&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The Strait of Gibraltar, which is just 10 miles wide, marks the junction of the Eurasian and African Plates. Within this subduction zone, the African plate is diving beneath the Eurasian plate, stirring seismic activity and heightening <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earthquakes-have-long-lasting-impacts-on-forests/">earthquake</a> risks.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Presently, the subduction zone's activity is described as "sleeping," with plate movement into the Earth's mantle occurring at a notably sluggish pace. However, Duarte and his team speculate that subduction zones have the potential to expand, a phenomenon they term "subduction invasion."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-atlantic-ocean-could-vanish-gradually">Atlantic Ocean could vanish gradually </h2>



<p>Though the Gibraltar subduction zone currently spans about 125 miles in length and reaches depths exceeding 350 miles, it's among the smallest globally. Yet, Duarte suggests it could stretch to approximately 500 miles in 20 million years.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Through computer simulations tracing the subduction zone's development from the Oligocene epoch (34 million to 23 million years ago) into the future, the researchers anticipate its westward migration through the narrow Strait of Gibraltar over the coming 20 million years.&nbsp;</p>



<p>These models forecast the emergence of a new Atlantic subduction system, akin to the Pacific Ocean's Ring of Fire, which gradually diminishes the ocean floor and draws continents closer, potentially leading to the Atlantic's disappearance.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fundamental-process-in-earth-s-evolution-nbsp">Fundamental process in Earth's evolution&nbsp;</h2>



<p>"The results suggest that the arc will propagate farther into the Atlantic after a period of quiescence," the authors wrote. "The models also show how a subduction zone starting in a closing ocean can migrate into a new opening ocean through a narrow oceanic corridor."</p>



<p>"Subduction invasion is likely a common mechanism of subduction initiation in Atlantic-type oceans and a fundamental process in the recent geological evolution of Earth."</p>



<p>This discovery also underscores the active nature of the Gibraltar subduction and its implications for regional seismic hazards. The devastating 1755 Great Lisbon Earthquake, which virtually obliterated Lisbon and claimed approximately 12,000 lives, serves as a stark reminder of the area's seismic vulnerability, necessitating ongoing preparedness efforts.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-evidence-of-the-atlantic-subduction-system-nbsp">New evidence of the Atlantic subduction system&nbsp;</h2>



<p>This research marks the first illustration of such an invasion occurring directly. A sophisticated, gravity-driven 3-D model forecasts the expansion of a subduction zone beneath the Gibraltar Strait into the Atlantic, laying the groundwork for an Atlantic subduction system. </p>



<p>Duarte highlighted the technological advancements enabling this discovery: “Subduction invasion is inherently a three-dimensional process that requires advanced modeling tools and supercomputers that were not available a few years ago."</p>



<p>"We can now simulate the formation of the Gibraltar Arc with great detail and also how it may evolve in the deep future.”</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/G51654.1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Geology</em></a>.</p>



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Why the Atlantic Ocean may ultimately vanish

A groundbreaking study led by the University of Lisbon raises...

<p>We flush it, toss it, and watch it drift away – but our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/4200-harmful-plastic-chemicals-hidden-in-everyday-objects/">plastic waste</a> doesn't magically disappear. A recent Exeter-led study shows how microplastics affects different ocean animals. The experts found that some ocean animals are far more exposed to the dangers of microplastics than others.</p>



<p>Microplastics are tiny plastic fragments, often less than 5 millimeters in size. These insidious bits of pollution come from various sources, the breakdown of larger <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/300-million-tons-plastic-oceans/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plastic items</a> like bottles and bags. Manufacturers may intentionally produce them for use in products like cosmetics and industrial cleaners.</p>



<p>Once in the ocean, they don't conveniently break down and disappear; they just get smaller and more difficult to remove.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ocean-victims-of-microplastics">Ocean victims of microplastics</h2>



<p><a href="https://biosciences.exeter.ac.uk/staff/profile/index.php?web_id=Adam_Porter" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dr. Adam Porter</a> is a leading voice in the study and part of the ambitious <a href="https://convexseascapesurvey.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Convex Seascape Survey</a>. "We know very little about the global seafloor and the species living there, but the impact of plastic pollution is growing even in parts of the deep ocean never seen by humans," noted Porter.</p>



<p>You might think that filter feeders, animals that strain food from the water (such as mussels), would be most vulnerable since they are literally filtering the ocean. But that's not what researchers found.</p>



<p>Instead of filter feeders, it's the predators, omnivores (eating both plants and animals), and scavengers munching on the seafloor that are most likely to have plastic in their systems. Examples include crabs, starfish, sea cucumbers, and even squid.</p>



<p>Sadly, a sea urchin found using a piece of electrician's tape as camouflage. "Contrary to previous thinking, it turns out that many filter feeders have fairly effective methods of releasing unwanted particles rather than ingesting them," explained Dr. Porter.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ocean-location-and-microplastic-consumption">Ocean location and microplastic consumption</h2>



<p>The "burden" of plastic within <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microplastic-pollution-found-in-every-aquatic-species-tested/">animal species</a> recovered from the seafloor gives scientists new insights. Researchers found the risk of exposure to plastic depends heavily on location. </p>



<p>Animals in areas like the Mediterranean and Yellow Seas, heavily polluted by plastic, had the highest microplastic levels. For example, a shrimp from the Mediterranean was found with 164 microplastics inside its body.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications">Study implications</h2>



<p>Seabed creatures play a vital role in our ecosystem. They break down waste, recycle nutrients, and form the foundation of the marine food web. </p>



<p>When ocean animals ingest microplastics, those tiny pollutants can work their way up the entire food chain. The plastics could potentially ending up on our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/contamination-crisis-microplastics-found-in-88-of-protein-sources/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dinner plates</a>. Additionally, if these hardworking recyclers are compromised, the health of our entire ocean is at stake.</p>



<p>"Organisms living in the seabed…may not seem that important, but they are essential for regulating and recycling the planet's resources and form the base of the food web," explained Professor Jasmin Godbold from the <a href="https://www.southampton.ac.uk/campaigns/usa?utm_medium=cpc&amp;utm_source=google&amp;utm_content=university%20of%20southampton&amp;utm_value=&amp;gad_source=1&amp;gclid=CjwKCAjwkuqvBhAQEiwA65XxQEsz9CUhKzFPff2Mx4qAhk-tXvBuYOUc3B9eCfL2lVuSe8LXDVpaThoCIM4QAvD_BwE">University of Southampton</a>.</p>



<p>"Our findings suggest that previous assumptions about the risk of exposure to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nearly-all-seabirds-have-ingested-microplastics/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plastic</a> in our oceans are likely, for better or for worse, to be far from the reality."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-microplastics-and-ocean-life">Microplastics and ocean life</h2>



<p>These findings underscore that not all ocean animals are equally threatened by microplastics. While some might have ways to protect themselves, the sheer amount of plastic is still a major concern. </p>



<p>"These techniques of how we group animals when we look for the effects and fate of microplastics are important tools for us to understand and simplify the world," said Dr. Ceri Lewis, a co-author from the University of Exeter.</p>



<p>"We are now using these methods in the Convex Seascape Survey, to understand how animals interact with carbon on the seafloor and what the significance is of their behaviors in the fight against climate change."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-getting-rid-of-ocean-microplastics">Getting rid of ocean microplastics</h2>



<p>"The only true conservation strategy is to stop producing so much plastic—especially single-use plastic," stressed Professor Tamara Galloway from the <a href="https://www.exeter.ac.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Exeter</a>. </p>



<p>"Such items may only be used for minutes or even seconds, but they persist in the ocean for hundreds of years."</p>



<p>While individual changes matter (reusable bags, bottles, and food containers), this study highlights the urgent need for larger solutions. Demanding change from businesses and governments is crucial. </p>



<p>To combat the pollution crisis, reducing plastic production is essential. Additionally, investing in waste management infrastructure can significantly help. These steps, taken together, have the potential to reverse the tide of pollution.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-43788-w" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Communications</a>.</p>



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<p>‌</p>

Microplastics harm some ocean animals more than others

We flush it, toss it, and watch it drift away...

<p>Celebrated every year on March 20, World Sparrow Day is a special occasion dedicated to raising awareness about the protection of sparrows and other birds that share our environment. This day is a call to action - a reminder of the delicate beauty around us that must be protected.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-origins-of-world-sparrow-day">Origins of World Sparrow Day</h2>



<p>World Sparrow Day can be traced back to the collaborative efforts of the <a href="https://www.natureforever.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Forever Society of India</a>, founded by Mohammed Dilawar, the Eco-Sys Action Foundation of France, and numerous other global entities. </p>



<p>While the day is named after sparrows, it represents a broader mission - to draw attention to the beauty and biodiversity of all common birds that cohabit our urban and rural spaces.&nbsp;</p>



<p>It was Mohammed Dilawar's passion for conserving house sparrows in Nashik that sparked the official campaign. The inaugural World Sparrow Day was celebrated in 2010, marking the beginning of an ongoing global effort to conserve birdlife.</p>



<p>This initiative has provided a vital platform for bird conservationists to network, share ideas, and foster global <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/half-of-the-worlds-bird-species-are-now-in-decline/">awareness</a> about species that are often overlooked yet integral to our ecosystems.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-plight-of-the-sparrow">The plight of the sparrow</h2>



<p>House sparrows, known for their cheerful chirping and presence in green patches and backyards of urban areas, are facing threats that push them towards extinction.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Factors such as noise pollution, lack of nesting sites, pesticide usage, and food scarcity have been identified as significant contributors to their declining numbers. Despite their once common presence, sparrows now struggle to survive in environments that have evolved without considering their needs.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fascinating-facts-about-sparrows-nbsp">Fascinating facts about sparrows&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Sparrows may be small, but they play a significant role in our ecosystems and cultures. Here are some interesting facts about sparrows:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-adaptability">Adaptability</h3>



<p>Sparrows are incredibly adaptable to various environments, which is why they thrive in diverse habitats, including urban areas. Their ability to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/birds-have-mastered-the-art-of-coexisting-in-a-changing-world/">live close to humans</a> and make use of human-made structures for nesting and feeding is remarkable.</p>



<p>The house sparrow (Passer domesticus) is one of the most widely distributed bird species in the world, found on every continent except Antarctica.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cultural-significance">Cultural significance</h3>



<p>Sparrows have been symbols of companionship, simplicity, and joy across various cultures throughout history. In ancient Egypt, they were believed to catch the souls of the recently deceased. Greek mythology associated them with Aphrodite, the goddess of love, due to their perceived lustfulness.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-social-creatures">Social creatures</h3>



<p>Sparrows are incredibly social birds. They live in colonies known as flocks and often engage in social activities such as dust or water bathing and "social singing," where groups of sparrows sing together in a chorus.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dietary-flexibility">Dietary flexibility</h3>



<p>While primarily seed-eaters, sparrows are opportunistic feeders and can consume a variety of foods based on availability. Their diet can include insects, fruits, and even discarded food from humans in urban areas.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-distinctive-features">Distinctive features</h3>



<p>Although often perceived as plain, both male and female sparrows have distinctive <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/savannah-sparrows-are-losing-their-unique-adaptations-in-the-bay-area/">markings</a>. Male house sparrows, for example, can be identified by their gray heads, white cheeks, black bibs, and rufous neck – whereas females and young sparrows sport a more uniform brown plumage.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nesting-habits">Nesting habits</h3>



<p>Sparrows are quite inventive when it comes to nesting. They prefer to nest in close proximity to humans, often utilizing nooks and crannies in buildings, as well as natural cavities. They can also reuse and adapt old nests of other birds.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-vocal-variety">Vocal variety</h3>



<p>Sparrows have a wide range of calls and songs which they use to communicate with each other. Their songs are primarily used by males to attract mates and establish territories.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-declining-sparrow-populations">Declining sparrow populations</h3>



<p>Despite their adaptability, the population of house sparrows has been declining in many parts of the world. This <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-report-confirms-that-bird-species-are-steadily-declining/">decline</a> is attributed to factors such as urbanization, pollution, and the loss of their natural habitats.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-symbolism-and-superstition">Symbolism and superstition</h3>



<p>Sparrows have been subjects of various superstitions and symbols. In some cultures, a sparrow flying into one's home symbolizes good luck and happiness.</p>



<p>In Greek mythology, the sparrow was the sacred bird of Aphrodite, the goddess of love, and symbolized true love and spiritual connection.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-growing-movement">A growing movement</h2>



<p>Over the years, World Sparrow Day has witnessed increasing participation from people across the globe. Individuals and communities are taking proactive steps by creating bird nests and shelters for sparrows and other common birds. Such initiatives not only aid in the conservation of these species but also reconnect people with nature.</p>



<p>World Sparrow Day serves as a reminder of the beauty and significance of sparrows and other common birds. It encourages us to observe, appreciate, and protect these tiny avian companions who share our spaces but often go unnoticed. The hope is that we can reverse the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/backyard-bird-diversity-declining-across-australia/">trend</a> of declining bird populations in communities worldwide.&nbsp;</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Tiny but mighty: The significance of World Sparrow Day

Celebrated every year on March 20, World Sparrow Day is...

Traffic,Jam,On,German,Highway.,Current,Discussion,About,Toll,Collect

<p>It's official - the world has a serious car addiction. A comprehensive new study reveals the global dominance of cars, along with the striking regional variations in how people commute. </p>



<p>On average, 51 percent of all commutes worldwide involve getting behind the wheel of a private automobile. However, some cities are bucking the trend and leading the way towards more <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/auto-emission-climate-policies-save-children-boost-economies/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sustainable</a> transportation.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-burden-of-car-commutes">Burden of car commutes</h2>



<p>At the heart of this revelation is the work of Rafael Prieto-Curiel from the <a href="https://csh.ac.at" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Complexity Science Hub</a> and Juan Pablo Ospina from <a href="https://www.eafit.edu.co" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EAFIT University</a>. Their researchers looked at 61 countries and almost 850 million people to uncover the different ways we commute – cars, buses, bikes, and more.</p>



<p>"The takeaway is clear: we drive too many cars, and the burden of cars in cities is huge and goes beyond the combustion of petrol," said Prieto-Curiel.</p>



<p>"It is also the parking space required, the driving infrastructure, the noise they produce, the toxic materials used in manufacturing and road pavement, the crashes they cause, and others."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-europe-varying-car-commutes">Europe: Varying car commutes</h2>



<p>The picture in Europe is far more nuanced. While car commuters still dominate in cities like Rome (66%) and Manchester (71%), many European hubs stand out for their commitment to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/walking-biking-work-extend-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">walking</a> and cycling.</p>



<p>Copenhagen (47%), Utrecht (75%), Bilbao (66%), and Bolzano (58%) all boast remarkably high rates of active commuting.</p>



<p>Public transportation also reigns supreme in many European cities. Paris (60%), London (45%), and cities across Eastern Europe like Minsk (65%), Prague (52%), Warsaw (47%), and Budapest (45%) have robust public transit systems that carry a large share of the commuting population.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-asia-public-and-active-transportation">Asia: Public and active transportation</h2>



<p>Southern and Eastern Asian cities demonstrate a strong mix of public transportation and active mobility.</p>



<p>Hong Kong (77%), Seoul (66%), Mumbai (52%), and Tokyo (51%) all see a high percentage of commuters taking the bus, train, or metro. </p>



<p>Additionally, walking and cycling are incredibly popular in megacities like Beijing (53%), Shanghai (47%), Dhaka (58%), Delhi (33%), and Mumbai (33%).</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-america-lagging-behind">America lagging behind</h2>



<p>Shockingly, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/california-moves-to-ban-gas-powered-cars-by-2035/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">North America</a> stands out from all the countries. A staggering 92% of commuters in the U.S. and Canada choose to drive.</p>



<p>“In contrast, the US exhibits minimal variation in modal share across cities of different sizes,” wrote the study authors. </p>



<p>“The majority of cities in the US have been designed with a strong reliance on cars for transportation. While cities like New York City and Boulder have developed alternative mobility options, most cities in the US heavily depend on cars.”</p>



<p>That said, even within the US, there's variation. New York City shines as a public transit outlier (25% of commutes), along with high rates of walking and cycling (8%). </p>



<p>Dense, pedestrian-friendly cities like San Francisco and Boston also have decent public transit use, as do college towns like Ithaca, Boulder, and Madison.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-electric-car-commuting-a-partial-solution">Electric car commuting: A partial solution?</h2>



<p>With electric vehicles gaining traction, it's tempting to hope they'll <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/breakthrough-sunshine-will-soon-power-your-car-instead-of-gasoline/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cure</a> our car woes. However, the study's authors issue a word of caution. </p>



<p>"We must take into account manufacturing, infrastructure demands, congestion, particle pollution produced by tire wear, and others," said Prieto-Curiel. </p>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hidden-costs-electric-vehicle-tires-emit-20-more-pollution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Electric cars</a> won't magically solve all the problems associated with our car-dependent culture.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-check-your-city-s-scorecard">Check your city's scorecard</h2>



<p>The team has developed an interactive map of global mobility patterns, a tool that invites us to compare our local commuting habits with those of cities around the globe. </p>



<p>Want to see how your commute stacks up against others worldwide? Explore this interactive map <a href="https://vis.csh.ac.at/citiesmoving/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">here</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-insights">Study insights</h2>



<p>The study reveals just how important smart city planning is for the health of both people and the planet. Walkable cities with strong public transportation aren't just about ditching cars – they're about building healthier communities.</p>



<p>The researchers acknowledged that building walkable cities and expanding public transport is no small task, but it's a goal worth pursuing. "Changing travel behavior is exceptionally challenging," they note.</p>



<p>This study urges cities to act now, transforming into places where health and sustainability are top priorities.</p>



<p>The study id published in the journal <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2024.108541" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Environment International</a>.</p>



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51% of all humans rely on car commutes every day

It's official - the world has a serious car addiction....

<p>The arrival of spring in the Northern Hemisphere is officially heralded by the vernal equinox, which occurs on Tuesday, March 19. This <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/spring-has-arrived-in-the-northern-hemisphere/">event</a> marks a significant point in our annual journey around the sun, characterized by the equal balance of day and night across the globe.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-the-spring-equinox">Understanding the spring equinox</h2>



<p>The concept of the equinox is rooted in the Earth's orbital dynamics. As our planet orbits the sun, it does so at a tilt, with the axis not perfectly upright but inclined. This tilt results in varying solar intensity across the globe throughout the year, with the sun shining more directly on either the northern or southern hemisphere, depending on the Earth's position.</p>



<p>The equinox occurs when the tilt of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earths-rotation-is-shifting-toward-a-25-hour-day/">Earth's axis</a> and its orbit around the sun align in such a way that both hemispheres receive an equal amount of sunlight. This equilibrium gives the equinox its name, derived from Latin words meaning "equal night," signifying the near-equal length of day and night experienced globally during this time.</p>



<p>In the Northern Hemisphere, the vernal (spring) equinox can occur from March 19 to 21, while the autumnal (fall) equinox falls between September 21 and 24, marking the transitions between the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/spring-finally-arrives-this-weekend/">seasons</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-are-solstices">What are solstices?</h2>



<p>Complementing the equinoxes are the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mysteries-of-the-summer-solstice-the-longest-day-of-the-year/">solstices</a>, which signify the points in the year when the Earth's axial tilt is most pronounced towards or away from the sun, resulting in the greatest disparity in daylight hours.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The summer solstice, occurring between June 20 and 22, celebrates the longest day of the year in the Northern Hemisphere as it tilts towards the sun. Conversely, the winter solstice, between December 20 and 23, marks the shortest day and longest night, as the hemisphere leans away from the sun.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cultural-significance-of-the-spring-equinox">Cultural significance of the spring equinox</h2>



<p>The cultural significance of the spring equinox is deeply rooted in ancient traditions, mythology, and modern celebrations worldwide. This celestial event has long been a symbol of rebirth, renewal, and new beginnings, reflecting the awakening of nature from its winter sleep. Here are some key aspects of its cultural significance:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-renewal-and-rebirth">Renewal and rebirth</h3>



<p>In many cultures, the spring equinox is associated with the concept of renewal and rebirth. This is often symbolized by the return of fertility to the earth, the blossoming of flowers, and the birth of young animals. It's a time for cleansing and renewal, both physically and spiritually.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ancient-celebrations">Ancient celebrations</h3>



<p>Many ancient civilizations built monuments aligned with the sun's position during equinoxes, demonstrating the importance of this event. For example, the Mayans' pyramid at Chichen Itza in Mexico is designed so that during the equinox, the shadow creates the appearance of a serpent slithering down the steps, symbolizing Kukulkan, the feathered serpent god.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-easter">Easter</h3>



<p>In Christianity, the timing of Easter is closely related to the spring equinox. Easter Sunday is determined as the first Sunday after the first full moon occurring on or after the vernal equinox. This connection emphasizes themes of resurrection and new life.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nowruz">Nowruz</h3>



<p>The Persian New Year, known as Nowruz, coincides with the spring equinox. It is a celebration of nature's renewal, family gatherings, and the sharing of meals. Nowruz has been celebrated for over 3,000 years across regions that were once part of the Persian Empire.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-higan-in-japan">Higan in Japan</h3>



<p>In Japan, the week of the spring equinox is called Higan. It is a Buddhist holiday that represents a period to remember the dead by visiting, cleaning, and decorating their graves. Higan means "the other shore" and refers to the spirits of the deceased reaching Nirvana.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pagan-and-neopagan-celebrations">Pagan and Neopagan celebrations</h3>



<p>For pagans and some neopagans, the spring equinox is celebrated as Ostara. It's a time to honor the goddess of dawn and fertility, Eostre, who is often symbolized by the hare and the egg, representing fertility and rebirth.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-earth-day">Earth Day</h3>



<p>Some cultures and organizations choose the spring equinox as a symbolic day to celebrate <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earth-day-2023-20-reasons-to-cherish-our-planet/">Earth Day</a>, focusing on environmental conservation and the appreciation of our planet's natural beauty and resources.</p>



<p>The spring equinox serves as a universal symbol of balance and a time to honor growth, life, and renewal. Its celebrations across different cultures underline the human connection to the cycles of nature and the importance of harmony with the environment.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meteorological-vs-astronomical-seasons">Meteorological vs. astronomical seasons</h2>



<p>The classification of seasons can be approached in two distinct ways: meteorologically and astronomically. Meteorological seasons are based on annual temperature patterns and divide the year into four three-month periods, starting with spring on March 1, followed by summer on June 1, autumn on September 1, and winter on December 1.</p>



<p>Astronomical seasons, on the other hand, are determined by the Earth's position in its <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-earths-orbit-drives-global-ice-age-cycles/">orbit</a> around the sun, with equinoxes heralding the beginnings of spring and autumn, and solstices marking the onset of summer and winter.</p>



<p>As we embrace the changing seasons, the spring equinox invites us to reflect on the Earth's natural rhythms and the interconnectedness of our global environment, offering a moment to appreciate the balance and transitions that define our planetary experience.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Spring equinox arrives in the Northern Hemisphere

The arrival of spring in the Northern Hemisphere is officially...

<p>Snow isn't just for winter fun – it's a massive natural reservoir that supplies our water long after the slopes clear. But, a new study from <a href="https://oregonstate.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Oregon State University</a> reveals a concerning trend: snow water storage in mountain snowpacks has significantly declined in recent decades across the lower 48 states.</p>



<p>Snow water storage refers to the amount of water contained within snowpacks, which are accumulations of snow that build up in colder climates during the winter months. The current trend could have wide-ranging consequences for our overall approach to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/water-supply-from-icy-mountains-will-become-less-reliable/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">managing water resources</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-snowpacks-melting">Snowpacks melting</h2>



<p>During the cold months, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-driven-climate-change-is-to-blame-for-sharp-snowpack-declines-since-1980/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">snowpacks</a> accumulate snow, which compactly stores water as ice. As temperatures rise in spring and summer, these snowpacks gradually release water. This meltwater flows into rivers and reservoirs, replenishing supplies that are critical for drinking, irrigation, and supporting aquatic ecosystems. </p>



<p>This process is crucial for regions relying on seasonal snowmelt as their main water source. In the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/spring-heatwaves-deplete-the-water-supply-in-the-western-us/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">western United States</a>, it greatly affects water availability for millions of people, as well as for orchards and vineyards.</p>



<p>However, accurately measuring the water content of snowpacks presents a considerable challenge. Traditional methods often provide only snapshots in time or have limited spatial coverage, making it difficult to assess the overall amount of water stored and released throughout the season. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-snow-water-storage">Snow water storage</h2>



<p>To address current challenges, Professor David Hill and doctoral student Christina Aragon have developed a new metric, termed "snow water storage," which offers an accurate assessment of the water stored in snowpacks.</p>



<p>“Unlike other widely used metrics that capture snow variables at a single point in time, like maximum snow water equivalent, or describe snow characteristics in terms of time, such as length of snow season, snow water storage is applicable at numerous time and space scales,” explained Hill. </p>



<p>“It’s really just a cumulative sum, not a maximum value; it’s like adding up the number of miles you drive in a given year, rather than just thinking about the 500 you did on one day for your road trip.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-findings-from-snow-water-storage">Findings from snow water storage</h2>



<p>The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/blowing-snow-plays-an-important-role-in-arctic-warming/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">snow</a> water storage highlights a troubling 22% decrease in the annual water stored within mountain snowpacks across the lower 48 states of the U.S. This insight into the depletion of natural water reserves in mountain areas is alarmingly significant.</p>



<p>Mountains play a pivotal role in water storage. Their geographical and climatic conditions allow <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/antarctic-sea-ice-is-currently-the-lowest-ever-recorded/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">snow</a> to accumulate during winter months, acting as a natural reservoir that slowly releases water as it melts. </p>



<p>The researchers revealed that 72% of snow water storage is concentrated in mountains—areas that account for just 16% of the land in the lower 48 states. This highlights their outsized importance in the nation's water supply system.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-role-of-climate-change">Role of climate change</h2>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ski-resorts-face-snow-scarcity-due-to-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Climate change</a> is wreaking havoc on snowpack water storage. It is disrupting the delicate balance between the quantity and timing of water released from these natural reservoirs. </p>



<p>As global temperatures climb, many regions are experiencing earlier <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/arctic-ice-rising-sea-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">snowmelt</a>, reduced snowfall, and skyrocketing evaporation rates. This translates to less water being stored in snow, throwing the traditional patterns of water availability. </p>



<p>These disruptions pose significant challenges for water management. New strategies are urgently needed to ensure a sustainable supply in the face of a more variable climate.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-there-s-a-silver-lining">There's a silver lining</h2>



<p>Despite the challenges, there's reason for optimism. “As we move forward, and as we have moved from the past to the present, the relatively good news is that annual precipitation amounts tend to not change that dramatically,” Hill said. </p>



<p>“However, changing temperatures greatly influence snow storage and therefore the timing of water availability.” This suggests that, with the right tools and strategies, we can adapt and secure a sustainable water future.</p>



<p>The work by Oregon State University researchers offers a powerful new tool and a renewed sense of hope. By understanding the vital role snowpacks play in our ecosystem, we can develop adaptive strategies to meet these challenges head-on. </p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-781-2024" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Hydrology and Earth System Sciences</a>. </p>



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<p>‌</p>

Climate change drastically lowers snow's water storage capacity

Snow isn't just for winter fun – it's a massive...

<p>Extremophiles and the search for alien life are at the forefront of scientific exploration as researchers delve into Earth's most inhospitable environments. </p>



<p>Thriving in extremes from deep-sea trenches to mountaintops, these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/life-in-the-extreme-microbial-activity-discovered-in-old-faithful/">microorganisms</a>, known as extremophiles, flourish where most life cannot. Their adaptability not only sheds light on life on Earth but also aids in the search for life beyond it.</p>



<p>A notable advancement was reported in the American Chemical Society’s <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.jproteome.3c00538" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of Proteome Research</a>, where researchers have introduced a new method for identifying extremophiles. </p>



<p>By focusing on protein fragments rather than genetic analysis, this approach has identified two new bacteria species in Chile's high-altitude lakes, mirroring conditions found on early Mars.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-challenge-of-identifying-extremophiles">The challenge of identifying extremophiles</h2>



<p>Traditionally, microorganism identification has depended on gene sequencing to match DNA with known sequences. This method struggles, especially with closely related extremophiles, missing subtle differences and leaving gaps in knowledge.</p>



<p>To overcome this, Ralf Moeller and his team turned to the high-altitude Andean lakes, over 2.3 miles above sea level, far exceeding Denver's elevation. </p>



<p>Collecting water samples, the researchers cultivated 66 microbes to test their hypothesis: Can the new proteotyping technique, which analyzes protein fragments, outperform traditional gene sequencing in accurately identifying these microorganisms?</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-proteotyping-a-new-frontier-in-microbial-identification">Proteotyping: a new frontier in microbial identification</h2>



<p>Proteotyping examines protein fragments, or peptides, thereby creating unique signatures for each microorganism. Subsequently, these signatures are matched against proteome databases for identification. </p>



<p>Through this innovative approach, the researchers were able to identify 63 out of 66 microorganisms. Notably, this method unveiled two potentially new extremophile bacteria types that had eluded detection by gene sequencing.</p>



<p>Consequently, this success underscores proteotyping's potential as a superior tool for identifying extremophiles from small samples. Moreover, its precision in detecting unique protein signatures offers a novel perspective on the diversity of life in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humans-are-leaving-behind-microbes-on-mount-everest/">extreme environments</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-search-for-extraterrestrial-life">The search for extraterrestrial life</h2>



<p>This research has profound implications beyond Earth, offering a critical tool for seeking life on other planets through protein fragment identification. It unveils new avenues for discovering and understanding potential <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/shock-discovery-saturns-moon-enceladus-has-all-of-the-ingredients-necessary-for-life/">extraterrestrial life</a> that might not rely on DNA-based biology.</p>



<p>Additionally, it deepens our grasp of Earth's biodiversity, revealing the adaptability and resilience of life through the study of extremophiles. This knowledge expands our understanding of life's limits and the conditions that support its existence.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-milestone-in-extremophile-research">A milestone in extremophile research</h2>



<p>The identification of two new bacteria species in Chile's high-altitude lakes is a landmark in extremophile research. This discovery expands our biological knowledge and refines our exploratory methods. </p>



<p>Through advancements in techniques such as proteotyping, we're approaching answers to profound questions about life in the universe and the remarkable adaptability of organisms. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">More about extremophiles&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Extremophiles are fascinating organisms that thrive in environments once thought to be uninhabitable for life. </p>



<p>These environments feature <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/underwater-volcanic-eruptions-are-more-harmful-than-previously-believed/">extreme conditions</a>, such as very high or low temperatures, high levels of radiation, extreme pressures, or highly acidic or alkaline conditions. </p>



<p>Extremophiles are not just limited to bacteria and archaea; some fungi, plants, and animals also exhibit extremophilic behaviors.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Types of extremophiles&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Extremophiles are categorized based on the extreme conditions they can endure. Thermophiles thrive in high temperatures, often found in hot springs and hydrothermal vents, while psychrophiles prefer the icy conditions of polar regions and deep ocean waters.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Acidophiles live in highly acidic environments, whereas alkaliphiles are found in high pH conditions. Halophiles require high concentrations of salt to survive, common in salt flats and brine pools.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Piezophiles, also known as barophiles, can withstand the immense pressures found in deep-sea environments.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Practical implications&nbsp;</h3>



<p>The study of extremophiles is not just a curiosity; it has practical implications for biotechnology, medicine, and the search for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-search-for-signs-of-life-on-mars-continues/">extraterrestrial life</a>. </p>



<p>Enzymes from extremophiles, for example, have been used in industrial processes, including the production of biofuels and in bioremediation efforts to clean up pollutants.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Life beyond Earth&nbsp;</h3>



<p>The ability of extremophiles to survive in conditions similar to those found on other planets and moons has also led scientists to consider them as models for life beyond Earth, shaping our understanding of astrobiology and the potential habitability of other worlds in our solar system and beyond.</p>



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Extremophiles and the quest for alien life

Extremophiles and the search for alien life are at the...

<p>The transition to a decarbonized energy system, with an emphasis on environmental sustainability, has put renewable <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wind-power-could-bring-enormous-health-benefits-to-u-s/">energy sources</a> like wind power at the forefront of efforts to replace fossil fuels and combat <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-could-cause-one-billion-deaths-over-the-next-century/">climate change</a>.&nbsp;</p>



<p>However, despite the rapid growth of wind energy as a prominent renewable source, its deployment often faces hurdles, notably due to local opposition related to the physical intrusion and aesthetic impact of wind turbines.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wind-power-and-property-values-nbsp">Wind power and property values&nbsp;</h2>



<p>A comprehensive study offers a deep dive into the complexities surrounding the local impacts of wind turbines, particularly focusing on how their visibility can influence property values in communities across the United States.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The research was conducted by an international team of scientists from the <a href="https://www.cmcc.it/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CMCC Foundation</a>, the <a href="https://www.pik-potsdam.de/en/home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research</a> (PIK), and the <a href="https://www.berkeley.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of California at Berkeley</a>, </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-debates-on-renewable-energy-growth">Debates on renewable energy growth</h2>



<p>The investigation is critical for understanding the nuanced trade-offs between renewable energy's environmental benefits and its local effects, potentially reshaping discussions around renewable energy development.</p>



<p>“This situation is a classic 'Not In My Backyard' problem, which leads to extensive policy debates on renewable energy growth,” said lead author Wei Guo, a researcher at CMCC and the <a href="https://www.eiee.org/">European Institute on Economics and the Environment</a> (EIEE).&nbsp;</p>



<p>“In the big picture, the economic solution is about finding a balance between the global environmental benefits of renewable energy and the local impacts on communities nearby.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-of-wind-turbines-on-local-communities-nbsp">Impact of wind turbines on local communities&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The research takes an innovative step by focusing on the often-overlooked aspect of wind turbines' impact on local communities, specifically how their presence in the landscape can affect the valuation of nearby homes.&nbsp;</p>



<p>By constructing a comprehensive database detailing the visibility of wind turbines - including their location, height, and the surrounding topography - the study leverages hedonic valuation theory to statistically estimate the effects of wind turbine visibility on home values, utilizing an extensive dataset covering the majority of U.S. home sales since 1997.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-depreciation-of-property-values">Depreciation of property values</h2>



<p>The findings reveal a discernible negative impact on property values within an 8 km radius of visible wind turbines, an effect that diminishes with increased distance and over time post-installation. In addition, the researchers found that seeing a windmill closer than two kilometers can lower a house’s value by up to 8 percent.</p>



<p>“To picture this, imagine holding a golf ball at arm's length - that is roughly how big a wind turbine looks from that distance,” Guo explained. </p>



<p>“However, as one moves further from the windmill, its impact on house values drops off quickly. From 8 kilometers away, a wind turbine looks about as big as an aspirin tablet at arm’s length, and at this distance, it doesn't really affect what people think their homes are worth.”</p>



<p>The experts calculated a total depreciation of US $24.5 billion in property values for U.S. homes with views of wind turbines, a figure that, while substantial, represents only a minor fraction of the over $45 trillion total value of all homes in the U.S. in 2022.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-renewable-energy-affects-local-communities">How renewable energy affects local communities</h2>



<p>According to Guo, “although houses close to wind turbines can lose some value due to the disrupted view, the impacts are just a small part in the grand theme of all houses, and we expect it to become even less of an issue in the future."</p>



<p>"This project stands at the cutting edge of understanding how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/renewable-energy-must-be-doubled-by-2030/">renewable energy</a> affects local communities. It is like putting on a new pair of glasses to look at how wind power impacts people's lives and homes.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nationwide-evaluation-of-wind-power">Nationwide evaluation of wind power</h2>



<p>This groundbreaking study not only provides a nationwide evaluation of wind power generation's external costs but also introduces methodological innovations by considering the actual visibility of turbines from residences, a significant step forward in the field of environmental economics and policy research.</p>



<p>“Personally, living in northern California for the past five years, I have seen firsthand how local people can be hesitant or opposed to new wind turbines projects. This sparked my interest in this field of research," said Guo.</p>



<p>"For me, this project is more than just an academic study. It's about addressing a real-world issue that I've observed, and using my expertise to shed light on a topic that affects many people's lives.”</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.pnas.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</em></a><em>.</em></p>



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<p>-----</p>

How do wind turbines impact property values in the US?

The transition to a decarbonized energy system, with an emphasis...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lHHxOej4QfE
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Researchers found a correlation between Alzheimer's disease and traffic pollution.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-invisible-threat-in-urban-air"><strong>Invisible threat in urban air</strong></h2>



<p>City dwellers face an unseen danger with every breath. New findings from Emory University researchers suggest that fine particulate matter from <a href="http://earth.com/news/traffic-related-air-pollution-might-increase-alzheimers-risk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">vehicle emissions may significantly elevate the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease</a>. The study examined brain tissue samples from 224 individuals who had confirmed diagnoses and volunteered their brains for scientific research.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-disturbing-connections-emerge"><strong>Disturbing connections emerge</strong></h2>



<p>Scientists analyzed neuritic plaques — protein clusters that characterize Alzheimer's — while mapping each participant's exposure to PM2.5 particles based on residential location and surrounding traffic density. The correlation proved more alarming than anticipated. Individuals experiencing higher pollution exposure showed nearly double the likelihood of elevated plaque accumulation in brain tissue.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-timing-matters"><strong>Timing matters</strong></h2>



<p>The research team discovered that pollution exposure during the final year before death demonstrated the strongest association with brain changes. This timeline suggests relatively rapid impacts from environmental toxins on neural health. The connection remained robust even after accounting for various demographic and health factors.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genetic-vulnerability-patterns"><strong>Genetic vulnerability patterns</strong></h2>



<p>Perhaps most concerning, people lacking the APOE gene—which naturally predisposes individuals to Alzheimer's — exhibited more than twice the susceptibility to pollution-related brain damage. Study author Dr. Anke Huels noted this indicates environmental elements like air contamination could trigger the disease in cases where hereditary factors don't explain.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-public-health-implications"><strong>Public health implications</strong></h2>



<p>These findings, published in <em><a href="https://www.neurology.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Neurology</a></em>, underscore the critical importance of air quality regulations in urban planning. The research suggests that implementing stricter emission controls and promoting alternative transportation could serve as powerful tools in Alzheimer's prevention.</p>



<p>As cities worldwide grapple with growing traffic congestion and aging populations, this study highlights an urgent need for comprehensive approaches to environmental health that protect both our lungs and our minds.</p>



<p>—–</p>



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<p>—–</p>

Traffic fumes may trigger Alzheimer's

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lHHxOej4QfE Researchers found a correlation between Alzheimer's disease and traffic...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that scientists never expected.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hidden-waters-beneath-ancient-craters">Hidden waters beneath ancient craters</h2>



<p>Scientists have made a startling discovery that challenges everything we thought we knew about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/saturn-moon-mimas-has-remarkably-young-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Saturn's moon Mimas</a>. Beneath the heavily cratered surface that earned it the nickname "Death Star" lies a global ocean that formed just 5 to 15 million years ago—a remarkably young age by cosmic standards.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cassini-data-reveals-orbital-secrets">Cassini data reveals orbital secrets</h2>



<p>The discovery, led by Dr. Valéry Lainey of the <a href="https://observatoiredeparis.psl.eu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Observatoire de Paris</a>, emerged from careful analysis of <a href="https://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>'s Cassini spacecraft data. By studying subtle irregularities in Mimas's orbit around Saturn, researchers detected the gravitational signature of liquid water hidden 20 to 30 kilometers beneath the moon's icy shell.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-an-unlikely-ocean-world">An unlikely ocean world</h2>



<p>At only 400 kilometers in diameter, Mimas seemed like the least likely candidate to harbor a subsurface ocean. Unlike other ocean moons such as Europa and Enceladus, which show clear surface signs of internal activity, Mimas displays no obvious hints of the liquid water beneath its ancient, crater-scarred exterior.</p>



<p>"Mimas is a small moon, and its heavily cratered surface gave no hint of the hidden ocean beneath," explained Dr. Nick Cooper from <a href="https://www.qmul.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Queen Mary University of London</a>, a study co-author.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-astrobiology">Implications for astrobiology</h2>



<p>The ocean's recent formation makes Mimas a prime target for studying how oceans develop and potentially support life. This discovery adds another member to the exclusive club of ocean worlds in our solar system, each offering unique insights into the conditions necessary for habitability.</p>



<p>The research, published in <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a></em> journal, demonstrates how advanced orbital analysis can reveal hidden features of celestial bodies, opening new possibilities for understanding ocean formation throughout the cosmos.</p>



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<p>—–</p>

Scientists discover unexpected young ocean on Saturn's cratered moon Mimas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ 'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K0DuSr87SHY
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">57 million-year ice age mystery solved by Australian scientists.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-when-earth-became-a-frozen-wasteland">When Earth became a frozen wasteland</h2>



<p>Imagine Earth as a giant snowball, frozen solid from the North Pole to the equator. This wasn't the plot of a science fiction movie – it was our planet's reality 700 million years ago during an extreme ice age that has puzzled scientists for decades.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-discovery">The discovery</h2>



<p>Australian researchers from the <a href="https://www.sydney.edu.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Sydney</a> have finally cracked one of geology's greatest mysteries: what caused the Sturtian glaciation and why it persisted for an unprecedented 57 million years. This period occurred long before dinosaurs roamed the Earth, when no complex plants or multicellular animals existed.</p>



<p>Dr. Adriana Dutkiewicz, the study's lead author, describes a world completely unlike today's climate. "Imagine the Earth almost completely frozen over," she explained. "The planet was blanketed in ice from poles to equator, and temperatures plunged."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-combination-of-climate-factors">The combination of climate factors</h2>



<p>The research team discovered that this massive freeze resulted from a "double whammy" of geological events. First, plate tectonic activity reduced volcanic carbon dioxide emissions to historically low levels. Volcanic activity typically releases CO2 into the atmosphere, creating a greenhouse effect that keeps Earth warm.</p>



<p>Simultaneously, weathering of volcanic rocks in what is now Canada actively absorbed atmospheric CO2, further reducing greenhouse gas concentrations. When atmospheric carbon dioxide levels dropped below 200 parts per million – less than half of today's levels – glaciation engulfed the entire planet.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-climate-implications">Modern climate implications</h2>



<p>Published in the journal <em><a href="https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/geology" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geology</a></em>, this research provides crucial insights into Earth's climate system. While geological climate changes occur over millions of years, the study emphasizes that human-induced climate change is happening at a pace ten times faster than previously observed natural changes, highlighting the urgent need to understand our planet's delicate climate balance.</p>



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What caused the planet's longest ice age

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K0DuSr87SHY 57 million-year ice age mystery solved by Australian scientists....

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WXXGGiynIjs
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Greenland is not sinking. In fact, it is the opposite.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-contrasting-climate-response">A contrasting climate response</h2>



<p>Most coastal towns are <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sinking-land-will-intensify-the-effects-of-rising-sea-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">preparing for higher sea levels</a>, but <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/greenland-no-longer-has-to-worry-about-rising-sea-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Greenland presents</a> a different scenario during climate change. The ground there is rising at a remarkable rate. Over the past decade, some areas have lifted about 20 centimeters, which translates to roughly 2 meters per century. This rate significantly exceeds current projections for sea level rise.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-geological-rebound-process-through-climate-change">Geological rebound process through climate change</h2>



<p>The mechanism behind this phenomenon is straightforward. As the ice sheet melts, the immense weight is removed from the bedrock, causing the land to rebound upward. This process resembles the way compressed material springs back when pressure is released.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-monitoring-networks">Scientific monitoring networks</h2>



<p>Researchers at the <a href="https://www.dtu.dk/english/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Technical University of Denmark</a> are documenting this uplift using the GNET network, consisting of 61 GPS stations positioned around Greenland's coast. These sensors can detect movement with millimeter precision, providing detailed measurements of the ongoing changes.</p>



<p>The data reveal that current uplift rates exceed the gradual rebound occurring since the last ice age ended approximately 12,000 years ago. This acceleration corresponds directly with increased ice sheet melting rates.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-coastal-transformation">Coastal Transformation</h2>



<p>This uplift is actively reshaping Greenland's coastline. New islands and rocky formations, called "skerries," are emerging as previously submerged land surfaces rise above the water level. This represents a notable contrast to global concerns about rising seas.</p>



<p>The study, published in Geophysical Research Letters, demonstrates the varied regional impacts of climate change. While many locations face rising water levels, Greenland's bedrock is literally rising above the surrounding seas.</p>



<p>The full study was recently published in <em><a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2023GL104851" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geophysical Research Letters</a></em>.</p>



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<p>—–</p>

Greenland's ground rises while coasts worldwide face higher seas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WXXGGiynIjs Greenland is not sinking. In fact, it is the...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DSM3EVeGHJU
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Companies like MindStudio help companies train their employees to implement the latest AI Agent building platform.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ai-agent-training-transforms-the-workplace-fear-factor-into-a-competitive-advantage">AI agent training transforms the workplace 'fear factor' into a competitive advantage</h2>



<p>Organizations that offer comprehensive artificial intelligence training to their workers find remarkable value that extends well beyond basic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mind-wandering-might-be-more-productive-than-you-think/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">productivity improvements</a>. Emerging research demonstrates that carefully crafted AI training programs <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ai-does-not-replace-human-creativity-but-enhances-it/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">enhance</a> corporate performance, lower operational costs, and dramatically improve employee psychological well-being by turning workplace uncertainty into professional empowerment.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-addressing-the-widespread-ai-anxiety-crisis-among-us">Addressing the widespread 'AI anxiety' crisis among us</h2>



<p>A staggering 53% of employees expressed concern that the use of AI tools to automate work tasks could make them appear disposable to their employers, according to <a href="https://www.microsoft.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Microsoft</a>'s 2024 workplace survey. Such pervasive worry about being substituted by machines has caused what researchers have termed "AI technostress" – a psychological state that can result in occupational burnout and poorer mental well-being.</p>



<p>Data published in <a href="https://www.nature.com/palcomms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Humanities and Social Sciences Communications</a> showed that belief in AI learning ability was a moderator in the link between technology adoption and work pressure, and higher confidence significantly lowered negative psychological responses. Workers provided ample training to become competent with AI software have significantly lower stress.</p>



<p>Companies like <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MindStudio</a> have platforms for building what are known as "AI Agents".  In essence, AI Agents are simply tools that employees can build for themselves or their teams quickly and inexpensively.   MindStudio will even train entire companies, from the CEO on down, at no cost. By letting MindStudio empower employees, companies avoid hiring more IT staff, buying more software, and implementing solutions to problems that do not exist.</p>



<p>MindStudio even has partners locally for companies, like <a href="http://www.dominnus.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dominnus</a> with offices in the Carolinas, California, and Denver, to help build AI Agents and support employees as they become resident AI experts for their organization.  The training provided by MindStudio is applicable across other AI Agent building platforms as well.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-productivity-through-focused-learning">Revolutionary productivity through focused learning</h2>



<p>Organizations that implement large-scale AI training programs achieve dramatic outcomes. Employees performed tasks significantly better when they utilized AI support compared to when they didn't, according to <a href="https://www.nngroup.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nielsen Norman Group</a> research findings. Their study documented productivity increases of 66% for a variety of professional tasks.</p>



<p>Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis research finds workers record 33% higher productivity in time working with generative AI tools. The benefit is equivalent to 5.4% of work time savings for AI users – around 2.2 hours per week for full-time workers.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-psychological-well-being-benefits-through-ai-competence">Psychological well-being benefits through AI competence</h2>



<p>The emotional transformation when employees are provided with proper technology training is a fundamental transformation from fear to professional confidence. A survey of 600 employees across industries, carried out by ScienceDirect, proved that AI capabilities strengthen work environment commitment and improve job satisfaction.</p>



<p>A <a href="https://www.lut.fi/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">LUT University</a> study discovered that AI adoption has no direct effect on workers' well-being but does so indirectly through working conditions like task optimization and safety protocols. Strategically deployed AI that involves correct training can actually increase workplace mental well-being.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-from-replacement-anxiety-to-partnership-confidence">From 'replacement anxiety' to 'partnership confidence'</h2>



<p>Although 35% of those interviewed in recent McKinsey studies were concerned about workforce displacement, firms with large-scale training initiatives witness such fears dissipate quickly. The World Economic Forum found that two out of three respondents believe AI competencies will enhance their career prospects and job marketability.</p>



<p>This shift from fear to trust has measurable implications for job satisfaction. Applied Sciences research indicates AI can create tailored wellness programs based on individual employee requirements.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-financial-benefits-of-increased-retention">Financial benefits of increased retention</h2>



<p>The mental health advantages of AI learning have a direct impact on organizational bottom lines in the form of a positive feedback cycle with high retention of employees. Recent ROI research validates that artificial intelligence learning has a beneficial impact on employee turnover and satisfaction levels.</p>



<p>PriceWaterhouseCoopers' research documents 20% to 30% improvements in productivity, market speed, and revenue in organizations that attempt systematic AI adoption through comprehensive training.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-advantages-of-ai-enabled-teams">Environmental advantages of AI-enabled teams</h2>



<p>AI training has unforeseen environmental benefits as it makes the work environment more efficient. According to a study in Scientific Reports, the carbon footprint in writing and illustrating work is significantly lower when AI performs it compared to humans. AI software produces 130 to 1,500 times less CO2 equivalent per page of text created than human authors.</p>



<p>In addition, AI-driven remote work functionality significantly reduces environmental impact. Research by Cornell University and Microsoft indicates that remote workers reduce greenhouse gas emissions by up to 54% by not commuting daily to offices. Hybrid workers working remotely two to four days a week can reduce their carbon footprint by 11% to 29%.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cumulative-organizational-advantages">Cumulative organizational advantages</h2>



<p>The compounding gains of better mental well-being, reduced turnover, increased productivity, and environmental benefits flow to enterprises from the pairing. McKinsey analysis estimates the long-term AI potential at $4.4 trillion in incremental productivity growth opportunity from business use cases.</p>



<p>As of now, 75% of knowledge workers globally utilize generative AI, mirroring widespread adoption patterns. Organizations that provide organized training and assistance see the most favorable results in productivity, worker satisfaction, and ecological sustainability.</p>



<p>The research overwhelmingly indicates that companies that invest in proper AI education, like that offered through <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MindStudio</a>, establish win-win scenarios where employees are both more empowered and less stressed, and companies enjoy the gains of increased productivity, reduced turnover, and improved mental health outcomes throughout their workforce.</p>



<p>For more on MindStudio's free AI training for companies, visit the website's of MindStudio and Dominnus from the links below.</p>



<p>The research was published across a variety of peer-reviewed journals, including <a href="https://www.nature.com/palcomms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Humanities and Social Sciences Communications</a>, <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/artificial-intelligence" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence</a>, and <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/journal/applsci">Applied Sciences</a>.</p>



<p id="block-9bd989d6-2fd3-4580-957f-6cacce134f08">-----</p>



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<p>MindStudio.AI: <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.mindstudio.ai</a></p>



<p>Dominnus: <a href="https://www.dominnus.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.dominnus.com</a></p>

AI agent training boosts mental health and profits

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DSM3EVeGHJU Companies like MindStudio help companies train their employees to...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0HDXqTGEmi4
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Scientists give plants superpowers against bacterial disease</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-natural-solution-to-disease-through-crop-modification">A natural solution to disease through crop modification.</h2>



<p>The agricultural industry stands at a crossroads between productivity and environmental responsibility, and crop modification often carries a negative connotation. While chemical pesticides have long been the go-to solution for crop protection, their harmful effects on ecosystems and human health have prompted scientists to seek alternatives. The recent breakthrough by <a href="https://www.southampton.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Southampton</a> researchers offers a promising path forward through the precise manipulation of plant-associated microbial communities.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-science-behind-microbial-partnerships">The science behind microbial partnerships</h2>



<p>Plants naturally harbor diverse ecosystems of bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms that function as biological allies. These microscopic partners contribute to disease resistance, nutrient absorption, and stress tolerance. However, until now, scientists lacked the tools to deliberately reshape these communities to enhance crop protection.</p>



<p>The Southampton team's approach centered on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/engineered-plant-microbiomes-the-future-of-crop-protection/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">modifying lignin biosynthesis genes in rice plants</a>. This strategic intervention altered the plant's metabolic output, creating conditions that favored beneficial bacterial populations while suppressing harmful ones. The result was a living defense system embedded within the plant itself.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-global-food-security">Implications for global food security</h2>



<p>The successful demonstration against Xanthomonas oryzae, the pathogen responsible for bacterial blight in rice, represents more than a laboratory achievement. Rice feeds nearly half the world's population, and bacterial blight causes devastating crop losses annually. Traditional control methods rely heavily on pesticides that contaminate soil and water systems.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-looking-beyond-disease-resistance">Looking Beyond Disease Resistance</h2>



<p>While disease protection represents the immediate application, the research framework opens doors to broader agricultural improvements. Future developments could engineer microbiomes to enhance nutrient uptake, reducing dependence on synthetic fertilizers. This dual benefit addresses both crop productivity and environmental sustainability.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-path-forward">The path forward</h2>



<p>As this technology advances from laboratory to field applications, it promises to reshape sustainable agriculture. The ability to program plants with their own biological defense systems could herald a new era where crops protect themselves naturally, reducing chemical inputs while maintaining yields necessary for global food security.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal&nbsp;<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-44335-3" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Nature Communications</em></a>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Revolutionizing agriculture through microbiome engineering

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0HDXqTGEmi4 Scientists give plants superpowers against bacterial disease A natural...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Acid rain and a crisis solved.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-don-t-we-ever-hear-about-acid-rain-anymore-the-environmental-crisis-that-was-solved">Why don't we ever hear about "acid rain" anymore? The environmental crisis that was solved</h2>



<p>Remember the 1980s when acid rain dominated headlines? Dire warnings about rain eating buildings, killing fish, and destroying forests filled every news cycle. Then, almost like magic, acid rain vanished from public discourse. What happened? Did we actually solve one of the late 20th century's most pressing environmental challenges?</p>



<p>The answer might surprise you. Unlike many environmental issues that drag on indefinitely, acid rain represents one of modern history's most successful ecological recovery stories. It's a tale of science, politics, and technology working together to tackle what seemed impossible.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>What was acid rain?</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain isn't regular rain having a bad day – it's precipitation that became significantly more acidic due to air pollution. When power plants, factories, and vehicles burn fossil fuels, they release sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) into the atmosphere.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The science behind it</strong></h2>



<p>Think of acid rain as nature's chemistry experiment gone wrong. These compounds react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form sulfuric and nitric acids. When mixed with water vapor in clouds, they create precipitation with dangerously low pH levels.</p>



<p>While clean rain has a pH of about 5.6, acid rain could drop as low as 4.2 to 4.4 – roughly as acidic as tomato juice or coffee. According to US Geological Survey documentation, Scottish chemist Angus Smith first coined "acid rain" in 1872, but it didn't become a household phrase until the 1960s and 1970s when Swedish scientist Svante Odén documented its devastating effects on Scandinavian lakes and European forests.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The crisis at its peak</strong></h2>



<p>During the height of public concern, environmental damage was both widespread and visible. This wasn't some abstract future threat – people could see destruction happening in real-time.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Environmental devastation</strong></h2>



<p>The most dramatic impacts were impossible to ignore. Research documented by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation shows that in the Adirondack Mountains, more than 200 lakes became so acidic they couldn't support fish life. The Adirondack Council reports that 409 lakes once supported brook trout, but many lost their fish populations due to acid rain.</p>



<p>By 1976, when scientists cataloged all acidified lakes in the Adirondack Park, researchers found that half of the lakes over 2,000 feet above sea level had no fish, according to studies published in environmental journals. The acidification process worked like a slow-motion disaster. As acid rain fell into watersheds, it gradually lowered pH levels. Fish couldn't survive in acidic water, and their food sources died off too.</p>



<p>Trees at high elevations showed stress directly linked to acid rain. It weakened them by leaching nutrients and making them susceptible to disease. Historical records show Germany's Black Forest saw nearly half its trees damaged by the mid-1980s.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Economic impact</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain wasn't just environmental – it was expensive. Acidic precipitation corroded infrastructure, buildings, and monuments. Historic stone structures deteriorated at accelerated rates. Tourism suffered as lakes became fishless and forests declined. EPA economic analyses from the period documented repair costs mounting into billions annually.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The solution: government action and technology</strong></h2>



<p>Transformation from crisis to success required unprecedented cooperation between governments, industries, and environmental groups.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The Clean Air Act of 1990</strong></h2>



<p>The turning point came with the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, signed by President George H.W. Bush. This represented a fundamentally new approach to environmental regulation, as documented in EPA historical records.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Cap-and-trade success</strong></h2>



<p>Instead of mandating specific technologies, the 1990 amendments introduced something revolutionary: a cap-and-trade system for sulfur dioxide emissions. EPA program documentation shows this market-based approach set overall limits but allowed companies to trade emission allowances.</p>



<p>The genius was harnessing market forces to find cost-effective pollution reduction. Companies reducing emissions cheaply could sell excess allowances to those facing higher costs. Research published in environmental economics journals and EPA progress reports shows this resulted in dramatic SO2 reduction at a fraction of projected costs.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Technology advances</strong></h2>



<p>Policy provided the framework, but technology made reductions possible. Studies in atmospheric science journals document the widespread adoption of flue gas desulfurization systems ("scrubbers") that removed sulfur dioxide before it reached the atmosphere. By the 2000s, new installations could remove over 95% of SO2 emissions, according to EPA technical reports.</p>



<p>The push coincided with cleaner energy development. Natural gas produces fewer sulfur compounds than coal. Wind and solar, emerging in the 1990s, captured growing market share, reducing reliance on high-sulfur coal.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-we-don-t-hear-about-it-today"><strong>Why we don't hear about it today</strong></h2>



<p>Why did acid rain disappear from headlines? Simple: the problem was largely solved.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Success doesn't make news</strong></h2>



<p>There's an old journalism saying: "If it bleeds, it leads." Environmental success stories don't generate urgency like crisis reporting. Media attention shifted to other challenges: climate change, plastic pollution, and biodiversity loss. There's only so much environmental anxiety the public can absorb, and newer concerns replaced acid rain.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Mission accomplished</strong></h2>



<p>The primary reason is beautifully simple: interventions worked. EPA monitoring data shows sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990. Academic research published in environmental science journals confirms pH levels in formerly affected areas returned closer to normal. This represents one of history's most dramatic environmental recoveries. Studies by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation show fishless lakes now support healthy populations. Forests recovered, and building damage slowed dramatically.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-is-it-really-gone"><strong>Is it really gone?</strong></h2>



<p>The crisis is largely resolved, but monitoring data shows the problem isn't completely eliminated – it's managed to acceptable levels. Some areas still experience occasional events during high pollution periods. International environmental research indicates that rapidly industrializing Asian countries face similar problems to what we experienced decades ago, though they're implementing successful strategies.</p>



<p>EPA research shows nitrogen oxide emissions proved more challenging than sulfur dioxide, coming from vehicles and mobile sources. Climate science studies suggest changing weather patterns add complexity to how acid rain forms and falls.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>What this teaches us</strong></h2>



<p>The acid rain experience proves that seemingly intractable environmental problems can be solved with scientific understanding, political will, and technological innovation. Environmental monitoring data shows recovery speed was remarkable – within a decade, measurable improvements appeared in air quality and ecosystem health.</p>



<p>Success came from bipartisan support across party lines. Policy analysis studies show the market-based approach appealed to those preferring economic incentives while achieving environmental goals. This support created lasting policy surviving political changes.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Conclusion</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain's disappearance from public consciousness represents environmental science's greatest success stories. Through effective regulation, technological innovation, and international cooperation, we transformed an overwhelming crisis into a manageable challenge.</p>



<p>Today's silence isn't because we forgot – it's because we solved it. The 1990 Clean Air Act, combined with technology and energy market changes, reduced acid rain emissions over 90%, according to comprehensive EPA data analysis.</p>



<p>This success offers hope for current challenges. It proves complex problems can be solved when science, policy, and technology work together. As we face climate change and plastic pollution, acid rain reminds us that dramatic positive change is possible.</p>



<p>Next time someone asks whether environmental regulations work, remember acid rain. It's proof that sometimes, we get it right.</p>



<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>



<p><strong>Sources:</strong> <em>This article draws from EPA official documentation and progress reports, peer-reviewed research published in environmental and atmospheric science journals, historical data from the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation records, US Geological Survey publications, policy analysis studies, and environmental monitoring data collected over three decades.</em></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Frequently Asked Questions</strong></h2>



<p><strong>1. Is acid rain completely gone?</strong> No, but EPA monitoring shows it's reduced to manageable levels. US sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990, making acid rain much less severe than the 1980s crisis.</p>



<p><strong>2. How long did solving take?</strong> Environmental monitoring data shows significant improvements began within 5-10 years of 1990s emission controls. Full ecosystem recovery took longer – some areas need 20-30 years for complete recovery.</p>



<p><strong>3. What made the solution successful?</strong> Clear scientific understanding, visible damage motivating action, bipartisan support, available technology, and innovative market-based policies like cap-and-trade.</p>



<p><strong>4. Do other countries have acid rain problems?</strong> Yes, particularly rapidly industrializing Asian countries. However, international environmental research shows many implement similar successful control strategies.</p>



<p><strong>5. Could acid rain return?</strong> Potentially, if regulations weaken or we return to high-sulfur coal without controls, though effects would take years to become severe according to environmental projections.</p>



<p><strong>6. Can you recommend any teaching tools on the subject of "acid rain"?</strong> The United States Environmental Protection Agency produced a wonderful teacher's guide for ages 14 and under that you can find on the EPA website here: <a href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf</a></p>



<p>-----</p>



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The environmental problem we actually solved

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk Acid rain and a crisis solved. Why don't we...

Green,Ecoduct,Over,An,Empty,Highway,During,Sunset.

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU
</div></figure>



<p>A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that wildlife tunnels significantly reduce amphibian road mortality during seasonal migrations. </p>



<p>Frogs and salamanders often cross roads to reach breeding ponds each spring, but many are killed by vehicles. </p>



<p>Researchers from the <a href="https://www.uvm.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Vermont</a>, in collaboration with local citizens and the Vermont Agency of Natural Resources, installed two underpass tunnels in 2015. </p>



<p>Over a 12-year monitoring period, they observed an 80.2% reduction in amphibian deaths, and up to 94% for non-climbing species like salamanders. </p>



<p>The study used a before-after-control-impact design and documented more than 5,200 amphibians, highlighting the tunnels’ effectiveness even in nearby buffer zones.</p>



<p>Funded at $342,397 - far cheaper than wildlife crossings for large mammals - the project showcased the power of community-led conservation.</p>



<p>Local groups initiated the effort after observing mass amphibian deaths. Wildlife cameras later captured over 2,200 amphibians using a tunnel in just one spring, along with other species like raccoons and bobcats, indicating wider ecosystem benefits.</p>



<p>This marks the first peer-reviewed, long-term data set in the northeastern U.S. confirming amphibian-specific underpasses work. </p>



<p>The study urges transportation departments to incorporate these designs into road planning and highlights how community action, thoughtful infrastructure, and persistence can make a real difference for biodiversity.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the <em><a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1617138125000780" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal for Nature Conservation</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Wildlife tunnels save millions of amphibians

https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that...

<p>Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. </p>



<p>The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-embed aligncenter is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/Ug657J67iEo?si=w96YjGMsg939LD_3
</div></figure>



<p>Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. </p>



<p>Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.</p>



<p>Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. </p>



<p>They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).</p>



<p>Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.</p>



<p>Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.</p>



<p>This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.</p>

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.</p>



<p>“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. </p>



<p>The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.</p>



<p>“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”</p>



<p>The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Designing crops that can beat the heat

[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Carl...

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes the first comprehensive estimate of carbon density in the Saharan, Sahel, and Sudanian zones of Africa. In an effort to measure the amount of carbon stored across these drylands, a team of scientists used high-resolution satellite images and artificial intelligence to map nearly 10 billion individual trees. </p>



<p>"The high spatial resolution (50 cm) combined with AI and field measurements used in this study is key to improving tree inventories in drylands," said Pierre Hiernaux, a French researcher working for NASA. "The ever-increasing availability of very high-resolution satellite imagery will make it possible to assess carbon pools and their dynamics at the individual tree level on a global scale."</p>



<p>"This study is exceptional because it is pioneering a type of approach that will revolutionize the monitoring of trees and forests on a global scale: in the short term, it will be possible to map the world's trees from the centre of the Amazon to our schoolyards," said <a href="https://www.inrae.fr/en">INRAE</a> researcher Jean-Pierre Wigneron.</p>



<p>"Many fields of application will become much more efficient and accurate, such as tracking carbon stocks, biodiversity, monitoring logging and protection against illegal forest degradation, in near real time.”</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Remote sensing will revolutionize the way we monitor trees

[sendtonews key="EjmSP20gQK-2593093-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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<p>Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.</p>



<p>According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."</p>



<p>Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;</p>



<p>ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. </p>



<p>Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> </em>Staff Writer </p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

[sendtonews key="uV9Lh2fQbV-1760058-12187" type="single"] Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s...

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> features a visual dataset of.methane emissions from wetlands across the globe. Atmospheric methane levels have reached record highs in recent years, and wetlands are a major source of these emissions.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Methane is an important greenhouse gas that contributes substantially to global warming. On a molecule by molecule basis, methane is much more efficient at trapping heat than carbon dioxide, the main driver of warming," says NASA.</p>



<p>"Though human activities, including agriculture, oil and natural gas production and use, and waste disposal, collectively contribute the majority of methane to the atmosphere, about a third of total methane emissions comes from wetlands."&nbsp;</p>



<p>According to NASA, understanding methane emissions from wetlands and other natural sources is critically important for scientists and policymakers who are working to combat climate change by reducing emissions from human activities.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: NASA Goddard</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Wetlands are a major source of methane emissions

[sendtonews key="f8fukm28Vz-2491833-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;</p>



<p>According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.</p>



<p>In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.</p>



<p>The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.</p>



<p>The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.</p>



<p>The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. </p>



<p>Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes how record-breaking heat expressed itself around the world in 2022.</p>



<p>Scientists have determined that 2022 was the 5th warmest year since 1880. Furthermore, the last nine consecutive years have been the warmest on record.</p>



<p>From devastating floods and wildfires to natural disasters like Hurricane Ian, 2022 showed us yet again how a warming climate affects people across the globe.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"As we look back at 20:22 and years past, we see that each year we better understand the challenges we face and how important it is to meet them," says NASA.</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: NASA Goddard</em></p>



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<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

2022 illustrated the consequences of a warming climate

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<p>Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes Earth’s interconnected systems, and how this network is affected by rising temperatures.&nbsp;</p>



<p>During 2020, average global temperatures matched the hottest year on record. The hurricane season was also record-breaking, with many of the storms intensifying at extraordinary speeds. Hot water in the ocean is fuel for hurricanes. The satellite data shows that it's all one interconnected system showing how  Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected.</p>



<p>According to NASA, dust swept up from Northern Africa plays a major role in the formation of hurricanes, and is also a key source of fertilization in the Amazon rainforest. As a result of<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-wasting-disease-is-fueled-by-climate-change/"> climate</a> change, dust plumes are expected to decline, which will have an effect on vegetation far away.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Images from Earth-observing satellites show how the world’s plant life is affected by natural disasters, fires, and deforestation. Satellites also reveal how widespread changes in vegetation impact waterways,&nbsp; the climate, air quality. Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on the Earth. "Earth From Space" is a groundbreaking two-hour special that reveals a spectacular new space-based vision of our planet. </p>



<p><em>Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;</em></p>



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<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://welcome.miami.edu/">University of Miami</a> Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science explores how changes in water temperatures have affected tiger shark habitats and movements in the North Atlantic Ocean. The study reveals that rising temperatures have caused the sharks to shift toward the poles over the past 40 years.</p>



<p>“Tiger shark annual migrations have expanded poleward, paralleling rising water temperatures,” explained study lead author Neil Hammerschlag. “These results have consequences for tiger shark conservation, since shifts in their movements outside of marine protected areas may leave them more vulnerable to commercial fishing.”</p>



<p>The researchers analyzed nine years of tracking data from satellite-tagged tiger sharks, combined with four decades of conventional tag and recapture data provided by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Cooperative Shark Tagging Program.</p>



<p>The experts found that during the last decade of record heat, for every one-degree Celsius increase in water temperatures, tiger sharks migrated further poleward by over 400 kilometers. They also migrated two weeks earlier than usual to waters off the northeastern coast of the United States.</p>



<p>“Given their role as apex predators, these changes to tiger shark movements may alter predator-prey interactions, leading to ecological imbalances, and more frequent encounters with humans,” concluded Professor Hammerschlag.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science</em></p>



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<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Tiger sharks are shifting poleward as temperatures rise

Today’s Video of the Day from the University of Miami...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> is focused on the melt ponds that emerge during the spring and summer on the Greenland Ice Sheet, which is the largest ice mass in the northern hemisphere.</p>



<p>"Melt ponds are vast pools of open water that form on both sea ice and ice sheets and are visible as turquoise-blue pools of water in this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image," says ESA.</p>



<p>"When snow and ice melts atop glaciers, water flows in channels and streams and collects in depressions on the surface. These melt ponds can speed up the melting of the surrounding ice since they greatly reduce the ice’s ability to reflect sunlight."</p>



<p>"This can create a positive feedback where an increasing number of melt ponds absorb more heat which causes ice cover to melt even faster."</p>



<p>According to ESA, Greenland has been hit with a late-season heatwave that began in early September. This caused the type of melt event that usually occurs in the middle of summer.</p>



<p>"In a recent paper published in Nature Climate Change, scientists found that major sea-level rise from the melting of the Greenland ice cap is now ‘inevitable’ even if the burning of fossil fuels were to halt overnight," says ESA. "Using satellite observations of Greenland ice loss and ice cap from 2000 to 2019, the team found the losses will lead to a minimum rise of 27 cm regardless of climate change."</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;</em></p>



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<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Melt ponds on the Greenland Ice Sheet

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes how Earth is unique in our solar system for its ability to sustain liquid water on its surface. But now, the water cycle is shifting as the climate warms, and scientists must find ways to predict how these changes will affect water availability.</p>



<p>Overall, 96 percent of Earth's water is saltwater, and nearly all of freshwater is found in ice and groundwater. These sources of water are linked as it passes through solid, liquid and gas phases.</p>



<p>In a warmer climate, the water cycle will be transformed. It will be easier for water to evaporate and form clouds, and storms will become more frequent and intense. Some regions will get too much water, while others will be left without enough water. In addition, soil moisture will be lost - which threatens food security.</p>



<p>Scientists are using satellite data from over the last 40 years to track changes that are happening in the water cycle. This will ultimately help us prepare for extreme events and better manage our water resources, according to ESA.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: ESA</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Tracking changes in Earth's water cycle

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Saturn,-,High,Resolution,3d,Images,Presents,Planets,Of,The

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard Space Flight Center</a> features images of Saturn from NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope. The photographs capture the start of the mysterious "spoke season" on Saturn - when unexplained features appear on its rings. </p>



<p>According to NASA, both the cause of the spokes and their seasonal variability have yet to be fully explained by planetary scientists.</p>



<p>"Like Earth, Saturn is tilted on its axis and therefore has four seasons, though because of Saturn's much larger orbit, each season lasts approximately seven Earth years. Equinox occurs when the rings are tilted edge-on to the Sun," explains NASA.</p>



<p>"The spokes disappear when it is near summer or winter solstice on Saturn. (When the Sun appears to reach either its highest or lowest latitude in the northern or southern hemisphere of a planet.) As the autumnal equinox of Saturn's northern hemisphere on May 6, 2025, draws near, the spokes are expected to become increasingly prominent and observable."</p>



<p>Experts believe that the spokes may be a product of the planet's variable magnetic field. When magnetic fields interact with solar wind, an electrically charged environment is created. This phenomenon is visible on Earth as the northern lights.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Scientists think that the smallest, dust-sized icy ring particles can become charged as well, which temporarily levitates those particles above the rest of the larger icy particles and boulders in the rings," says NASA.</p>



<p>The spokes were first observed in the early 1980s by NASA's Voyager mission. Depending on the angle of the rings, the spokes can appear dark or light.</p>



<p>"Thanks to Hubble's OPAL program, which is building an archive of data on the outer solar system planets, we will have longer dedicated time to study Saturn’s spokes this season than ever before," said NASA senior planetary scientist Amy Simon, head of the Hubble Outer Planet Atmospheres Legacy (OPAL) program.</p>



<p>"Despite years of excellent observations by the Cassini mission, the precise beginning and duration of the spoke season is still unpredictable, rather like predicting the first storm during hurricane season."</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;</em></p>



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<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Mysterious "spoke season" captured on Saturn

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