<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/grapevines-could-offer-a-breakthrough-alternative-to-plastic-packaging/">Plastic</a> bags are everywhere, and too many slip into rivers and onto beaches. A new analysis finds that policies that either charge a small fee per bag or prohibit them outright cut the share of bags found during shoreline cleanups by 25 to 47 percent.</p>



<p>The study combed through hundreds of city, county, and state rules passed between 2017 and 2023. It matched those policies to more than 45,000 volunteer cleanups across the United States to see what actually changed on the ground.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-who-ran-the-study">Who ran the study</h2>



<p>The research was coauthored by <a href="https://www.udel.edu/academics/colleges/ceoe/departments/smsp/faculty/kimberly-oremus/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Kimberly L. Oremus</a> of the University of Delaware’s School of Marine Science and Policy (<a href="https://www.udel.edu/academics/colleges/ceoe/departments/smsp/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UDEL</a>). </p>



<p>Oremus and her collaborator set out to measure litter, not just shopping behavior, so the results speak to what ends up in nature.</p>



<p>The team relied on citizen science, meaning trained volunteers recorded what they collected during beach, river, and lake cleanups. </p>



<p>They drew on <a href="https://www.coastalcleanupdata.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">TIDES</a>, a public database that stores those counts in one place so researchers can analyze patterns across time and place.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-studying-plastic-bag-policies">Studying plastic bag policies</h2>



<p>To isolate the effect of bag policies, the authors used a Difference-in-Differences (<a href="https://www.publichealth.columbia.edu/research/population-health-methods/difference-difference-estimation" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">DiD</a>) approach that compares places with and without new laws over the same period. </p>



<p>That design helps rule out unrelated trends that affect everyone, such as national shifts in shopping or packaging.</p>



<p>The headline result is simple. In communities with full bans or fees, the share of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/drinking-from-plastic-bottles-linked-to-high-blood-pressure-and-heart-problems/">plastic</a> bags in the litter mix fell relative to similar places without policies, and the decline grew in the years after a law took effect.</p>



<p>State level rules tended to be more reliable in the data than city or county policies. Effects looked similar along coasts and rivers, with hints of larger gains along lakes where winds and currents spread litter differently.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plastic-policy-fees-vs-bans">Plastic policy: Fees vs. bans</h2>



<p>Fees change the default at every checkout and discourage taking a bag when you do not need one, which reduces both thin and thicker bag use.</p>



<p>Other <a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/carrier-bag-charge-summary-of-data-in-england/single-use-plastic-carrier-bags-charge-data-for-england-2024-to-2025" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evidence</a> points in the same direction outside the United States. England reports an almost 98 percent drop in single use carrier bags at major retailers since its charge began.</p>



<p>Policies that only restrict thin bags often allow thicker <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/agricultural-soil-is-now-the-worlds-biggest-plastic-dumping-ground/">plastic</a> labeled as reusable. </p>



<p>Those partial bans showed the smallest and least precise effects in the analysis, which is consistent with shoppers substituting one kind of plastic for another.</p>



<p>Some states also pass preemption <a href="https://www.ncsl.org/environment-and-natural-resources/state-plastic-bag-legislation" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">laws</a> that block cities and counties from regulating bags at all. When local governments cannot act, the study’s data suggest statewide policies become especially important.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wildlife-and-entanglement">Wildlife and entanglement</h2>



<p>The cleanup records include notes on animals found <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microplastics-found-in-99-percent-sea-turtles-organ-tissue-reproductive-system/">entangled in debris</a>. </p>



<p>In areas with bag policies, the presence of entangled animals dropped by roughly 30 to 37 percent, although the authors caution that the estimates are imprecise and more data are needed.</p>



<p>That finding aligns with what we know about <a href="https://www.nrdc.org/stories/single-use-plastics-101" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">single-use-plastics</a>. Thin bags linger in water and along shorelines, where they can snag, smother, or be eaten by turtles, birds, and fish.</p>



<p>Many studies track what happens at store checkouts, but fewer track what ends up outdoors. Shoreline cleanups offer a window into that last step in the chain from purchase to pollution.</p>



<p>Across the study period, the share of bags among collected items rose overall, but it rose less where bag laws existed. That pattern is exactly what you want to see if policies are slowing the flow of litter into the environment.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-global-plastic-policy-steps">Global plastic policy steps</h2>



<p>A small, universal fee is a simple tool that nudges behavior without banning choices. Full bans can work too, and the analysis shows both approaches reduce the share of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/glass-bottles-contain-more-microplastics-than-plastic-containers/">plastic</a> bags found during cleanups.</p>



<p>The mix of policies should match local conditions. In places with more bag litter to begin with, impacts were largest, so targeting high problem areas with fast action can deliver quick gains.</p>



<p>Plastic bag rules are only one part of the picture. Negotiators from 175 countries are working toward a plastics treaty under <a href="https://www.unep.org/inc-plastic-pollution" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UNEP</a> that could standardize action on a wider set of products and chemicals.</p>



<p>The study notes that bottles, caps, and other items did not decline when bag policies passed. That is a signal that targeted rules for other single use products would be needed to curb overall litter.</p>



<p>Adopt a modest fee or a full ban that applies across retail and restaurant settings, and keep the text simple so it is easy to enforce. Pair the policy with clear signs at checkout and with retailer reporting that tracks compliance.</p>



<p>Measure results in the same way the researchers did. Recruit volunteers, log items in TIDES, and watch how the litter mix changes year over year so the policy can be adjusted as needed.</p>



<p>The study is published in <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adp9274" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Science</em></a>.</p>



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Studies confirm that a small tax definitely helps curb plastic pollution

Plastic bags are everywhere, and too many slip into rivers and onto beaches. A new analysis finds that policies that either charge a small fee per bag or prohibit them outright cut the share of bags found during shoreline cleanups by 25 to 47 percent. The study combed through hundreds of city, county, and state rules passed between 2017 and 2023. It matched those policies to more than 45,000 volunteer cleanups across the United States to see what actually changed on the ground. Who ran the study...

<p>Global Recycling Day, observed annually on March 18th, was created to acknowledge and celebrate the importance recycling plays in preserving our precious primary resources and securing the future of our planet.&nbsp;</p>



<p>It's a day dedicated to bringing global attention to the crucial role that recycling plays in contributing to an environmentally stable planet and a greener economy.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-origin-and-purpose">Origin and purpose</h2>



<p>Launched by the Global Recycling Foundation in 2018, Global Recycling Day aims to help recognize, and celebrate, the significance recycling has for our planet's health. The foundation's mission is to promote the sustainable and responsible management of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/people-recycle-know-new-products/">resources</a> worldwide. </p>



<p>By establishing this day, the organization seeks to encourage a global approach towards recycling, urging people, businesses, and governments to think about discarded products as resources, not waste.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-to-participate">How to participate</h2>



<p>Global Recycling Day encourages actions such as:</p>



<ul>
<li>Educating oneself and others about the benefits of recycling and how to recycle effectively.</li>



<li>Adopting better recycling habits in daily life, like ensuring proper separation of recyclable materials.</li>



<li>Reducing consumption of single-use <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/infinitely-recyclable-plastics-may-soon-become-a-reality/">plastics</a> and products, opting instead for reusable and recyclable alternatives.</li>



<li>Supporting local recycling programs by participating in community recycling initiatives and drives.</li>



<li>Spreading awareness through social media and other platforms to encourage more people to recycle.</li>
</ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fascinating-facts-about-recycling">Fascinating facts about recycling</h2>



<p>Recycling plays a crucial role in conserving natural resources, reducing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/unprecedented-increase-in-global-ocean-plastic-pollution-since-2005/">pollution</a>, and minimizing the global carbon footprint. Here are some fascinating facts about recycling:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-recycling-saves-energy">Recycling saves energy</h3>



<p>Recycling aluminum cans, for example, uses 95% less energy than manufacturing new ones from raw materials. This significant energy saving is because much of the energy used in metal production comes from the initial mining and processing.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-paper-conservation">Paper conservation</h3>



<p>Recycling a single ton of paper can save 17 trees, 7,000 gallons of water, and 380 gallons of oil. It also saves over three cubic yards of landfill space and reduces greenhouse gas emissions.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plastic-recycling-potential">Plastic recycling potential</h3>



<p>Every year, about 8 million metric tons of plastic end up in the world’s oceans. Yet, recycling just one ton of plastic bottles saves the equivalent energy usage of a two-person household for one year.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-glass-recycling-is-endless">Glass recycling is endless</h3>



<p>Glass can be recycled endlessly without loss in quality or purity. Unlike plastics, which tend to degrade in quality with each recycling process, glass can be reused continually, making it a highly sustainable material.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-economic-benefits">Economic benefits</h3>



<p>The recycling industry is a significant economic driver, supporting hundreds of thousands of jobs worldwide. In the U.S. alone, recycling and reuse activities contribute over $100 billion annually to the economy.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-electronics-recycling-e-waste">Electronics recycling (E-Waste)</h3>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hidden-e-waste-millions-of-tons-discarded-in-the-us-each-year/">E-waste</a> contains precious metals such as gold, silver, and copper. Recycling one million laptops saves the energy equivalent to the electricity used by more than 3,500 U.S. homes in a year.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Moreover, for every one million cell phones recycled, 35,274 pounds of copper, 772 pounds of silver, 75 pounds of gold, and 33 pounds of palladium can be recovered.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-improving-efficiency">Improving efficiency</h3>



<p>Modern recycling processes are becoming increasingly efficient and sophisticated. For instance, single-stream recycling allows consumers to mix all recyclable materials together, simplifying the recycling process and encouraging higher participation rates.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-greenhouse-gas-emissions">Greenhouse gas emissions</h3>



<p>By diverting waste from landfills and into the recycling stream, recycling significantly reduces greenhouse gas emissions. This is because organic waste in landfills generates methane - a potent greenhouse gas - when it decomposes anaerobically.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-water-conservation">Water conservation</h3>



<p>Recycling often uses less water than producing new <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/upcycling-plastic-waste-into-valuable-products/">products</a> from raw materials. For example, the paper recycling process uses significantly less water than making paper from trees.</p>



<p>These facts highlight the importance of recycling as a key component of sustainable living and environmental conservation. By recycling, we not only save resources but also contribute to a healthier planet.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-global-recycling-day-nbsp">Significance of Global Recycling Day&nbsp;</h2>



<p>This day highlights the concept of the "Seventh Resource" - the materials we recycle every day, like metals, paper, wood, glass, plastic, textiles, and electronics. These resources contribute significantly to the economy and help conserve the six primary natural resources: water, air, coal, oil, natural gas, and minerals.</p>



<p>The celebration of Global Recycling Day brings to light not only the environmental benefits, such as reducing landfill use, conserving natural resources, and lowering <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-co2-emissions-expected-to-reach-a-new-high-in-2023/">carbon emissions</a>, but also the social and economic advantages. Recycling drives economic development by creating jobs in the recycling and manufacturing industries.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-global-impact">Global impact</h2>



<p>Since its inception, Global Recycling Day has garnered international support, with events and initiatives taking place across the globe. Governments, businesses, and communities come together to promote recycling and its benefits.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The day serves as a reminder that effective recycling requires global collaboration and continuous effort from all sectors of society.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-future-of-recycling">The future of recycling</h2>



<p>Looking forward, Global Recycling Day aims to continue fostering a global mindset that embraces recycling as a crucial part of a sustainable future. It challenges us to innovate and find new ways to recycle materials more efficiently and to integrate recycling into our everyday lives even more deeply.</p>



<p>Ultimately, Global Recycling Day stands as a significant reminder of recycling's pivotal role in environmental conservation. It highlights how individual actions can contribute to a larger global impact. By celebrating this day, we reaffirm our commitment to a healthier planet and a sustainable future.</p>



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Global Recycling Day: Creating a healthier planet for all

Global Recycling Day, observed annually on March 18th, was created...

<p>A colossal river of ice, Greenland's Petermann Glacier, is disintegrating with shocking speed. Since the early 2000s, its melting rate has tripled. Rising tides threaten to inundate coastal cities and displace millions worldwide. </p>



<p>Researchers from the University of California, Irvine (<a href="https://uci.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UCI</a>), and NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory (<a href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">JPL</a>) have pinpointed the intrusion of warm ocean water beneath the glacier as a key factor.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-shifting-with-the-tides">Shifting with the tides</h2>



<p>Scientists were initially baffled by how quickly Petermann Glacier was <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/petermann-glacier-may-release-another-large-iceberg/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">losing</a> ice. That's when they made a remarkable discovery: the glacier isn't fixed in place. Instead, it shifts by kilometers with the changing tides. </p>



<p>"Satellite data revealed that the glacier shifts by several kilometers – or thousands of feet – as tides change," explained Ratnakar Gadi, UCI PhD candidate and lead author of the study.</p>



<p>The team mapped this massive movement and its impact on the ice. What they found shifts our entire understanding of how glaciers interact with the ocean.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-grounding-zone">The grounding zone</h2>



<p>While scientists are used to thinking about the impact of warming air temperatures on ice, the real action is happening beneath the surface. Warmer seawater is making its way far beneath Petermann Glacier, thinning it from below. </p>



<p>Researchers found the highest melt rates at a crucial area called the "grounding zone." This zone is where the glacier transitions from resting on land to floating on seawater.</p>



<p>“Seawater rises and falls with changes in oceanic tides in that zone and melts grounded ice from below vigorously,” said study senior author Eric Rignot, UCI professor of Earth system science. And the shape of this zone, scientists found, was a major contributor to the rapid melt.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modeling-petermann-glacier-s-melt">Modeling Petermann Glacier's melt</h2>



<p>To unravel the relative impact of warmer water versus the changing grounding zone, the UCI-led team relied on a sophisticated computer model from the <a href="https://www.mit.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a>. </p>



<p>When they only factored in warmer ocean temperatures, the glacier thinned by an estimated 40 meters. But, when they incorporated the expansion of the grounding zone, the modeled ice loss skyrocketed to 140 meters – more than three times as much.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications">Study implications</h2>



<p>The study paints a far more dire picture of the glacier's future and highlights a fundamental shift in our understanding of ice-ocean interactions. The grounding zone, once viewed as a less significant factor, is now understood to be critical. </p>



<p>Glaciers like Petermann are losing their grip on land and retreating because of this underwater melt. And the retreat has a cascading effect.</p>



<p>"The results published in this paper have major implications for ice sheet modeling and projections of sea level rise,” Rignot said. </p>



<p>“Earlier numerical studies indicated that including melt in the grounding zone would double the projections of glacier mass loss. The modeling work in this study confirms these fears. Glaciers melt much faster in the ocean than assumed previously.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-insights-from-the-melting-glacier">Insights from the melting glacier</h2>



<p>Greenland's Petermann Glacier melting rate is a stark reminder that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ice-shelves-will-struggle-to-recover-from-global-warming/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a> isn't a distant threat; its impacts are being felt right now. While the details are complex, the bottom line is simple: ice is melting, seas are rising. </p>



<p>Every bit of warming and every kilometer of the ice lost pushes coastal communities worldwide closer to the brink. The consequences are immense and demand urgent action.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">More about Petermann Glacier</h2>



<p>Petermann Glacier is a large glacier located in North Greenland. It is particularly notable for its floating ice tongue, which is one of the largest floating glaciers in the Northern Hemisphere. The glacier is named after the German cartographer August Heinrich Petermann.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Climate change indicator&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Like many glaciers around the world, the Petermann Glacier serves as an important indicator of climate change. Scientists study changes in its size and ice melt patterns to understand the broader impacts of global warming on polar ice and sea levels.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Major calving events</h3>



<p>The glacier has experienced significant calving events in recent years, where large sections of the ice tongue have broken off.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Notable events occurred in 2010 and 2012, when massive ice islands broke away from the glacier. These events attracted global attention and underscored concerns about the stability of polar ice in a warming world.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Research and monitoring</h3>



<p>The glacier is an active site for scientific research and monitoring. Researchers use satellite imagery, remote sensing technologies, and on-site measurements to study the glacier's dynamics, the thickness of the ice, and the rate of ice melt.&nbsp;</p>



<p>These studies are crucial for understanding not only the fate of the Petermann Glacier but also the broader implications for global sea level rise.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Ecological significance</h3>



<p>The area around the glacier is an important habitat for a variety of Arctic wildlife, including polar bears, seals, and various bird species. Changes in the glacier and the surrounding ice can have significant impacts on these ecosystems.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2023gl105869" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geophysical Research Letters</a>.</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>

Greenland's Petermann Glacier melting rate has tripled due to warm ocean water

A colossal river of ice, Greenland's Petermann Glacier, is disintegrating...

<p>In the quest for sustainable and innovative food sources, insects have emerged as a promising addition, with edible <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/there-are-2-5-million-ants-for-each-human-on-earth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ants</a> spotlighting the culinary scene for their unique flavors and nutritional value. </p>



<p>While the thought of incorporating insects into the menu might evoke a sense of hesitation, researchers have discovered that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ants-have-a-communications-system-that-closely-resembles-mental-telepathy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ants</a>, a common sight at picnics, could actually enhance our dishes with their distinct taste profiles.</p>



<p>A recent study unveiled at the American Chemical Society (<a href="https://www.acs.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS</a>) Spring 2024 meeting, held both virtually and in-person from March 17-21, introduces us to the diverse aroma profiles of four edible ant species. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-science-of-edible-ant-cuisine">The science of edible ant cuisine</h2>



<p>Changqi Liu, an associate professor of food science and a leading researcher in this study, shares his fascination with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/kangaroo-island-ants-do-a-perfect-job-of-playing-dead-to-avoid-predators/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ants</a> from his experiences in Oaxaca, Mexico, where edible insects are as commonplace as any other ingredient in the market.</p>



<p>The study's findings break new ground in our understanding of edible insects' flavors, a relatively unexplored area until now. </p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unique-odor-and-flavor-profiles">Unique odor and flavor profiles</h3>



<p>The research could significantly benefit the food industry by identifying desirable flavors for enhancement or undesirable ones to mask, thus paving the way for innovative product formulations.</p>



<p>Liu's team, based at <a href="https://www.sdsu.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">San Diego State University</a>, meticulously analyzed the odor profiles of the chicatana ant, common black ant, spiny ant, and weaver ant through advanced techniques. </p>



<p>They encountered an initial puzzle with certain volatiles that had no detectable odor, which they later identified as ant-specific pheromones. Beyond these, they pinpointed a variety of noticeable odors contributing to each <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ants-build-higher-nests-when-there-are-no-visible-landmarks/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ant species</a>' unique flavor.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-expanding-the-flavor-atlas">Expanding the flavor atlas</h3>



<p>The study revealed that common black <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/matabele-ants-produce-antibiotics-to-treat-wounded-nestmates/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ants</a> exude an acidic and vinegary aroma, attributed to their high formic acid content, while chicatana ants offer a nutty, woody scent without the presence of formic acid. </p>



<p>Weaver ants stand out with a nutty, sweet, and caramel-like aroma, though the researchers also noted some off-flavors. Interestingly, the team observed flavor variations between ants at different developmental stages, suggesting that age influences flavor.</p>



<p>Looking ahead, Liu's team is excited to expand their research to include more <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tiny-ants-make-a-huge-contribution-to-forest-regeneration/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ant species</a> and developmental stages, such as eggs, and to explore how different processing methods affect flavor. They also aim to conduct sensory evaluations with human panels to further refine their understanding of edible ants' culinary potential.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-good-for-your-health-and-good-for-the-earth">Good for your health and good for the Earth</h2>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/edible-insects-could-benefit-individual-and-global-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Edible insects</a> hold promise as delicious alternatives to traditional animal proteins, offering a sustainable and nutritious option. However, individuals with food allergies, particularly to crustaceans and shellfish, should approach with caution due to the presence of common allergens like tropomyosin in many invertebrates.</p>



<p>Despite the challenges of high production costs and varying consumer acceptance levels across countries, the future of edible insects in the food industry looks bright. Liu's vision extends beyond the nutritional and environmental benefits of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/most-people-think-insects-will-become-a-sustainable-food-source/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">eating insects</a>. </p>



<p>He aims to showcase their potential for delicious and diverse culinary creations, emphasizing that incorporating insects into our diets does not have to feel like a sacrifice but rather an exploration of new, sustainable, and flavorful dining experiences.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-embracing-edible-ants-and-the-future-of-sustainable-food">Embracing edible ants and the future of sustainable food</h2>



<p>In summary, the exploration of edible ants opens a fascinating chapter in the quest for sustainable and innovative food sources. This intriguing new trend promises to enrich our culinary palette and contribute positively to environmental conservation. </p>



<p>Through meticulous research, scientists like Changqi Liu and his team shed light on the unique flavors these insects offer, paving the way for their integration into mainstream cuisine. </p>



<p>As we look towards a future where food sustainability becomes increasingly critical, edible ants stand out as a testament to the potential of exploring unconventional food sources. </p>



<p>Their diverse and interesting flavor profiles, coupled with their nutritional and environmental benefits, underscore the importance of reimagining our food systems and embracing the extraordinary possibilities that lie in the world of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/insect-farming-could-have-huge-benefits-for-soil-fertility-and-crop-production/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">edible insects</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-edible-ants-and-insects">More about edible ants and insects</h2>



<p>In a world where sustainability and nutrition intersect, edible ants and insects emerge as innovative solutions to global food challenges. As discussed above, with their low environmental footprint and high nutritional value, these tiny creatures offer a glimpse into the future of food.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nutritional-powerhouses">Nutritional powerhouses</h3>



<p>Edible insects are not just about novelty; they're packed with proteins, vitamins, and minerals. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fungus-farming-ants-work-hard-to-maintain-healthy-gardens/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ants</a>, for instance, contain high levels of protein, essential amino acids, and vitamins such as B12, often lacking in vegetarian diets. </p>



<p>They offer an excellent alternative to traditional meat sources, catering to the nutritional needs of a growing global population while reducing the strain on our planet's resources.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-flavorful-delicacies">Flavorful delicacies</h3>



<p>The taste of edible ants and insects might surprise the uninitiated. Far from being bland or unpleasant, many species boast unique flavors that can enhance a variety of dishes. </p>



<p>From the nutty and woody notes of chicatana ants to the acidic and vinegary taste of black <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/desert-ants-use-earths-magnetic-field-for-navigation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ants</a>, these insects add a new dimension to culinary practices around the world. Chefs and food enthusiasts are experimenting with these flavors, creating innovative dishes that challenge our preconceptions about what is edible.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-champions">Environmental champions</h3>



<p>The environmental benefits of farming insects for food are significant. Compared to traditional livestock, insects require less land, water, and feed, and they emit fewer greenhouse gases. This makes them an ideal choice for sustainable farming practices. </p>



<p>By integrating insects into our diets, we can help combat climate change and biodiversity loss, making our food systems more resilient.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-overcoming-barriers-to-edible-ants">Overcoming barriers to edible ants</h3>



<p>Despite their benefits, edible <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/a-thing-of-nightmares-parasite-turns-ants-into-zombies-at-dawn-and-dusk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ants</a> and insects face hurdles in consumer acceptance, particularly in Western countries where eating insects is not a part of traditional culinary culture. However, education and exposure are key to changing perceptions. </p>



<p>Highlighting the delicious flavors, nutritional benefits, and environmental advantages of edible insects can encourage more people to consider them as a viable food source.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-looking-ahead">Looking ahead</h3>



<p>As we move forward, the role of edible ants and insects in our diets is likely to grow. Research into their flavors, nutritional profiles, and environmental impact continues to expand, offering new insights into how we can incorporate them into our meals. </p>



<p>With ongoing efforts to increase consumer acceptance and develop sustainable farming practices, edible insects promise to play a significant part in the future of food.</p>



<p>In summary, edible ants and insects represent more than just an alternative food source; they are a step towards a more sustainable and nutritious diet. By embracing these unconventional ingredients, we open the door to a world of culinary innovation and environmental stewardship, setting the stage for a healthier planet and a more sustainable way of living.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

First plants, now ants: The art, science, and sustainability of ant cuisine

In the quest for sustainable and innovative food sources, insects...

<p>In a world where the richness of species diversity is steadily waning, largely due to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/animal-extinction-risk-is-heavily-influenced-by-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">human activity and exploitation</a> of natural resources, the pressing need for effective species conservation strategies has never been more evident. </p>



<p>Traditionally, conservation efforts have zeroed in on species teetering on the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sounding-the-alarm-half-of-earths-species-are-experiencing-rapid-population-decline/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">brink of extinction</a>. This approach, while necessary, often forces difficult decisions regarding the allocation of scarce resources. </p>



<p>However, a shift in focus towards long-term preventative measures rather than short-term crisis intervention might offer a more <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/one-fifth-of-the-species-on-the-european-red-list-may-vanish/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sustainable solution</a>, ensuring that species common today do not become the rarities of tomorrow.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plight-of-the-pronghorn-serves-as-a-wakeup-call">Plight of the pronghorn serves as a wakeup call</h2>



<p>A recent study presented in <em>Global Ecology and Conservation</em> emphasizes this argument through its examination of declining pronghorn productivity in Wyoming, illustrating the broader implications of immediate <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dna-analysis-can-predict-which-animals-are-at-risk-of-extinction/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">conservation actions</a>. </p>



<p>The research, co-authored by Caleb Roberts, a research ecologist with the <a href="https://www.usgs.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">U.S. Geological Survey</a> at the Arkansas Cooperative Fish &amp; Wildlife Research Unit, underscores the adverse effects of human-driven changes on pronghorn populations -- a species emblematic of North America's natural heritage.</p>



<p>Analyzing 40 years of data from 40 pronghorn herds in Wyoming's Basin Shrub Steppe, the study reveals a concerning trend: an overwhelming majority (80%) of these herds have experienced a decline in productivity, defined as the number of juveniles per 100 females, with nearly 43% facing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-sixth-mass-extinction-is-currently-in-progress/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">significant downturns</a>. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-humans-are-clearly-causing-rapid-pronghorn-decline">Humans are clearly causing rapid pronghorn decline</h2>



<p>Pronghorn, often mistakenly referred to as antelope, boast the title of North America's fastest land animals. Their significance extends beyond their speed, representing an iconic figure in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-is-the-future-of-the-endangered-species-act/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">continent's fauna</a>.</p>



<p>The investigation into the factors behind this decline pinpointed two primary culprits: the surge in oil and gas development and the phenomenon known as woody encroachment. </p>



<p>Wyoming has witnessed an explosion in oil and gas extraction activities over recent decades, leading to a proliferation of well pads and an associated increase in road construction. These developments create physical barriers that fragment the pronghorn's habitat, severely impacting their migration patterns and, by extension, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/one-quarter-of-freshwater-fish-species-face-extinction/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">their survival</a>.</p>



<p>Woody encroachment, the gradual takeover of rangelands by trees and shrubs, further exacerbates the situation by diminishing the availability of suitable forage. Pronghorns thrive in environments rich in shrubs and non-woody biomass; the encroachment of trees into these habitats directly threatens their food sources.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-crucial-case-for-proactive-species-conservation-efforts">Crucial case for proactive species conservation efforts</h2>



<p>The research advocates for a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/endangered-species-day-millions-of-species-share-the-earth-with-humans-and-they-need-our-help/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">proactive stance</a> on conservation, particularly the management of woody vegetation, to preserve adequate foraging grounds for pronghorn and maintain their population productivity. </p>



<p>Roberts emphasizes the broader applicability of their findings and approach. “Although our paper centers on Wyoming, our results and approach are applicable everywhere — including Arkansas,” he explains. </p>



<p>“If we want to keep common species common, like pronghorn in Wyoming or turkey in Arkansas, we need to constantly look for early signals of declines and link those signals to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/u-s-fish-and-wildlife-service-declares-21-species-extinct/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">causes of declines</a>. That way, we can act before the problem becomes insurmountable and we lose critical natural resources and species," Roberts concluded.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-universal-blueprint-for-preventive-species-conservation">Universal blueprint for preventive species conservation</h2>



<p>In summary, the declining productivity of pronghorn populations in Wyoming serves as a critical indicator of the broader environmental challenges facing our planet, underscoring the urgent need for a shift towards preventative <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bird-population-north-america-dramatic-decline-lost-3-billion-birds/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">conservation strategies</a>. </p>



<p>By proactively managing threats such as habitat fragmentation and woody encroachment, we can safeguard the future of iconic species like the pronghorn, ensuring that they continue to thrive in their natural habitats. </p>



<p>This approach preserves the intricate balance of ecosystems and represents a more sustainable and effective way to maintain biodiversity. Ultimately, the lessons learned from the pronghorn's plight highlight the importance of early intervention and adaptive management in the ongoing battle to protect our world's natural heritage for generations to come.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2351989424000520?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Global Ecology and Conservation</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Pronghorn lessons: Conservation is crucial for preventing species extinctions

In a world where the richness of species diversity is...

<p>Oil and gas operations across the United States are leaking massive amounts of methane, a potent greenhouse gas. That's the alarming finding of a new study by <a href="https://www.stanford.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Stanford University</a>. </p>



<p>The financial cost of this leakage is estimated to be $1 billion in lost revenue. Moreover, by adding billions of tons of methane into the atmosphere, the oil and gas industry is causing an estimated $10 billion in economic and societal damage each year.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-change-due-to-methane">Climate change due to methane</h2>



<p>When we talk about climate change, the focus is often on carbon dioxide (CO2). But it's time to pay serious attention to methane. Though it breaks down relatively quickly, methane traps about 80 times more heat than CO2 over the first 20 years it's in our atmosphere. </p>



<p>This makes methane a powerful contributor to the rapid warming we're experiencing. The 6 million tons of methane leaked annually by the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/u-s-finalizes-ambitious-rule-to-slash-methane-emissions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">U.S.</a> oil and gas industry is roughly equivalent to the yearly carbon emissions from all fossil fuels burned in Mexico.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-oil-and-gas-operations">Oil and gas operations</h2>



<p>The researchers conducted extensive aerial surveys of six major oil and gas regions in the U.S. They used advanced sensors mounted on aircraft to measure methane emissions, even from smaller leaks. </p>



<p>This data, combined with computer modeling, allowed them to pinpoint where emissions were highest and offer practical solutions. </p>



<p>The team found that actual methane emissions from oil and gas operations are roughly three times higher than previous government estimates. This discrepancy highlights the need for better monitoring and data collection.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-regional-variations-in-methane-leaks">Regional variations in methane leaks</h2>



<p>The study revealed surprising regional differences. In New Mexico's portion of the Permian Basin, an alarming 10% of produced <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/large-methane-leaks-discovered-in-the-baltic-sea/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">methane</a> escapes directly into the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/atmospheric-methane-absorbs-sunlight/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">atmosphere</a>. On the other hand, some areas performed better than expected, suggesting that good practices can significantly reduce methane leaks.</p>



<p>“Costs aside, the main message here is that some regions show emissions at rates well above those the government itself uses to estimate methane losses,” said senior study author Adam Brandt, an associate professor of Energy Science &amp; Engineering at the <a href="https://sustainability.stanford.edu">Stanford Doerr School of Sustainability</a>. </p>



<p>“We hope this will spur government methane inventories toward greater incorporation of remote sensing data at the heart of those estimates.”</p>



<p>The researchers also found that a shockingly small number of sites are responsible for the lion's share of methane emissions. Fixing leaks at just 2% of facilities could reduce emissions in most regions by 50-80 percent. </p>



<p>Additionally, they highlighted that midstream infrastructure (the pipelines, processing plants, and compressor stations that transport gas) is leakier than previously thought.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-methane-leak-reduction">Methane leak reduction</h2>



<p>“Solving the methane challenge is not quite as easy as simply finding and fixing a handful of leakers, as these stark numbers might suggest, but it does mean that efforts concentrated on relatively few operations could have considerable benefits,” said lead study author Evan Sherwin, a research scientist at <a href="https://www.lbl.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory</a>.</p>



<p>By taking action to stop <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wetland-methane-emissions-have-surged-at-high-latitudes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">methane</a> leaks, the oil and gas industry can save money <em>and</em> slow climate change. With roughly $1 billion in gas going up in smoke each year, investing in leak detection and repair makes financial sense.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-significance">Study significance</h2>



<p>The study demonstrates the value of advanced monitoring techniques for accurately measuring methane emissions. This type of data is essential for developing effective regulations and guiding industry efforts to reduce their climate impact.</p>



<p>“Climate change mitigation starts with better tracking of emissions, of course, but also accurate tracking of reduction efforts going forward,” Brandt said.</p>



<p>Let's hope these findings lead to a future where the oil and gas industry works proactively to minimize methane leaks in the U.S.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07117-5" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Methane leaks in US oil and gas projects exceed $10 billion yearly in losses

Oil and gas operations across the United States are leaking...

<p>National Panda Day, celebrated annually on March 16, marks an important occasion to honor and raise awareness about one of the most beloved and iconic species on the planet. Originating from China, pandas are not just a source of national pride but also play a crucial role in the conservation of biodiversity.&nbsp;</p>



<p>There are two subspecies of panda - the Giant, black and white panda, and the much rarer, Qinling panda, a brown subspecies discovered in 1985 in the mountain ranges of southern Shaanxi Province, China.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-conservation-status-of-pandas">Conservation status of pandas</h2>



<p>In the wild, giant pandas are found exclusively in remote mountainous regions of China. Despite the challenges they face, including habitat loss, farming, fur hunting, and a naturally low birth rate, conservation efforts over the years have led to a positive outcome. By 2019, the status of pandas was upgraded from "endangered" to "vulnerable."&nbsp;</p>



<p>The significant improvement in the panda's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/giant-pandas-removed-from-chinas-endangered-species-list/">conservation status</a> by 2020 can be attributed to various efforts, including reproduction programs in zoos, reforestation, and conservation campaigns. However, with less than 2,000 pandas left in the wild, the fight to protect these creatures and their habitat is far from over.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ecological-role-of-pandas">Ecological role of pandas</h2>



<p>Pandas are more than just charismatic animals; they are a keystone in the conservation efforts for biodiversity, making their protection vital for ecological health and sustainability. </p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ecosystem-health">Ecosystem health</h3>



<p>Pandas play a crucial role in the biodiversity of the forests they inhabit. As bamboo specialists, they help maintain the health and growth of bamboo forests by spreading seeds and facilitating growth. Their activities support a variety of other organisms in these ecosystems.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-umbrella-species">Umbrella species</h3>



<p>Pandas are considered an umbrella species. Protecting pandas and their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/giant-pandas-have-the-perfect-camouflage-for-their-natural-habitat/">habitat</a> benefits a multitude of other species. Conservation efforts aimed at pandas indirectly protect the broader ecological community and other endangered species sharing their habitat.</p>



<p>A scientific paper published in 2015 by The Society for Conservation Biology revealed that preserving the panda's natural habitat aids 70% of the country’s forest birds, 70% of mammals, and 31% of amphibians.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-economic-benefit-of-pandas">Economic benefit of pandas</h3>



<p>Pandas have significant economic benefits through ecotourism. Many people travel to reserves and zoos to see these unique animals, bringing income to local communities and funding for conservation projects.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cultural-symbol">Cultural symbol</h3>



<p>The giant panda is a symbol of peace and friendship in China, representing conservation efforts worldwide. Its image is globally recognized and used in wildlife conservation campaigns, highlighting the importance of environmental protection.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-research">Scientific research</h3>



<p>Studying pandas helps scientists understand the requirements for species conservation, including habitat preservation, the impact of human activity on wildlife, and the complex interactions within ecosystems. Research on pandas can offer insights applicable to the conservation of other species as well.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fascinating-facts-about-pandas">Fascinating facts about pandas</h2>



<p>Giant pandas are incredibly fascinating creatures with a number of distinctive traits and behaviors. These unique adaptations underscore the global effort required to preserve such an iconic species.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-specialized-diet">Specialized diet</h3>



<p>Despite belonging to the carnivorous bear family, pandas have a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/giant-pandas-gut-bacteria-turn-nutrient-poor-food-into-fat/">diet</a> that is almost entirely bamboo. They eat 26 to 84 pounds of bamboo a day, depending on what part of the bamboo they are eating. This diet requires them to eat for up to 12 hours a day.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bamboo-digestion">Bamboo digestion</h3>



<p>Pandas have a carnivore's digestive system but have adapted to their bamboo diet by developing a strong, muscular esophagus and stomach to digest the tough bamboo. They can only digest about 17% of the bamboo they eat, so they have to eat a lot to get enough nutrients.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-thumb-like-appendage">Thumb-like appendage</h3>



<p>Pandas have an enlarged wrist bone that acts like a thumb, which helps them to hold bamboo while eating. This adaptation is crucial for their bamboo-centric diet.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-color-vision-in-pandas">Color vision in pandas</h3>



<p>Unlike many mammals, pandas can see in color. This ability may help them differentiate between the nutritious and fresh green bamboo and the less nutritious yellow bamboo.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unique-births">Unique births</h3>



<p>Panda mothers are known to give birth to one of the smallest mammal newborns relative to the mother's size. A newborn panda is about 1/900th the size of its mother, blind, and helpless.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-solitary-creatures">Solitary creatures</h3>



<p>Pandas are solitary animals, with adults only coming together to mate. They communicate through <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/secret-social-lives-pandas-have-their-own-version-of-facebook/">scent marks</a>, calls, and occasional meetings.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-energy-conservation">Energy conservation</h3>



<p>Due to their low-nutrition diet, pandas have a low metabolism and prefer to conserve energy. They often appear to be resting or moving slowly when not eating.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-longevity">Longevity</h3>



<p>In the wild, pandas can live up to 20 years, but in captivity, they have lived to be as old as 38 years, thanks to advancements in veterinary care and improved living conditions.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-distinctive-coloring-nbsp-of-pandas">Distinctive coloring&nbsp;of pandas</h2>



<p>The giant panda's distinctive black-and-white coloring is one of its most famous features, and it serves as more than just an adorable aspect of their appearance. This unique coloration provides effective camouflage in their natural habitat, aiding their survival in several ways.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-blending-with-snow-and-shadows">Blending with snow and shadows</h3>



<p>The white parts of the panda's fur help it blend in with the snowy backdrop of its mountainous habitat in China, while the black parts provide <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/panda-bears-fur-communication-camouflage/">camouflage</a> in the shadows of the dense bamboo forests where it lives and feeds. This contrast is thought to help them remain inconspicuous to predators and prey.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-communication-nbsp">Communication&nbsp;</h3>



<p>The stark contrast in their fur might also play a role in communication. The distinctive markings on their face help pandas recognize each other and may also convey expressions or emotional states, which is crucial for a mostly solitary animal.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-thermal-regulation">Thermal regulation</h3>



<p>Some researchers suggest that the black and white fur may also have a role in thermal regulation, with the black parts absorbing heat from the sun and the white parts reflecting it, although this theory is more speculative.</p>



<p>Despite their size and distinct coloring, pandas can blend remarkably well into their surroundings, a testament to the evolutionary adaptations that have allowed them to survive in their specific ecological niche.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-national-panda-day-nbsp">Significance of National Panda Day&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The creation of National Panda Day, while its origins remain unclear, was likely intended to draw attention to the plight of the pandas and motivate efforts to prevent their extinction.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Since its formation in 1961, the <a href="http://www.worldwildlife.org" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">World Wildlife Fund</a> (WWF) has adopted the panda in its logo. This emblem has become a global call to action to preserve endangered species and their natural habitats.</p>



<p>National Panda Day serves as a reminder of the beauty and fragility of wildlife, encouraging ongoing efforts in conservation. Today, we must reaffirm our commitment to protecting these gentle giants and the biodiversity they represent.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

National Panda Day 2024: Recognizing the beauty and fragility of the giant panda 

National Panda Day, celebrated annually on March 16, marks an...

A,3d,Render,Of,What,Hell,Creek,May,Have,Looked

<p>In the remote expanse of northwestern Alaska, the discovery of ancient <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dinosaur-track-site-in-alaska-reveals-remarkable-details-of-the-past/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dinosaur tracks</a>, alongside fossilized plants and tree stumps, has offered unprecedented insights into the lush and wet environments of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/extraordinary-dinosaur-fossils-discovered-from-the-end-of-cretaceous-era/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">prehistoric era</a> when dinosaurs freely roamed between Asia and North America.</p>



<p>This significant find dates back approximately 100 million years ago. It illuminates new aspects of the climate and animal migration patterns of that era. This discovery provides a clearer picture of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/in-alaska-dinosaurs-lived-where-rainfall-was-optimal/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ancient world</a> that once existed in this region. </p>



<p>The study was led by Anthony Fiorillo from <a href="https://www.smu.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">SMU</a> and Paul McCarthy of University of Alaska Fairbanks (<a href="https://www.uaf.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UAF</a>), and UAF graduate student Eric Orphys, was published in the journal <em>Geosciences</em>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unraveling-alaska-s-ancient-climate-secrets">Unraveling Alaska's ancient climate secrets</h2>



<p>For over two decades, Fiorillo and McCarthy have explored <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tooth-alaskas-first-inhabitants/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Alaska's prehistoric landscapes</a>. They have been striving to integrate geological and paleontological data to reconstruct ancient climates. </p>



<p>“We've had projects for the last 20 years in Alaska trying to integrate sedimentology, dinosaur paleontology and the paleoclimate indicators,” McCarthy said. “We’ve done work in three other formations -- in Denali, on the North Slope and in Southwest Alaska -- and they're about 70 million years old.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bering-land-bridge-and-the-nanushuk-formation">Bering Land Bridge and the Nanushuk Formation</h2>



<p>Their recent focus on the Nanushuk Formation has unveiled fascinating details about the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/colossal-new-dinosaur-was-hidden-in-spains-early-cretaceous-fossils/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cretaceous</a> period. This includes insights into the Bering Land Bridge, which served as a vital connection between the continents. </p>



<p>Fiorillo, who now works at <a href="https://www.nmnaturalhistory.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science</a>, highlighted the significance of this era in ancient Alaska.</p>



<p>"What interested us about looking at rocks of this age is this is roughly the time that people think of as the beginning of the Bering Land Bridge -- the connection between Asia and North America,” he said. “We want to know who was using it, how they were using it and what the conditions were like."</p>



<p>Their research provides insights into contemporary climate change. According to the team, studying ancient climates helps us comprehend the challenges of our warming planet. </p>



<p>“The mid-Cretaceous was the hottest point in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-ancestors-coexisted-with-dinosaurs-yes-according-to-shocking-new-research/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cretaceous</a>,” McCarthy noted. “The Nanushuk Formation gives us a snapshot of what a high-latitude ecosystem looks like on a warmer Earth.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-treasure-trove-of-prehistoric-life">Treasure trove of prehistoric life</h2>



<p>The Nanushuk Formation spans the central and western North Slope and is a rich source of evidence. It dates back to the mid-Cretaceous, around the time when the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humans-arrived-in-the-americas-10000-years-earlier-than-previously-thought/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Bering Land Bridge</a> first emerged. </p>



<p>Fieldwork conducted between 2015 and 2017 in the Coke Basin area revealed about 75 fossil tracks. These findings and other remnants indicate a vibrant, riverine ecosystem in ancient Alaska.</p>



<p>Their findings included diverse dinosaur tracks and numerous fossilized tree stumps, some measuring up to 2 feet in diameter. This painted a vivid picture of a lush, prehistoric environment. The researchers' analysis of these tracks revealed a predominance of bipedal plant-eating dinosaurs. These constituted 59% of the total tracks found.</p>



<p>Moreover, the abundance of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bird-tracks-discovered-that-predate-the-oldest-birds-by-60-million-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bird tracks</a> unearthed suggests the warm paleoclimate of the area may have attracted avian species during the Cretaceous. This role mirrors how it attracts North America’s shorebirds today.</p>



<p>“We were at a spot where we eventually realized that for at least 400 yards we were walking on an ancient landscape,” Fiorillo said. “On that landscape we found large upright trees with little trees in between and leaves on the ground. We had tracks on the ground and fossilized feces.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ancient-alaska-was-wet-warm-and-lush">Ancient Alaska was wet, warm and lush</h2>



<p>Through carbon isotope analysis of wood samples, the team determined that the region received approximately 70 inches of annual precipitation. This supports the theory of a significantly warmer and wetter climate during the mid-Cretaceous compared to present-day conditions. </p>



<p>Fiorillo likened the ancient climate to modern-day Miami, highlighting the significant differences in temperature and rainfall.</p>



<p>“The temperature was much warmer than it is today, and what’s possibly more interesting is that it rained a lot,” Fiorillo said. “The samples we analyzed indicate it was roughly equivalent to modern-day Miami. That’s pretty substantial.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-implications-and-future-study">Environmental implications and future study</h2>



<p>McCarthy's expertise in fossil soils allowed the team to reconstruct the ancient landscape of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ancient-alaskan-hunters-advanced/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Alaska</a>. They identified river channels, flood deposits, and other environmental features. These features provided a habitat for diverse dinosaur species.</p>



<p>“We can say here's a river channel, here's a flood deposit, here's a levee, here's the floodplain, here's a swamp,” McCarthy said. “And so if we're able to find tracks in that section, then you can sometimes say that a group of dinosaurs seems to have really liked being here as opposed to there.”</p>



<p>Fiorillo insists that there’s much more work to be done. “This puts a new dot on the map and tells us there's a lot here, and it fits into the bigger picture,” he concluded. “The big picture is we're trying to get better resolution on what life was like in the high latitudes back at the time the dinosaurs were roaming around.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-climate-lessons-learned-from-ancient-alaska">Modern climate lessons learned from ancient Alaska</h2>



<p>This important work by Fiorillo, McCarthy and their team in northwestern <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-is-unleashing-ancient-zombie-viruses/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Alaska</a> unveils a captivating glimpse into the prehistoric world, bridging the gap between past and present climates. </p>



<p>By uncovering a trove of dinosaur tracks, fossilized plants, and evidence of a rich ecosystem dating back 100 million years, the study enriches our understanding of the Earth's geological history and offers valuable insights into the effects of climate change. </p>



<p>The findings from the Nanushuk Formation highlight the dynamic interplay between flora, fauna, and climate during the mid-Cretaceous period, underscoring the importance of continued exploration and study to fully grasp the complexities of our planet's past and its implications for our future.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3263/14/2/36" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Geosciences</em></a>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Dinosaur discovery reveals ancient Alaska's warm, lush landscape

In the remote expanse of northwestern Alaska, the discovery of...

<p>A new study from <a href="https://www.mit.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a> reveals that there's a fine line between grazing that benefits our planet and grazing that contributes to climate change.</p>



<p>When you think of climate change, images of smokestacks and cars likely come to mind. But did you know that the way we manage the land where livestock graze plays a major role in either storing or releasing harmful greenhouse gases? </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sustainable-grazing">Sustainable grazing</h2>



<p>Grazing, when done responsibly, plays a crucial role in the ecological balance of grassland ecosystems. This age-old practice, involving livestock like cattle, sheep, and goats feeding on grass, has a more profound impact on the environment than meets the eye.</p>



<p>As these animals <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/corn-residue-is-a-valuable-resource-for-cattle-grazing/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">graze</a>, they consume plant material, which might seem like a straightforward process. However, this act of grazing does more than just feed the livestock. It triggers a chain of ecological events that can lead to healthier, more vibrant grasslands. </p>



<p>When animals graze on plants, they often eat the older, tougher plant parts, which can stimulate the plants to grow back healthier and more vigorous. This regrowth is not just beneficial for the animals in terms of providing more food; it also plays a crucial part in the cycle of plant life and soil enrichment.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-grazing-and-climate-change">Grazing and climate change</h2>



<p>The stimulation of new plant growth is key to one of the most critical ecological services grazing provides: carbon sequestration. Plants absorb carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere during photosynthesis, using the carbon to grow new leaves, stems, and roots, and releasing oxygen back into the air. </p>



<p>When animals graze on these plants, a portion of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/grazing-animals-play-a-key-role-in-stabilizing-soil-carbon/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">carbon</a> is transferred into the soil through the plants' root systems, which are enhanced by the grazing activity.</p>



<p>Moreover, as part of their natural digestive process, grazing animals also contribute organic matter back to the soil through their manure. This manure acts as a natural fertilizer, rich in nutrients and organic carbon, further <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/lamb-grazing-and-solar-energy-increase-land-productivity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">enhancing soil</a> health and its ability to store carbon. </p>



<p>This cycle of growth, grazing, and manure deposition increases the soil's organic matter content and its capacity for carbon sequestration.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tipping-point-of-grazing">Tipping point of grazing</h2>



<p>The MIT study discovered an alarming fact: there's a tipping point. When grazing becomes too intense, the benefits quickly reverse. Excessive grazing strips the land, leading to soil erosion and the release of vast amounts of stored carbon. </p>



<p>"When you cross a threshold in grazing intensity, or the amount of animals grazing there, that is when you start to see sort of a tipping point—a strong decrease in the amount of carbon in the soil," explained <a href="https://cee.mit.edu/people_individual/cesar-terrer/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cesar Terrer</a>, the study's lead researcher.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-grazing-in-different-climates">Grazing in different climates</h2>



<p>Grazing's impact on carbon storage depends heavily on factors like temperature, rainfall, and soil type. This means the same grazing approach can have wildly different results in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/grazing-succession-animal-herbivore-mass-migration-serengeti/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">different places</a>. In warmer climates, microbes in the soil work faster, potentially breaking down stored carbon and releasing it into the atmosphere. </p>



<p>Cooler temperatures slow this process, allowing more carbon to stay in the ground. Similarly, grasslands with plenty of rain support healthier, more productive plants that pull in more carbon from the air. This can lead to more carbon stored in the soil long-term. </p>



<p>Arid areas can't support the same level of growth, limiting the potential for carbon storage. Finally, the soil itself matters. Clay-rich soils hold carbon better than sandy ones, and factors like soil chemistry are important.</p>



<p>Hence, it's essential to consider local conditions when talking about grazing and climate change. Trying to use a "one-size-fits-all" approach or relying solely on general guidelines won't accurately reflect what's happening on the ground. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-of-grazing-on-climate-change">Impact of grazing on climate change</h2>



<p>To understand the global scale of this issue, the researchers analyzed a massive amount of data from grazing lands around the world. </p>



<p>The results were sobering: 46 petagrams (that's 46 billion metric tons!) of carbon have been lost from the soil due to grazing in recent decades. To put this in perspective, that's more than four years' worth of global fossil fuel emissions. </p>



<p>Yet, there's also a glimmer of hope: the study revealed that if we change our grazing practices, we could recapture 63 petagrams of carbon. For context, that's roughly equal to 30 years of carbon accumulation from the natural regrowth of forests worldwide.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-carbon-capture">Carbon capture</h2>



<p>While the potential to make our grasslands into powerful carbon-fighting tools is huge, the path to restoring them isn't easy. To achieve optimal levels of carbon capture, the study suggests the world needs to decrease grazing intensity in roughly 75% of current grazing areas. </p>



<p>This could mean major changes in how we raise livestock. It might require shifting to more plant-based diets to reduce the number of grazing animals or drastically changing how we manage herds by moving them more frequently to avoid overgrazing.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-significance">Study significance</h2>



<p>"This is a rigorous and careful analysis that provides our best look to date at soil carbon changes due to livestock grazing practiced worldwide," said <a href="https://www.pnnl.gov/experts/ben-bond-lamberty-phd">Ben Bond-Lamberty</a>, an independent expert in the field who was not involved in the study.</p>



<p>The team isn't stopping here. They're already asking the next big question: what's the overall climate impact of changing the way we eat? </p>



<p>Could a shift towards more vegetarian meals, alongside better grazing management, be a powerful part of the climate change solution?</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-024-01957-9" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Climate Change</a>.</p>



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Grazing animals have an unexpected role in climate change

A new study from Massachusetts Institute of Technology reveals that...

<p>The PlastChem Project reveals that thousands of chemicals in everyday plastic products may be harmful to our health and the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hundreds-of-plastic-items-found-in-deceased-sea-turtles/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">environment</a>. </p>



<p>Plastic has revolutionized our world. It's in our water bottles, food containers, toys, and even medical equipment. But are we unknowingly poisoning ourselves with something we use so extensively?</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-plastchem-project">The PlastChem project</h2>



<p>The PlastChem Project, an initiative by the <a href="https://www.ntnu.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Norwegian University of Science and Technology</a>, has compiled the most extensive database of plastic chemicals to date. This resource lists a staggering 16,000 different plastic chemicals currently in production. </p>



<p>However, even more alarming is the revelation that at least 4,200 of these chemicals raise serious health and environmental concerns. Also, only a tiny fraction – a mere 980 – are subject to regulation.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-characteristics-of-harmful-plastic-chemicals">Characteristics of harmful plastic chemicals</h2>



<p>The PlastChem project employed four key criteria to identify hazardous chemicals:</p>



<ul>
<li>Persistence:&nbsp;Does the chemical break down easily, or does it linger in the environment (and potentially our bodies)?</li>



<li>Mobility:&nbsp;How easily does the chemical travel and contaminate water systems or even pass from mother to child in the womb?</li>



<li>Bioaccumulation:&nbsp;Can the chemical build up over time in living organisms?</li>



<li>Toxicity:&nbsp;Does the chemical have the potential to harm humans, animals, or the environment?</li>
</ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-harmful-plastic-chemicals-of-concern">Harmful plastic chemicals of concern</h2>



<p>The report highlights some of the most concerning plastic chemicals:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-per-and-polyfluorinated-substances-pfas">Per- and Polyfluorinated Substances (PFAS)</h3>



<p>These so-called "<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/epa-reveals-new-evidence-of-forever-chemicals-in-drinking-water/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">forever chemicals</a>" lurk in everything from non-stick cookware to fast-food wrappers. They're linked to cancer, liver damage, and birth defects.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-phthalates">Phthalates</h3>



<p>Designed to make plastic more flexible, they can act like hormone disruptors in our bodies, especially harmful to developing children.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bisphenols-nbsp">Bisphenols&nbsp;</h3>



<p>These estrogen mimickers are a common ingredient in food packaging and can potentially impact our endocrine system.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-harmful-chemicals-in-everyday-objects">Harmful chemicals in everyday objects</h2>



<p>"When we look into ... products that we're using on a daily basis, we usually find between hundreds, if not thousands of chemicals in an individual plastic product," Wagner noted.</p>



<p>Unfortunately, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/contamination-crisis-microplastics-found-in-88-of-protein-sources/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">items</a> we reach for without hesitation – a bottle of water, a familiar cutting board, a child's teething toy – may silently betray our trust. These seemingly harmless products, and countless others made from plastic, can harbor chemicals with harmful effects on our health.</p>



<p>Medical devices, often considered synonymous with healing, can themselves be a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microplastics-discovered-in-every-human-placenta-tested-after-birth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">source</a> of harm. Take blood bags used for transfusions. These bags, frequently made of PVC, may contain phthalates – additives that leach into the very blood meant to save lives.</p>



<p>Moreover, children, with their developing bodies, are disproportionately vulnerable to toxins. Teething toys intended to bring comfort can instead become vectors for hazardous chemicals, delivered directly into a child's mouth. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-knowledge-gaps">Knowledge gaps</h2>



<p>Compounding the problem is a massive knowledge gap. Shockingly, over a quarter of known plastic chemicals lack basic identification information. Regulatory loopholes and industry resistance further hinder efforts to assess and address the dangers these chemicals may pose.</p>



<p>"We're finding hundreds, if not thousands, of plastic chemicals in people now, and some of them have been linked to adverse health outcomes," warned co-author <a href="https://www.foodpackagingforum.org/about-us/office/jane-muncke" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Jane Muncke</a>, managing director of the Food Packaging Forum.</p>



<p>The plastics and petroleum industries insist their products are safe and recyclable. However, recent investigations paint a damning picture of decades-long <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/table-salt-contains-a-shocking-number-of-microplastics/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">deception</a> about the feasibility of plastic recycling.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-government-action-is-urgently-needed">Government action is urgently needed</h2>



<p>“The number of identified chemicals in plastics is growing, and so should government action to regulate them to protect communities, wildlife and oceans,” said Dr. Kim Warner, senior scientist at <a href="https://oceana.org/homepage/home/">Oceana</a>.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“It’s staggering that over 16,000 chemicals are used to make new plastic. While one quarter of the chemicals are known to be hazardous, only 6% are regulated globally and the risks from most chemicals used are unknown."&nbsp;</p>



<p>"To protect our people and planet, chemicals used to make plastic must be transparent and simplified, with the most hazardous ones banned through regulation at the global and national levels."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-protecting-the-health-of-humans-and-the-environment">Protecting the health of humans and the environment </h2>



<p>"Governments across the globe want to tackle the plastics problem," said Wagner. "However, this can only be achieved if problematic plastic chemicals are properly dealt with."</p>



<p>Overall, the PlastChem report provides invaluable evidence to push for greater regulation and safer plastics. This issue isn't just about recycling – it's about protecting human and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nearly-all-seabirds-have-ingested-microplastics/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">environmental</a> health for generations to come.</p>



<p>Read more about the PlastChem project <a href="https://biotox.de/?page_id=1126" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">here</a>.</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>

Study exposes 4,200 harmful chemicals in common plastics

The PlastChem Project reveals that thousands of chemicals in everyday...

<p>Every year, the third Saturday of March is dedicated to a very special cause – Save the Panther Day. Today, March 16, marks a special occasion to raise awareness about Florida panthers. It serves as a critical reminder of the urgent need to protect these animals from the brink of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earth-may-be-enduring-its-seventh-mass-extinction-not-sixth/">extinction</a>.</p>



<p>The Florida panther (Puma concolor coryi) is a fascinating and unique subspecies of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cougars-threat-yellowstone-elk/">cougar</a> that resides in the forests and swamps of Florida, particularly in the southern part of the state. This large, elusive feline is not only a symbol of the wild beauty of Florida but also an emblem of conservation efforts due to its critically endangered status.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-characteristics-of-the-florida-panther-nbsp">Characteristics of the Florida panther&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Florida panthers are similar in size and appearance to other cougars but are adapted to the subtropical environments of Florida. Adult males can weigh between 100 to 160 pounds, while females are smaller, weighing between 60 to 100 pounds.&nbsp;</p>



<p>They have a tawny brown coat, with lighter underparts and a white flecked muzzle and chest. Panthers are solitary and territorial animals, requiring large swathes of wilderness to thrive, hunt, and breed.</p>



<p>Their diet primarily consists of wild hogs, deer, raccoons, armadillos, and small animals. They are apex predators in their ecosystem, playing a crucial role in maintaining the balance by controlling prey populations.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-history-of-panther-conservation">History of panther conservation</h2>



<p>The journey toward understanding and classifying the panther began in 1816 when Lorenz Oken first categorized all spotted big cats under the genus Panthera. A century later, Reginald Pocock refined this classification, distinguishing lions, tigers, leopards, and jaguars based on distinct characteristics.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This academic groundwork laid the foundation for conservation efforts by highlighting the uniqueness and importance of these species, including the Florida panther.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-state-symbol-in-peril">A state symbol in peril</h2>



<p>The Florida panther is one of the most endangered mammals in the United States, with the current wild population estimated to be between 120 to 230 individuals. This limited population is primarily due to habitat loss, fragmentation, and degradation as a result of urban development, agricultural expansion, and road construction.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Vehicle collisions are a significant cause of mortality for Florida panthers, alongside <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/florida-panthers-gained-harmful-mutations-during-rescue-efforts/">genetic problems</a> arising from inbreeding due to their isolated population.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ongoing-conservation-efforts">Ongoing conservation efforts</h2>



<p>Numerous conservation strategies have been employed to protect and preserve the Florida panther. These include habitat preservation and restoration, efforts to maintain and enhance genetic diversity, and measures to reduce human-panther conflicts.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The establishment of wildlife corridors has been a significant step towards connecting fragmented habitats, allowing panthers to move safely between areas for breeding and foraging. Public education and awareness campaigns are also vital to increase understanding and support for panther conservation.</p>



<p>The <a href="https://www.fws.gov/refuge/florida-panther" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Florida Panther National Wildlife Refuge</a>, Big Cypress National Preserve, and Everglades National Park are among the key protected areas that provide habitat for the panther. Moreover, various state and federal agencies, non-profit organizations, and local communities work collaboratively to ensure the survival of this iconic species.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fascinating-facts-about-panthers">Fascinating facts about panthers</h2>



<p>Panthers, with their elusive nature and striking presence, have fascinated humans for centuries. Panthers are not a distinct species. The term "panther" is not scientifically specific but is commonly used to refer to black-coated leopards (Panthera pardus) of Asia and Africa, and jaguars (Panthera onca) of the Americas.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wide-range-of-habitats">Wide range of habitats</h3>



<p>Panthers can adapt to a wide variety of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/switching-to-solar-energy-affects-endangered-florida-panthers/">habitats</a> including forests, marshland, woodlands, and even deserts. This adaptability has allowed them to survive in environments ranging from the dense rainforests of South America to the scrublands of Florida.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-melanism-is-a-survival-trait">Melanism is a survival trait</h3>



<p>The dark coat of a panther is thought to provide <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/why-tigers-have-stripes/">camouflage</a> in the dense, dark forests and jungles where they hunt for food. This camouflage is an excellent example of a survival adaptation that helps panthers remain unseen by both prey and potential threats.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-solitary-and-territorial-animals">Solitary and territorial animals</h3>



<p>Panthers are solitary creatures with a strong territorial instinct. They mark their territory with scratches on trees, urine, and feces to avoid encounters with other panthers. Each individual requires a large territory for hunting and breeding.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-incredible-hunters">Incredible hunters</h3>



<p>Panthers are apex predators and have a varied diet that includes deer, wild hogs, rabbits, birds, and even fish. They are ambush predators, meaning they stalk their prey silently before launching a quick and powerful attack.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-strong-climbers-and-swimmers">Strong climbers and swimmers</h3>



<p>Despite their size, panthers are excellent climbers and swimmers, which allows them to access prey and escape threats. They can leap up to 20 feet horizontally and up to 10 feet vertically.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-vocal-creatures">Vocal creatures</h3>



<p>Panthers are known for their wide range of vocalizations, including roars, growls, hisses, and purrs. They use these sounds to communicate with each other, especially during mating season or when warning off potential threats.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-long-gestation-period">Long gestation period</h3>



<p>The gestation period for a panther is approximately 90-105 days, after which the female gives birth to a litter of one to four cubs. The cubs are born blind and rely on their mother for protection and food for the first few months of their lives.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-observing-save-the-panther-day-nbsp">Observing Save the Panther Day&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The fight for the survival of the Florida panther is part of a broader commitment to preserving our planet's biodiversity. As we spread awareness about the importance of panther conservation, each effort contributes to a larger movement of wildlife conservation. Save the Florida Panther Day embodies a collective journey of awareness, action, and hope.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Protecting Florida's big cats on Save the Panther Day

Every year, the third Saturday of March is dedicated to...

<p>A disturbing study conducted between 2001 and 2020 has unveiled crucial insights into the shifts in global forests' composition and their carbon stocks, offering a fresh perspective on how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/forests-play-an-overlooked-role-in-the-climate-system/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">forest</a> management practices are <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/global-forest_spatial-distribution_map_1m.png" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">transforming around the world</a>. </p>



<p>By harnessing state-of-the-art machine learning and change detection technologies, this research provides an unparalleled detailed look at the changing landscape of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-reveals-exactly-what-happens-to-nature-when-forests-are-cut-down/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">forest management</a> and its implications for carbon sequestration and biodiversity conservation.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-global-forests-at-the-climate-change-frontline">Global forests at the climate change frontline</h2>



<p>Forests play a pivotal role in combating <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/americas-forests-are-in-a-race-against-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a> by absorbing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Strategies such as reforestation have been recognized for their potential to enhance carbon storage. </p>



<p>However, the impact of these managed forests on soil diversity and overall <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/young-forests-are-unexpected-heroes-of-carbon-capture/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">carbon retention</a> has been a matter of ongoing debate. </p>



<p>Given the complex nature of global forest patterns and the challenges in differentiating between <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/boreal-and-temperate-forests-have-emerged-as-the-main-carbon-sinks/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">forest types</a> using satellite imagery, there is a pressing need for detailed mapping and analysis of forest management practices.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-closer-look-at-forest-management-dynamics">Closer look at forest management dynamics</h2>



<p>The recent study represents a significant advancement in this area, employing the latest advancements in satellite imagery and machine learning to dissect the evolution of forest management practices worldwide meticulously. </p>



<p>It identifies six distinct management types, offering new insights into the complex interplay between human activity and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/which-is-better-planting-forests-or-building-solar-farms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">forest ecosystems</a>.</p>



<p>This comprehensive analysis sheds light on a nuanced landscape of change. It reveals that while natural forest carbon stocks have diminished, there has been compensatory growth in managed <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/forests-of-south-east-asia-are-more-resilient-than-previously-thought/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">forests</a>, including planted forests, oil palm plantations, and agroforestry systems. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-economic-development-vs-environmental-stewardship">Economic development vs. environmental stewardship</h2>



<p>This suggests a delicate balance between economic development and environmental preservation, underscoring the complexity of global forest management and its impact on the environment.</p>



<p>Lead researcher Hongtao Xu of <a href="https://english.bnu.edu.cn/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Beijing Normal University</a> highlights the significance of these findings. "Our findings underscore the dynamic nature of global forests and highlight the significant role of forest management practices in addressing climate change," Xu explained.</p>



<p>"This study marks a pivotal step toward understanding and optimizing the contribution of forests to carbon sequestration and biodiversity conservation," he concluded.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-policy-impacts-and-conservation-opportunities">Policy impacts and conservation opportunities</h2>



<p>The insights gleaned from this study are invaluable for policymakers, conservationists, and researchers alike, providing a solid, data-driven foundation for improving forest management strategies. </p>



<p>By offering a detailed understanding of the spatial and temporal changes in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/complex-canopies-help-forests-recover-from-disturbances/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">forest composition</a>, this research empowers stakeholders to tailor reforestation and conservation efforts more effectively to meet global climate objectives.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-importance-of-nurturing-and-conserving-global-forests">Importance of nurturing and conserving global forests</h2>



<p>In summary, this important study spanning has significantly advanced our understanding of global forest management, revealing a nuanced interplay between human intervention and forest ecosystems. </p>



<p>By leveraging cutting-edge technology, researchers have illuminated the dynamic shifts in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earthquakes-have-long-lasting-impacts-on-forests/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">forest</a> composition and their critical role in carbon sequestration and biodiversity conservation. </p>



<p>Their research underscores the importance of strategic forest management practices in the fight against climate change, offering a data-driven roadmap for policymakers, conservationists, and researchers to enhance <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-fate-of-our-forests-new-tool-predicts-tree-survival-amidst-drought/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">forest stewardship</a>. </p>



<p>As we move forward, the insights from this study empower us to align our conservation efforts more closely with global climate objectives, marking a pivotal step toward safeguarding our planet's green heritage for future generations.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-the-importance-of-global-forests">More about the importance of global forests</h2>



<p>As discussed above, global forests stand as the earth's lungs, playing a pivotal role in sustaining the planet's health and well-being. They absorb carbon dioxide, release oxygen, and provide a home to over 80% of terrestrial biodiversity. </p>



<p>Beyond their ecological functions, forests support the livelihoods of 1.6 billion people, offering food, fuel, and fibers. As climate change accelerates, the importance of forests in carbon sequestration and as buffers against extreme weather becomes ever more critical.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenges-facing-our-forests">Challenges facing our forests</h3>



<p>Despite their importance, global forests face unprecedented threats from deforestation, land degradation, and climate change. Illegal logging, agricultural expansion, and infrastructure development are leading causes of forest loss. </p>



<p>Climate change compounds these threats, increasing the frequency of wildfires and pest outbreaks. The loss of forests not only contributes to global warming but also diminishes biodiversity and disrupts water cycles, affecting millions of people worldwide.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-path-to-sustainable-forest-stewardship">Path to sustainable forest stewardship</h3>



<p>Sustainable forest stewardship is the cornerstone of preserving and enhancing the health of global forests. It involves managing forests in a way that maintains their biodiversity, productivity, and capacity to regenerate. </p>



<p>This approach includes practices like selective logging, controlled burns to prevent larger fires, and reforestation efforts that restore degraded lands. By adopting sustainable management practices, communities can harness the benefits of forests while ensuring their conservation for future generations.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-collaborative-conservation-efforts">Collaborative conservation efforts</h3>



<p>Conservation efforts require global collaboration among governments, NGOs, local communities, and the private sector. International agreements like the <a href="https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Paris Agreement</a> and the <a href="https://www.un-redd.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">United Nations' REDD+</a> program aim to reduce emissions from deforestation and promote forest conservation as a climate action strategy. Grassroots initiatives and community-based management have also proven effective in protecting forests and enhancing the livelihoods of indigenous and local communities.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-stewardship-of-global-forests">Future stewardship of global forests</h3>



<p>Looking ahead, the future of forest stewardship hinges on integrating technology, policy, and community engagement. Innovations in satellite monitoring and data analysis offer unprecedented opportunities for tracking deforestation and forest health in real-time. </p>



<p>Meanwhile, policies that promote sustainable land use, protect indigenous rights, and incentivize conservation can create the framework necessary for effective stewardship. Engaging local communities in conservation efforts ensures that forest management practices are culturally appropriate and economically beneficial, securing the health of global forests for generations to come.</p>



<p>In summary, global forests are indispensable to life on Earth, offering essential ecological services and supporting diverse communities. The path to their preservation lies in sustainable stewardship, international cooperation, and the integration of traditional knowledge with modern technology. By committing to these principles, we can safeguard the future of our planet's green legacy.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the <em><a href="https://spj.science.org/doi/10.34133/remotesensing.0119" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of Remote Sensing</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Global forests are rapidly changing and repercussions are looming

A disturbing study conducted between 2001 and 2020 has unveiled...

<p>The pervasive nature of anthropogenic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/unprecedented-increase-in-global-ocean-plastic-pollution-since-2005/">plastic pollution</a> extends beyond the often-visualized scenes of marine wildlife entangled in debris, reaching the remote and pristine polar regions of the Arctic and Antarctica.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Here, not only macroplastics but also microplastics (0.1 µm—5 mm) and nanoplastics (&lt;0.1 µm) find their way onto floating ice and terrestrial landscapes, transported vast distances or ingested by migratory species from more populous areas.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-seabirds-and-microplastics-nbsp">Seabirds and microplastics&nbsp;</h2>



<p>In a comprehensive review led by <a href="https://www.uniroma3.it/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Roma Tre University</a> in Italy, scientists have synthesized four decades of studies, from 1983 to the present, on the ingestion of microplastics by seabirds residing in these regions.</p>



<p>“The Arctic and Antarctica represent two of the most inhospitable and poorly investigated biomes in the world. Although polar regions are still perceived as some of the most pristine places still in existence, these remote places are no longer immune to anthropogenic pollution, in particular, micro- and nanoplastics," wrote the study authors.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Seabirds, avian species feeding mainly at sea, are indicators of change in the environment and represent an early study group of ecological indicators for plastic pollution."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-study-nbsp">Focus of the study&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Analyzing over 1,100 samples, the team investigated the presence of microplastics in various components including stomach contents, crop pouches (used for temporary food storage during foraging trips), guano (a mixture of food and metabolic waste), and regurgitated pellets containing undigested food and other particles. </p>



<p>Predominantly, the study focused on pellets, with stomach contents and guano following in frequency, and minimal data on pouch contents.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-seabird-species-from-polar-regions">Seabird species from polar regions</h2>



<p>In their review, the researchers identified 13 seabird species from polar regions reported to have ingested microplastics.</p>



<p>These species encompass little auks, northern fulmars, glaucous gulls, thick-billed murres, white-chinned petrels, great shearwaters, sooty shearwaters, king penguins, Adélie penguins, chinstrap penguins, gentoo penguins, brown skuas, and south polar skuas. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-staggering-presence-of-microplastics-nbsp">Staggering presence of microplastics&nbsp;</h2>



<p>From these birds, a total of 3,526 microplastic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microplastics-linked-to-risk-of-stroke-and-heart-attack/">particles</a> were extracted, revealing a staggering prevalence of at least one microplastic particle in 90% of Arctic samples and 97% of Antarctic samples.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The study noted a median of 31.5 and 35 microplastic particles per sample in the Arctic and Antarctica, respectively, with a single bird harboring up to 36 particles.</p>



<p>The composition of these ingested plastics spanned 14 polymer types, with polyethylene, polypropylene, and polystyrene being the most common, often manifesting as fragments from the breakdown of larger <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hundreds-of-plastic-items-found-in-deceased-sea-turtles/">plastic items</a> such as bags, food containers, and foam packaging.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-ecological-implications-nbsp">Broader ecological implications&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The ingestion of these microplastics poses significant risks to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seabirds-need-ocean-wide-protection-to-survive-human-impacts/">seabirds</a>, including gastrointestinal blockage, toxicity, oxidative stress, and immune reactions. </p>



<p>Moreover, the presence of microplastics in krill, a primary food source for certain penguin species, underscores the broader ecological implications and the potential disruption of trophic webs.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-urgent-need-for-conservation-efforts-nbsp">Urgent need for conservation efforts&nbsp;</h2>



<p>With 64 seabird species in the Arctic and 43 in Antarctica, witnessing declining populations, there's an urgent call for enhanced conservation efforts.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The Arctic, covering about 6% of Earth's surface, faces additional anthropogenic pressures from tourism, commercial fishing, increased maritime activity, and the consequences of global warming on ice melt and subsequent environmental changes.</p>



<p>This review underscores the global reach of human activity, impacting even the most remote and untouched parts of our planet. It emphasizes the need for continuous dialogue and action to mitigate environmental stressors and protect <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/arctic-biodiversity-will-get-a-boost-from-rising-temperatures/">biodiversity</a> in the Arctic and Antarctica from the encroaching threats of plastic pollution and beyond.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2024.1343617" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Frontiers in Marine Science</em></a><em>.</em></p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Nearly all seabirds have ingested microplastics

The pervasive nature of anthropogenic plastic pollution extends beyond the...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lHHxOej4QfE
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Researchers found a correlation between Alzheimer's disease and traffic pollution.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-invisible-threat-in-urban-air"><strong>Invisible threat in urban air</strong></h2>



<p>City dwellers face an unseen danger with every breath. New findings from Emory University researchers suggest that fine particulate matter from <a href="http://earth.com/news/traffic-related-air-pollution-might-increase-alzheimers-risk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">vehicle emissions may significantly elevate the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease</a>. The study examined brain tissue samples from 224 individuals who had confirmed diagnoses and volunteered their brains for scientific research.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-disturbing-connections-emerge"><strong>Disturbing connections emerge</strong></h2>



<p>Scientists analyzed neuritic plaques — protein clusters that characterize Alzheimer's — while mapping each participant's exposure to PM2.5 particles based on residential location and surrounding traffic density. The correlation proved more alarming than anticipated. Individuals experiencing higher pollution exposure showed nearly double the likelihood of elevated plaque accumulation in brain tissue.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-timing-matters"><strong>Timing matters</strong></h2>



<p>The research team discovered that pollution exposure during the final year before death demonstrated the strongest association with brain changes. This timeline suggests relatively rapid impacts from environmental toxins on neural health. The connection remained robust even after accounting for various demographic and health factors.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genetic-vulnerability-patterns"><strong>Genetic vulnerability patterns</strong></h2>



<p>Perhaps most concerning, people lacking the APOE gene—which naturally predisposes individuals to Alzheimer's — exhibited more than twice the susceptibility to pollution-related brain damage. Study author Dr. Anke Huels noted this indicates environmental elements like air contamination could trigger the disease in cases where hereditary factors don't explain.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-public-health-implications"><strong>Public health implications</strong></h2>



<p>These findings, published in <em><a href="https://www.neurology.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Neurology</a></em>, underscore the critical importance of air quality regulations in urban planning. The research suggests that implementing stricter emission controls and promoting alternative transportation could serve as powerful tools in Alzheimer's prevention.</p>



<p>As cities worldwide grapple with growing traffic congestion and aging populations, this study highlights an urgent need for comprehensive approaches to environmental health that protect both our lungs and our minds.</p>



<p>—–</p>



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<p>—–</p>

Traffic fumes may trigger Alzheimer's

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lHHxOej4QfE Researchers found a correlation between Alzheimer's disease and traffic...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that scientists never expected.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hidden-waters-beneath-ancient-craters">Hidden waters beneath ancient craters</h2>



<p>Scientists have made a startling discovery that challenges everything we thought we knew about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/saturn-moon-mimas-has-remarkably-young-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Saturn's moon Mimas</a>. Beneath the heavily cratered surface that earned it the nickname "Death Star" lies a global ocean that formed just 5 to 15 million years ago—a remarkably young age by cosmic standards.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cassini-data-reveals-orbital-secrets">Cassini data reveals orbital secrets</h2>



<p>The discovery, led by Dr. Valéry Lainey of the <a href="https://observatoiredeparis.psl.eu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Observatoire de Paris</a>, emerged from careful analysis of <a href="https://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>'s Cassini spacecraft data. By studying subtle irregularities in Mimas's orbit around Saturn, researchers detected the gravitational signature of liquid water hidden 20 to 30 kilometers beneath the moon's icy shell.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-an-unlikely-ocean-world">An unlikely ocean world</h2>



<p>At only 400 kilometers in diameter, Mimas seemed like the least likely candidate to harbor a subsurface ocean. Unlike other ocean moons such as Europa and Enceladus, which show clear surface signs of internal activity, Mimas displays no obvious hints of the liquid water beneath its ancient, crater-scarred exterior.</p>



<p>"Mimas is a small moon, and its heavily cratered surface gave no hint of the hidden ocean beneath," explained Dr. Nick Cooper from <a href="https://www.qmul.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Queen Mary University of London</a>, a study co-author.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-astrobiology">Implications for astrobiology</h2>



<p>The ocean's recent formation makes Mimas a prime target for studying how oceans develop and potentially support life. This discovery adds another member to the exclusive club of ocean worlds in our solar system, each offering unique insights into the conditions necessary for habitability.</p>



<p>The research, published in <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a></em> journal, demonstrates how advanced orbital analysis can reveal hidden features of celestial bodies, opening new possibilities for understanding ocean formation throughout the cosmos.</p>



<p>—–</p>



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<p>—–</p>

Scientists discover unexpected young ocean on Saturn's cratered moon Mimas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ 'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K0DuSr87SHY
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">57 million-year ice age mystery solved by Australian scientists.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-when-earth-became-a-frozen-wasteland">When Earth became a frozen wasteland</h2>



<p>Imagine Earth as a giant snowball, frozen solid from the North Pole to the equator. This wasn't the plot of a science fiction movie – it was our planet's reality 700 million years ago during an extreme ice age that has puzzled scientists for decades.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-discovery">The discovery</h2>



<p>Australian researchers from the <a href="https://www.sydney.edu.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Sydney</a> have finally cracked one of geology's greatest mysteries: what caused the Sturtian glaciation and why it persisted for an unprecedented 57 million years. This period occurred long before dinosaurs roamed the Earth, when no complex plants or multicellular animals existed.</p>



<p>Dr. Adriana Dutkiewicz, the study's lead author, describes a world completely unlike today's climate. "Imagine the Earth almost completely frozen over," she explained. "The planet was blanketed in ice from poles to equator, and temperatures plunged."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-combination-of-climate-factors">The combination of climate factors</h2>



<p>The research team discovered that this massive freeze resulted from a "double whammy" of geological events. First, plate tectonic activity reduced volcanic carbon dioxide emissions to historically low levels. Volcanic activity typically releases CO2 into the atmosphere, creating a greenhouse effect that keeps Earth warm.</p>



<p>Simultaneously, weathering of volcanic rocks in what is now Canada actively absorbed atmospheric CO2, further reducing greenhouse gas concentrations. When atmospheric carbon dioxide levels dropped below 200 parts per million – less than half of today's levels – glaciation engulfed the entire planet.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-climate-implications">Modern climate implications</h2>



<p>Published in the journal <em><a href="https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/geology" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geology</a></em>, this research provides crucial insights into Earth's climate system. While geological climate changes occur over millions of years, the study emphasizes that human-induced climate change is happening at a pace ten times faster than previously observed natural changes, highlighting the urgent need to understand our planet's delicate climate balance.</p>



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What caused the planet's longest ice age

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K0DuSr87SHY 57 million-year ice age mystery solved by Australian scientists....

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WXXGGiynIjs
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Greenland is not sinking. In fact, it is the opposite.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-contrasting-climate-response">A contrasting climate response</h2>



<p>Most coastal towns are <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sinking-land-will-intensify-the-effects-of-rising-sea-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">preparing for higher sea levels</a>, but <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/greenland-no-longer-has-to-worry-about-rising-sea-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Greenland presents</a> a different scenario during climate change. The ground there is rising at a remarkable rate. Over the past decade, some areas have lifted about 20 centimeters, which translates to roughly 2 meters per century. This rate significantly exceeds current projections for sea level rise.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-geological-rebound-process-through-climate-change">Geological rebound process through climate change</h2>



<p>The mechanism behind this phenomenon is straightforward. As the ice sheet melts, the immense weight is removed from the bedrock, causing the land to rebound upward. This process resembles the way compressed material springs back when pressure is released.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-monitoring-networks">Scientific monitoring networks</h2>



<p>Researchers at the <a href="https://www.dtu.dk/english/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Technical University of Denmark</a> are documenting this uplift using the GNET network, consisting of 61 GPS stations positioned around Greenland's coast. These sensors can detect movement with millimeter precision, providing detailed measurements of the ongoing changes.</p>



<p>The data reveal that current uplift rates exceed the gradual rebound occurring since the last ice age ended approximately 12,000 years ago. This acceleration corresponds directly with increased ice sheet melting rates.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-coastal-transformation">Coastal Transformation</h2>



<p>This uplift is actively reshaping Greenland's coastline. New islands and rocky formations, called "skerries," are emerging as previously submerged land surfaces rise above the water level. This represents a notable contrast to global concerns about rising seas.</p>



<p>The study, published in Geophysical Research Letters, demonstrates the varied regional impacts of climate change. While many locations face rising water levels, Greenland's bedrock is literally rising above the surrounding seas.</p>



<p>The full study was recently published in <em><a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2023GL104851" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geophysical Research Letters</a></em>.</p>



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Greenland's ground rises while coasts worldwide face higher seas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WXXGGiynIjs Greenland is not sinking. In fact, it is the...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DSM3EVeGHJU
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Companies like MindStudio help companies train their employees to implement the latest AI Agent building platform.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ai-agent-training-transforms-the-workplace-fear-factor-into-a-competitive-advantage">AI agent training transforms the workplace 'fear factor' into a competitive advantage</h2>



<p>Organizations that offer comprehensive artificial intelligence training to their workers find remarkable value that extends well beyond basic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mind-wandering-might-be-more-productive-than-you-think/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">productivity improvements</a>. Emerging research demonstrates that carefully crafted AI training programs <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ai-does-not-replace-human-creativity-but-enhances-it/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">enhance</a> corporate performance, lower operational costs, and dramatically improve employee psychological well-being by turning workplace uncertainty into professional empowerment.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-addressing-the-widespread-ai-anxiety-crisis-among-us">Addressing the widespread 'AI anxiety' crisis among us</h2>



<p>A staggering 53% of employees expressed concern that the use of AI tools to automate work tasks could make them appear disposable to their employers, according to <a href="https://www.microsoft.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Microsoft</a>'s 2024 workplace survey. Such pervasive worry about being substituted by machines has caused what researchers have termed "AI technostress" – a psychological state that can result in occupational burnout and poorer mental well-being.</p>



<p>Data published in <a href="https://www.nature.com/palcomms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Humanities and Social Sciences Communications</a> showed that belief in AI learning ability was a moderator in the link between technology adoption and work pressure, and higher confidence significantly lowered negative psychological responses. Workers provided ample training to become competent with AI software have significantly lower stress.</p>



<p>Companies like <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MindStudio</a> have platforms for building what are known as "AI Agents".  In essence, AI Agents are simply tools that employees can build for themselves or their teams quickly and inexpensively.   MindStudio will even train entire companies, from the CEO on down, at no cost. By letting MindStudio empower employees, companies avoid hiring more IT staff, buying more software, and implementing solutions to problems that do not exist.</p>



<p>MindStudio even has partners locally for companies, like <a href="http://www.dominnus.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dominnus</a> with offices in the Carolinas, California, and Denver, to help build AI Agents and support employees as they become resident AI experts for their organization.  The training provided by MindStudio is applicable across other AI Agent building platforms as well.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-productivity-through-focused-learning">Revolutionary productivity through focused learning</h2>



<p>Organizations that implement large-scale AI training programs achieve dramatic outcomes. Employees performed tasks significantly better when they utilized AI support compared to when they didn't, according to <a href="https://www.nngroup.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nielsen Norman Group</a> research findings. Their study documented productivity increases of 66% for a variety of professional tasks.</p>



<p>Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis research finds workers record 33% higher productivity in time working with generative AI tools. The benefit is equivalent to 5.4% of work time savings for AI users – around 2.2 hours per week for full-time workers.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-psychological-well-being-benefits-through-ai-competence">Psychological well-being benefits through AI competence</h2>



<p>The emotional transformation when employees are provided with proper technology training is a fundamental transformation from fear to professional confidence. A survey of 600 employees across industries, carried out by ScienceDirect, proved that AI capabilities strengthen work environment commitment and improve job satisfaction.</p>



<p>A <a href="https://www.lut.fi/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">LUT University</a> study discovered that AI adoption has no direct effect on workers' well-being but does so indirectly through working conditions like task optimization and safety protocols. Strategically deployed AI that involves correct training can actually increase workplace mental well-being.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-from-replacement-anxiety-to-partnership-confidence">From 'replacement anxiety' to 'partnership confidence'</h2>



<p>Although 35% of those interviewed in recent McKinsey studies were concerned about workforce displacement, firms with large-scale training initiatives witness such fears dissipate quickly. The World Economic Forum found that two out of three respondents believe AI competencies will enhance their career prospects and job marketability.</p>



<p>This shift from fear to trust has measurable implications for job satisfaction. Applied Sciences research indicates AI can create tailored wellness programs based on individual employee requirements.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-financial-benefits-of-increased-retention">Financial benefits of increased retention</h2>



<p>The mental health advantages of AI learning have a direct impact on organizational bottom lines in the form of a positive feedback cycle with high retention of employees. Recent ROI research validates that artificial intelligence learning has a beneficial impact on employee turnover and satisfaction levels.</p>



<p>PriceWaterhouseCoopers' research documents 20% to 30% improvements in productivity, market speed, and revenue in organizations that attempt systematic AI adoption through comprehensive training.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-advantages-of-ai-enabled-teams">Environmental advantages of AI-enabled teams</h2>



<p>AI training has unforeseen environmental benefits as it makes the work environment more efficient. According to a study in Scientific Reports, the carbon footprint in writing and illustrating work is significantly lower when AI performs it compared to humans. AI software produces 130 to 1,500 times less CO2 equivalent per page of text created than human authors.</p>



<p>In addition, AI-driven remote work functionality significantly reduces environmental impact. Research by Cornell University and Microsoft indicates that remote workers reduce greenhouse gas emissions by up to 54% by not commuting daily to offices. Hybrid workers working remotely two to four days a week can reduce their carbon footprint by 11% to 29%.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cumulative-organizational-advantages">Cumulative organizational advantages</h2>



<p>The compounding gains of better mental well-being, reduced turnover, increased productivity, and environmental benefits flow to enterprises from the pairing. McKinsey analysis estimates the long-term AI potential at $4.4 trillion in incremental productivity growth opportunity from business use cases.</p>



<p>As of now, 75% of knowledge workers globally utilize generative AI, mirroring widespread adoption patterns. Organizations that provide organized training and assistance see the most favorable results in productivity, worker satisfaction, and ecological sustainability.</p>



<p>The research overwhelmingly indicates that companies that invest in proper AI education, like that offered through <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MindStudio</a>, establish win-win scenarios where employees are both more empowered and less stressed, and companies enjoy the gains of increased productivity, reduced turnover, and improved mental health outcomes throughout their workforce.</p>



<p>For more on MindStudio's free AI training for companies, visit the website's of MindStudio and Dominnus from the links below.</p>



<p>The research was published across a variety of peer-reviewed journals, including <a href="https://www.nature.com/palcomms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Humanities and Social Sciences Communications</a>, <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/artificial-intelligence" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence</a>, and <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/journal/applsci">Applied Sciences</a>.</p>



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<p id="block-eff5dea3-a9bb-40b5-a923-e5a9978bc0e2">Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



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<p id="block-1f9a227a-ec37-4140-81b8-ffa4a7cc6689">-----</p>



<p>MindStudio.AI: <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.mindstudio.ai</a></p>



<p>Dominnus: <a href="https://www.dominnus.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.dominnus.com</a></p>

AI agent training boosts mental health and profits

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DSM3EVeGHJU Companies like MindStudio help companies train their employees to...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0HDXqTGEmi4
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Scientists give plants superpowers against bacterial disease</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-natural-solution-to-disease-through-crop-modification">A natural solution to disease through crop modification.</h2>



<p>The agricultural industry stands at a crossroads between productivity and environmental responsibility, and crop modification often carries a negative connotation. While chemical pesticides have long been the go-to solution for crop protection, their harmful effects on ecosystems and human health have prompted scientists to seek alternatives. The recent breakthrough by <a href="https://www.southampton.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Southampton</a> researchers offers a promising path forward through the precise manipulation of plant-associated microbial communities.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-science-behind-microbial-partnerships">The science behind microbial partnerships</h2>



<p>Plants naturally harbor diverse ecosystems of bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms that function as biological allies. These microscopic partners contribute to disease resistance, nutrient absorption, and stress tolerance. However, until now, scientists lacked the tools to deliberately reshape these communities to enhance crop protection.</p>



<p>The Southampton team's approach centered on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/engineered-plant-microbiomes-the-future-of-crop-protection/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">modifying lignin biosynthesis genes in rice plants</a>. This strategic intervention altered the plant's metabolic output, creating conditions that favored beneficial bacterial populations while suppressing harmful ones. The result was a living defense system embedded within the plant itself.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-global-food-security">Implications for global food security</h2>



<p>The successful demonstration against Xanthomonas oryzae, the pathogen responsible for bacterial blight in rice, represents more than a laboratory achievement. Rice feeds nearly half the world's population, and bacterial blight causes devastating crop losses annually. Traditional control methods rely heavily on pesticides that contaminate soil and water systems.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-looking-beyond-disease-resistance">Looking Beyond Disease Resistance</h2>



<p>While disease protection represents the immediate application, the research framework opens doors to broader agricultural improvements. Future developments could engineer microbiomes to enhance nutrient uptake, reducing dependence on synthetic fertilizers. This dual benefit addresses both crop productivity and environmental sustainability.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-path-forward">The path forward</h2>



<p>As this technology advances from laboratory to field applications, it promises to reshape sustainable agriculture. The ability to program plants with their own biological defense systems could herald a new era where crops protect themselves naturally, reducing chemical inputs while maintaining yields necessary for global food security.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal&nbsp;<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-44335-3" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Nature Communications</em></a>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Revolutionizing agriculture through microbiome engineering

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0HDXqTGEmi4 Scientists give plants superpowers against bacterial disease A natural...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Acid rain and a crisis solved.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-don-t-we-ever-hear-about-acid-rain-anymore-the-environmental-crisis-that-was-solved">Why don't we ever hear about "acid rain" anymore? The environmental crisis that was solved</h2>



<p>Remember the 1980s when acid rain dominated headlines? Dire warnings about rain eating buildings, killing fish, and destroying forests filled every news cycle. Then, almost like magic, acid rain vanished from public discourse. What happened? Did we actually solve one of the late 20th century's most pressing environmental challenges?</p>



<p>The answer might surprise you. Unlike many environmental issues that drag on indefinitely, acid rain represents one of modern history's most successful ecological recovery stories. It's a tale of science, politics, and technology working together to tackle what seemed impossible.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>What was acid rain?</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain isn't regular rain having a bad day – it's precipitation that became significantly more acidic due to air pollution. When power plants, factories, and vehicles burn fossil fuels, they release sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) into the atmosphere.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The science behind it</strong></h2>



<p>Think of acid rain as nature's chemistry experiment gone wrong. These compounds react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form sulfuric and nitric acids. When mixed with water vapor in clouds, they create precipitation with dangerously low pH levels.</p>



<p>While clean rain has a pH of about 5.6, acid rain could drop as low as 4.2 to 4.4 – roughly as acidic as tomato juice or coffee. According to US Geological Survey documentation, Scottish chemist Angus Smith first coined "acid rain" in 1872, but it didn't become a household phrase until the 1960s and 1970s when Swedish scientist Svante Odén documented its devastating effects on Scandinavian lakes and European forests.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The crisis at its peak</strong></h2>



<p>During the height of public concern, environmental damage was both widespread and visible. This wasn't some abstract future threat – people could see destruction happening in real-time.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Environmental devastation</strong></h2>



<p>The most dramatic impacts were impossible to ignore. Research documented by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation shows that in the Adirondack Mountains, more than 200 lakes became so acidic they couldn't support fish life. The Adirondack Council reports that 409 lakes once supported brook trout, but many lost their fish populations due to acid rain.</p>



<p>By 1976, when scientists cataloged all acidified lakes in the Adirondack Park, researchers found that half of the lakes over 2,000 feet above sea level had no fish, according to studies published in environmental journals. The acidification process worked like a slow-motion disaster. As acid rain fell into watersheds, it gradually lowered pH levels. Fish couldn't survive in acidic water, and their food sources died off too.</p>



<p>Trees at high elevations showed stress directly linked to acid rain. It weakened them by leaching nutrients and making them susceptible to disease. Historical records show Germany's Black Forest saw nearly half its trees damaged by the mid-1980s.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Economic impact</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain wasn't just environmental – it was expensive. Acidic precipitation corroded infrastructure, buildings, and monuments. Historic stone structures deteriorated at accelerated rates. Tourism suffered as lakes became fishless and forests declined. EPA economic analyses from the period documented repair costs mounting into billions annually.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The solution: government action and technology</strong></h2>



<p>Transformation from crisis to success required unprecedented cooperation between governments, industries, and environmental groups.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The Clean Air Act of 1990</strong></h2>



<p>The turning point came with the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, signed by President George H.W. Bush. This represented a fundamentally new approach to environmental regulation, as documented in EPA historical records.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Cap-and-trade success</strong></h2>



<p>Instead of mandating specific technologies, the 1990 amendments introduced something revolutionary: a cap-and-trade system for sulfur dioxide emissions. EPA program documentation shows this market-based approach set overall limits but allowed companies to trade emission allowances.</p>



<p>The genius was harnessing market forces to find cost-effective pollution reduction. Companies reducing emissions cheaply could sell excess allowances to those facing higher costs. Research published in environmental economics journals and EPA progress reports shows this resulted in dramatic SO2 reduction at a fraction of projected costs.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Technology advances</strong></h2>



<p>Policy provided the framework, but technology made reductions possible. Studies in atmospheric science journals document the widespread adoption of flue gas desulfurization systems ("scrubbers") that removed sulfur dioxide before it reached the atmosphere. By the 2000s, new installations could remove over 95% of SO2 emissions, according to EPA technical reports.</p>



<p>The push coincided with cleaner energy development. Natural gas produces fewer sulfur compounds than coal. Wind and solar, emerging in the 1990s, captured growing market share, reducing reliance on high-sulfur coal.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-we-don-t-hear-about-it-today"><strong>Why we don't hear about it today</strong></h2>



<p>Why did acid rain disappear from headlines? Simple: the problem was largely solved.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Success doesn't make news</strong></h2>



<p>There's an old journalism saying: "If it bleeds, it leads." Environmental success stories don't generate urgency like crisis reporting. Media attention shifted to other challenges: climate change, plastic pollution, and biodiversity loss. There's only so much environmental anxiety the public can absorb, and newer concerns replaced acid rain.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Mission accomplished</strong></h2>



<p>The primary reason is beautifully simple: interventions worked. EPA monitoring data shows sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990. Academic research published in environmental science journals confirms pH levels in formerly affected areas returned closer to normal. This represents one of history's most dramatic environmental recoveries. Studies by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation show fishless lakes now support healthy populations. Forests recovered, and building damage slowed dramatically.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-is-it-really-gone"><strong>Is it really gone?</strong></h2>



<p>The crisis is largely resolved, but monitoring data shows the problem isn't completely eliminated – it's managed to acceptable levels. Some areas still experience occasional events during high pollution periods. International environmental research indicates that rapidly industrializing Asian countries face similar problems to what we experienced decades ago, though they're implementing successful strategies.</p>



<p>EPA research shows nitrogen oxide emissions proved more challenging than sulfur dioxide, coming from vehicles and mobile sources. Climate science studies suggest changing weather patterns add complexity to how acid rain forms and falls.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>What this teaches us</strong></h2>



<p>The acid rain experience proves that seemingly intractable environmental problems can be solved with scientific understanding, political will, and technological innovation. Environmental monitoring data shows recovery speed was remarkable – within a decade, measurable improvements appeared in air quality and ecosystem health.</p>



<p>Success came from bipartisan support across party lines. Policy analysis studies show the market-based approach appealed to those preferring economic incentives while achieving environmental goals. This support created lasting policy surviving political changes.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Conclusion</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain's disappearance from public consciousness represents environmental science's greatest success stories. Through effective regulation, technological innovation, and international cooperation, we transformed an overwhelming crisis into a manageable challenge.</p>



<p>Today's silence isn't because we forgot – it's because we solved it. The 1990 Clean Air Act, combined with technology and energy market changes, reduced acid rain emissions over 90%, according to comprehensive EPA data analysis.</p>



<p>This success offers hope for current challenges. It proves complex problems can be solved when science, policy, and technology work together. As we face climate change and plastic pollution, acid rain reminds us that dramatic positive change is possible.</p>



<p>Next time someone asks whether environmental regulations work, remember acid rain. It's proof that sometimes, we get it right.</p>



<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>



<p><strong>Sources:</strong> <em>This article draws from EPA official documentation and progress reports, peer-reviewed research published in environmental and atmospheric science journals, historical data from the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation records, US Geological Survey publications, policy analysis studies, and environmental monitoring data collected over three decades.</em></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Frequently Asked Questions</strong></h2>



<p><strong>1. Is acid rain completely gone?</strong> No, but EPA monitoring shows it's reduced to manageable levels. US sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990, making acid rain much less severe than the 1980s crisis.</p>



<p><strong>2. How long did solving take?</strong> Environmental monitoring data shows significant improvements began within 5-10 years of 1990s emission controls. Full ecosystem recovery took longer – some areas need 20-30 years for complete recovery.</p>



<p><strong>3. What made the solution successful?</strong> Clear scientific understanding, visible damage motivating action, bipartisan support, available technology, and innovative market-based policies like cap-and-trade.</p>



<p><strong>4. Do other countries have acid rain problems?</strong> Yes, particularly rapidly industrializing Asian countries. However, international environmental research shows many implement similar successful control strategies.</p>



<p><strong>5. Could acid rain return?</strong> Potentially, if regulations weaken or we return to high-sulfur coal without controls, though effects would take years to become severe according to environmental projections.</p>



<p><strong>6. Can you recommend any teaching tools on the subject of "acid rain"?</strong> The United States Environmental Protection Agency produced a wonderful teacher's guide for ages 14 and under that you can find on the EPA website here: <a href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf</a></p>



<p>-----</p>



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The environmental problem we actually solved

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk Acid rain and a crisis solved. Why don't we...

Green,Ecoduct,Over,An,Empty,Highway,During,Sunset.

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU
</div></figure>



<p>A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that wildlife tunnels significantly reduce amphibian road mortality during seasonal migrations. </p>



<p>Frogs and salamanders often cross roads to reach breeding ponds each spring, but many are killed by vehicles. </p>



<p>Researchers from the <a href="https://www.uvm.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Vermont</a>, in collaboration with local citizens and the Vermont Agency of Natural Resources, installed two underpass tunnels in 2015. </p>



<p>Over a 12-year monitoring period, they observed an 80.2% reduction in amphibian deaths, and up to 94% for non-climbing species like salamanders. </p>



<p>The study used a before-after-control-impact design and documented more than 5,200 amphibians, highlighting the tunnels’ effectiveness even in nearby buffer zones.</p>



<p>Funded at $342,397 - far cheaper than wildlife crossings for large mammals - the project showcased the power of community-led conservation.</p>



<p>Local groups initiated the effort after observing mass amphibian deaths. Wildlife cameras later captured over 2,200 amphibians using a tunnel in just one spring, along with other species like raccoons and bobcats, indicating wider ecosystem benefits.</p>



<p>This marks the first peer-reviewed, long-term data set in the northeastern U.S. confirming amphibian-specific underpasses work. </p>



<p>The study urges transportation departments to incorporate these designs into road planning and highlights how community action, thoughtful infrastructure, and persistence can make a real difference for biodiversity.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the <em><a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1617138125000780" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal for Nature Conservation</a></em>.</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Wildlife tunnels save millions of amphibians

https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that...

<p>Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. </p>



<p>The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-embed aligncenter is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/Ug657J67iEo?si=w96YjGMsg939LD_3
</div></figure>



<p>Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. </p>



<p>Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.</p>



<p>Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. </p>



<p>They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).</p>



<p>Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.</p>



<p>Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.</p>



<p>This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.</p>

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"]</div>



<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.</p>



<p>“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. </p>



<p>The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.</p>



<p>“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”</p>



<p>The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



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Designing crops that can beat the heat

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes the first comprehensive estimate of carbon density in the Saharan, Sahel, and Sudanian zones of Africa. In an effort to measure the amount of carbon stored across these drylands, a team of scientists used high-resolution satellite images and artificial intelligence to map nearly 10 billion individual trees. </p>



<p>"The high spatial resolution (50 cm) combined with AI and field measurements used in this study is key to improving tree inventories in drylands," said Pierre Hiernaux, a French researcher working for NASA. "The ever-increasing availability of very high-resolution satellite imagery will make it possible to assess carbon pools and their dynamics at the individual tree level on a global scale."</p>



<p>"This study is exceptional because it is pioneering a type of approach that will revolutionize the monitoring of trees and forests on a global scale: in the short term, it will be possible to map the world's trees from the centre of the Amazon to our schoolyards," said <a href="https://www.inrae.fr/en">INRAE</a> researcher Jean-Pierre Wigneron.</p>



<p>"Many fields of application will become much more efficient and accurate, such as tracking carbon stocks, biodiversity, monitoring logging and protection against illegal forest degradation, in near real time.”</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Remote sensing will revolutionize the way we monitor trees

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<p>Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.</p>



<p>According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."</p>



<p>Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;</p>



<p>ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. </p>



<p>Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> </em>Staff Writer </p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> features a visual dataset of.methane emissions from wetlands across the globe. Atmospheric methane levels have reached record highs in recent years, and wetlands are a major source of these emissions.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Methane is an important greenhouse gas that contributes substantially to global warming. On a molecule by molecule basis, methane is much more efficient at trapping heat than carbon dioxide, the main driver of warming," says NASA.</p>



<p>"Though human activities, including agriculture, oil and natural gas production and use, and waste disposal, collectively contribute the majority of methane to the atmosphere, about a third of total methane emissions comes from wetlands."&nbsp;</p>



<p>According to NASA, understanding methane emissions from wetlands and other natural sources is critically important for scientists and policymakers who are working to combat climate change by reducing emissions from human activities.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: NASA Goddard</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Wetlands are a major source of methane emissions

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;</p>



<p>According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.</p>



<p>In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.</p>



<p>The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.</p>



<p>The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.</p>



<p>The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. </p>



<p>Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes how record-breaking heat expressed itself around the world in 2022.</p>



<p>Scientists have determined that 2022 was the 5th warmest year since 1880. Furthermore, the last nine consecutive years have been the warmest on record.</p>



<p>From devastating floods and wildfires to natural disasters like Hurricane Ian, 2022 showed us yet again how a warming climate affects people across the globe.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"As we look back at 20:22 and years past, we see that each year we better understand the challenges we face and how important it is to meet them," says NASA.</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: NASA Goddard</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

2022 illustrated the consequences of a warming climate

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<p>Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes Earth’s interconnected systems, and how this network is affected by rising temperatures.&nbsp;</p>



<p>During 2020, average global temperatures matched the hottest year on record. The hurricane season was also record-breaking, with many of the storms intensifying at extraordinary speeds. Hot water in the ocean is fuel for hurricanes. The satellite data shows that it's all one interconnected system showing how  Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected.</p>



<p>According to NASA, dust swept up from Northern Africa plays a major role in the formation of hurricanes, and is also a key source of fertilization in the Amazon rainforest. As a result of<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-wasting-disease-is-fueled-by-climate-change/"> climate</a> change, dust plumes are expected to decline, which will have an effect on vegetation far away.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Images from Earth-observing satellites show how the world’s plant life is affected by natural disasters, fires, and deforestation. Satellites also reveal how widespread changes in vegetation impact waterways,&nbsp; the climate, air quality. Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on the Earth. "Earth From Space" is a groundbreaking two-hour special that reveals a spectacular new space-based vision of our planet. </p>



<p><em>Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://welcome.miami.edu/">University of Miami</a> Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science explores how changes in water temperatures have affected tiger shark habitats and movements in the North Atlantic Ocean. The study reveals that rising temperatures have caused the sharks to shift toward the poles over the past 40 years.</p>



<p>“Tiger shark annual migrations have expanded poleward, paralleling rising water temperatures,” explained study lead author Neil Hammerschlag. “These results have consequences for tiger shark conservation, since shifts in their movements outside of marine protected areas may leave them more vulnerable to commercial fishing.”</p>



<p>The researchers analyzed nine years of tracking data from satellite-tagged tiger sharks, combined with four decades of conventional tag and recapture data provided by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Cooperative Shark Tagging Program.</p>



<p>The experts found that during the last decade of record heat, for every one-degree Celsius increase in water temperatures, tiger sharks migrated further poleward by over 400 kilometers. They also migrated two weeks earlier than usual to waters off the northeastern coast of the United States.</p>



<p>“Given their role as apex predators, these changes to tiger shark movements may alter predator-prey interactions, leading to ecological imbalances, and more frequent encounters with humans,” concluded Professor Hammerschlag.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Tiger sharks are shifting poleward as temperatures rise

Today’s Video of the Day from the University of Miami...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> is focused on the melt ponds that emerge during the spring and summer on the Greenland Ice Sheet, which is the largest ice mass in the northern hemisphere.</p>



<p>"Melt ponds are vast pools of open water that form on both sea ice and ice sheets and are visible as turquoise-blue pools of water in this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image," says ESA.</p>



<p>"When snow and ice melts atop glaciers, water flows in channels and streams and collects in depressions on the surface. These melt ponds can speed up the melting of the surrounding ice since they greatly reduce the ice’s ability to reflect sunlight."</p>



<p>"This can create a positive feedback where an increasing number of melt ponds absorb more heat which causes ice cover to melt even faster."</p>



<p>According to ESA, Greenland has been hit with a late-season heatwave that began in early September. This caused the type of melt event that usually occurs in the middle of summer.</p>



<p>"In a recent paper published in Nature Climate Change, scientists found that major sea-level rise from the melting of the Greenland ice cap is now ‘inevitable’ even if the burning of fossil fuels were to halt overnight," says ESA. "Using satellite observations of Greenland ice loss and ice cap from 2000 to 2019, the team found the losses will lead to a minimum rise of 27 cm regardless of climate change."</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;</em></p>



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<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Melt ponds on the Greenland Ice Sheet

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes how Earth is unique in our solar system for its ability to sustain liquid water on its surface. But now, the water cycle is shifting as the climate warms, and scientists must find ways to predict how these changes will affect water availability.</p>



<p>Overall, 96 percent of Earth's water is saltwater, and nearly all of freshwater is found in ice and groundwater. These sources of water are linked as it passes through solid, liquid and gas phases.</p>



<p>In a warmer climate, the water cycle will be transformed. It will be easier for water to evaporate and form clouds, and storms will become more frequent and intense. Some regions will get too much water, while others will be left without enough water. In addition, soil moisture will be lost - which threatens food security.</p>



<p>Scientists are using satellite data from over the last 40 years to track changes that are happening in the water cycle. This will ultimately help us prepare for extreme events and better manage our water resources, according to ESA.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: ESA</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Tracking changes in Earth's water cycle

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Saturn,-,High,Resolution,3d,Images,Presents,Planets,Of,The

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard Space Flight Center</a> features images of Saturn from NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope. The photographs capture the start of the mysterious "spoke season" on Saturn - when unexplained features appear on its rings. </p>



<p>According to NASA, both the cause of the spokes and their seasonal variability have yet to be fully explained by planetary scientists.</p>



<p>"Like Earth, Saturn is tilted on its axis and therefore has four seasons, though because of Saturn's much larger orbit, each season lasts approximately seven Earth years. Equinox occurs when the rings are tilted edge-on to the Sun," explains NASA.</p>



<p>"The spokes disappear when it is near summer or winter solstice on Saturn. (When the Sun appears to reach either its highest or lowest latitude in the northern or southern hemisphere of a planet.) As the autumnal equinox of Saturn's northern hemisphere on May 6, 2025, draws near, the spokes are expected to become increasingly prominent and observable."</p>



<p>Experts believe that the spokes may be a product of the planet's variable magnetic field. When magnetic fields interact with solar wind, an electrically charged environment is created. This phenomenon is visible on Earth as the northern lights.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Scientists think that the smallest, dust-sized icy ring particles can become charged as well, which temporarily levitates those particles above the rest of the larger icy particles and boulders in the rings," says NASA.</p>



<p>The spokes were first observed in the early 1980s by NASA's Voyager mission. Depending on the angle of the rings, the spokes can appear dark or light.</p>



<p>"Thanks to Hubble's OPAL program, which is building an archive of data on the outer solar system planets, we will have longer dedicated time to study Saturn’s spokes this season than ever before," said NASA senior planetary scientist Amy Simon, head of the Hubble Outer Planet Atmospheres Legacy (OPAL) program.</p>



<p>"Despite years of excellent observations by the Cassini mission, the precise beginning and duration of the spoke season is still unpredictable, rather like predicting the first storm during hurricane season."</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Mysterious "spoke season" captured on Saturn

[sendtonews key="Ccjk8KEMzv-2550719-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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