<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/grapevines-could-offer-a-breakthrough-alternative-to-plastic-packaging/">Plastic</a> bags are everywhere, and too many slip into rivers and onto beaches. A new analysis finds that policies that either charge a small fee per bag or prohibit them outright cut the share of bags found during shoreline cleanups by 25 to 47 percent.



The study combed through hundreds of city, county, and state rules passed between 2017 and 2023. It matched those policies to more than 45,000 volunteer cleanups across the United States to see what actually changed on the ground.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-who-ran-the-study">Who ran the study</h2>



The research was coauthored by <a href="https://www.udel.edu/academics/colleges/ceoe/departments/smsp/faculty/kimberly-oremus/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Kimberly L. Oremus</a> of the University of Delaware’s School of Marine Science and Policy (<a href="https://www.udel.edu/academics/colleges/ceoe/departments/smsp/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UDEL</a>). 



Oremus and her collaborator set out to measure litter, not just shopping behavior, so the results speak to what ends up in nature.



The team relied on citizen science, meaning trained volunteers recorded what they collected during beach, river, and lake cleanups. 



They drew on <a href="https://www.coastalcleanupdata.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">TIDES</a>, a public database that stores those counts in one place so researchers can analyze patterns across time and place.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-studying-plastic-bag-policies">Studying plastic bag policies</h2>



To isolate the effect of bag policies, the authors used a Difference-in-Differences (<a href="https://www.publichealth.columbia.edu/research/population-health-methods/difference-difference-estimation" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">DiD</a>) approach that compares places with and without new laws over the same period. 



That design helps rule out unrelated trends that affect everyone, such as national shifts in shopping or packaging.



The headline result is simple. In communities with full bans or fees, the share of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/drinking-from-plastic-bottles-linked-to-high-blood-pressure-and-heart-problems/">plastic</a> bags in the litter mix fell relative to similar places without policies, and the decline grew in the years after a law took effect.



State level rules tended to be more reliable in the data than city or county policies. Effects looked similar along coasts and rivers, with hints of larger gains along lakes where winds and currents spread litter differently.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plastic-policy-fees-vs-bans">Plastic policy: Fees vs. bans</h2>



Fees change the default at every checkout and discourage taking a bag when you do not need one, which reduces both thin and thicker bag use.



Other <a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/carrier-bag-charge-summary-of-data-in-england/single-use-plastic-carrier-bags-charge-data-for-england-2024-to-2025" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evidence</a> points in the same direction outside the United States. England reports an almost 98 percent drop in single use carrier bags at major retailers since its charge began.



Policies that only restrict thin bags often allow thicker <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/agricultural-soil-is-now-the-worlds-biggest-plastic-dumping-ground/">plastic</a> labeled as reusable. 



Those partial bans showed the smallest and least precise effects in the analysis, which is consistent with shoppers substituting one kind of plastic for another.



Some states also pass preemption <a href="https://www.ncsl.org/environment-and-natural-resources/state-plastic-bag-legislation" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">laws</a> that block cities and counties from regulating bags at all. When local governments cannot act, the study’s data suggest statewide policies become especially important.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wildlife-and-entanglement">Wildlife and entanglement</h2>



The cleanup records include notes on animals found <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microplastics-found-in-99-percent-sea-turtles-organ-tissue-reproductive-system/">entangled in debris</a>. 



In areas with bag policies, the presence of entangled animals dropped by roughly 30 to 37 percent, although the authors caution that the estimates are imprecise and more data are needed.



That finding aligns with what we know about <a href="https://www.nrdc.org/stories/single-use-plastics-101" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">single-use-plastics</a>. Thin bags linger in water and along shorelines, where they can snag, smother, or be eaten by turtles, birds, and fish.



Many studies track what happens at store checkouts, but fewer track what ends up outdoors. Shoreline cleanups offer a window into that last step in the chain from purchase to pollution.



Across the study period, the share of bags among collected items rose overall, but it rose less where bag laws existed. That pattern is exactly what you want to see if policies are slowing the flow of litter into the environment.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-global-plastic-policy-steps">Global plastic policy steps</h2>



A small, universal fee is a simple tool that nudges behavior without banning choices. Full bans can work too, and the analysis shows both approaches reduce the share of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/glass-bottles-contain-more-microplastics-than-plastic-containers/">plastic</a> bags found during cleanups.



The mix of policies should match local conditions. In places with more bag litter to begin with, impacts were largest, so targeting high problem areas with fast action can deliver quick gains.



Plastic bag rules are only one part of the picture. Negotiators from 175 countries are working toward a plastics treaty under <a href="https://www.unep.org/inc-plastic-pollution" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UNEP</a> that could standardize action on a wider set of products and chemicals.



The study notes that bottles, caps, and other items did not decline when bag policies passed. That is a signal that targeted rules for other single use products would be needed to curb overall litter.



Adopt a modest fee or a full ban that applies across retail and restaurant settings, and keep the text simple so it is easy to enforce. Pair the policy with clear signs at checkout and with retailer reporting that tracks compliance.



Measure results in the same way the researchers did. Recruit volunteers, log items in TIDES, and watch how the litter mix changes year over year so the policy can be adjusted as needed.



The study is published in <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adp9274" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science</a>.



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Studies confirm that a small tax definitely helps curb plastic pollution

Plastic bags are everywhere, and too many slip into rivers and onto beaches. A new analysis finds that policies that either charge a small fee per bag or prohibit them outright cut the share of bags found during shoreline cleanups by 25 to 47 percent. The study combed through hundreds of city, county, and state rules passed between 2017 and 2023. It matched those policies to more than 45,000 volunteer cleanups across the United States to see what actually changed on the ground. Who ran the study...

The consequences of the diminishing Arctic sea ice, particularly its effects on the daily weather patterns across the United States, are now more clear thanks to a new study from <a href="https://www.psu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Penn State University</a>. 



As the planet warms, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-arctic-may-be-ice-free-sooner-than-we-expected/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">shrinkage of Arctic sea ice</a> presents a complex challenge, affecting not only global climate systems but also the intricate dynamics of local weather patterns.



Utilizing advanced climate models paired with innovative machine learning techniques, the research team has shed light on how the loss of sea ice could alter large-scale meteorological patterns over North America. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-arctic-s-role-in-cold-weather-events-in-the-u-s">Arctic's role in cold weather events in the U.S.</h2>



Published in the Journal of Climate, their findings suggest a significant change in weather phenomena, specifically a reduction in the intensity of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/arctic-amplification-is-destabilizing-the-delicate-balance-of-the-ecosystem/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cold weather events</a>. This implies that as sea ice continues to recede, events typically characterized by severe cold may become less extreme.



Melissa Gervais, an assistant professor in the Department of Meteorology and Atmospheric Science at Penn State and the lead author of the study, emphasizes the crucial role of the Arctic in supplying cold air during these events. 



“The Arctic in general is the source of cold air for us when we have these really cold events,” Gervais explained. “As warming continues, we know that the Arctic is going to be less cold. What this work shows us is that the loss of sea ice also changes weather patterns that bring cold air to the middle latitudes. So, warming both depletes your source of cold air and makes it harder to transport.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-blanket-effect-understanding-sea-ice">The blanket effect: Understanding sea ice</h2>



The function of sea ice as a thermal barrier is pivotal, insulating the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/additional-heat-is-being-transferred-to-the-arctic-ocean-as-the-climate-warms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">warmer ocean waters</a> and preventing heat loss to the atmosphere. The disappearance of this natural insulator allows for the increased transfer of heat from the ocean into the atmosphere, creating low-pressure systems over the areas previously covered by ice. 



This shift results in a diminished movement of cold Arctic air to other regions, further illustrating the interconnectedness of Earth's climate systems. The phenomenon known as Arctic amplification, where the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/arctic-warming-could-speed-up-global-2c-temperature-rise-by-eight-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Arctic warms</a> more rapidly than other parts of the globe, plays a significant role in these changes. 



“Our research allowed us to dig a little bit deeper into what is going on,” Gervais said. “We were able to see that in addition to the impact of Arctic amplification, there also is an impact on the actual circulation or flow in the atmosphere.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-arctic-amplification-and-u-s-weather-patterns">Arctic amplification and U.S. weather patterns</h2>



This study delves deeper into the mechanisms behind this process, exploring how it influences atmospheric circulation and weather patterns. 



Gervais noted the importance of their methodology in uncovering these insights, stating, "Without using this machine learning method, we would not have been able to really robustly understand the processes involved."



The research utilized climate models to compare weather patterns under two different scenarios: one reflecting sea ice levels from the 1980s and 1990s, and another based on projected reductions in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/arctic-rivers-undergoing-dramatic-change-thawing-permafrost-ice/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sea ice</a> by the century's end. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-exploring-the-impact-with-ai-machine-learning-models">Exploring the impact with AI machine learning models</h2>



Through the application of self-organizing maps, a form of machine learning, the team was able to classify and analyze patterns of daily weather in the troposphere, where most weather occurs.



Their findings revealed a noteworthy shift in weather patterns, particularly those associated with cold weather anomalies over North America. 



Under current <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/less-ice-and-more-sunlight-may-drastically-alter-the-arctic-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ice conditions</a>, these patterns can produce strong cold anomalies with temperatures around 29 degrees Fahrenheit. However, with reduced sea ice, not only do these anomalies diminish, but the pattern can also transform into one that brings warmer temperatures to the surface.



This study highlights the intricate and far-reaching impacts of Arctic sea ice loss on global weather patterns. As Gervais succinctly put it, the reduction of sea ice not only alters the source of cold air but also the atmospheric dynamics that transport this air, leading to warmer weather patterns in areas previously prone to cold anomalies.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-global-weather-impact-from-melting-arctic-sea-ice">Global weather impact from melting Arctic sea ice</h2>



In summary, this Penn State-led study illuminates the profound effects that the loss of Arctic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/melting-arctic-rivers-could-unleash-carbon-equal-to-millions-of-cars/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sea ice</a> has on weather patterns across the middle latitudes, including the United States. 



By leveraging advanced climate models and machine learning techniques, researchers have uncovered that the diminishing sea ice weakens the source of cold air during severe weather events and disrupts the atmospheric dynamics responsible for transporting this cold air. 



This research underscores the intricate link between the Arctic's health and our global climate system, highlighting the urgent need for continued study and action to mitigate the impacts of climate change. 



As the Arctic continues to warm, understanding these complex mechanisms becomes critical in predicting and preparing for the changing patterns of our future weather.



The full study was published in the <a href="https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/clim/37/3/JCLI-D-23-0389.1.xml" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of Climate</a>.



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AI discovers how Arctic warming influences U.S. weather patterns

The consequences of the diminishing Arctic sea ice, particularly its...

Remember those cherished beach trips from your childhood? Those memories may be underwater by 2050 if we don't take action on climate change. Researchers from the <a href="https://nationalsecurity.vt.edu/">Virginia Tech National Security Institute</a> have released a study with a stark warning: sea levels could rise by a whole foot, swallowing up our beaches. 



To make matters worse, some coasts are actually sinking on their own. Unfortunately, this sinking of land, called <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rising-seas-sinking-cities-land-subsidence-on-the-east-coast/">subsidence</a>, isn't always considered in planning for our cities and coasts.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-change-and-sinking-cities">Climate change and sinking cities</h2>



Our warming planet is greatly contributing to the rising sea levels. Melting ice caps and glaciers add more water to the oceans, pushing sea levels up. On top of that, as the oceans get warmer, the water itself expands, making sea levels rise even further.



The recent study has painted a concerning picture for many U.S. coastal cities. By 2050, these cities could lose an extra chunk of land the size of Los Angeles or Chicago due to flooding on top of rising sea levels in 32 major coastal cities.



In these cities, the ground is sinking at the same time the ocean is rising, squeezing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/burdens-of-climate-change-sea-level-rise-and-the-risk-of-isolation/">coastal communities</a> from both sides. This is projected to affect up to 273,000 people.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-varying-impacts-across-country">Varying impacts across country</h2>



The impact of sea level rise and land subsidence varies across the country:



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-atlantic-coast">Atlantic Coast</h3>



Eleven cities here could see between 773 and 951 km² of additional land flooded, impacting up to 263,000 people and 163,000 properties. Miami, with its average elevation of less than 2 meters above sea level, is particularly at risk.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-gulf-coast">Gulf Coast</h3>



This region could face between 528 and 826 km² of new <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/100-year-floods-will-likely-be-annual-events-by-the-end-of-the-century/">flooding</a> areas, affecting between 110,000 and 225,000 people and up to 109,000 properties. Cities like New Orleans already grapple with high-tide flooding due to below-sea-level areas.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pacific-coast-nbsp">Pacific Coast&nbsp;</h3>



Cities here are comparatively better off, with a projected increase in flooded areas of just 20 to 40 km², affecting 6,000 to 30,000 people and 3,000 to 15,000 properties.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-economic-disparities-and-sinking-cities">Economic disparities and sinking cities</h2>



Climate change and the resulting sea level rise do not affect all communities equally. People who have less money and haven't had a fair shot in life are often stuck in areas more likely to be flooded.&nbsp;



It's not just bad luck, either. Past unfair housing practices pushed these communities into riskier zones. These families can't necessarily bounce back from disasters like wealthier folks can.&nbsp;



Deprived communities need a helping hand, not just to fix the immediate damage, but to build a future where they will be safe. This is about fairness and making sure everyone has a chance to weather the storm, literally and figuratively.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sustainable-adaptation-to-prevent-sinking-cities">Sustainable adaptation to prevent sinking cities</h2>



The experts propose working with nature, restoring <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/coastal-wetlands-are-inching-closer-to-extinction-as-the-world-heats-up/">wetlands</a> and oyster reefs that act like natural shields against rising seas.&nbsp;



"Ecosystems act as natural buffers against storm surges and help in sediment accumulation, which can mitigate the effects of land subsidence," said study lead author Leonard Ohenhen from Virginia Tech. These green guardians not only absorb storm surges but also become havens for wildlife, making our coasts healthier places.



The plan goes beyond just waves, though. The experts acknowledge that human actions like draining groundwater can make coasts sink lower. By being smarter about how much water we use and how we develop land, we can prevent this from happening.&nbsp;



The key is planning our cities carefully. This means building on higher ground, making sure buildings can withstand floods, and even designing landscapes to channel floodwaters away from homes and businesses.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-unified-call-for-action">A unified call for action</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rising-seas-release-more-methane-from-wetlands-than-expected/">Rising seas</a> and sinking land are no longer distant worries, they are imminent threats to our communities. This report is a wake-up call. It's time for leaders, planners, and everyone to join forces.&nbsp;



We need to adapt and become more resilient in the face of this changing world. By working together, we can protect the cities we love and the people who live there from the rising tides of tomorrow.



‌The study is published in the journal <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07038-3" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a>.



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Sinking cities on U.S. coast face a double threat as sea levels rise

Remember those cherished beach trips from your childhood? Those memories...

Rocks,On,A,Mountain,Hill

Researchers have discovered the nuanced role mountains play in the carbon cycle. The team brings clarity to this debate, revealing that mountains can function as both carbon sources and sinks, depending on various factors.



Traditionally, the scientific community has grappled with whether mountains act primarily as sources of carbon dioxide or if they serve as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/extreme-weather-can-flip-forests-from-carbon-sinks-to-carbon-sources/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">carbon sinks</a>, removing CO2 from the atmosphere through a process known as mineral weathering. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tipping-point-mountains-as-carbon-sources-and-sinks">Tipping point: Mountains as carbon sources and sinks</h2>



The research, a collaboration between Ludwig Maximilian <a href="https://www.lmu.de/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Munich</a>, <a href="https://www.colostate.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Colorado State University</a>, and the German Research Centre for Geosciences, introduces the concept of an erosion rate 'tipping point' -- a specific rate at which mountains switch roles from carbon removal to carbon release. 



Through detailed calculations, the team identified this optimal rate as approximately 0.1 millimeters per year. This rate represents a delicate balance. Erosion rates above this threshold transform mountains into carbon emitters, while rates below have a negligible impact on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/deserts-as-carbon-sinks-study-reveals-potential-for-greening-arid-regions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">carbon storage</a>.



"Whether a mountain range is a source or sink of carbon dioxide depends on how fast the landscape is eroding," explains Jeremy Rugenstein, a CSU assistant professor of geosciences and co-author of the study. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-erosion-rates-pivot-between-carbon-capture-and-release">Erosion rates: Pivot between carbon capture and release</h2>



The interplay between erosion and uplift -- the rate at which new rock material is exposed at the surface through mountain formation -- dictates the duration materials remain exposed to the elements. 



At high erosion rates, the potential for carbon sequestration is negated as the minerals capable of removing CO2 are rapidly worn away, leaving behind those that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/arctic-waters-are-emitting-more-carbon-as-they-continue-to-warm/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">release carbon dioxide</a> into the atmosphere. 



Conversely, at lower erosion rates, the minerals necessary for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/reducing-air-pollution-could-greatly-boost-carbon-sequestration-by-plants/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CO2 removal</a> have already been depleted, minimizing their climate impact.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-optimal-erosion-rates-for-co2-removal">Optimal erosion rates for CO2 removal</h2>



A surprising outcome of the study is the identification of a 'Goldilocks zone' -- a moderate erosion rate that allows minerals sufficient exposure to undergo the chemical reactions necessary for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/good-news-plants-are-absorbing-more-human-produced-co2-than-expected/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">carbon dioxide removal</a>. 



"It's only at these intermediate Goldilocks zones where erosion is fast enough that new minerals are coming up, but not so fast that they're just getting swept away, and they have time to weather in situ and draw down CO2,” Rugenstein said. 



"That this Goldilocks zone occurs at such low erosion rates was a real surprise. Prior to this work, I might have guessed that such a switch from carbon dioxide sink to source -- if it occurred at all -- would be at a substantially higher erosion rate," he concluded.



This finding challenges previous assumptions about the erosion rates necessary for mountains to act as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/understanding-how-soil-sequesters-carbon-from-the-atmosphere/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">carbon sinks</a>, highlighting the complexity of Earth's climate system.



The study also points out that lower-relief mountain ranges, often older and geologically less active, are more likely to exhibit these optimal erosion rates, whereas higher, rapidly eroding mountains are identified as carbon sources. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-global-pattern-from-the-alps-to-the-rockies">Global pattern from the Alps to the Rockies</h2>



This pattern was observed across various mountain ranges with different climatic conditions and tectonic histories, including the Southern Alps in New Zealand, the Central Mountain Range in Taiwan, and the eastern Tibetan Plateau in China.



Further research aims to explore the role of different rock types in this carbon cycle dynamic, with preliminary data suggesting that granite mountains, such as the Rocky Mountains, may also have a similar optimal erosion rate for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sequestering-carbon-in-soil-is-dependent-upon-microbes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">carbon dioxide removal</a>. 



"Mountains might evolve through this cycle where they are transiently sinks of carbon dioxide and then sources of carbon dioxide,” Rugenstein said.



Additionally, the study acknowledges the potential role of mountain basins in the carbon cycle, where eroded rock could continue to weather and sequester carbon dioxide, thus complicating the overall carbon accounting of mountainous regions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-of-mountains-and-carbon-research">Future of mountains and carbon research</h2>



Understanding how mountains contribute to global climate dynamics over geological timescales is crucial, according to Aaron Bufe, the lead author of the study, saying, "The global distribution of erosion rates plays a significant role in setting Earth’s <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-does-earths-thermostat-control-the-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">long-term temperature</a>."



This important study conclusively demonstrates that mountains play a complex role in Earth's carbon cycle, acting as both carbon sinks and sources, influenced by the rate of erosion. 



By identifying the optimal erosion rate for carbon dioxide removal, the research sheds light on the nuanced interplay between geological activity and climate regulation. 



It challenges prior assumptions and opens doors for future investigations into how different rock compositions and mountain basins contribute to global carbon dynamics. 



This revelation enhances our understanding of mountainous regions' impact on climate and underscores the delicate balance of natural processes that govern Earth's long-term temperature settings.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adk0957" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science</a>.



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Mountains can be both carbon sinks and carbon sources

Researchers have discovered the nuanced role mountains play in the...

Microplastics are everywhere on Earth, from the deepest ocean trenches to the highest mountains. A new study from the <a href="https://international.unicampania.it/index.php/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Campania</a> has shown something surprising - these microplastics can also be found inside people's arteries.&nbsp;



This revelation raises concerns as microplastics could be connected to serious health problems like heart attacks and stroke.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-microplastics-in-arteries">Microplastics in arteries</h2>



Microscopic plastic pollutants, called microplastics, are tiny – less than 5 millimeters in size. They come from the breakdown of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/common-plastic-items-pose-a-hidden-risk-to-childrens-gut-health/">plastic products</a> we use every day, including clothes and cosmetics.&nbsp;



The recent study in Naples, Italy, investigated this issue. Doctors examined fatty deposits, called plaque, inside the arteries of 304 patients.&nbsp;



Plaque buildup can block arteries, and sometimes surgeons remove it during procedures. The study's alarming finding was that microplastics were present in the plaque of over half the patients – a concerning 58%.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-microplastics-affecting-heart-health">Microplastics affecting heart health</h2>



The presence of microplastics in arteries is a red flag, potentially linked to a significantly increased risk of heart attack, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/short-term-exposure-to-air-pollution-increases-stroke-risk/">stroke</a>, and even death.&nbsp;



The researchers found a nearly 4.5-fold greater chance of these cardiovascular events within just 3 years for individuals with microplastics in their arteries.&nbsp; This association is particularly alarming because it held true even after accounting for established risk factors like <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/high-blood-pressure-is-commonly-shared-by-couples-worldwide/">high blood pressure</a>, smoking, and cholesterol.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-inflammation-caused-by-microplastics">Inflammation caused by microplastics</h2>



Microplastics in arteries may fuel chronic inflammation, boosting heart disease risk. The study revealed higher levels of inflammatory proteins in people with microplastic-laden arteries.&nbsp;



These proteins are common in heart disease and are believed to worsen the condition by promoting inflammation and damaging blood vessel walls. While <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/covid-impacts-the-brain-through-inflammation-not-infection/">inflammation</a> is the body's natural defense against injury or infection, prolonged inflammation is linked to various health problems.&nbsp;



Microplastics trapped in arterial plaque might trigger the immune system to attack them, leading to chronic inflammation. This persistent inflammatory state could then accelerate the development and progression of heart disease.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-concerns-related-to-microplastics">Concerns related to microplastics</h2>



According to the World Health Organization, the potential impacts of plastics on health have become an issue of global concern due to risks and harms from plastics at each stage of their lifecycle.



Plastic is convenient and useful, but there's so much of it around that it's harming the environment and potentially making people sick. Experts warn that we should not be fooled by the convenience of plastics.&nbsp;



“People must become aware of the risks we are taking with our lifestyle,” noted Dr Raffaele Marfella, first author on the study at the University of Campania Luigi.&nbsp;



“I hope the alarm message from our study will raise the consciousness of citizens, especially governments, to finally become aware of the importance of the health of our planet. To put it in a slogan that can unite the need for health for humans and the planet, plastic-free is healthy for the heart and the Earth.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-microplastics-enter-the-body">How microplastics enter the body</h2>



Since microplastics are everywhere in our surroundings, we can ingest them in a number of ways. This is particularly concerning when you consider the health risks of microplastics such as heart attacks and stroke. 



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-food-we-eat">Food we eat</h3>



We often swallow microplastics when we eat. Seafood, especially shellfish and fish, may contain microplastics because they live in polluted water. Fruits and vegetables can also get contaminated.&nbsp;



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-water-we-drink">Water we drink</h3>



Microplastics have been found in tap water, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hundreds-of-thousands-of-nanoplastics-found-in-bottled-water/">bottled water</a>, and even lakes and rivers. Plastic trash breaks down over time, or because tiny bits of plastic flake off from plastic pipes as water travels through them. 



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-air-we-breathe-nbsp">Air we breathe&nbsp;</h3>



We can also breathe in microplastics, especially indoors. Dust particles that contain microplastics can float around in the air from things like carpets, furniture, and clothes. Even outside, air pollution often contains microplastics from car tires, road paint, and plastic waste. 



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-other-unexpected-ways">Other unexpected ways</h3>



Microplastics have been found in things like salt, sugar, honey, and even beer, showing how widespread they are. Microplastics can also be in some hygiene products like toothpaste and cosmetics. We might accidentally swallow these, or they might seep into our skin.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tips-to-limit-microplastic-exposure">Tips to limit microplastic exposure</h2>



It might seem difficult to avoid microplastics completely these days, but there are ways to limit their exposure:



<ul>
<li>Choose natural fibers: Opt for clothing made from natural materials like cotton, wool, hemp, or bamboo to avoid releasing plastic fibers during washing.</li>
</ul>



<ul>
<li>Use water filters: Invest in a reliable water filter to remove microplastics from drinking water, whether sourced from tap water or bottled water.</li>
</ul>



<ul>
<li>Avoid single-use plastics: Minimize the use of disposable plastic items such as bags, straws, utensils, and water bottles by opting for reusable alternatives made from glass, stainless steel, or silicone.</li>
</ul>



<ul>
<li>Purchase unpackaged foods: Buy fresh produce from farmers' markets or bulk stores to reduce reliance on plastic packaging for fruits, vegetables, and grains.</li>
</ul>



<ul>
<li>Check personal care products: Be mindful of personal care items containing microplastics like polyethylene (PE) or polypropylene (PP). Look for products labeled "microplastic-free" or containing natural exfoliants such as sugar or salt.</li>
</ul>



<ul>
<li>Choose minimal packaging: Select products with minimal or recyclable packaging, and consider buying in bulk to reduce plastic waste. Bring your own reusable containers or bags when shopping.</li>
</ul>



<ul>
<li>Dispose of plastic responsibly: Properly dispose of plastic waste by recycling whenever possible and avoiding littering. Responsible waste management helps prevent plastic from breaking down into microplastics in the environment.</li>
</ul>



<ul>
<li>Support plastic reduction nitiatives: Get involved in efforts to reduce plastic pollution by supporting policies and initiatives in your community. Raise awareness about the issue and advocate for long-term solutions.</li>
</ul>



The research is published in <a href="https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa2309822" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The New England Journal of Medicine</a>.



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Microplastics found inside human arteries after stroke and heart attack events

Microplastics are everywhere on Earth, from the deepest ocean trenches...

Weather forecasting is an ever-evolving field with a focus on accuracy. Despite advancements, challenges like quantile crossing persist. This particular issue disrupts the logical order of predicted values. It stems from numerical <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/extreme-weather-is-becoming-more-difficult-to-predict/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">weather prediction</a> methods.



These methods, though sophisticated, can yield biased forecasts. Consequently, a global team of researchers is working to improve these methods. Their goal is to eliminate quantile crossing, aiming to enhance forecast reliability.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-novel-approach-to-weather-forecasts">A novel approach to weather forecasts </h2>



The team's solution centers on the non-crossing quantile regression neural network (NCQRNN) model. This model is the brainchild of Professor Dazhi Yang and colleagues. They hail from prestigious institutions, collaborating on this breakthrough.



The NCQRNN model refines traditional QRNN frameworks. It incorporates a special layer to maintain the forecast values' order. This ensures lower quantiles stay below higher ones, enhancing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/extreme-weather-is-becoming-more-difficult-to-predict/">prediction accuracy</a>. Moreover, this improvement significantly aids in understanding the forecasts.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-ncqrnn-advantage-clarity-in-prediction">The NCQRNN advantage: Clarity in prediction</h2>



The NCQRNN's edge lies in its prediction clarity. Professor Yang emphasizes the model's orderly value maintenance, boosting interpretability. Furthermore, Dr. Martin J. Mayer delves into the model's core mechanism.



This mechanism teaches the network to distinguish between quantiles using intermediate variables, thus keeping their order. Additionally, the model's versatility shines, as its non-crossing layer fits various architectures. This adaptability promises broad application in diverse forecasting systems.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wide-applicability-and-future-forecasting">Wide applicability and future forecasting</h2>



The technique shines, especially in solar irradiance forecasting, outperforming current models. Its flexibility allows easy integration into many weather systems, enhancing predictions across various variables.



Dr. Sebastian Lerch highlights the model's broad potential, suggesting uses beyond solar forecasting in weather and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/early-warning-systems-are-increasingly-accurate-in-predicting-climate-extremes/">climate domains</a>.



Dr. Xiang'ao Xia considers this study critical. It showcases the significant effect of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/artificial-intelligence-will-be-a-game-changer-in-weather-forecasting/">machine learning</a> on weather models.



This research was a team effort, merging atmospheric and data sciences. Thus, it marks a step forward, making future forecasts more accurate.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">More about quantile crossing</h2>



Quantile crossing in weather forecasting is an issue that arises in probabilistic forecasting when forecasting models produce quantiles that are not properly ordered across different probabilities. This problem violates the basic principle that quantiles should increase with the probability level.&nbsp;



For instance, the 90th percentile of a forecast should predict a higher value than the 50th percentile for the same variable and time point. Quantile crossing contradicts this expectation, indicating a flaw in the forecast system or model.



In the context of weather forecasting, where forecasts are often presented as probabilistic forecasts to indicate uncertainty (for example, the probability that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/heavy-rainfall-events-in-the-northeast-are-set-to-increase-by-over-50-percent/">rainfall</a> will exceed a certain threshold), ensuring that quantiles are properly ordered is crucial for the coherence and reliability of the forecasts.



The focus on ensuring coherent and reliable probabilistic forecasts is essential for effective decision-making in weather-sensitive sectors, such as agriculture, emergency management, and outdoor event planning.&nbsp;



Techniques to avoid quantile crossing are thus an integral part of the development and evaluation of forecasting models in meteorology.



The full study is published in the journal <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00376-023-3184-5" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Advances in Atmospheric Sciences</a>.



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Bridging the gap: The quest for accurate weather forecasts

Weather forecasting is an ever-evolving field with a focus on...

Coral reefs are vital underwater ecosystems teeming with life. Yet, climate change and human actions threaten their very existence. This is cause for alarm as coral reefs provide a haven for countless <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/marine-organisms-may-adapt-to-climate-change-but-with-hidden-costs/">marine creatures</a>.&nbsp;



Not all hope is lost. Scientists recently discovered a surprising power of coral reefs: amazing regenerative abilities. With a little assistance, restored coral reefs can bounce back in just four years, becoming vibrant once again.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-restoring-reefs-with-coral-transplants">Restoring reefs with coral transplants</h2>



The study focused on the <a href="https://www.buildingcoral.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mars Coral Reef Restoration Programme</a>, one of the world's largest reef restoration projects. The program restored coral reefs in two Indonesian islands. 



The restoration method involved structures called "reef stars" – hexagonal metal frames filled with sand. Each frame provides a home for 10-15 pieces of coral collected from nearby healthy reefs. These coral fragments come from several different types of branching coral naturally found in the area.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-careful-maintenance-nbsp">Careful maintenance&nbsp;</h2>



The restoration process involves placing these reef stars in large groups across a designated area. But simply placing them isn't enough. To ensure the coral thrives, the frames are brushed regularly to remove algae, and any dead coral pieces are replaced.&nbsp;



This careful maintenance is especially important in the first few months after the coral is transplanted, giving it the best chance to grow and establish itself.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-carbonate-budget-of-restored-coral-reefs">Carbonate budget of restored coral reefs</h2>



Scientists studied how well restored coral reefs were doing by looking at their "carbonate budget." This refers to the balance between how much calcium carbonate the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/recent-coral-recovery-in-the-great-barrier-reef-has-paused/">reef</a> is making and how much it's losing. 



Calcium carbonate is a building block for corals, and a healthy reef will be making more of it than it's losing.



“Corals constantly add calcium carbonate to the reef framework while some fishes and sea urchins erode it away, so calculating the overall carbonate budget basically tells you if the reef as a whole is growing or shrinking,” noted study lead author Dr. Ines Lange from the University of Exeter.&nbsp;



Four years after the restoration efforts began, the reefs were doing much better. They had more coral, were more complex, and were building calcium carbonate at a similar rate to healthy reefs.&nbsp;



“We found that restored coral reefs can grow at the same speed as healthy coral reefs just four years after coral transplantation. This means that they provide lots of habitat for marine life and efficiently protect the adjacent island from wave energy and erosion,” said Dr. Lange.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-restoration-challenges">Restoration challenges</h2>



Coral restoration projects often use fast-growing branching corals because they help reefs recover quickly. However, these corals are also more likely to die from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/deepest-known-coral-reef-bleaching-discovered-alarming-scientists/">bleaching</a> caused by rising water temperatures. This could make the restored reefs weaker in the long run.



While branching corals create good homes for fish and other sea creatures, researchers worry that relying on them too much might be risky. They recommend using a wider variety of coral types during restoration, similar to what's found on healthy reefs.&nbsp;



This mix would include massive, encrusting, and plating corals, which are all better at surviving bleaching events.



The researchers also express that there's no single perfect way to restore reefs. The best approach will depend on the specific location, the types of coral available, and how well the surrounding environment is protected.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-of-coral-reef-restoration">Future of coral reef restoration</h2>



The study has demonstrated that actively restoring reefs by transplanting coral can significantly improve their health.&nbsp;



“This is a really encouraging discovery. If we can maintain climate conditions that allow for coral survival, it’s possible to restore even very damaged reefs back to healthy, functional systems within relatively short periods of time,” noted Dr. Tim Lamont of Lancaster University.



The study is a wake-up call. We can revive our coral reefs, but we must act swiftly. By implementing a multi-pronged approach of restoration, environmental protection, and climate change action, we can ensure the future of these underwater wonders.&nbsp;



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2024.02.009" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current Biology</a>.



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Restored coral reefs can bounce back in just four years

Coral reefs are vital underwater ecosystems teeming with life. Yet,...

Deep in the rainforest, monkeys are known for their lively social interactions. But a new study reveals a worrying trend: when <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/deforestation-threatens-the-future-of-8-in-10-lizards/">deforestation</a> disrupts their habitat, monkeys are forced to change their social behaviors in order to survive.



"One trend we're seeing with primates worldwide is that when their forests are cut down, they're either able to adapt in some way, or their population declines," explained Dr. Laura Bolt, a primatologist at the <a href="https://www.utm.utoronto.ca/home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Toronto Mississauga</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-monkey-behavior-changes">Monkey behavior changes</h2>



One might wonder, why focus on monkey social behavior? Much like humans, monkeys are social creatures and their interactions are important for survival, learning, and social structures.&nbsp;



Since changes in their environment may impact these interactions, the researchers studied how monkeys adapt to living near forest edges caused by <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wild-primates-human-activities/">human activities</a>.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-study-nbsp">Focus of the study&nbsp;</h2>



The study took place in Costa Rica at La Suerte Biological Research Station. Scientists observed three monkey species – spider monkeys, capuchin monkeys, and howler monkeys – from 2017 to 2023.&nbsp;



The team documented the monkeys’ <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/monkeys-practice-social-distancing-when-they-have-an-infection/">social behaviors</a>, such as grooming, playing, and communication, both deep inside the forest and near the edges. The aim was to see if the monkeys behaved differently in the natural forest interior compared to the disturbed edge zones.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-spider-monkey-behavior-changes-nbsp">Spider monkey behavior changes&nbsp;</h2>



Spider monkeys played and groomed each other less often in the edge areas compared to the deeper parts of the forest. This difference suggests the monkeys might not feel as safe or comfortable socializing on the edges.



The researchers speculate that the monkeys are saving energy in these harsher edge areas. This could be because there's less food or because there are more dangers around, like predators or people.&nbsp;



The forest edge is closer to humans, so it might not be as good of a habitat as the inner <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/monkeys-tropical-forests-life/">forest</a>. There is likely less food and fewer big trees for the monkeys to swing through and hide in.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-spider-monkeys-prefer-the-inner-forest-nbsp">Spider monkeys prefer the inner forest&nbsp;</h2>



Another thought is that spider monkeys just prefer the thicker, inner parts of the forest for socializing. They might feel safer moving around high up in the tree canopy, away from the trouble and dangers at the forest edge.&nbsp;



The canopy is like a 3D maze of branches that the monkeys can swing through easily. It also has fruit trees, making it a great place to hang out with friends and share food.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-behavior-changes-in-capuchins-nbsp">Behavior changes in capuchins&nbsp;</h2>



The experts found that white-faced capuchin monkeys engaged in behavior that wouldn't draw attention to themselves. These monkeys fought and vocalized less often while living along the forest edge.



Capuchins eat a variety of foods, so they might be able to find more to eat at the forest edge, which could affect how they interact with each other. Also, being quieter and less aggressive might help them avoid predators in these open areas.&nbsp;



"If they're in an area with smaller trees, where it's easier for predators to see them, they're especially vulnerable," said Dr. Bolt. "It makes sense that the capuchins would try to avoid getting eaten, essentially."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-howler-monkey-behavior-remained-the-same">Howler monkey behavior remained the same</h2>



Unlike the other monkeys, howler monkeys behaved the same way in both the center of the forest and at the edges.&nbsp;



This could mean that howler monkeys are very adaptable and can handle these changes well. Or, it might be that they can't adjust their behavior very easily to new situations.



Howler monkeys mostly eat leaves, which are easy to find even in disturbed areas. This flexible diet might be why they act the same way regardless of their surroundings.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-long-term-concern-for-howler-monkeys-nbsp">Long-term concern for howler monkeys&nbsp;</h2>



The study suggests that howler monkeys might do well in damaged forests without changing how they interact with each other. Unfortunately, this stability could also mean they have trouble adapting to environments that change quickly or become badly damaged.&nbsp;



"This could be a concern long-term for howler monkeys. They might be only capable of living one way and then they persist until suddenly, they die out because they're not able to cope," said Dr. Bolt.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-monkey-social-behavior-and-conservation">Monkey social behavior and conservation</h2>



Dr. Bolt's research helps us understand how well monkeys can cope with change. This knowledge allows us to pinpoint which <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-is-driving-tree-dwelling-primates-to-the-ground/">primates</a> are most at risk from fragmented forests and how changes in their natural behavior might affect their survival.&nbsp;&nbsp;



"Understanding how species behave is a way of better understanding them, and better understanding how to conserve them," said Dr. Bolt.



The study is published in the<a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.23610" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"> American Journal of Primatology</a>. 



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Deforestation changes social behavior in monkeys

Deep in the rainforest, monkeys are known for their lively...

Researchers have achieved a pivotal breakthrough in understanding the process of aerosol formation in Earth's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earths-atmosphere-is-expanding-due-to-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lower atmosphere</a>, offering insights into air quality, climate, and health impacts. 



Specifically focusing on the troposphere, which contains 85% of our atmosphere, this research addresses the crucial formation and effects of secondary organic aerosols (SOAs). Published in Nature Geosciences, their study exposes key mechanisms of SOA formation, substantially enhancing our understanding of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earths-ancient-breath-study-links-atmospheric-oxygen-and-mantle-chemistry/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">atmospheric chemistry</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-of-secondary-organic-aerosols-soas">Impact of secondary organic aerosols (SOAs)</h2>



The focus of their study, Criegee intermediates, are compounds suspected to be at the heart of SOA formation through a process known as oligomerization. Until now, the direct chemical signatures of this process had not been identified in real-world conditions. 



The team's field measurements in the Amazon rainforest -- a critical region for SOA study -- provided undeniable evidence of reactions consistent with a specific Criegee intermediate compound, shedding light on the complex chemistry at play in our atmosphere.



Carl Percival from NASA’s <a href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a> emphasized the significance of their findings, stating, “First, we discovered that CI chemistry may play a bigger role in altering the composition of the troposphere than current atmospheric models account for -- probably by an order of magnitude.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unlocking-the-secrets-of-aerosol-formation">Unlocking the secrets of aerosol formation</h2>



Rebecca L. Caravan, an assistant chemist at <a href="https://www.anl.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Argonne</a> and the paper's first author, highlighted the direct correlation between their field observations, laboratory characterizations, and theoretical determinations.



“This discovery is extremely significant because we were able to make direct connections between what we actually saw in the field, what we anticipated was happening with oligomerization of CIs and what we were able to characterize in the lab and determine theoretically,” explained Caravan.



This integrated approach not only allowed for a deeper understanding of CI reactions but also showcased the collaborative effort across laboratories to push the boundaries of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-uncover-new-way-that-earth-cleans-its-atmosphere/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">atmospheric science</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-advanced-methodologies-and-findings">Advanced methodologies and findings</h2>



Craig A. Taatjes, a combustion chemist at Sandia, elaborated on the comprehensive methods employed in their research. From advanced field measurements to cutting-edge theoretical kinetics, the team utilized an array of tools to dissect the complex reactions of Criegee intermediates. 



"We used the most advanced theoretical kinetics to predict reactions we can’t measure directly. And we took advantage of the most advanced global chemistry modeling to assess the effects we would expect oligomerization to have in the troposphere based on those kinetics,” Taatjes elaborated.



This multifaceted strategy yielded critical insights, notably that the impact of CI chemistry on the troposphere's composition might be significantly underestimated by current models.



Despite the remarkable progress, the findings also suggest that our understanding of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/african-dust-and-sea-spray-may-help-tackle-atmospheric-methane/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tropospheric chemistry</a> remains incomplete. The observed oligomerization signatures in the field far exceeded those predicted by updated models, hinting at either a more substantial role for CI chemistry or the presence of other unidentified chemical mechanisms.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-much-more-to-learn-about-atmospheric-aerosol-formation">Much more to learn about atmospheric aerosol formation</h2>



“We still have a lot of work to do to fully define the role of CI reactions in the troposphere,” concluded Caravan. “But these findings significantly expand our understanding of one potentially significant pathway for SOA formation in the most important layer of the earth’s atmosphere.”



In summary, this research marks a significant milestone in our understanding of atmospheric chemistry, particularly in the study of secondary organic aerosols (SOAs) formation and the pivotal role of Criegee intermediates (CIs) in their formation. 



By employing advanced detection methods and comprehensive field studies in the Amazon rainforest, the team has not only uncovered evidence that challenges and surpasses current atmospheric models but also set a new course for future research. 



Their findings underscore the complexity of the troposphere's chemistry and highlight the urgent need for further exploration to fully grasp the impact of these processes on our planet's climate, air quality, and human health.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41561-023-01361-6">Nature Geoscience</a>.



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Aerosol formation in Earth's atmosphere is a complicated process

Researchers have achieved a pivotal breakthrough in understanding the process...

Many of the animals we love, from playful penguins to majestic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/elephants-are-forest-gardeners-that-help-reduce-global-warming/">elephants</a>, could disappear because of climate change. It's not something just for scientists to worry about -- it's a real threat. 



A new study by <a href="https://www.ox.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Oxford University</a> examined fossils of sea creatures to identify which animals are most at risk of extinction as the Earth's climate keeps changing.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-animal-extinction-patterns-from-the-fossil-record">Animal extinction patterns from the fossil record</h2>



The research team analyzed fossil records spanning a staggering 485 million years. They focused on creatures that lived in the ocean with hard shells, like <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sea-urchins-can-tolerate-hot-acidic-ocean-water/">sea urchins</a> and clams.&nbsp;



The experts looked at over a quarter of a million fossils from more than 9,200 different types of these creatures. They wanted to find out what makes some species more likely to survive than others.&nbsp;



The researchers were interested in factors that hadn't been considered before, like what temperature the creatures preferred to live in.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-species-in-extreme-habitats-are-most-vulnerable-nbsp">Species in extreme habitats are most vulnerable&nbsp;</h2>



The results showed that the bigger the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/extreme-weather-can-flip-forests-from-carbon-sinks-to-carbon-sources/">temperature fluctuations</a>, the more danger species were in. This was especially true if the temperature changed more than 44.6°F (7°C) over a long period. The study suggests that rapid climate change disrupts the balance of nature, making it harder for species to survive.



The experts also found that animals living in very hot or cold places, like the poles, are in more danger from climate change. These areas experience bigger climate swings, making it even harder for species that are already used to harsh conditions.&nbsp;



As climate change gets worse, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/gulls-are-shifting-their-habitats-to-urban-areas/">extreme habitats</a> change quickly, which is even more dangerous for the species that live there.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-important-predictors-of-animal-extinction-nbsp">Important predictors of animal extinction&nbsp;</h2>



“Our study revealed that geographic range was the strongest predictor of extinction risk for marine invertebrates, but that the magnitude of climate change is also an important predictor of extinction, which has implications for biodiversity today in the face of climate change,” explained lead author Cooper Malanoski from Department of Earth Sciences at the University of Oxford.



Animals that can only survive in a very specific temperature range face the greatest risk of extinction. The study revealed that species in areas where the temperature only changed by 59°F (15°C) or less were much more likely to die out.&nbsp;



This shows how dangerous climate change is for species that need a very specific environment to survive. Even small changes in temperature can lead to their population shrinking or them dying out completely.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-small-animals-face-higher-extinction-risk">Small animals face higher extinction risk</h2>



The size of an animal can affect its chances of surviving and reproducing. The researchers concluded that smaller animals are more likely to die out entirely. This isn't new - scientists have known for a while that smaller creatures have a harder time dealing with changes in their environment.



There are a few reasons for this. First, small animals burn energy quickly compared to their size. They need more food to survive, so any changes that make food harder to find hurt them more.&nbsp;&nbsp;



Also, small animals tend to live for a shorter time and have more babies quickly. While this can help their population grow fast, it can also make them more vulnerable to problems that reduce their numbers.



Another issue is that small animals often can't travel far. This makes it hard for them to find new homes if their current one gets messed up, or to escape from danger. If their habitat becomes fragmented, or they get separated from each other, they're more likely to die out completely.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-conservation-in-a-changing-climate">Conservation in a changing climate</h2>



The study provides valuable insights for protecting <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fireworks-can-have-long-lasting-impacts-on-wildlife/">wildlife</a> in a warming world. Knowing which creatures are most at risk is crucial for planning conservation efforts as climate change worsens.&nbsp;



By pinpointing the most vulnerable species, conservationists can focus their efforts and get the most out of limited resources, increasing the chances of preserving biodiversity despite environmental challenges.



The study emphasizes the importance of specific actions to lessen climate change's harm on wildlife. This might involve restoring habitats, reintroducing species to areas they once lived in, or creating protected zones for safety.&nbsp;



In some cases, more drastic measures may be needed, such as helping species move to new homes better suited to the changing climate.



Finally, the research highlights the need for collaboration between scientists, government officials, and conservation groups. By combining their expertise, they can develop creative solutions and implement evidence-based conservation plans that consider the specific needs of different species and ecosystems.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adj5763" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science</a>.



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Animal extinction risk is heavily influenced by climate change

Many of the animals we love, from playful penguins to...

The early arrival of daffodils, diminishing snow in ski resorts, and sunbathing opportunities in the northern hemisphere hinted at an unusual climatic trend, which has now been confirmed by the European Union's climate monitoring service. This year’s February has been officially recorded as the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/july-was-earths-hottest-month-in-120000-years/">hottest</a> ever, surpassing previous records with a global average temperature of 56.3°F (13.54°C).&nbsp;



This surpasses the former record-holder, February 2016, by 0.21°F (0.12°C) and stands 1.45°F (0.81°C) above the global average for this month over the 1991-2020 period. Scientists attribute this worrying trend directly to the effects of greenhouse gas <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-co2-emissions-expected-to-reach-a-new-high-in-2023/">emissions</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-february-joins-a-long-streak-of-records">February joins a long streak of records</h2>



The <a href="https://climate.copernicus.eu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Copernicus Climate Change Service</a> (C3S), a part of the European Commission dedicated to climate monitoring, has detailed these findings. They base their conclusions on data gathered from a diverse array of sources, including weather stations, balloons, and satellites, offering a comprehensive view of the planet's average air temperature over time. 



"February joins the long streak of records of the last few months," said C3S director Carlo Buontempo. “As remarkable as this might appear, it is not really surprising as the continuous warming of the climate system inevitably leads to new temperature extremes."&nbsp;



"The climate responds to the actual concentrations of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/greenhouse-gas-emissions-reach-another-all-time-high/">greenhouse gases</a> in the atmosphere so, unless we manage to stabilize those, we will inevitably face new global temperature records and their consequences.”



This February's record-setting warmth follows a pattern, being the ninth consecutive month to set a new record for its respective time of year. It was notably 3.18°F (1.77°C) warmer than the average for February during the pre-industrial period of 1850-1900.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-paris-agreement-commitments-to-limit-warming-nbsp">Paris Agreement commitments to limit warming&nbsp;</h2>



Alarmingly, for several days in early February, global temperatures soared to levels 3.6°F (2°C) above those pre-industrial averages, challenging global commitments made under the Paris Agreement to limit warming.



However, these records do not suggest a breach of the Paris Agreement thresholds, which are based on long-term averages rather than single monthly records.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-february-record-for-the-highest-sea-surface-temperature">February record for the highest sea surface temperature</h2>



In Europe alone, temperatures in February were significantly higher than historical averages, mirroring similar anomalies across other parts of the world including Siberia, North and South America, Africa, and Australia.



Beyond air temperatures, C3S also monitors sea surface temperatures, a key indicator of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/formal-agreement-needed-to-define-the-current-level-of-global-warming/">global warming</a>. February saw the highest global sea surface temperature on record for any month, underscoring the comprehensive nature of current climate change trends. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-greenhouse-gas-emissions-nbsp">Greenhouse gas emissions&nbsp;</h2>



With these ongoing changes, it's possible that 2024 could see even more temperature records broken, continuing the alarming trend observed in 2023, which was marked by unprecedented global warmth from June onward, attributed largely to greenhouse gas emissions.



Atmospheric levels of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-carbon-dioxide-emissions-hit-a-record-high-in-2023/">carbon dioxide</a> and methane, the most critical greenhouse gases, reached new highs in 2023. This contributed to several months, including September, November, December, and notably July - the hottest month on record - setting new temperature benchmarks.&nbsp;



"2023 was an exceptional year with climate records tumbling like dominoes. Temperatures during 2023 likely exceed those of any period in at least the last 100,000 years,” concluded Samantha Burgess, deputy director of C3S.&nbsp;



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Early spring follows the hottest February on record

The early arrival of daffodils, diminishing snow in ski resorts,...

Scientists have introduced an innovative method for quantifying the value and long-term benefits of ecosystem biodiversity and nature conservation. A new study suggests that this new approach could transform how governments approach the economic assessment of public infrastructure projects. 



This new approach seeks to quantify the loss of animal and plant species, along with ecosystem services-- such as air and water filtration, crop pollination, and recreational value -- in monetary terms. Its aim is to bring the importance of biodiversity loss and nature conservation to the forefront of political decision-making.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rethinking-biodiversity-valuation">Rethinking biodiversity valuation</h2>



Traditionally, the methods used to calculate the value of ecosystem services have been criticized for their limitations. The team's newly proposed method addresses these concerns by accounting for the expected increase in nature's monetary value over time due to rising human income. Simultaneously, it factors in biodiversity decline, which renders it a more scarce resource.



Professor Moritz Drupp of the <a href="https://www.uni-hamburg.de/en.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Hamburg</a>, the study's lead author and a renowned expert in Sustainability Economics, explains, "Our study equips governments with a formula to estimate the future values of scarce ecosystem services, enhancing decision-making processes." 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-valuing-ecosystems-over-time">Valuing ecosystems over time</h2>



This approach acknowledges two pivotal factors. Firstly, global income and prosperity are anticipated to grow by an estimated 2% per year after inflation adjustments, increasing the willingness to pay for nature conservation. Secondly, as ecosystem services become rarer, their value surges -- a fundamental economic principle that also applies to the conservation sector.



“On the other hand, the services provided by ecosystems will become more valuable the scarcer they become”, said Professor Drupp. 



“The fact that scarce goods become more expensive is a fundamental principle in economics, and it also applies here. And in view of current developments, unfortunately, we must expect the loss of biodiversity to continue," Drupp explained.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-economic-principles-behind-the-new-approach">Economic principles behind the new approach</h2>



The researchers advocate for a significant upward revision of the current monetary values assigned to ecosystem services in cost-benefit analyses. 



They propose an increase by more than 130% when considering income rise alone, and over 180% when also factoring in the impact on endangered species listed on the <a href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/assessment/red-list-index" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Red List Index</a>. This recalibration could greatly increase the likelihood of conservation projects passing cost-benefit evaluations.



The study's insights are further enriched by contributions from three UK-based researchers: Professor Mark Freeman (<a href="https://www.york.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of York</a>), Dr. Frank Venmans (<a href="https://www.lse.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">LSE</a>), and Professor Ben Groom (<a href="https://www.exeter.ac.uk/us-2/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Exeter</a>). 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-policy-and-decision-making">Implications for policy and decision-making</h2>



“The monetary values for the environment that are currently used by policy makers in the appraisal of public investments and regulatory change mean that nature becomes relatively less valuable over time compared to other goods and services,” said Professor Groom.



“Our work shows this is wrong.&nbsp;We propose an uplift in the values of ecosystems over time. This proposal could easily be deployed in the Treasury’s analysis that will underpin future Budget statements.”&nbsp;



Dr. Venmans brings attention to specific cases like coral reefs, which are expected to decline due to climate change, thereby increasing the value of the remaining reefs, especially as household incomes rise. "This becomes crucial when evaluating the preservation of coral reefs with long-lasting impacts," he adds.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-of-placing-a-monetary-value-on-ecosystems">Impact of placing a monetary value on ecosystems</h2>



Echoing the significance of this work, Professor Freeman emphasizes the need for consistent evaluation of ecosystem protection alongside other public project.



“The government is under considerable pressure from many sides for additional public investment. Ensuring that the protection of ecosystems is appraised in a way that is consistent with other public projects, including HS2 and other infrastructure spending, is critical. This is what our work aims to achieve," Freeman expounded.



In summary, this compelling study challenges the traditional methods of valuing biodiversity and ecosystem services and offers a solution that could revolutionize environmental policy and conservation efforts worldwide. 



By introducing a formula that accounts for the rising value of nature in tandem with human income and the scarcity of ecosystem services, the researchers provide governments and policymakers with a powerful tool to make informed decisions that reflect the true worth of our natural world. 



This approach underscores the importance of preserving biodiversity for future generations while offering a path towards a more sustainable and economically inclusive approach to managing our planet's precious resources.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adk2086" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science</a>.



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Placing a monetary value on nature conservation and ecosystems

Scientists have introduced an innovative method for quantifying the value...

In the quest to visualize the landscapes of our Mesolithic ancestors, scientists have turned to an unlikely source: hazelnut shells. Preserved through the ages, these shells offer a window into the past, unveiling whether ancient microhabitats surrounding archaeological sites were dense forests or open pastures. 



Consequently, this innovative approach not only paints a picture of past environments but also sheds light on the impacts that humans have had on these habitats over millennia.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hazelnut-shells-at-archaeological-sites">Hazelnut shells at archaeological sites</h2>



Dr. Amy Styring from the <a href="https://www.ox.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Oxford</a> and her team have pioneered this research, focusing on hazelnuts found at archaeological sites across southern Sweden. The sites span from Mesolithic hunter-gatherer camps to major Iron Age settlements, providing a broad timeline for their study. 



"By analyzing the carbon in hazelnuts from these varied periods, we've discovered a shift towards harvesting in increasingly open environments," said Dr. Styring. This finding is crucial for understanding the interaction between early humans and their surroundings.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-hazelnuts-shells">Significance of hazelnuts shells</h2>



Hazelnuts have been a staple for northern Europeans for thousands of years, valued for their nutritional benefits and versatility. "The nuts were a significant source of energy and protein, easily stored and consumed in various forms," noted study senior author Dr. Karl Ljung of Lund University. 



Beyond their nutritional value, hazelnut shells served as a practical fuel source, highlighting the multifaceted role of hazel trees in early human societies.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-insights-from-hazelnut-shells">Insights from hazelnut shells</h2>



Focusing on the science, the study revolves around carbon isotopes found in hazel <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/remote-sensing-will-revolutionize-the-way-we-monitor-trees/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">trees</a>. These isotopes vary according to the tree's exposure to sunlight and water, influenced by the density of surrounding vegetation. 



Specifically, in sun-rich, water-abundant Sweden, sunlight plays a pivotal role, making hazelnuts from open areas richer in certain carbon isotopes. "A hazelnut shell from an archaeological site thus acts as a record of the openness of the environment from which it was collected," said Ljung.



To confirm their method, the researchers collected hazelnuts from current hazeltrees in southern Sweden, exposed to different light levels, analyzing the carbon isotope values and their correlation with sunlight exposure. 



The experts applied these findings to hazelnut shells excavated from various archaeological sites, categorizing them into closed, open, or semi-open environments based on their carbon isotope composition.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evolving-landscapes-and-human-influence">Evolving landscapes and human influence</h2>



The study reveals a compelling narrative about how the environment around human settlements evolved over millennia. Initially, in the Mesolithic era, the research indicates that people primarily collected hazelnut shells from dense, forested areas. This suggests a landscape dominated by thick woodlands. 



However, by the Iron Age, the findings depict a shift to predominantly gathering hazelnuts from open areas, indicating significant environmental changes. This is possibly due to human activities like agriculture or natural climate fluctuations.



Several factors could have contributed to the transformation. Human activities like clearing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/forests-around-the-world-are-turning-brown-during-summer/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">forests</a> for agriculture likely played a role, creating open fields. Alternatively, natural changes in climate may have influenced forest density.



This evolution shows humans increasingly affecting the environment. Also, the move to collect hazelnuts from open areas in the Iron Age suggests humans had already changed the landscape. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-directions-and-impact">Future directions and impact</h2>



"Our study unveils new avenues for connecting environmental changes directly to human activities," said Dr. Styring. Eagerly, the team plans to broaden their research by examining hazelnut shells from more sites. This expansion aims to deepen our understanding of ancient landscapes and human impacts. 



Ultimately, the research urges us to reconsider our current relationship with forests, offering a new perspective on the value of conserving natural <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/insects-thrive-in-restored-habitats-near-solar-energy-facilities/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">habitats</a>.



 The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fearc.2024.1351411/full" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Frontiers in Environmental Archaeology</a>.



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Hazelnut shells offer a glimpse of ancient landscapes

In the quest to visualize the landscapes of our Mesolithic...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lHHxOej4QfE
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Researchers found a correlation between Alzheimer's disease and traffic pollution.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-invisible-threat-in-urban-air">Invisible threat in urban air</h2>



City dwellers face an unseen danger with every breath. New findings from Emory University researchers suggest that fine particulate matter from <a href="http://earth.com/news/traffic-related-air-pollution-might-increase-alzheimers-risk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">vehicle emissions may significantly elevate the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease</a>. The study examined brain tissue samples from 224 individuals who had confirmed diagnoses and volunteered their brains for scientific research.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-disturbing-connections-emerge">Disturbing connections emerge</h2>



Scientists analyzed neuritic plaques — protein clusters that characterize Alzheimer's — while mapping each participant's exposure to PM2.5 particles based on residential location and surrounding traffic density. The correlation proved more alarming than anticipated. Individuals experiencing higher pollution exposure showed nearly double the likelihood of elevated plaque accumulation in brain tissue.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-timing-matters">Timing matters</h2>



The research team discovered that pollution exposure during the final year before death demonstrated the strongest association with brain changes. This timeline suggests relatively rapid impacts from environmental toxins on neural health. The connection remained robust even after accounting for various demographic and health factors.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genetic-vulnerability-patterns">Genetic vulnerability patterns</h2>



Perhaps most concerning, people lacking the APOE gene—which naturally predisposes individuals to Alzheimer's — exhibited more than twice the susceptibility to pollution-related brain damage. Study author Dr. Anke Huels noted this indicates environmental elements like air contamination could trigger the disease in cases where hereditary factors don't explain.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-public-health-implications">Public health implications</h2>



These findings, published in <a href="https://www.neurology.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Neurology</a>, underscore the critical importance of air quality regulations in urban planning. The research suggests that implementing stricter emission controls and promoting alternative transportation could serve as powerful tools in Alzheimer's prevention.



As cities worldwide grapple with growing traffic congestion and aging populations, this study highlights an urgent need for comprehensive approaches to environmental health that protect both our lungs and our minds.



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Traffic fumes may trigger Alzheimer's

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lHHxOej4QfE Researchers found a correlation between Alzheimer's disease and traffic...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that scientists never expected.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hidden-waters-beneath-ancient-craters">Hidden waters beneath ancient craters</h2>



Scientists have made a startling discovery that challenges everything we thought we knew about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/saturn-moon-mimas-has-remarkably-young-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Saturn's moon Mimas</a>. Beneath the heavily cratered surface that earned it the nickname "Death Star" lies a global ocean that formed just 5 to 15 million years ago—a remarkably young age by cosmic standards.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cassini-data-reveals-orbital-secrets">Cassini data reveals orbital secrets</h2>



The discovery, led by Dr. Valéry Lainey of the <a href="https://observatoiredeparis.psl.eu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Observatoire de Paris</a>, emerged from careful analysis of <a href="https://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>'s Cassini spacecraft data. By studying subtle irregularities in Mimas's orbit around Saturn, researchers detected the gravitational signature of liquid water hidden 20 to 30 kilometers beneath the moon's icy shell.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-an-unlikely-ocean-world">An unlikely ocean world</h2>



At only 400 kilometers in diameter, Mimas seemed like the least likely candidate to harbor a subsurface ocean. Unlike other ocean moons such as Europa and Enceladus, which show clear surface signs of internal activity, Mimas displays no obvious hints of the liquid water beneath its ancient, crater-scarred exterior.



"Mimas is a small moon, and its heavily cratered surface gave no hint of the hidden ocean beneath," explained Dr. Nick Cooper from <a href="https://www.qmul.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Queen Mary University of London</a>, a study co-author.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-astrobiology">Implications for astrobiology</h2>



The ocean's recent formation makes Mimas a prime target for studying how oceans develop and potentially support life. This discovery adds another member to the exclusive club of ocean worlds in our solar system, each offering unique insights into the conditions necessary for habitability.



The research, published in <a href="https://www.nature.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a> journal, demonstrates how advanced orbital analysis can reveal hidden features of celestial bodies, opening new possibilities for understanding ocean formation throughout the cosmos.



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Scientists discover unexpected young ocean on Saturn's cratered moon Mimas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ 'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K0DuSr87SHY
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">57 million-year ice age mystery solved by Australian scientists.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-when-earth-became-a-frozen-wasteland">When Earth became a frozen wasteland</h2>



Imagine Earth as a giant snowball, frozen solid from the North Pole to the equator. This wasn't the plot of a science fiction movie – it was our planet's reality 700 million years ago during an extreme ice age that has puzzled scientists for decades.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-discovery">The discovery</h2>



Australian researchers from the <a href="https://www.sydney.edu.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Sydney</a> have finally cracked one of geology's greatest mysteries: what caused the Sturtian glaciation and why it persisted for an unprecedented 57 million years. This period occurred long before dinosaurs roamed the Earth, when no complex plants or multicellular animals existed.



Dr. Adriana Dutkiewicz, the study's lead author, describes a world completely unlike today's climate. "Imagine the Earth almost completely frozen over," she explained. "The planet was blanketed in ice from poles to equator, and temperatures plunged."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-combination-of-climate-factors">The combination of climate factors</h2>



The research team discovered that this massive freeze resulted from a "double whammy" of geological events. First, plate tectonic activity reduced volcanic carbon dioxide emissions to historically low levels. Volcanic activity typically releases CO2 into the atmosphere, creating a greenhouse effect that keeps Earth warm.



Simultaneously, weathering of volcanic rocks in what is now Canada actively absorbed atmospheric CO2, further reducing greenhouse gas concentrations. When atmospheric carbon dioxide levels dropped below 200 parts per million – less than half of today's levels – glaciation engulfed the entire planet.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-climate-implications">Modern climate implications</h2>



Published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/geology" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geology</a>, this research provides crucial insights into Earth's climate system. While geological climate changes occur over millions of years, the study emphasizes that human-induced climate change is happening at a pace ten times faster than previously observed natural changes, highlighting the urgent need to understand our planet's delicate climate balance.



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What caused the planet's longest ice age

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K0DuSr87SHY 57 million-year ice age mystery solved by Australian scientists....

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WXXGGiynIjs
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Greenland is not sinking. In fact, it is the opposite.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-contrasting-climate-response">A contrasting climate response</h2>



Most coastal towns are <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sinking-land-will-intensify-the-effects-of-rising-sea-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">preparing for higher sea levels</a>, but <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/greenland-no-longer-has-to-worry-about-rising-sea-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Greenland presents</a> a different scenario during climate change. The ground there is rising at a remarkable rate. Over the past decade, some areas have lifted about 20 centimeters, which translates to roughly 2 meters per century. This rate significantly exceeds current projections for sea level rise.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-geological-rebound-process-through-climate-change">Geological rebound process through climate change</h2>



The mechanism behind this phenomenon is straightforward. As the ice sheet melts, the immense weight is removed from the bedrock, causing the land to rebound upward. This process resembles the way compressed material springs back when pressure is released.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-monitoring-networks">Scientific monitoring networks</h2>



Researchers at the <a href="https://www.dtu.dk/english/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Technical University of Denmark</a> are documenting this uplift using the GNET network, consisting of 61 GPS stations positioned around Greenland's coast. These sensors can detect movement with millimeter precision, providing detailed measurements of the ongoing changes.



The data reveal that current uplift rates exceed the gradual rebound occurring since the last ice age ended approximately 12,000 years ago. This acceleration corresponds directly with increased ice sheet melting rates.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-coastal-transformation">Coastal Transformation</h2>



This uplift is actively reshaping Greenland's coastline. New islands and rocky formations, called "skerries," are emerging as previously submerged land surfaces rise above the water level. This represents a notable contrast to global concerns about rising seas.



The study, published in Geophysical Research Letters, demonstrates the varied regional impacts of climate change. While many locations face rising water levels, Greenland's bedrock is literally rising above the surrounding seas.



The full study was recently published in <a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2023GL104851" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geophysical Research Letters</a>.



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Greenland's ground rises while coasts worldwide face higher seas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WXXGGiynIjs Greenland is not sinking. In fact, it is the...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DSM3EVeGHJU
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Companies like MindStudio help companies train their employees to implement the latest AI Agent building platform.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ai-agent-training-transforms-the-workplace-fear-factor-into-a-competitive-advantage">AI agent training transforms the workplace 'fear factor' into a competitive advantage</h2>



Organizations that offer comprehensive artificial intelligence training to their workers find remarkable value that extends well beyond basic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mind-wandering-might-be-more-productive-than-you-think/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">productivity improvements</a>. Emerging research demonstrates that carefully crafted AI training programs <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ai-does-not-replace-human-creativity-but-enhances-it/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">enhance</a> corporate performance, lower operational costs, and dramatically improve employee psychological well-being by turning workplace uncertainty into professional empowerment.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-addressing-the-widespread-ai-anxiety-crisis-among-us">Addressing the widespread 'AI anxiety' crisis among us</h2>



A staggering 53% of employees expressed concern that the use of AI tools to automate work tasks could make them appear disposable to their employers, according to <a href="https://www.microsoft.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Microsoft</a>'s 2024 workplace survey. Such pervasive worry about being substituted by machines has caused what researchers have termed "AI technostress" – a psychological state that can result in occupational burnout and poorer mental well-being.



Data published in <a href="https://www.nature.com/palcomms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Humanities and Social Sciences Communications</a> showed that belief in AI learning ability was a moderator in the link between technology adoption and work pressure, and higher confidence significantly lowered negative psychological responses. Workers provided ample training to become competent with AI software have significantly lower stress.



Companies like <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MindStudio</a> have platforms for building what are known as "AI Agents". In essence, AI Agents are simply tools that employees can build for themselves or their teams quickly and inexpensively. MindStudio will even train entire companies, from the CEO on down, at no cost. By letting MindStudio empower employees, companies avoid hiring more IT staff, buying more software, and implementing solutions to problems that do not exist.



MindStudio even has partners locally for companies, like <a href="http://www.dominnus.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dominnus</a> with offices in the Carolinas, California, and Denver, to help build AI Agents and support employees as they become resident AI experts for their organization. The training provided by MindStudio is applicable across other AI Agent building platforms as well.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-productivity-through-focused-learning">Revolutionary productivity through focused learning</h2>



Organizations that implement large-scale AI training programs achieve dramatic outcomes. Employees performed tasks significantly better when they utilized AI support compared to when they didn't, according to <a href="https://www.nngroup.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nielsen Norman Group</a> research findings. Their study documented productivity increases of 66% for a variety of professional tasks.



Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis research finds workers record 33% higher productivity in time working with generative AI tools. The benefit is equivalent to 5.4% of work time savings for AI users – around 2.2 hours per week for full-time workers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-psychological-well-being-benefits-through-ai-competence">Psychological well-being benefits through AI competence</h2>



The emotional transformation when employees are provided with proper technology training is a fundamental transformation from fear to professional confidence. A survey of 600 employees across industries, carried out by ScienceDirect, proved that AI capabilities strengthen work environment commitment and improve job satisfaction.



A <a href="https://www.lut.fi/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">LUT University</a> study discovered that AI adoption has no direct effect on workers' well-being but does so indirectly through working conditions like task optimization and safety protocols. Strategically deployed AI that involves correct training can actually increase workplace mental well-being.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-from-replacement-anxiety-to-partnership-confidence">From 'replacement anxiety' to 'partnership confidence'</h2>



Although 35% of those interviewed in recent McKinsey studies were concerned about workforce displacement, firms with large-scale training initiatives witness such fears dissipate quickly. The World Economic Forum found that two out of three respondents believe AI competencies will enhance their career prospects and job marketability.



This shift from fear to trust has measurable implications for job satisfaction. Applied Sciences research indicates AI can create tailored wellness programs based on individual employee requirements.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-financial-benefits-of-increased-retention">Financial benefits of increased retention</h2>



The mental health advantages of AI learning have a direct impact on organizational bottom lines in the form of a positive feedback cycle with high retention of employees. Recent ROI research validates that artificial intelligence learning has a beneficial impact on employee turnover and satisfaction levels.



PriceWaterhouseCoopers' research documents 20% to 30% improvements in productivity, market speed, and revenue in organizations that attempt systematic AI adoption through comprehensive training.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-advantages-of-ai-enabled-teams">Environmental advantages of AI-enabled teams</h2>



AI training has unforeseen environmental benefits as it makes the work environment more efficient. According to a study in Scientific Reports, the carbon footprint in writing and illustrating work is significantly lower when AI performs it compared to humans. AI software produces 130 to 1,500 times less CO2 equivalent per page of text created than human authors.



In addition, AI-driven remote work functionality significantly reduces environmental impact. Research by Cornell University and Microsoft indicates that remote workers reduce greenhouse gas emissions by up to 54% by not commuting daily to offices. Hybrid workers working remotely two to four days a week can reduce their carbon footprint by 11% to 29%.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cumulative-organizational-advantages">Cumulative organizational advantages</h2>



The compounding gains of better mental well-being, reduced turnover, increased productivity, and environmental benefits flow to enterprises from the pairing. McKinsey analysis estimates the long-term AI potential at $4.4 trillion in incremental productivity growth opportunity from business use cases.



As of now, 75% of knowledge workers globally utilize generative AI, mirroring widespread adoption patterns. Organizations that provide organized training and assistance see the most favorable results in productivity, worker satisfaction, and ecological sustainability.



The research overwhelmingly indicates that companies that invest in proper AI education, like that offered through <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MindStudio</a>, establish win-win scenarios where employees are both more empowered and less stressed, and companies enjoy the gains of increased productivity, reduced turnover, and improved mental health outcomes throughout their workforce.



For more on MindStudio's free AI training for companies, visit the website's of MindStudio and Dominnus from the links below.



The research was published across a variety of peer-reviewed journals, including <a href="https://www.nature.com/palcomms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Humanities and Social Sciences Communications</a>, <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/artificial-intelligence" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence</a>, and <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/journal/applsci">Applied Sciences</a>.



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MindStudio.AI: <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.mindstudio.ai</a>



Dominnus: <a href="https://www.dominnus.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.dominnus.com</a>

AI agent training boosts mental health and profits

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DSM3EVeGHJU Companies like MindStudio help companies train their employees to...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0HDXqTGEmi4
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Scientists give plants superpowers against bacterial disease</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-natural-solution-to-disease-through-crop-modification">A natural solution to disease through crop modification.</h2>



The agricultural industry stands at a crossroads between productivity and environmental responsibility, and crop modification often carries a negative connotation. While chemical pesticides have long been the go-to solution for crop protection, their harmful effects on ecosystems and human health have prompted scientists to seek alternatives. The recent breakthrough by <a href="https://www.southampton.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Southampton</a> researchers offers a promising path forward through the precise manipulation of plant-associated microbial communities.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-science-behind-microbial-partnerships">The science behind microbial partnerships</h2>



Plants naturally harbor diverse ecosystems of bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms that function as biological allies. These microscopic partners contribute to disease resistance, nutrient absorption, and stress tolerance. However, until now, scientists lacked the tools to deliberately reshape these communities to enhance crop protection.



The Southampton team's approach centered on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/engineered-plant-microbiomes-the-future-of-crop-protection/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">modifying lignin biosynthesis genes in rice plants</a>. This strategic intervention altered the plant's metabolic output, creating conditions that favored beneficial bacterial populations while suppressing harmful ones. The result was a living defense system embedded within the plant itself.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-global-food-security">Implications for global food security</h2>



The successful demonstration against Xanthomonas oryzae, the pathogen responsible for bacterial blight in rice, represents more than a laboratory achievement. Rice feeds nearly half the world's population, and bacterial blight causes devastating crop losses annually. Traditional control methods rely heavily on pesticides that contaminate soil and water systems.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-looking-beyond-disease-resistance">Looking Beyond Disease Resistance</h2>



While disease protection represents the immediate application, the research framework opens doors to broader agricultural improvements. Future developments could engineer microbiomes to enhance nutrient uptake, reducing dependence on synthetic fertilizers. This dual benefit addresses both crop productivity and environmental sustainability.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-path-forward">The path forward</h2>



As this technology advances from laboratory to field applications, it promises to reshape sustainable agriculture. The ability to program plants with their own biological defense systems could herald a new era where crops protect themselves naturally, reducing chemical inputs while maintaining yields necessary for global food security.



The study is published in the journal&nbsp;<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-44335-3" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Communications</a>.



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Revolutionizing agriculture through microbiome engineering

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0HDXqTGEmi4 Scientists give plants superpowers against bacterial disease A natural...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Acid rain and a crisis solved.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-don-t-we-ever-hear-about-acid-rain-anymore-the-environmental-crisis-that-was-solved">Why don't we ever hear about "acid rain" anymore? The environmental crisis that was solved</h2>



Remember the 1980s when acid rain dominated headlines? Dire warnings about rain eating buildings, killing fish, and destroying forests filled every news cycle. Then, almost like magic, acid rain vanished from public discourse. What happened? Did we actually solve one of the late 20th century's most pressing environmental challenges?



The answer might surprise you. Unlike many environmental issues that drag on indefinitely, acid rain represents one of modern history's most successful ecological recovery stories. It's a tale of science, politics, and technology working together to tackle what seemed impossible.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What was acid rain?</h2>



Acid rain isn't regular rain having a bad day – it's precipitation that became significantly more acidic due to air pollution. When power plants, factories, and vehicles burn fossil fuels, they release sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) into the atmosphere.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The science behind it</h2>



Think of acid rain as nature's chemistry experiment gone wrong. These compounds react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form sulfuric and nitric acids. When mixed with water vapor in clouds, they create precipitation with dangerously low pH levels.



While clean rain has a pH of about 5.6, acid rain could drop as low as 4.2 to 4.4 – roughly as acidic as tomato juice or coffee. According to US Geological Survey documentation, Scottish chemist Angus Smith first coined "acid rain" in 1872, but it didn't become a household phrase until the 1960s and 1970s when Swedish scientist Svante Odén documented its devastating effects on Scandinavian lakes and European forests.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The crisis at its peak</h2>



During the height of public concern, environmental damage was both widespread and visible. This wasn't some abstract future threat – people could see destruction happening in real-time.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Environmental devastation</h2>



The most dramatic impacts were impossible to ignore. Research documented by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation shows that in the Adirondack Mountains, more than 200 lakes became so acidic they couldn't support fish life. The Adirondack Council reports that 409 lakes once supported brook trout, but many lost their fish populations due to acid rain.



By 1976, when scientists cataloged all acidified lakes in the Adirondack Park, researchers found that half of the lakes over 2,000 feet above sea level had no fish, according to studies published in environmental journals. The acidification process worked like a slow-motion disaster. As acid rain fell into watersheds, it gradually lowered pH levels. Fish couldn't survive in acidic water, and their food sources died off too.



Trees at high elevations showed stress directly linked to acid rain. It weakened them by leaching nutrients and making them susceptible to disease. Historical records show Germany's Black Forest saw nearly half its trees damaged by the mid-1980s.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Economic impact</h2>



Acid rain wasn't just environmental – it was expensive. Acidic precipitation corroded infrastructure, buildings, and monuments. Historic stone structures deteriorated at accelerated rates. Tourism suffered as lakes became fishless and forests declined. EPA economic analyses from the period documented repair costs mounting into billions annually.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The solution: government action and technology</h2>



Transformation from crisis to success required unprecedented cooperation between governments, industries, and environmental groups.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The Clean Air Act of 1990</h2>



The turning point came with the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, signed by President George H.W. Bush. This represented a fundamentally new approach to environmental regulation, as documented in EPA historical records.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Cap-and-trade success</h2>



Instead of mandating specific technologies, the 1990 amendments introduced something revolutionary: a cap-and-trade system for sulfur dioxide emissions. EPA program documentation shows this market-based approach set overall limits but allowed companies to trade emission allowances.



The genius was harnessing market forces to find cost-effective pollution reduction. Companies reducing emissions cheaply could sell excess allowances to those facing higher costs. Research published in environmental economics journals and EPA progress reports shows this resulted in dramatic SO2 reduction at a fraction of projected costs.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Technology advances</h2>



Policy provided the framework, but technology made reductions possible. Studies in atmospheric science journals document the widespread adoption of flue gas desulfurization systems ("scrubbers") that removed sulfur dioxide before it reached the atmosphere. By the 2000s, new installations could remove over 95% of SO2 emissions, according to EPA technical reports.



The push coincided with cleaner energy development. Natural gas produces fewer sulfur compounds than coal. Wind and solar, emerging in the 1990s, captured growing market share, reducing reliance on high-sulfur coal.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-we-don-t-hear-about-it-today">Why we don't hear about it today</h2>



Why did acid rain disappear from headlines? Simple: the problem was largely solved.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Success doesn't make news</h2>



There's an old journalism saying: "If it bleeds, it leads." Environmental success stories don't generate urgency like crisis reporting. Media attention shifted to other challenges: climate change, plastic pollution, and biodiversity loss. There's only so much environmental anxiety the public can absorb, and newer concerns replaced acid rain.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Mission accomplished</h2>



The primary reason is beautifully simple: interventions worked. EPA monitoring data shows sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990. Academic research published in environmental science journals confirms pH levels in formerly affected areas returned closer to normal. This represents one of history's most dramatic environmental recoveries. Studies by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation show fishless lakes now support healthy populations. Forests recovered, and building damage slowed dramatically.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-is-it-really-gone">Is it really gone?</h2>



The crisis is largely resolved, but monitoring data shows the problem isn't completely eliminated – it's managed to acceptable levels. Some areas still experience occasional events during high pollution periods. International environmental research indicates that rapidly industrializing Asian countries face similar problems to what we experienced decades ago, though they're implementing successful strategies.



EPA research shows nitrogen oxide emissions proved more challenging than sulfur dioxide, coming from vehicles and mobile sources. Climate science studies suggest changing weather patterns add complexity to how acid rain forms and falls.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What this teaches us</h2>



The acid rain experience proves that seemingly intractable environmental problems can be solved with scientific understanding, political will, and technological innovation. Environmental monitoring data shows recovery speed was remarkable – within a decade, measurable improvements appeared in air quality and ecosystem health.



Success came from bipartisan support across party lines. Policy analysis studies show the market-based approach appealed to those preferring economic incentives while achieving environmental goals. This support created lasting policy surviving political changes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Conclusion</h2>



Acid rain's disappearance from public consciousness represents environmental science's greatest success stories. Through effective regulation, technological innovation, and international cooperation, we transformed an overwhelming crisis into a manageable challenge.



Today's silence isn't because we forgot – it's because we solved it. The 1990 Clean Air Act, combined with technology and energy market changes, reduced acid rain emissions over 90%, according to comprehensive EPA data analysis.



This success offers hope for current challenges. It proves complex problems can be solved when science, policy, and technology work together. As we face climate change and plastic pollution, acid rain reminds us that dramatic positive change is possible.



Next time someone asks whether environmental regulations work, remember acid rain. It's proof that sometimes, we get it right.



<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>



Sources: This article draws from EPA official documentation and progress reports, peer-reviewed research published in environmental and atmospheric science journals, historical data from the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation records, US Geological Survey publications, policy analysis studies, and environmental monitoring data collected over three decades.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Frequently Asked Questions</h2>



1. Is acid rain completely gone? No, but EPA monitoring shows it's reduced to manageable levels. US sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990, making acid rain much less severe than the 1980s crisis.



2. How long did solving take? Environmental monitoring data shows significant improvements began within 5-10 years of 1990s emission controls. Full ecosystem recovery took longer – some areas need 20-30 years for complete recovery.



3. What made the solution successful? Clear scientific understanding, visible damage motivating action, bipartisan support, available technology, and innovative market-based policies like cap-and-trade.



4. Do other countries have acid rain problems? Yes, particularly rapidly industrializing Asian countries. However, international environmental research shows many implement similar successful control strategies.



5. Could acid rain return? Potentially, if regulations weaken or we return to high-sulfur coal without controls, though effects would take years to become severe according to environmental projections.



6. Can you recommend any teaching tools on the subject of "acid rain"? The United States Environmental Protection Agency produced a wonderful teacher's guide for ages 14 and under that you can find on the EPA website here: <a href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf</a>



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The environmental problem we actually solved

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk Acid rain and a crisis solved. Why don't we...

Green,Ecoduct,Over,An,Empty,Highway,During,Sunset.

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU
</div></figure>



A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that wildlife tunnels significantly reduce amphibian road mortality during seasonal migrations. 



Frogs and salamanders often cross roads to reach breeding ponds each spring, but many are killed by vehicles. 



Researchers from the <a href="https://www.uvm.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Vermont</a>, in collaboration with local citizens and the Vermont Agency of Natural Resources, installed two underpass tunnels in 2015. 



Over a 12-year monitoring period, they observed an 80.2% reduction in amphibian deaths, and up to 94% for non-climbing species like salamanders. 



The study used a before-after-control-impact design and documented more than 5,200 amphibians, highlighting the tunnels’ effectiveness even in nearby buffer zones.



Funded at $342,397 - far cheaper than wildlife crossings for large mammals - the project showcased the power of community-led conservation.



Local groups initiated the effort after observing mass amphibian deaths. Wildlife cameras later captured over 2,200 amphibians using a tunnel in just one spring, along with other species like raccoons and bobcats, indicating wider ecosystem benefits.



This marks the first peer-reviewed, long-term data set in the northeastern U.S. confirming amphibian-specific underpasses work. 



The study urges transportation departments to incorporate these designs into road planning and highlights how community action, thoughtful infrastructure, and persistence can make a real difference for biodiversity.



The full study was published in the <a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1617138125000780" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal for Nature Conservation</a>.



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Wildlife tunnels save millions of amphibians

https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that...

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. 



The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.



<figure class="wp-block-embed aligncenter is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/Ug657J67iEo?si=w96YjGMsg939LD_3
</div></figure>



Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. 



Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.



Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. 



They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).



Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.



Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.



This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.



“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. 



The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.



“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;



“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”



The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;



The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.



Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Designing crops that can beat the heat

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes the first comprehensive estimate of carbon density in the Saharan, Sahel, and Sudanian zones of Africa. In an effort to measure the amount of carbon stored across these drylands, a team of scientists used high-resolution satellite images and artificial intelligence to map nearly 10 billion individual trees. 



"The high spatial resolution (50 cm) combined with AI and field measurements used in this study is key to improving tree inventories in drylands," said Pierre Hiernaux, a French researcher working for NASA. "The ever-increasing availability of very high-resolution satellite imagery will make it possible to assess carbon pools and their dynamics at the individual tree level on a global scale."



"This study is exceptional because it is pioneering a type of approach that will revolutionize the monitoring of trees and forests on a global scale: in the short term, it will be possible to map the world's trees from the centre of the Amazon to our schoolyards," said <a href="https://www.inrae.fr/en">INRAE</a> researcher Jean-Pierre Wigneron.



"Many fields of application will become much more efficient and accurate, such as tracking carbon stocks, biodiversity, monitoring logging and protection against illegal forest degradation, in near real time.”



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Remote sensing will revolutionize the way we monitor trees

[sendtonews key="EjmSP20gQK-2593093-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.



According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."



Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;



ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. 



Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 



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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> features a visual dataset of.methane emissions from wetlands across the globe. Atmospheric methane levels have reached record highs in recent years, and wetlands are a major source of these emissions.&nbsp;



"Methane is an important greenhouse gas that contributes substantially to global warming. On a molecule by molecule basis, methane is much more efficient at trapping heat than carbon dioxide, the main driver of warming," says NASA.



"Though human activities, including agriculture, oil and natural gas production and use, and waste disposal, collectively contribute the majority of methane to the atmosphere, about a third of total methane emissions comes from wetlands."&nbsp;



According to NASA, understanding methane emissions from wetlands and other natural sources is critically important for scientists and policymakers who are working to combat climate change by reducing emissions from human activities.



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Wetlands are a major source of methane emissions

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes how record-breaking heat expressed itself around the world in 2022.



Scientists have determined that 2022 was the 5th warmest year since 1880. Furthermore, the last nine consecutive years have been the warmest on record.



From devastating floods and wildfires to natural disasters like Hurricane Ian, 2022 showed us yet again how a warming climate affects people across the globe.&nbsp;



"As we look back at 20:22 and years past, we see that each year we better understand the challenges we face and how important it is to meet them," says NASA.



Video/ Image Credit: NASA Goddard



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

2022 illustrated the consequences of a warming climate

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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes Earth’s interconnected systems, and how this network is affected by rising temperatures.&nbsp;



During 2020, average global temperatures matched the hottest year on record. The hurricane season was also record-breaking, with many of the storms intensifying at extraordinary speeds. Hot water in the ocean is fuel for hurricanes. The satellite data shows that it's all one interconnected system showing how Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected.



According to NASA, dust swept up from Northern Africa plays a major role in the formation of hurricanes, and is also a key source of fertilization in the Amazon rainforest. As a result of<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-wasting-disease-is-fueled-by-climate-change/"> climate</a> change, dust plumes are expected to decline, which will have an effect on vegetation far away.&nbsp;



Images from Earth-observing satellites show how the world’s plant life is affected by natural disasters, fires, and deforestation. Satellites also reveal how widespread changes in vegetation impact waterways,&nbsp; the climate, air quality. Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on the Earth. "Earth From Space" is a groundbreaking two-hour special that reveals a spectacular new space-based vision of our planet. 



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected

[sendtonews key="JbW4VsY53O-1632195-12187" type="single"] Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected...

Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://welcome.miami.edu/">University of Miami</a> Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science explores how changes in water temperatures have affected tiger shark habitats and movements in the North Atlantic Ocean. The study reveals that rising temperatures have caused the sharks to shift toward the poles over the past 40 years.



“Tiger shark annual migrations have expanded poleward, paralleling rising water temperatures,” explained study lead author Neil Hammerschlag. “These results have consequences for tiger shark conservation, since shifts in their movements outside of marine protected areas may leave them more vulnerable to commercial fishing.”



The researchers analyzed nine years of tracking data from satellite-tagged tiger sharks, combined with four decades of conventional tag and recapture data provided by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Cooperative Shark Tagging Program.



The experts found that during the last decade of record heat, for every one-degree Celsius increase in water temperatures, tiger sharks migrated further poleward by over 400 kilometers. They also migrated two weeks earlier than usual to waters off the northeastern coast of the United States.



“Given their role as apex predators, these changes to tiger shark movements may alter predator-prey interactions, leading to ecological imbalances, and more frequent encounters with humans,” concluded Professor Hammerschlag.



Video Credit: University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Tiger sharks are shifting poleward as temperatures rise

Today’s Video of the Day from the University of Miami...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> is focused on the melt ponds that emerge during the spring and summer on the Greenland Ice Sheet, which is the largest ice mass in the northern hemisphere.



"Melt ponds are vast pools of open water that form on both sea ice and ice sheets and are visible as turquoise-blue pools of water in this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image," says ESA.



"When snow and ice melts atop glaciers, water flows in channels and streams and collects in depressions on the surface. These melt ponds can speed up the melting of the surrounding ice since they greatly reduce the ice’s ability to reflect sunlight."



"This can create a positive feedback where an increasing number of melt ponds absorb more heat which causes ice cover to melt even faster."



According to ESA, Greenland has been hit with a late-season heatwave that began in early September. This caused the type of melt event that usually occurs in the middle of summer.



"In a recent paper published in Nature Climate Change, scientists found that major sea-level rise from the melting of the Greenland ice cap is now ‘inevitable’ even if the burning of fossil fuels were to halt overnight," says ESA. "Using satellite observations of Greenland ice loss and ice cap from 2000 to 2019, the team found the losses will lead to a minimum rise of 27 cm regardless of climate change."



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Melt ponds on the Greenland Ice Sheet

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes how Earth is unique in our solar system for its ability to sustain liquid water on its surface. But now, the water cycle is shifting as the climate warms, and scientists must find ways to predict how these changes will affect water availability.



Overall, 96 percent of Earth's water is saltwater, and nearly all of freshwater is found in ice and groundwater. These sources of water are linked as it passes through solid, liquid and gas phases.



In a warmer climate, the water cycle will be transformed. It will be easier for water to evaporate and form clouds, and storms will become more frequent and intense. Some regions will get too much water, while others will be left without enough water. In addition, soil moisture will be lost - which threatens food security.



Scientists are using satellite data from over the last 40 years to track changes that are happening in the water cycle. This will ultimately help us prepare for extreme events and better manage our water resources, according to ESA.



Video Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Tracking changes in Earth's water cycle

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard Space Flight Center</a> features images of Saturn from NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope. The photographs capture the start of the mysterious "spoke season" on Saturn - when unexplained features appear on its rings. 



According to NASA, both the cause of the spokes and their seasonal variability have yet to be fully explained by planetary scientists.



"Like Earth, Saturn is tilted on its axis and therefore has four seasons, though because of Saturn's much larger orbit, each season lasts approximately seven Earth years. Equinox occurs when the rings are tilted edge-on to the Sun," explains NASA.



"The spokes disappear when it is near summer or winter solstice on Saturn. (When the Sun appears to reach either its highest or lowest latitude in the northern or southern hemisphere of a planet.) As the autumnal equinox of Saturn's northern hemisphere on May 6, 2025, draws near, the spokes are expected to become increasingly prominent and observable."



Experts believe that the spokes may be a product of the planet's variable magnetic field. When magnetic fields interact with solar wind, an electrically charged environment is created. This phenomenon is visible on Earth as the northern lights.&nbsp;



"Scientists think that the smallest, dust-sized icy ring particles can become charged as well, which temporarily levitates those particles above the rest of the larger icy particles and boulders in the rings," says NASA.



The spokes were first observed in the early 1980s by NASA's Voyager mission. Depending on the angle of the rings, the spokes can appear dark or light.



"Thanks to Hubble's OPAL program, which is building an archive of data on the outer solar system planets, we will have longer dedicated time to study Saturn’s spokes this season than ever before," said NASA senior planetary scientist Amy Simon, head of the Hubble Outer Planet Atmospheres Legacy (OPAL) program.



"Despite years of excellent observations by the Cassini mission, the precise beginning and duration of the spoke season is still unpredictable, rather like predicting the first storm during hurricane season."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Mysterious "spoke season" captured on Saturn

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