<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/grapevines-could-offer-a-breakthrough-alternative-to-plastic-packaging/">Plastic</a> bags are everywhere, and too many slip into rivers and onto beaches. A new analysis finds that policies that either charge a small fee per bag or prohibit them outright cut the share of bags found during shoreline cleanups by 25 to 47 percent.</p>



<p>The study combed through hundreds of city, county, and state rules passed between 2017 and 2023. It matched those policies to more than 45,000 volunteer cleanups across the United States to see what actually changed on the ground.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-who-ran-the-study">Who ran the study</h2>



<p>The research was coauthored by <a href="https://www.udel.edu/academics/colleges/ceoe/departments/smsp/faculty/kimberly-oremus/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Kimberly L. Oremus</a> of the University of Delaware’s School of Marine Science and Policy (<a href="https://www.udel.edu/academics/colleges/ceoe/departments/smsp/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UDEL</a>). </p>



<p>Oremus and her collaborator set out to measure litter, not just shopping behavior, so the results speak to what ends up in nature.</p>



<p>The team relied on citizen science, meaning trained volunteers recorded what they collected during beach, river, and lake cleanups. </p>



<p>They drew on <a href="https://www.coastalcleanupdata.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">TIDES</a>, a public database that stores those counts in one place so researchers can analyze patterns across time and place.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-studying-plastic-bag-policies">Studying plastic bag policies</h2>



<p>To isolate the effect of bag policies, the authors used a Difference-in-Differences (<a href="https://www.publichealth.columbia.edu/research/population-health-methods/difference-difference-estimation" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">DiD</a>) approach that compares places with and without new laws over the same period. </p>



<p>That design helps rule out unrelated trends that affect everyone, such as national shifts in shopping or packaging.</p>



<p>The headline result is simple. In communities with full bans or fees, the share of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/drinking-from-plastic-bottles-linked-to-high-blood-pressure-and-heart-problems/">plastic</a> bags in the litter mix fell relative to similar places without policies, and the decline grew in the years after a law took effect.</p>



<p>State level rules tended to be more reliable in the data than city or county policies. Effects looked similar along coasts and rivers, with hints of larger gains along lakes where winds and currents spread litter differently.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plastic-policy-fees-vs-bans">Plastic policy: Fees vs. bans</h2>



<p>Fees change the default at every checkout and discourage taking a bag when you do not need one, which reduces both thin and thicker bag use.</p>



<p>Other <a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/carrier-bag-charge-summary-of-data-in-england/single-use-plastic-carrier-bags-charge-data-for-england-2024-to-2025" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evidence</a> points in the same direction outside the United States. England reports an almost 98 percent drop in single use carrier bags at major retailers since its charge began.</p>



<p>Policies that only restrict thin bags often allow thicker <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/agricultural-soil-is-now-the-worlds-biggest-plastic-dumping-ground/">plastic</a> labeled as reusable. </p>



<p>Those partial bans showed the smallest and least precise effects in the analysis, which is consistent with shoppers substituting one kind of plastic for another.</p>



<p>Some states also pass preemption <a href="https://www.ncsl.org/environment-and-natural-resources/state-plastic-bag-legislation" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">laws</a> that block cities and counties from regulating bags at all. When local governments cannot act, the study’s data suggest statewide policies become especially important.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wildlife-and-entanglement">Wildlife and entanglement</h2>



<p>The cleanup records include notes on animals found <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microplastics-found-in-99-percent-sea-turtles-organ-tissue-reproductive-system/">entangled in debris</a>. </p>



<p>In areas with bag policies, the presence of entangled animals dropped by roughly 30 to 37 percent, although the authors caution that the estimates are imprecise and more data are needed.</p>



<p>That finding aligns with what we know about <a href="https://www.nrdc.org/stories/single-use-plastics-101" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">single-use-plastics</a>. Thin bags linger in water and along shorelines, where they can snag, smother, or be eaten by turtles, birds, and fish.</p>



<p>Many studies track what happens at store checkouts, but fewer track what ends up outdoors. Shoreline cleanups offer a window into that last step in the chain from purchase to pollution.</p>



<p>Across the study period, the share of bags among collected items rose overall, but it rose less where bag laws existed. That pattern is exactly what you want to see if policies are slowing the flow of litter into the environment.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-global-plastic-policy-steps">Global plastic policy steps</h2>



<p>A small, universal fee is a simple tool that nudges behavior without banning choices. Full bans can work too, and the analysis shows both approaches reduce the share of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/glass-bottles-contain-more-microplastics-than-plastic-containers/">plastic</a> bags found during cleanups.</p>



<p>The mix of policies should match local conditions. In places with more bag litter to begin with, impacts were largest, so targeting high problem areas with fast action can deliver quick gains.</p>



<p>Plastic bag rules are only one part of the picture. Negotiators from 175 countries are working toward a plastics treaty under <a href="https://www.unep.org/inc-plastic-pollution" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UNEP</a> that could standardize action on a wider set of products and chemicals.</p>



<p>The study notes that bottles, caps, and other items did not decline when bag policies passed. That is a signal that targeted rules for other single use products would be needed to curb overall litter.</p>



<p>Adopt a modest fee or a full ban that applies across retail and restaurant settings, and keep the text simple so it is easy to enforce. Pair the policy with clear signs at checkout and with retailer reporting that tracks compliance.</p>



<p>Measure results in the same way the researchers did. Recruit volunteers, log items in TIDES, and watch how the litter mix changes year over year so the policy can be adjusted as needed.</p>



<p>The study is published in <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adp9274" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Science</em></a>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read?<a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/"> Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Check us out on<a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/"> EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by<a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/"> Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Studies confirm that a small tax definitely helps curb plastic pollution

Plastic bags are everywhere, and too many slip into rivers and onto beaches. A new analysis finds that policies that either charge a small fee per bag or prohibit them outright cut the share of bags found during shoreline cleanups by 25 to 47 percent. The study combed through hundreds of city, county, and state rules passed between 2017 and 2023. It matched those policies to more than 45,000 volunteer cleanups across the United States to see what actually changed on the ground. Who ran the study...

<p>Air pollution, long known for its harmful effects on the lungs, may be an accomplice in the development of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/medical-breakthrough-new-vaccine-may-prevent-alzheimers-disease/">Alzheimer's disease</a>. This once-assumed consequence of aging or genetics now reveals a surprising environmental factor lurking in the very air we breathe.</p>



<p>Scientists from the <a href="https://www.uts.edu.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Technology Sydney</a> (UTS) exposed mice and lab-grown nerve cells to pollutants from car exhaust and industrial waste. They found surprising links between a pollutant called magnetite and neurodegeneration.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-is-magnetite">What is magnetite?</h2>



<p>Magnetite is a mineral found in rocks and soil. It is known for its magnetic properties and can be found in various sizes, including large rocks and tiny particles. These particles, less than 2.5 micrometers in diameter, are a concern because they can be inhaled and enter the body, potentially causing health problems.</p>



<p>“Magnetite is a quite common air pollutant. It comes from high-temperature combustion processes like vehicle exhaust, wood fires and coal-fired power stations as well as from brake pad friction and engine wear,” explained Professor Kristine McGrath from the UTS School of Life Sciences.</p>



<p>“When we inhale air pollutants, these particles of magnetite can enter the brain via the lining of the nasal passage, and from the olfactory bulb, a small structure on the bottom of the brain responsible for processing smells, bypassing the blood-brain barrier.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-air-pollution-and-alzheimer-s">Air pollution and Alzheimer's </h2>



<p>The researchers found that mice exposed to magnetite became more anxious and stressed, and had trouble remembering things for short periods. This suggests that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/u-s-air-pollution-levels-have-dropped-but-not-for-everyone/">air pollution</a> can significantly affect behavior and thinking abilities.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Additionally, the experts noted a concerning loss of brain cells in areas of the brain crucial for memory and cognitive function, specifically the hippocampus and cortex. This cell loss is similar to what happens in the early stages of Alzheimer's disease.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-biomarker-changes-in-the-brain">Biomarker changes in the brain</h2>



<p>Scientists observed an increase in two key markers of Alzheimer's in the brain, particularly with magnetite. These markers are:</p>



<ul>
<li>Amyloid-beta plaques<strong>: </strong>These are sticky clumps of protein fragments that build up between nerve cells in the brain.</li>



<li>Abnormal tau protein phosphorylation<strong>: </strong>This is when a protein called tau changes in a way that disrupts the transport of nutrients within brain cells.</li>
</ul>



<p>The increase in these markers suggests that air pollutants might trigger or speed up the degeneration of the brain.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-weak-immunity">Weak immunity</h2>



<p>Magnite can trick the body's immune system into thinking it's fighting off an attack. This leads to inflammation, a process usually used to fight against infections, happening inside the brain. However, in this case, the body's attempt to help actually starts to harm the brain.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The researchers observed increased levels of specific markers known to be linked with inflammation, suggesting a clear connection between <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/covid-impacts-the-brain-through-inflammation-not-infection/">brain inflammation</a> and exposure to air pollution. Inflammation can damage brain cells and is believed to contribute to the development and worsening of neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-oxidative-stress">Oxidative stress</h2>



<p>Magnetite creates an imbalance in the brain which involves an excess of harmful molecules called free radicals, while the body's natural defenses against them, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/olive-varieties-contain-different-levels-of-antioxidants/">antioxidants</a>, are weakened. This state, known as oxidative stress, damages brain cells and plays a key role in the development of Alzheimer's and other brain-degenerating diseases.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications">Broader implications</h2>



<p>The study revealed a clear connection between air pollution and Alzheimer's disease, which is important for public health, environmental policies, and our understanding of brain decline.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The findings suggest that we should focus more on preventing the disease by improving the environment. This could include stricter air quality rules and encouraging the use of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/clean-energy-transition-may-boost-job-opportunities-in-the-u-s/">clean energy</a> sources like solar or wind power.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The study also opens doors for further research into how air pollution harms the brain, which could lead to the development of protective treatments.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2024.108512" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Environment International</em></a>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Magnetic particles in air pollution may cause Alzheimer's disease

Air pollution, long known for its harmful effects on the...

<p>The fate of the glaciers in Greenland and Antarctica is a pivotal concern for the future of our planet's sea levels. These giant ice sheets continue to fracture and hold the potential to significantly raise global <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/greenland-no-longer-has-to-worry-about-rising-sea-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sea levels</a> if they were to melt completely. </p>



<p>However, the intricacies of glacier fracture physics remain partially understood, leaving a gap in our knowledge about the future of rising seas. One of the most pressing questions is how the warming oceans might accelerate the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/doomsday-glacier-seems-to-have-lost-its-ability-to-recover/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">disintegration of these glaciers</a>. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-record-breaking-ice-sheet-fracture">Record-breaking ice sheet fracture</h2>



<p>Recent research by the <a href="https://www.washington.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Washington</a> focused on this issue by documenting the swiftest large-scale ice sheet collapse known to date along an Antarctic ice shelf. </p>



<p>This event unfolded on the Pine Island Glacier, a key component of the West Antarctic ice sheet, where a 6.5-mile crack formed in approximately 5.5 minutes in 2012. </p>



<p>The crack expanded at a staggering rate of about 115 feet per second, which translates to speeds of around 80 miles per hour.</p>



<p><a href="https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=L2YjIQoAAAAJ&amp;hl=en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Stephanie Olinger</a>, the study's lead author and a postdoctoral researcher at <a href="https://www.stanford.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Stanford University</a>, emphasized the significance of this discovery. </p>



<p>"To our knowledge, this is the fastest rift-opening event ever observed," Olinger stated. This phenomenon underscores the potential for ice shelves to shatter under certain conditions, signaling the need for increased vigilance and refined modeling techniques to predict future glacier behavior.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-role-of-ice-shelves-and-rift-formation">Role of ice shelves and rift formation</h2>



<p>Ice shelves play a crucial stabilizing role for the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/west-antarctic-ice-sheet-melting-will-accelerate-regardless-of-climate-action/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Antarctic ice sheet</a>. When they fracture and calve -- breaking off large icebergs into the sea -- the glaciers behind them accelerate towards the ocean. </p>



<p>This process, witnessed frequently at <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pine-island-ice-sheet-is-more-vulnerable-than-previously-thought/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Pine Island Glacier</a>, highlights the importance of understanding rift formation, the initial step in ice shelf calving.</p>



<p>Unlike other regions of Antarctica where rifts develop over months or years, Pine Island Glacier's landscape evolves more rapidly, suggesting that the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-tale-of-an-antarctic-octopus-and-the-vulnerable-west-antarctic-ice-sheet/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">West Antarctic Ice Sheet</a> may be approaching an irreversible decline. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-monitoring-and-predicting-glacial-stability">Monitoring and predicting glacial stability</h2>



<p>The challenge for scientists is capturing these fleeting moments of change, especially when satellites, our eyes in the sky, orbit each location on Earth only every three days.</p>



<p>To overcome this, the researchers combined <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/ice-shelf-rift_seismic-data_satellite-view_credit-Olinger_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">seismic data</a>, which was collected by instruments on the ice shelf, with satellite radar observations. </p>



<p>This approach allowed them to analyze the rift's formation in unprecedented detail. The study found that the rift formation resembled the shattering of glass more than the stretching of Silly Putty, challenging previous assumptions about the ice's behavior.</p>



<p>The investigation also highlighted the <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/ice-shelf-rift_water-flow-illustration_seismic-data_credit-Olinger_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">role of seawater</a> in moderating the rift's expansion. Seawater, with its viscosity and surface tension, fills the opening crack at a pace that tempers the spread of the rift, countering the immediate forces pushing the glacier apart.</p>



<p>Olinger's work underscores the complexity of predicting ice shelf stability and future sea-level rise. "Before we can refine ice sheet models and sea-level projections, we need a thorough understanding of the processes affecting ice shelf stability," she explained.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-of-ice-sheet-fracture-modeling">Future of ice sheet fracture modeling</h2>



<p>In summary, this fascinating study on the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pine-island-glacier-shrink/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Pine Island Glacier</a>'s rapid rift formation underscores the urgent need to deepen our understanding of glacier dynamics and their impact on global sea levels. </p>



<p>By documenting the fastest-known large-scale glacier breakage, researchers have highlighted the critical role of warming oceans in accelerating glacier disintegration. </p>



<p>This discovery challenges previous assumptions about ice shelf stability and helps scientists generate more accurate predictions of future sea-level rise. </p>



<p>As we stand at the brink of potentially irreversible changes to our planet's ice systems, this research serves as a urgent call to the global community to prioritize climate action and invest in comprehensive, physics-based models that can guide our efforts to mitigate the impacts of climate change.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-ice-sheet-fractures">More about ice sheet fractures</h2>



<p>Ice sheet fractures, deep cracks in the vast expanses of ice covering <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/greenland-transformation-ice-melt-plant-growth-vegetation-cascading-effects/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Greenland</a> and Antarctica, signal the fragility of these frozen giants under the stress of climate change. </p>



<p>These fractures, or crevasses, form due to the ice's movement and the varying pressures exerted on it. As the ice flows over uneven bedrock or accelerates towards the sea, tension forces pull it apart, creating these potentially massive cracks.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Impact on ice sheet dynamics</h3>



<p>Fractures play a significant role in ice sheet dynamics by influencing both the stability and the rate of ice loss. When crevasses penetrate deep enough, they can lead to calving, the process where chunks of ice break off to form <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/worlds-largest-iceberg-a23a-undergoing-major-erosion/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">icebergs</a>. </p>



<p>This natural process becomes increasingly problematic as the frequency and size of calving events escalate, directly contributing to sea level rise.</p>



<p>Moreover, ice sheet fractures can act as conduits for meltwater during the warmer months. Surface water, warmed by the sun, pours into these crevasses, further weakening the ice sheet from within. </p>



<p>This can accelerate the ice flow, pushing more ice towards the ocean where it can break off or melt, again contributing to sea level rise.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Consequences of accelerating ice sheet fractures</h3>



<p>The acceleration of ice sheet fracturing poses significant risks. As fractures increase in size and frequency, the structural integrity of ice sheets diminishes. </p>



<p>This weakening can lead to larger portions of ice breaking away, speeding up the contribution of ice sheets to sea level rise. For coastal communities worldwide, this means an increased threat of flooding, erosion, and habitat loss.</p>



<p>Additionally, the rapid disintegration of ice can disrupt ecosystems both locally and globally. In polar regions, animals that rely on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sea-ice-levels-in-antarctica-have-reached-an-unprecedented-low/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sea ice</a> for hunting, breeding, and protection face diminishing habitats. </p>



<p>Globally, changes in freshwater input from melting ice can alter ocean currents and weather patterns, affecting biodiversity, fisheries, and agricultural productivity.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Towards mitigation and adaptation</h3>



<p>Addressing the issue of ice sheet fractures demands a two-pronged approach: mitigation and adaptation. Mitigating the root cause requires global efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and slow global warming, thereby lessening the stress on ice sheets. </p>



<p>Strategies include transitioning to renewable energy sources, enhancing energy efficiency, and protecting <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mixed-forests-with-many-tree-species-are-more-effective-at-carbon-storage/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">natural carbon sinks</a>.</p>



<p>Adaptation strategies are equally important. Monitoring ice sheet health through satellite imagery and ground observations can provide early warnings of significant changes. </p>



<p>Infrastructure in vulnerable regions must be designed with rising sea levels in mind, incorporating resilience against flooding and erosion.</p>



<p>In summary, ice sheet fracture is a clear indicator of the changing climate's impact on our planet's frozen reserves. Understanding, monitoring, and addressing this phenomenon is crucial to mitigate its effects and prepare for a future where sea levels continue to rise. The fate of our coastal cities and ecosystems depends on our actions today.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2023AV001023" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">AGU Advances</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Ice sheet fracture sets a speed record in Antarctica

The fate of the glaciers in Greenland and Antarctica is...

Landscape,Of,Tanna,Island,,Vanuatu

<p>In March 2015, the Pacific island of Tanna in Vanuatu and its lush, tropical forests faced the wrath of Cyclone Pam, one of the most powerful cyclones ever recorded, with winds reaching a devastating 165 mph. </p>



<p>The cyclone's impact was a significant test of resilience for the island's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/worlds-oldest-forest-discovered-close-to-new-york-city/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">forests</a>, which play a crucial role in the lives of the local communities. </p>



<p>New research spearheaded by the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, in collaboration with The New York Botanical Garden, the University of the South Pacific, and Vanuatu's forestry authorities, offers hope and valuable insights into the forests' astonishing recovery and resilience.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-studying-how-forests-recover-after-cyclones">Studying how forests recover after cyclones</h2>



<p>The study meticulously examined the <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/tanna-island-forest_cyclone-pam_recovery_UHawaii_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">aftermath and recovery process</a> of Tanna's forests over five years, documenting a surprisingly swift and robust regeneration. </p>



<p>"Compared to cyclones on other Pacific Islands, Pam caused relatively low levels of severe damage to Tanna’s trees. In addition, there was high resprouting, widespread recruitment of most tree species present, and basically no spread of invasive species," stated Professor Tamara Ticktin of UH Mānoa's <a href="https://manoa.hawaii.edu/lifesciences/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">School of Life Sciences</a>, the lead author of the research.</p>



<p>This resilience is notably counterintuitive, given the common post-cyclone proliferation of invasive species on Pacific Islands. </p>



<p>The research attributes this resilience to a combination of Tanna's historical cyclone frequency, which may have fostered the abundance of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tiny-ants-make-a-huge-contribution-to-forest-regeneration/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">resilient species</a>, and the island's customary stewardship practices. </p>



<p>These practices, deeply embedded in the local culture, promote a diversity of tree species, life histories, and life stages, thereby enhancing the forests' natural recovery mechanisms.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cultivating-resilience-the-role-of-stewardship">Cultivating resilience: The role of stewardship</h2>



<p>Michael J. Balick, Ph.D., an ethnobotanist and co-author of the study, further elaborates on the island's stewardship practices, highlighting the importance of a diverse range of species for food, medicines, and building materials. </p>



<p>"Customary stewardship involves management practices that enhance the survival and reproduction of these species," he explains, shedding light on the vital role of human interaction in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/giant-sinkhole-found-in-china-contains-an-untouched-ancient-forest/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">forest</a> survival and resilience.</p>



<p>Jean-Pascal Wahe from the <a href="https://vanuatuculturalcentre.gov.vu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Vanuatu Cultural Centre</a> shared insights into practical stewardship actions, such as weeding around native tree species and planting them after a cyclone, which can significantly aid in regeneration while keeping weedy understory species at bay.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lessons-from-the-land">Lessons from the land</h2>



<p>However, the study also focused on the vulnerability of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/forest-modeling-study-reveals-new-insights-into-carbon-sequestration/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">forests</a> previously subjected to cattle and pig grazing, which showed slower recovery rates and heightened susceptibility to future cyclones. </p>



<p>This finding stresses the importance of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/elephants-are-forest-gardeners-that-help-reduce-global-warming/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">forest</a> management and stewardship in bolstering resilience against climate change.</p>



<p>Senior author Gregory M. Plunkett, Ph.D., who has spent two decades studying the plants of Vanuatu, expressed a dual sense of terror and awe in experiencing Cyclone Pam's fury and the subsequent recovery of the forests. </p>



<p>"As the world comes to grips with more frequent extreme weather events, our work suggests that the right kind of human interaction can play a significant role in the survival of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-reveals-exactly-what-happens-to-nature-when-forests-are-cut-down/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">forests</a>," he concludes, offering a message of hope and a call to action for communities worldwide facing similar environmental challenges.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-forests-cyclones-and-climate-change">Forests, cyclones, and climate change</h2>



<p>In summary, the remarkable recovery of Tanna's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/forest-inventory-will-be-greatly-reduced-by-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">forests</a> post-Cyclone Pam underscores a vital lesson. Proactive human stewardship and effective forest management significantly bolster resilience against climate change's harsh realities. </p>



<p>This study, led by an international team of researchers, highlights the low damage and high regenerative capacity of Tanna's forests and celebrates the island's time-honored stewardship practices. </p>



<p>These practices, which nurture a diverse and resilient ecosystem, offer a blueprint for communities worldwide. </p>



<p>As we face increasingly frequent extreme weather events, the insights from Tanna's forests illuminate a path forward, demonstrating that harmonious human interaction with nature can play a crucial role in safeguarding our planet's future.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-cyclone-pam">More about Cyclone Pam</h2>



<p>In March 2015, Cyclone Pam emerged as one of the most powerful tropical cyclones ever recorded in the South Pacific. This category 5 storm left a trail of destruction across several Pacific Island nations, with Vanuatu bearing the brunt of its fury. </p>



<p>The cyclone showcased the devastating potential of natural disasters and highlighted the urgent need for effective disaster preparedness and response strategies in vulnerable regions.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-formation-and-path">Formation and path</h3>



<p>Cyclone Pam developed in early March 2015, near the Solomon Islands. It quickly intensified, reaching category 5 status on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale as it approached Vanuatu. </p>



<p>With sustained winds exceeding 250 kilometers per hour (155 miles per hour), Pam made a direct hit on Vanuatu on March 13, causing widespread devastation.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-on-vanuatu">Impact on Vanuatu</h3>



<p>The impact of Cyclone Pam on Vanuatu was catastrophic. The storm razed homes, uprooted trees, and triggered landslides, leaving a significant portion of the population homeless. </p>



<p>Essential infrastructure, including roads, bridges, and communication networks, suffered extensive damage, complicating rescue and recovery efforts. The capital city of Port Vila was among the hardest-hit areas, with reports indicating that up to 90% of its buildings sustained damage.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-humanitarian-response">Humanitarian response</h3>



<p>The international community swiftly mobilized to provide assistance to Cyclone Pam's victims. Aid agencies, governments, and volunteers coordinated efforts to deliver food, water, and medical supplies to the affected areas. </p>



<p>Shelter kits and temporary housing solutions were also provided to those who had lost their homes. Despite these efforts, the scale of the disaster posed significant challenges to relief operations, underscoring the importance of building resilience in disaster-prone regions.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lessons-learned">Lessons learned</h3>



<p>Cyclone Pam served as a stark reminder of the vulnerability of Pacific Island nations to natural disasters. It highlighted the need for improved disaster preparedness, including early warning systems, infrastructure development, and community education. </p>



<p>The cyclone also underscored the importance of international cooperation and solidarity in the face of global challenges posed by climate change and natural disasters.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-and-future-study">Implications and future study</h3>



<p>Cyclone Pam will be remembered as one of the most powerful storms to ever strike the South Pacific. Its legacy, however, extends beyond the destruction it wrought.</p>



<p>The disaster prompted a reevaluation of disaster preparedness and response strategies, emphasizing the need for resilience and cooperation in the face of increasingly frequent and severe natural disasters. </p>



<p>As the world grapples with the impacts of climate change, the lessons learned from Cyclone Pam will remain relevant for years to come.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0048969724011124" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science of The Total Environment</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Forests can recover incredibly quickly after cyclones and hurricanes

In March 2015, the Pacific island of Tanna in Vanuatu...

Coral,Bleaching,Due,To,El,Nino,In,The,Pacific,Ocean,

<p>Earth is on the verge of experiencing its hottest year yet. Our planet is currently experiencing the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-mountains-impact-el-nino-winters-and-snowfall-amounts/">El Niño</a> event of 2023-24, which is causing a rise in global temperatures.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Scientists from the <a href="https://www.camscma.cn/En" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences</a> predict a staggering 90% chance of record-breaking heat during this event.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-el-nino-events-and-global-weather-patterns-nbsp">El Niño events and global weather patterns&nbsp;</h2>



<p>El Niño is a recurring climate event where the central and eastern parts of the tropical Pacific Ocean experience warmer than usual surface temperatures. This is part of a larger cycle called El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), which also has a cool phase called La Niña. El Niño occurs every few years, but the exact timing, strength, and duration can vary.</p>



<p>This phenomenon significantly impacts global weather patterns. Some regions, like the west coast of South America, might experience more rainfall than usual, which can lead to devastating <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/can-rivers-always-recover-from-floods/">floods</a>. Other areas, like parts of Australia and Indonesia, might face droughts instead.&nbsp;</p>



<p>El Niño's influence goes beyond regional climates. It also affects global temperatures, making it an important factor in discussions about global warming and climate change.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-record-breaking-temperatures-are-possible-nbsp">Record-breaking temperatures are possible&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Scientists examined past El Niño events and how they impacted global temperatures. They then used this information and advanced computer modeling to predict how the ongoing El Niño event (from July 2023 to June 2024) might affect global and regional temperatures.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The findings suggest that this El Niño event could lead to record-high average global temperatures. It is expected to be moderate or strong in intensity and significantly influence global weather patterns.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-regions-with-the-greatest-risk-of-impacts">Regions with the greatest risk of impacts</h2>



<p>The experts predict that several areas are likely to face extremely high surface air temperatures (SATs) that could be unlike anything seen before. These regions include the seas near Southeast Asia and South Africa, as well as Alaska, northern South America, and the tropical Atlantic Ocean.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Notably, the model accurately captured the main patterns of surface air temperature changes globally, suggesting it effectively predicts how SATs will vary around the world.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-increase-in-wildfires">Increase in wildfires</h2>



<p>When temperatures rise due to events like El Niño, the consequences go far beyond simply feeling warm. These temperature increases can create a chain reaction of environmental and societal problems.</p>



<p>One major issue is <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wildfires-threaten-environmental-gains-in-the-amazon/">wildfires</a>. Hotter temperatures dry out plants and make them more likely to catch fire and burn intensely. These fires not only destroy forests and wildlife habitats, but they also release large amounts of carbon dioxide into the air, which further contributes to climate change.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Places like Alaska and the Amazon are especially vulnerable to this, as studies have shown. Wildfires can also directly threaten people and property, and the smoke they produce can harm the health of millions.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-on-marine-life">Impact on marine life</h2>



<p>Unusually hot periods in the ocean, called <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/marine-protected-areas-are-not-immune-to-ocean-heatwaves/">marine heatwaves</a>, can also have devastating effects on sea life. These heat waves often cause mass die-offs, force animals to move to cooler areas, and lead to declines in fish populations.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Global warming and El Niño can make these heat waves worse, leading to longer and more intense periods of stress on marine ecosystems.</p>



<p>Coral reefs are another victim of rising temperatures. Even a small increase in water temperature can cause coral bleaching, where coral expels the algae that lives inside it and turns white. This weakens the coral and makes it harder for it to grow and reproduce. It also disrupts the entire ecosystem that depends on the reef for food and shelter. El Niño events, which cause prolonged periods of warmer water, are often linked to coral bleaching.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mitigation-measures">Mitigation measures</h2>



<p>Since extreme weather events are predicted to increase, communities need to become better prepared. This involves improving early warning systems, having evacuation plans in place, and building stronger infrastructure.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Communities, especially those at higher risk, need education and resources to respond effectively to these disasters and minimize damage and loss of life.</p>



<p>Furthermore, to truly address climate change, we need to tackle its root causes. Policies that reduce greenhouse gas emissions can slow down global warming. This involves switching to renewable energy sources, using energy more efficiently, and adopting sustainable land management practices.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Policies can also encourage individuals, businesses, and governments to reduce their carbon footprint through measures like carbon pricing, subsidies for clean energy technologies, and regulations that limit emissions from industries.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-52846-2" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Scientific Reports</em></a>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

El Niño event may push Earth towards its hottest year ever

Earth is on the verge of experiencing its hottest year...

<p>In the fight against climate change, the dialogue has often been narrowly focused on temperature increases, particularly in relation to the <a href="https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/paris-agreement" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Paris Agreement</a> targets of limiting global warming to 1.5°C or 2°C. </p>



<p>However, a recent study argues for a broader perspective. It contends that the emphasis on temperature alone overlooks crucial aspects of climate change. </p>



<p>In particular, those related to the Earth's Energy Imbalance (<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/less-than-1-chance-that-earths-energy-imbalance-has-occurred-naturally/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EEI</a>) and the complex dynamics of energy flow through our climate system are often ignored.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-misleading-focus-on-temperature-in-climate-discussions">Misleading focus on temperature in climate discussions</h2>



<p>The root cause of current human-induced climate change is primarily the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/arctic-warming-could-speed-up-global-2c-temperature-rise-by-eight-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">heating of our planet</a>, a result of changes in atmospheric composition due to the accumulation of greenhouse gases, notably carbon dioxide from the burning of fossil fuels. </p>



<p>This alteration in atmospheric composition disrupts the balance and flow of energy in our climate system, leading to diverse and sometimes extreme climate manifestations. </p>



<p>These include droughts, storms, flooding, and alterations in the water cycle, which are driven by the heating aspects of climate change rather than temperature changes alone.</p>



<p>Temperature does play a role, particularly through its effect on the atmosphere's water-holding capacity, but it is more a consequence of these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/emissions-gap-report-paris-pledges-are-not-enough-to-avoid-catastrophe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">heating processes</a> than a direct cause. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fresh-perspective-on-climate-change">Fresh perspective on climate change</h2>



<p>As Kevin Trenberth, the author of the new paper, points out, "Water is the air-conditioner of our planet." Natural climate variability, such as the El Niño events, often confuses our understanding of new extremes by determining their occurrence, while human-induced changes amplify these weather events and their variability.</p>



<p>The focus of entities like the United Nations and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (<a href="https://www.ipcc.ch/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">IPCC</a>) on global <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earths-global-temperature-exceeded-2c-for-the-first-time/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">temperature targets</a> is critiqued for not fully addressing the broader aspects of climate change, including EEI. </p>



<p>The distinction between temperature and heating is crucial, not only for understanding climate change but also for guiding future climate control efforts through emission reductions.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-beyond-the-warmth-to-water-vapor-woes">Beyond the warmth to water vapor woes</h2>



<p>Trenberth has observed the evolution of the climate change narrative, from being ignored or dismissed to being blamed for nearly every environmental disaster. He stresses the need for a more comprehensive approach to discussing climate change. </p>



<p>This involves recognizing the impact of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/unbearable-heat-could-make-some-parts-of-the-world-uninhabitable/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">increased heating</a> on evaporation rates from oceans and land, leading to higher atmospheric water vapor levels. This, in turn, intensifies storms and increases rainfall, raising the risk of flooding.</p>



<p>The new climate norm characterized by a warmer ocean, less ice, changes in rainfall patterns, and potentially destabilized permafrost, underscores the importance of looking beyond global temperature metrics. </p>



<p>These changes, although not directly tied to global temperature, are inherently linked to the broader phenomenon of a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-last-ice-age-shows-how-rising-sea-levels-will-transform-coastal-habitats/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">heating climate</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-temperature-to-energy-imbalance-shifting-the-climate-focus">Temperature to energy imbalance: Shifting the climate focus</h2>



<p>In summary, by shifting the focus from temperature targets to a broader understanding of Earth's Energy Imbalance and the intricate flow of energy through our climate system, we can better grasp the multifaceted nature of climate change. </p>



<p>This perspective illuminates the true drivers behind climate extremes such as storms, droughts, and flooding and focuses on the urgency of addressing greenhouse gas emissions more effectively. </p>



<p>Emphasizing a holistic approach to climate change narratives and policies, Trenberth's work challenges us to look beyond <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/2024-is-expected-to-exceed-the-1-5c-warming-limit/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">temperature metrics</a> and to consider the deeper, systemic changes our planet is undergoing, paving the way for more nuanced and effective climate action.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-earth-s-energy-imbalance">More about Earth's Energy Imbalance</h2>



<p>Earth's Energy Imbalance (EEI) is a critical concept in understanding the dynamics of our planet's climate system. At its core, EEI refers to the difference between the amount of solar energy absorbed by Earth and the amount of energy it radiates back into space. </p>



<p>This imbalance is a key driver of global climate change and has significant implications for weather patterns, sea levels, and ecosystems around the world.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-science-behind-the-imbalance">Science behind the imbalance</h3>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-absorption-and-radiation">Absorption and Radiation</h4>



<p>The Earth absorbs sunlight, which is then transformed into heat, warming the planet's surface and atmosphere. Ideally, the Earth should radiate an equal amount of energy back into space to maintain a stable climate. </p>



<p>However, human activities, particularly the emission of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and methane, have thickened the atmospheric layer, trapping more heat and disrupting this balance.</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-measuring-the-imbalance">Measuring the Imbalance</h4>



<p>Scientists use satellite observations and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ocean-temperatures-hit-a-record-high-this-week-with-the-worst-heat-still-to-come/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ocean heat</a> measurements to quantify the Earth's Energy Imbalance. The data collected over the past few decades indicate a steadily increasing trend, with more energy being trapped than released. This excess energy contributes to global warming, leading to a host of environmental challenges.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impacts-of-earth-s-energy-imbalance">Impacts of Earth's Energy Imbalance</h3>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rising-global-temperatures">Rising Global Temperatures</h4>



<p>The most direct outcome of EEI is the increase in global temperatures. As the planet absorbs more energy than it emits, the overall temperature rises. This warming is not uniform, with some regions experiencing more drastic changes than others, leading to extreme weather events, including heatwaves, droughts, and intense storms.</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-melting-polar-ice-and-rising-sea-levels">Melting Polar Ice and Rising Sea Levels</h4>



<p>The excess heat from EEI also contributes to the melting of polar ice caps and glaciers. This melting leads to rising sea levels, posing a threat to coastal communities and ecosystems. The loss of ice also exacerbates global warming, as ice reflects sunlight, whereas open water absorbs it, creating a feedback loop that further increases the imbalance.</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-disrupted-ecosystems">Disrupted Ecosystems</h4>



<p>The changes in temperature and weather patterns disrupt natural ecosystems, affecting biodiversity and the services these ecosystems provide. Species that cannot adapt quickly enough face extinction, while others may migrate, altering the balance of ecosystems and impacting human agriculture and livelihoods.</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mitigating-earth-s-energy-imbalance">Mitigating Earth's Energy Imbalance</h4>



<p>Addressing EEI requires global efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions through the adoption of renewable energy sources, energy efficiency measures, and sustainable practices. Additionally, enhancing carbon sinks, such as forests and oceans, can help absorb more CO2 from the atmosphere, mitigating some of the impacts of the imbalance.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-and-future-study">Implications and future study</h3>



<p>Earth's Energy Imbalance is a pressing issue with far-reaching consequences for our planet's climate, ecosystems, and human societies. </p>



<p>Understanding and addressing this imbalance is crucial for mitigating climate change and ensuring a sustainable future for all. </p>



<p>Through concerted global action and commitment to reducing emissions and enhancing natural carbon sinks, we can work towards restoring the delicate balance of our planet's energy system.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.worldscientific.com/worldscinet/jocarp" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of Climate Action Research and Policy</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Rethinking climate change: More than just higher temperatures

In the fight against climate change, the dialogue has often...

Dry,Earth,Displayed,As,A,2d,Map,,For,Map,Used

<p>A significant research project offers insights into how escalating global temperatures and climate change are intensifying risks to human and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-will-climate-change-impact-the-worlds-natural-capital/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">natural systems</a> at a national level. </p>



<p>The initiative, led by the University of East Anglia (<a href="https://www.uea.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UEA</a>), encapsulates a series of eight studies centered around Brazil, China, Egypt, Ethiopia, Ghana, and India, delves into the repercussions of climate change, such as heightened drought and flooding risks, diminishing crop yields, and the erosion of biodiversity and natural capital.</p>



<p>The culmination of this research is detailed in a synthesis paper published in the journal <em>Climatic Change</em>, which paints a comprehensive picture of the accruing climate risks as global warming escalates from 1.5°C to 4°C above pre-industrial levels. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-mitigation-game-limiting-warming-to-1-5-c">The mitigation game: Limiting warming to 1.5°C</h2>



<p>The findings reveal a stark increase in the vulnerability of agricultural land to drought conditions under a 3°C warming scenario, projecting over half of the agricultural land in each country to face <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-drought-crisis-un-warns-of-unprecedented-emergency/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">severe droughts</a> lasting longer than a year within any given 30-year period.</p>



<p>However, there's a silver lining. Limiting global warming to 1.5°C could significantly mitigate these risks, reducing the exposure of agricultural land to drought by 21% to 61% across the studied countries and curbing economic damages from fluvial flooding. </p>



<p>Similarly, human exposure to severe drought and economic damages from sea-level rise would also increase at a slower pace if global warming is capped at 1.5°C.</p>



<p>The urgency to combat global warming is underscored by the current trajectory of global policies, which, if unchanged, are poised to result in a 3°C rise in global temperatures. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-change-national-impacts-global-actions">Climate change: National impacts, global actions</h2>



<p>This dire prediction accompanies the release of two additional papers: one exploring the impact of global warming on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-climate-change-and-biodiversity-loss-are-one-indivisible-global-health-crisis/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">biodiversity</a> across the six countries, and another developing a natural capital risk register that factors in projected demographic changes.</p>



<p>These findings indicate that many regions within the studied countries already face high natural capital risks at a 1.5°C warming level, especially when considering population growth. </p>



<p>With the increase in global temperatures, these risks are expected to escalate dramatically, emphasizing the need for an expansion of protected areas to ensure climate-resilient biodiversity conservation.</p>



<p>This body of research, part of the Topical Collection of studies published in <em>Climatic Change</em> over the last three years, addresses a critical gap in assessing future climate change risks across various global warming scenarios on a national scale.</p>



<p>Professor Rachel Warren, the program lead and lead author of the synthesis paper from the Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research at UEA, highlights the importance of this initiative. </p>



<p>"Until now, people have used very different datasets and models to explore <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/can-we-outrun-the-flood-risks-of-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change risks</a> in different countries, or have conducted global analyses that make it difficult to resolve the implications for individual countries," she explains. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-national-policies-needed-to-combat-climate-change">National policies needed to combat climate change</h2>



<p>The national-scale outputs provided by this research are vital for informing policy decisions regarding climate change mitigation and adaptation.</p>



<p>Dr. Jeff Price, a co-author and fellow researcher at the Tyndall Centre, emphasizes the broader applicability of their findings, suggesting that other nations are likely to face similar challenges. </p>



<p>He advocates for a dual approach of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-earth-energy-imbalance-temperature-rise/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change mitigation</a> and adaptation to prevent substantial increases in risk to both human and natural systems. </p>



<p>“Although these studies focus on the risks to six countries only, other nations are projected to experience similar issues. Therefore, greater emphasis needs to be placed on both climate change mitigation and climate change adaptation to avoid large increases in risk to both human and natural systems," Dr. Price said.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ecosystem-restoration-as-a-climate-solution">Ecosystem restoration as a climate solution</h2>



<p>One effective strategy he mentions is ecosystem restoration, which can both counteract climate change effects and replenish natural capital reserves, particularly if global warming is limited to 2°C or less.</p>



<p>“For example, a good way to combat the effects of climate change on natural systems and soak up carbon from the atmosphere is to restore ecosystems to their natural state, especially if warming can be held to 2 °C or less. This has the additional benefit of restoring the natural capital bank in these areas," Dr. Price suggested.</p>



<p>In summary, this comprehensive research, spanning nine published studies, underscores the urgent need to limit global warming to 1.5°C to mitigate the severe impacts of climate change on agriculture, biodiversity, and natural capital at the national level. The team focused on the countries of Brazil, China, Egypt, Ethiopia, Ghana, and India. </p>



<p>By presenting a clear correlation between rising temperatures and escalating climate risks, the studies advocate for immediate global action towards climate change mitigation and adaptation. </p>



<p>The findings serve as a crucial call to arms for policymakers, communities, and individuals worldwide to embrace and implement strategies aligned with the Paris Agreement, thereby safeguarding our planet for future generations.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10584-023-03646-6" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Climate Change</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Understanding the impact of climate change at the national level

A significant research project offers insights into how escalating global...

<p>A new study from the <a href="https://noc.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">National Oceanography Centre</a> (NOC) is redefining our understanding of weather patterns. As a result, experts may now be able to predict summer <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/some-corals-survive-warming-waters-by-remembering-heat-waves/">heat waves</a> in Europe from months to years in advance.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The scientists have discovered a direct link between the influx of meltwater in the North Atlantic and the occurrence of heat waves across Europe during the summer months.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-freshwater-in-the-north-atlantic-and-summer-heat">Freshwater in the North Atlantic and summer heat</h2>



<p>The research underscores a significant breakthrough in climatology, tracing how increased levels of freshwater in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/six-north-atlantic-right-whales-dead/">North Atlantic</a> can instigate a domino effect, culminating in hotter and drier summers across Europe.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“While the UK and northern Europe experienced unusually cool and wet weather in summer 2023, Greenland experienced an unusually warm summer, leading to increased freshwater input into the North Atlantic," said study lead author and NOC research scientist Marilena Oltmanns. "Based on the identified chain of events, we expect that the ocean-atmosphere conditions will be favorable for an unusually warm and dry summer over southern Europe this year.”</p>



<p>“Depending on the pathway of the freshwater in the North Atlantic, we are also expecting a warm and dry summer in northern Europe within the next 5 years. We will be able to estimate the exact year of the warm and dry summer in northern Europe more closely in the winter before it occurs.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-melting-ice-will-intensify-heat-waves">Melting ice will intensify heat waves</h2>



<p>As burgeoning sources of freshwater, melting sea ice and glacial ice are altering the traditional patterns of ocean circulation. This phenomenon has a profound influence on global <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/jurassic-rocks-reveal-new-details-about-earths-climate-system/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate dynamics</a>.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The research suggests that as ice melt continues to intensify, so too will the frequency and severity of heat waves and droughts across Europe. This phenomenon will further exacerbate the challenges posed by global warming.</p>



<p>"The melting of land and sea ice are expected to increase over the coming decades, resulting in an enhanced freshwater discharge into the North Atlantic. With stronger freshwater anomalies, our results indicate an increase in the risk of warm, dry European summers and of heat waves and droughts accordingly," wrote the study authors.&nbsp;</p>



<p>In light of these discoveries, Oltmanns emphasizes the paramount importance of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-atlantic-ocean-may-soon-enter-its-declining-phase/">ocean</a> observations in refining climate models.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Our findings demonstrate the importance of ocean observations, to ensure climate models capture all physical processes required to make accurate weather predictions," said Oltmanns.</p>



<p>"This study is a step forward for improving models, which will enable industries and stakeholders to plan ahead for specific weather conditions, such as adapting agricultural methods to be more resilient, predicting fuel usage, and bracing for flooding events.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-heat-waves-in-europe-nbsp">Heat waves in Europe&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Europe's heat waves have become more frequent, intense, and prolonged over recent years, which can be primarily attributed to climate change. These extreme weather events have had significant impacts on public health, agriculture, and ecosystems across the continent.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-public-health">Public health</h3>



<p>As temperatures soar to record highs, many countries face challenges such as increased mortality rates, particularly among vulnerable populations like older adults, and strained healthcare systems due to heat-related illnesses.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-agriculture">Agriculture</h3>



<p>Agriculture suffers as well, with crops and livestock experiencing stress from the heat, leading to reduced yields and economic losses. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/discovery-massive-amounts-of-methane-gas-spews-from-wildfires/">Wildfires</a> become more common and destructive, fueled by dry conditions and high temperatures, causing widespread damage to forests and property.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-water-scarcity-nbsp">Water scarcity&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Additionally, heat waves exacerbate water scarcity issues, affecting both human consumption and natural habitats.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Governments and communities have been working to adapt to these changes through various measures, including the development of heat action plans, increased green spaces in urban areas to combat the heat island effect, and initiatives to improve water conservation and management.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-melting-sea-ice">Melting sea ice</h2>



<p>Melting <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sea-ice-loss-increases-snowfall-over-west-antarctica/">sea ice</a> and glaciers have significant impacts on the Earth's climate, ecosystems, and human populations. Glaciers, large masses of ice formed on land, and sea ice, which forms and melts in the ocean, are both experiencing rapid changes due to global warming.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-various-consequences-nbsp">Various consequences&nbsp;</h3>



<p>While the melting of sea ice does not directly contribute to sea level rise - much like ice cubes melting in a glass of water don't overflow the glass - the disappearance of sea ice leads to a range of other devastating consequences. These include changes in weather patterns worldwide and the loss of habitat for species that depend on ice, such as polar bears and walruses​​.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-arctic-sea-ice">Arctic sea ice</h3>



<p>The loss of Arctic ice, in particular, affects everyone on the planet. The Arctic acts as the Earth's refrigerator, reflecting heat back into space and helping to keep global temperatures in check.&nbsp;</p>



<p>However, we're losing Arctic sea ice at a rate of almost 13% per decade, significantly impacting global weather patterns, coastal communities, food production, shipping routes, wildlife, and the release of methane from thawing permafrost. This release of methane, a potent greenhouse gas, contributes further to global warming, creating a feedback loop that exacerbates climate change​​.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sea-level-rise">Sea level rise</h3>



<p>Global <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sea-level-rise-will-cause-widespread-impacts-sooner-than-expected/">sea level rise</a> is a direct consequence of the warming planet. As land ice melts and adds water to the ocean, and as ocean water warms and expands, sea levels rise. This has been happening at an accelerating rate, with global sea levels rising about eight inches since the beginning of the 20th century, and more than two inches in the last two decades alone.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The melting of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets poses the most significant threat to sea level rise, with potential increases of up to 10 feet within a century if rapid ice loss continues​​.</p>



<p>These changes underline the urgency of addressing climate change and reducing greenhouse gas emissions to mitigate further impacts on the planet's ecosystems and human populations.</p>



<p>The NOC study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/wcd-5-109-2024" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Weather and Climate Dynamics</em></a>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Europe's deadly heat waves linked to melting sea ice

A new study from the National Oceanography Centre (NOC) is...

<p>Scientists from <a href="https://www.psu.edu/">Pennsylvania State University</a> have discovered a new way to peek into Earth's secret climate history by studying traces of mercury buried in old Jurassic rocks. </p>



<p>This technique offers a brand new window into the Early Jurassic, a time when Earth's environment went through some wild transformations.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-studying-mercury-in-sediments-nbsp">Studying mercury in sediments&nbsp;</h2>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/volcanic-eruptions-play-an-overlooked-role-in-earths-climate/">Volcanic eruptions</a> spew mercury gas high into the air. This gas can travel far and wide before falling back down to Earth. </p>



<p>Over millions of years, the mercury gets trapped in layers of sediment that build up at the bottoms of lakes and oceans. By examining these sediment layers, scientists can find clues about volcanic activity from long ago.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The amount of mercury and its specific type (isotopes) act as a fingerprint of these ancient eruptions. This technique helps scientists understand how often volcanoes erupted in the past and what the atmosphere was like back then. </p>



<p>Ultimately, studying mercury in sediments helps us piece together how volcanic activity has shaped Earth's climate over vast stretches of time.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-massive-co2-boost-found-in-earth-s-climate-history">Massive CO2 boost found in Earth's climate history</h2>



<p>"Large igneous provinces are often used as an analog for human-caused climate change because they occur relatively rapidly geologically and release a lot of carbon dioxide," explained study lead author Isabel Fendley, assistant research professor of Geosciences at Penn State.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The study indicated that the volcanic eruptions released a huge amount of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/good-news-plants-are-absorbing-more-human-produced-co2-than-expected/">carbon dioxide</a> gas (CO2) into the air. This CO2 boost intensified the greenhouse effect, where heat gets trapped by gases in the atmosphere, causing the planet to warm up.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The drastic temperature change may have affected the oceans, making them more acidic (<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/preparing-for-ocean-acidification-a-silent-killer-of-climate-change/">ocean acidification</a>) with less oxygen (anoxia). These ocean changes would have significantly impacted life in the seas.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-far-reaching-impacts-on-ecosystems">Far-reaching impacts on ecosystems</h2>



<p>In the ocean, acidification and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/honeybees-carrying-nectar-avoid-overheating-rising-temperatures/">rising temperatures</a> can disrupt ecosystems, making it harder for some creatures to survive and potentially leading to their extinction. These changes also affect where different ocean creatures live.&nbsp;</p>



<p>On land, volcanic eruptions alter the climate, which in turn affects plant life. This can disrupt the habitats of land animals and also lead to extinctions.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Studying the impact of volcanic eruptions helps us understand the important connection between geological events and the variety of life on Earth. This knowledge can give us insights into why mass extinctions happened in the past and how our climate is changing today.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-current-models-may-underestimate-global-warming">Current models may underestimate global warming</h2>



<p>The amount of carbon dioxide released by the volcanoes, estimated based on the mercury levels, was much lower than what scientists thought was needed to cause such dramatic changes.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This suggests that the volcanic eruptions may have triggered other processes in Earth's climate system that caused even more warming. These additional warming effects might be just as important as the initial release of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ponds-release-more-greenhouse-gases-than-they-store/">greenhouse gases</a>, and our current models might be underestimating how much the Earth actually warms when large amounts of carbon dioxide are released.</p>



<p>"What this shows us is that there are Earth system responses that exacerbate the effects of the carbon the volcanoes emitted," explained Dr. Fendley. "And based on our results, these feedback processes are actually quite important but not well understood."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rethinking-how-earth-s-climate-system-works-nbsp">Rethinking how Earth's climate system works&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The research transforms our beliefs about volcanic eruptions and their impact. In the past, climate models treated the connection between <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/long-dormant-volcanoes-are-capable-of-explosive-eruptions/">volcanoes</a>, carbon dioxide release, and climate change as fairly simple. This study, however, found a more complex relationship between these elements over vast stretches of time.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The changes dramatically affected the variety and distribution of life on Earth. By finding flaws in existing climate models, the study pushes us to rethink how Earth's climate system works. This not only helps us create more accurate pictures of Earth's climate history, but also allows us to make better predictions about how volcanic activity, both now and in the future, could affect global climate patterns.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"In addition to historical climate change and understanding the history of life, it's also relevant for how we understand Earth's climate and how we investigate what happens to the environment after you release large amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere," said Dr. Fendley.</p>



<p>The research highlights the importance of combining geological evidence with climate modeling. This approach underlines the intricate nature of Earth's climate system and how crucial it is to understand the past in order to navigate the future.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-earth-s-climate-history">More about Earth's climate history</h2>



<p>As discussed above, the Earth's climate has undergone significant changes throughout its history, from ice ages to warm periods, shaping the planet's environment and the evolution of life. </p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-formation-of-the-earth-s-atmosphere">Formation of the Earth's atmosphere</h3>



<p>The Earth's atmosphere formed over 4 billion years ago, following the planet's creation. Volcanic activity played a crucial role, releasing gases trapped in the planet's interior. </p>



<p>Water vapor, carbon dioxide, and ammonia dominated this early atmosphere, setting the stage for the greenhouse effect and the warming of the Earth's surface.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-emergence-of-oxygen">The emergence of oxygen</h3>



<p>Approximately 2.4 billion years ago, the Great Oxidation Event transformed the Earth's atmosphere by introducing oxygen. </p>



<p>Photosynthesizing bacteria, particularly cyanobacteria, thrived in the Earth's oceans, producing oxygen as a byproduct. This event not only altered the composition of the atmosphere but also paved the way for the evolution of aerobic life forms.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ice-ages-and-glacial-periods-in-earth-s-climate-history">Ice ages and glacial periods in Earth's climate history</h3>



<p>The Earth has experienced several ice ages, periods during which global temperatures drastically dropped, and large portions of the planet were covered in ice sheets. </p>



<p>The most recent ice age, known as the Quaternary glaciation, began around 2.58 million years ago and has seen multiple glacial and interglacial periods. </p>



<p>These cycles have been driven by variations in the Earth's orbit and axial tilt, affecting the distribution of solar energy received by the planet.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-holocene-epoch">The Holocene epoch</h3>



<p>The Holocene epoch, starting about 11,700 years ago, marks the end of the last glacial period and the beginning of a relatively stable and warm climate period. </p>



<p>This epoch has witnessed the rise of human civilization, with agriculture and settlements flourishing in the favorable climate conditions. However, human activity, especially in the last few centuries, has begun to significantly impact the Earth's climate.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-anthropocene-human-impact-on-climate">The Anthropocene: Human impact on climate</h3>



<p>In recent times, scientists have proposed the term "Anthropocene" to describe the current era, characterized by the significant influence of human activities on the Earth's climate and ecosystems. </p>



<p>The burning of fossil fuels, deforestation, and industrial processes have led to a sharp increase in greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, contributing to global warming and climate change.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-and-future-study">Implications and future study</h3>



<p>In summary, the history of Earth's climate is a testament to the planet's dynamic nature, shaped by geological, biological, and now human forces. Understanding this history is crucial for appreciating the complexity of climate systems and the impact of our actions on the planet's future. </p>



<p>As we move forward, it is imperative to apply this knowledge toward sustainable practices and policies to mitigate human-induced climate change and preserve the Earth for future generations.</p>



<p>The study was published in <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-024-01378-5" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Nature Geoscience</em></a>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Earth's secret climate history revealed in Jurassic rocks

Scientists from Pennsylvania State University have discovered a new way...

Glacier,On,The,Prins-christian-sund

<p>As glaciers continue vanishing around the world, a revolutionary transformation is underway in mountain stream ecosystems, a phenomenon that could profoundly impact local <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/melting-arctic-glaciers-are-releasing-a-new-source-of-potent-methane-emissions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ecosystems and beyond</a>. </p>



<p>This change, documented by a team of scientists from <a href="https://www.epfl.ch/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EPFL</a> (École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne) and <a href="https://cuni.cz/UKEN-1.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Charles University</a> in Prague, centers on the burgeoning microbial life within these waters, a direct consequence of global warming's effects on glaciers. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-vanishing-glaciers-project">The Vanishing Glaciers Project</h2>



<p>Their comprehensive study, part of the EPFL-led Vanishing Glaciers project and supported by the <a href="https://nomisfoundation.ch/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NOMIS Foundation</a>, spans 154 glacier-fed streams across the globe, offering a unique, holistic view of this shift.</p>



<p>Typically, glacier-fed streams are characterized by their cold, turbulent waters, rich in churned-up sediment and rocks, conditions that severely limit sunlight penetration and, consequently, the growth of microbial life. </p>



<p>However, as these glaciers recede, the streams are transformed. They become warmer, steadier, and clearer. </p>



<p>This new environment fosters an explosion of algae and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/melting-glaciers-pose-great-threat-to-biodiversity-in-mountain-ranges/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">microorganism populations</a>, which in turn significantly enhances the streams' contributions to local carbon and nutrient cycles. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-green-transition-a-microbiome-s-renaissance">Green Transition: A Microbiome's Renaissance</h2>



<p>Tom Battin of EPFL's River Ecosystems Laboratory succinctly captures the essence of this transformation as a "green transition," highlighting a substantial increase in primary production within these ecosystems.</p>



<p>The study delves into the intricate changes in nutrient composition and microbial activity within these streams. </p>



<p>As glaciers vanish, the demand for phosphorus -- a vital nutrient for microbial life -- increases, potentially leading to a scarcity of this critical resource in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/himalayan-glaciers-retreating-threat-is-much-worse-than-previously-believed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">high-mountain streams</a>. </p>



<p>This scarcity could have cascading effects downstream, affecting larger rivers and lakes, with implications for their food webs that remain to be fully understood.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rwenzori-forecasting-future-streams">Rwenzori: Forecasting Future Streams</h2>



<p>A parallel study published in the <em>Royal Society Open Science</em> journal in August 2023, involving a small stream fed by a vanishing glacier in Uganda's Rwenzori Mountains, confirms these findings. </p>



<p>This stream, already in an advanced stage of the "green transition," exhibits significantly different nutrient and enzyme compositions, along with abundant algae. </p>



<p>This case study offers a preview of the future for Swiss glacier-fed streams and underscores the growing role of microbial life in biogeochemical cycles, including CO2 fluxes, as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/peru-has-lost-over-half-of-its-glaciers-in-six-decades/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">glaciers</a> continue to retreat.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-beyond-the-science-of-vanishing-glaciers">Beyond the science of vanishing glaciers</h2>



<p>Building on these insights, the RIVER team is embarking on a detailed exploration of microbial biodiversity within these unique ecosystems. </p>



<p>Through extensive genomic analyses, they aim to unravel how diverse microorganisms thrive in one of Earth’s most extreme freshwater environments. </p>



<p>In summary, this research highlights the immediate impacts of vanishing glaciers while diving into the broader implications for our planet's biogeochemical balance. </p>



<p>As we witness these streams transition from icy torrents to vibrant microbial hubs, the study underscores the urgent need for a deeper understanding of how climate change is reshaping our natural world. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-change-and-vanishing-glaciers">Climate Change and Vanishing Glaciers</h2>



<p>As discussed above, glaciers, the majestic ice masses that have adorned our planet for millennia, are rapidly vanishing. These icy giants, crucial for their water storage capacity and as indicators of climate change, face an existential threat from global warming. </p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-causes-global-warming-at-the-helm">The Causes: Global Warming at the Helm</h3>



<p>The primary culprit behind the vanishing glaciers is unequivocally global warming. As greenhouse gas emissions from human activities like fossil fuel burning, deforestation, and industrial processes accumulate in the atmosphere, they trap heat, raising the Earth's average temperature. This relentless warming has dire consequences for glaciers worldwide.</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-accelerated-melting">Accelerated Melting</h4>



<p>Increased temperatures lead to accelerated glacier melting, reducing their size and volume faster than snow can replenish them. This imbalance results in a net loss of ice, contributing to the phenomenon of glacier retreat.</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-altered-precipitation-patterns">Altered Precipitation Patterns</h4>



<p>Climate change also modifies precipitation patterns, affecting the amount of snowfall that glaciers receive. In some regions, this means less snowfall, further exacerbating the loss of glacier mass.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-consequences-of-vanishing-glaciers">The Consequences of Vanishing Glaciers</h3>



<p>The disappearance of glaciers has profound implications, both locally and globally.</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rising-sea-levels">Rising Sea Levels</h4>



<p>As glaciers melt, they contribute to rising sea levels, posing a significant threat to coastal communities. Low-lying areas are especially vulnerable to flooding, leading to displacement and economic losses.</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reduced-water-supply">Reduced Water Supply</h4>



<p>Glaciers act as natural reservoirs, releasing water during warmer months to rivers and streams. Their decline threatens the water supply for millions of people, affecting agriculture, drinking water sources, and hydroelectric power generation.</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-loss-of-biodiversity">Loss of Biodiversity</h4>



<p>The retreat of glaciers also impacts ecosystems, leading to loss of habitat for species adapted to cold environments. This biodiversity loss can disrupt entire ecosystems, affecting food chains and ecosystem services.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-call-to-action-urgent-measures-needed">The Call to Action: Urgent Measures Needed</h3>



<p>The vanishing of glaciers underscores the urgency of addressing climate change. Mitigating greenhouse gas emissions, transitioning to renewable energy sources, and enhancing energy efficiency are crucial steps. </p>



<p>Additionally, protecting and restoring natural ecosystems can help absorb CO2, further combating global warming.</p>



<p>In summary, the disappearance of glaciers is a stark reminder of the impacts of climate change. It symbolizes the loss of one of Earth's natural wonders while signaling the urgent need for concerted global action to mitigate these changes. </p>



<p>By understanding the causes and consequences of glacier retreat, humanity can better prepare and respond to the challenges of a warming world.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41561-024-01393-6" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Geoscience</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Vanishing glaciers are revitalizing mountain ecosystems

As glaciers continue vanishing around the world, a revolutionary transformation...

<p>In the face of rising <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ocean-temperatures-were-a-driving-force-behind-2023s-record-heat/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ocean temperatures</a>, fish are altering their foraging behavior and prey selection, leading to potentially significant ecological impacts. </p>



<p>A recent study conducted by the German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (<a href="https://www.idiv.de/en/index.html">iDiv</a>) and <a href="https://www.uni-jena.de/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Friedrich Schiller University Jena</a>, discovers how these changes could escalate the risk of extinctions within marine ecosystems.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-studying-how-climate-change-impacts-fish-foraging">Studying how climate change impacts fish foraging</h2>



<p>The research focused on fish in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/algae-blooms-baltic-sea/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Baltic Sea</a>, revealing that with temperature increases, fish tend to consume the first prey they encounter, which are usually more abundant but smaller, such as brittle stars, small crustaceans, worms, and mollusks.</p>



<p>This shift towards what is termed "flexible foraging behavior" is driven by the need to meet higher metabolic demands in warmer waters. </p>



<p>While opting for readily available, smaller prey offers a quick energy fix, it falls short of meeting the long-term energy requirements of fish, as larger prey would.</p>



<p>This discrepancy between the fish's energy needs and their actual intake could, according to model food web calculations, lead to a higher likelihood of extinctions, particularly under warmer conditions. </p>



<p>This effect is pronounced higher up the food chain, suggesting that climate change could make ecosystems more susceptible to disruption.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unexpected-dietary-shifts">Unexpected dietary shifts</h2>



<p>Benoit Gauzens of iDiv and the University of Jena, the study's lead author, points out, "It is usually assumed that species will adapt their foraging to maximize energy intake. However, our findings indicate that fish, and potentially other animals, might respond to climate change stress in unexpected and inefficient ways."</p>



<p>The research team analyzed a decade's worth of data on the stomach contents of six commercially significant fish species from the Bay of Kiel, covering various feeding strategies. </p>



<p>This analysis, which spanned from 1968 to 1978, revealed a gradual shift in diet from less abundant to more abundant prey as temperatures increased.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ripple-effect-threat-to-marine-biodiversity">Ripple effect: Threat to marine biodiversity</h2>



<p>"Fish species in the Baltic Sea and elsewhere are facing a multitude of human-made pressures, like overfishing or pollution”, adds co-author Gregor Kalinkat of the Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (<a href="https://www.igb-berlin.de/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">IGB</a>). </p>



<p>“The effect of more inefficient prey searching behavior under warming might be another, so far overlooked factor leading to fish stocks that cannot recover even when fisheries pressure is significantly reduced."</p>



<p>The study's theoretical models, based on mathematical food web calculations, indicate that warming <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ocean-warming-has-nearly-doubled-in-the-last-decade/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">water temperatures</a> lead to changes in foraging behavior that, in turn, increase extinction risks for consumer species, including fish. These extinctions could have cascading effects on other species within the ecosystem.</p>



<p>Gauzens adds a thought-provoking perspective, "Adaptation to local environmental conditions is typically crucial for maintaining biodiversity. Yet, it seems this principle might not hold in the context of rising temperatures."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-of-warmer-waters-and-fish-foraging">Implications of warmer waters and fish foraging</h2>



<p>In summary, this important and disturbing study uncovers a critical, yet overlooked aspect of climate change's impact on marine ecosystems. </p>



<p>By demonstrating how fish in warmer waters shift their dietary preferences towards smaller, more abundant prey, the research highlights a significant behavioral adaptation that could have far-reaching consequences for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/historic-treaty-adopted-to-protect-biodiversity-in-the-high-seas/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marine biodiversity</a> and the stability of ecosystems. </p>



<p>This change in foraging behavior, driven by the need to meet increased metabolic demands, threatens the survival of fish species themselves and poses a risk to the broader community of marine organisms. </p>



<p>As such, these findings underscore the urgent need for comprehensive strategies to mitigate climate change effects on marine life, ensuring the resilience of our oceans in the face of environmental shifts.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-fish-foraging">More about fish foraging</h2>



<p>As discussed above, fish foraging involves the various strategies and behaviors fish employ to locate, capture, and consume their food. It's a fundamental aspect of their existence, crucial for survival, growth, and reproduction.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-strategies-and-behaviors">Strategies and behaviors</h3>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-search-tactics">Search Tactics</h4>



<p>Fish use a range of search tactics to find food. Some species rely on keen eyesight, others on sensitive olfactory cues, and yet others on the detection of vibrations through their lateral lines. Predatory fish might stalk their prey, while others graze continuously on algae or detritus.</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-social-foraging">Social Foraging</h4>



<p>Many fish forage in groups, benefiting from the collective effort. Schooling, for instance, allows fish to cover more area and efficiently locate food sources. This social behavior can also confuse predators, reducing individual risk while feeding.</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-seasonal-and-diurnal-patterns">Seasonal and Diurnal Patterns</h4>



<p>Foraging behavior often follows seasonal and diurnal patterns. Some species are diurnal, actively searching for food during the day, while others are nocturnal, exploiting the cover of darkness to surprise their prey. Seasonal migrations to areas abundant in food are common among various fish species.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-adaptations-for-foraging">Adaptations for foraging</h3>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-morphological-adaptations">Morphological Adaptations</h4>



<p>Fish exhibit a wide array of physical adaptations for foraging. The shape of the mouth, teeth, and body can indicate a fish's preferred diet and foraging style. For instance, bottom feeders might have downward-facing mouths suitable for scavenging, whereas predators have sharp teeth for seizing prey.</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sensory-adaptations">Sensory Adaptations</h4>



<p>Sensory adaptations play a crucial role in fish foraging. Some species have developed highly sensitive barbels or whiskers to detect prey in murky waters. Others might use electric fields to locate hidden prey. These adaptations enhance their ability to find and capture food in diverse and challenging environments.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-and-future-study">Implications and future study</h3>



<p>In summary, fish foraging is a complex, dynamic aspect of aquatic life, showcasing the remarkable adaptability of fish. </p>



<p>Through diverse strategies and specialized adaptations, fish have evolved to exploit their environments efficiently. </p>



<p>Understanding these behaviors not only fascinates but also informs conservation efforts, ensuring the survival of fish populations in the face of environmental challenges.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-024-01946-y" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Nature Climate Change</em></a>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Fish foraging behavior is changing as they adapt to warming waters

In the face of rising ocean temperatures, fish are altering...

<p>Recent research has shed light on the fundamental changes occurring at Earth's polar regions, revealing altered dynamics in ocean-sea ice interactions, variations in temperature extremes, and differing responses to solar radiation between the North and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/antarctica-experienced-the-most-intense-heat-wave-ever-recorded/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">South Poles</a>.</p>



<p>These studies, primarily published in the American Meteorological Society's journals, highlight the significant role of long-term warming trends, possibly more pronounced than previously believed, in driving the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/antarctica-has-lost-3000-billion-tons-of-ice-in-25-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">record-low sea ice levels</a> in the Southern Ocean observed in 2023.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-antarctic-s-shifting-ice-dynamics">Antarctic's shifting ice dynamics</h2>



<p>A notable study by Will Hobbs and his team at the <a href="https://www.utas.edu.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Tasmania</a>, as part of the <a href="https://aappartnership.org.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Australian Antarctic Program Partnership</a>, presents compelling evidence of a potential "regime shift" in the Antarctic ocean-sea ice system. </p>



<p>Since 2006, the extent of sea ice during summer months in Earth's south polar region has shown increasing variability, correlating more with the prior month's sea ice levels than with atmospheric conditions that typically influence it. </p>



<p>This shift suggests a fundamental change in the interaction between sea ice and the underlying ocean, likely tied to global warming, leading to this heightened variability.</p>



<p>“Perhaps the most striking change for scientists is that … the recent extreme fluctuations over the last decade can’t be explained by the atmosphere alone,” Hobbs said. </p>



<p>“AAPP research shows that the changes we’re seeing -- how much the sea ice can shift from its average state, and how long those shifts can stick around -- are controlled by ocean processes. This is more evidence that ocean changes are probably the secret to what’s happened in recent years," Hobbs explained further.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-polar-regions-responses-to-warming">Polar regions' responses to warming</h2>



<p>Differences in how the Arctic and Antarctic respond to warming are evident in a study by Hamish D. Prince and Tristan S. L’Ecuyer from the <a href="https://www.wisc.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Wisconsin-Madison</a>. </p>



<p>While both poles are experiencing increased solar energy input due to melting sea ice reducing their reflectivity, their reactions diverge. The Arctic manages to emit nearly as much heat back into space as it absorbs, maintaining its net energy balance despite <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ice-free-arctic-summers-could-be-the-new-normal-by-2030/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">rapid ice melt</a>. </p>



<p>Conversely, the Antarctic does not emit more heat energy back into space, suggesting that it absorbs solar radiation into the climate system in a manner that could significantly affect both the Southern Ocean and atmospheric temperatures, as well as Earth's overall latitudinal heat balance.</p>



<p>“Our study provides a robust, observed record of a fundamental aspect of the climate system. Unlike the Arctic, where increased solar absorption is balanced by thermal emission, the Southern Ocean surface temperature remains insensitive to increasing absorption, accumulating additional energy,” says Prince. </p>



<p>“The global impact of this contrasting polar response to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-reveals-new-clues-about-rapid-arctic-warming/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">reducing albedo</a> may be far reaching but is broadly unknown," Prince concluded.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-arctic-s-dampened-temperature-extremes">The Arctic's dampened temperature extremes</h2>



<p>Research by Igor Polyakov and colleagues from the <a href="https://www.uaf.edu/uaf/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Alaska, Fairbanks</a>, reveals that melting sea ice in the Arctic is leading to less pronounced seasonal temperature extremes. </p>



<p>With the exposure to more humid <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-arctic-dipole-the-atmospheric-pattern-shaping-our-future-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ocean air</a>, the gap between summer highs and winter lows has been narrowing since 1979. </p>



<p>This "dampening" of temperature extremes is highlighted by cooler summer peaks and significantly warmer winter troughs, a trend that is expected to persist as the Arctic continues to warm.</p>



<p>"Our study shows a fundamental shift in the Arctic climate system toward increased mobility and a close connection between the atmosphere, ice sheet, and ocean,” explained Polyakov. </p>



<p>“This strong coupling makes it very difficult to understand the system's behavior, necessitating a multidisciplinary approach in the research of Arctic climate change."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rethinking-2023-s-polar-region-sea-ice-lows">Rethinking 2023's polar region sea ice lows</h2>



<p>Lastly, a study led by Till Kuhlbrodt from the <a href="https://www.reading.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Reading</a>, published in the <em>Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society</em>, suggests that the record-high North Atlantic sea surface temperatures and record-low Antarctic sea ice cover in 2023 resemble conditions expected in a world experiencing 3°C of global warming. </p>



<p>While factors like El Niño have been considered primary drivers of these extremes, the study argues for a more nuanced understanding, pointing to a potential "regime change" in ocean dynamics as a significant contributor.</p>



<p>Till Kuhlbrodt remarks, “Last year’s observed extremes in the North Atlantic and in the Southern Ocean are so concerning because they lie far outside anything we’ve seen in the 40 years before. While the acceleration of global heating will be a major contributor, our analysis of ocean data suggests that a regime change in the oceans could play a crucial role too.”</p>



<p>These findings underscore the importance of continued research and monitoring of Earth's polar regions, as they play a critical role in our global climate system and its ongoing changes.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-the-albedo-effect-in-polar-regions">More about the albedo effect in polar regions</h2>



<p>As mentioned above, the albedo effect plays a crucial role in regulating the Earth's temperature, particularly in polar regions. </p>



<p>Albedo measures the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-reveals-a-widespread-decline-of-snow-cover-in-the-northern-hemisphere/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">reflectivity of a surface</a>, indicating how much sunlight it reflects back into the atmosphere. </p>



<p>Surfaces with high albedo, such as ice and snow, reflect most of the sunlight, while darker surfaces, like the ocean or forested areas, absorb more sunlight and convert it into heat.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-on-polar-regions">Impact on polar regions</h3>



<p>In the Arctic and Antarctic, the albedo effect is a significant factor in climate dynamics. These regions are covered by vast expanses of ice and snow, which have a high albedo and thus reflect a large portion of the incoming solar radiation. This reflection helps to keep the polar regions and the planet at large cooler.</p>



<p>However, as global temperatures rise, we witness a concerning trend. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/greenland-transformation-ice-melt-plant-growth-vegetation-cascading-effects/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ice and snow cover</a> in the polar regions is diminishing, uncovering darker surfaces beneath, such as ocean water or land. </p>



<p>These surfaces have a lower albedo, meaning they absorb more solar radiation and contribute to further warming. </p>



<p>This process creates a feedback loop: as ice melts and albedo decreases, more heat is absorbed, leading to more melting.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-global-consequences">Global consequences</h3>



<p>The implications of changes in the albedo effect in polar regions extend far beyond their boundaries. As these areas warm and ice melts, it contributes to global sea-level rise, posing a threat to coastal communities worldwide. </p>



<p>Moreover, changes in albedo can influence global weather patterns and the distribution of species, impacting ecosystems and biodiversity.</p>



<p>The reduction of ice and snow cover also affects indigenous communities and wildlife in the polar regions, disrupting traditional ways of life and threatening survival. </p>



<p>For instance, polar bears rely on sea ice to hunt for seals, and as the ice disappears, so does their primary food source.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-path-forward">The path forward</h3>



<p>Addressing the challenges posed by the albedo effect in polar regions requires global cooperation and concerted efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. </p>



<p>By slowing the pace of climate change, we can help preserve the polar ice and snow cover, mitigating the impacts on global temperatures and sea levels. </p>



<p>Efforts such as reforestation and the development of reflective materials for urban areas can also help increase the Earth's albedo and combat warming.</p>



<p>In summary, the albedo effect in polar regions is a clear indicator of the interconnectedness of global climate systems. </p>



<p>Protecting these icy landscapes is not just about preserving their stark beauty -- it's about safeguarding the planet's climate balance and ensuring a sustainable future for all.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.ametsoc.org/index.cfm/ams/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">American Meteorological Society</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Earth's polar regions are changing in alarming ways

Recent research has shed light on the fundamental changes occurring...

<p>The mental well-being of young people is significantly improved when natural elements are integrated into urban landscapes. More specifically, the practice of forest bathing.</p>



<p>This new pastime involves spending time in a quiet, contemplative state amongst <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nature-walking-quantifiably-improves-brain-health-and-functioning/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">trees and nature</a>. Forest bathing has been highlighted as a simple yet effective way to alleviate stress and enhance the overall health of adolescents.</p>



<p>This is the core finding of an important environmental study by the <a href="https://uwaterloo.ca/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Waterloo</a>, which underscores the health benefits of incorporating more green spaces into city planning. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nature-s-prescription-the-benefits-of-forest-bathing">Nature's prescription: The benefits of forest bathing</h2>



<p>The research marks a pioneering effort to gather real-time feedback from young individuals on their emotional reactions to different <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/city-residents-better-mental-health-access-green-space/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">urban settings</a>, including transit hubs, residential areas, parks, trails, and water bodies. </p>



<p>The results unequivocally demonstrate that natural urban spaces are linked to markedly higher levels of positive emotional responses.</p>



<p><a href="https://uwaterloo.ca/planning/profiles/leia-minaker" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Leia Minaker</a>, an associate professor at the School of Planning and director of the <a href="https://uwaterloo.ca/environment/news/waterloo-launches-future-cities-initiative" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Future Cities Initiative</a>, emphasized the novelty and significance of these findings.</p>



<p>"While the findings may not be surprising to most people, what's significant is that for the first time, we're able to specifically say this is how much anxiety is reduced when kids are by a park as opposed to by a city center," Minaker explained.</p>



<p>This insight forms part of the University of Waterloo's broader commitment to fostering healthy, sustainable <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/access-to-nature-improves-the-mental-health-of-older-adults/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">urban futures</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-greener-spaces-brighter-moods">Greener spaces, brighter moods</h2>



<p>The study revealed that just a brief period of forest bathing, such as looking at an urban lake, could reduce anxiousness in young people by 9%. </p>



<p>Conversely, exposure to a bustling downtown environment for the same duration increased anxiety levels by 13%, even after adjusting for variables such as age, gender, ethnicity, mental health status, and social standing.</p>



<p>As urbanization continues to escalate, understanding the impact of urban environments on the mental health of young people becomes increasingly crucial. </p>



<p>This is particularly pressing in light of the prevalence of depression and anxiety as leading causes of adolescent illness. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-integrating-nature-into-urban-design">Integrating nature into urban design</h2>



<p>The research found that the presence of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nature-based-solutions-city-greening-reduces-carbon-emissions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nature motifs</a>, natural vistas, public parks, gardens, and trees in urban areas significantly boosts the emotional well-being of young individuals. </p>



<p>Interestingly, the way adolescents interact with these green spaces -- such as skateboarding or socializing -- differs from adults, who may use them more for walking or running.</p>



<p>These insights offer valuable guidance for city planners, architects, and healthcare professionals, advocating for urban designs that prioritize natural elements to benefit all age groups. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-engaging-teens-in-urban-planning">Engaging teens in urban planning</h2>



<p>According to Minaker, involving teenagers in urban planning decisions is crucial, as their experiences and perspectives can influence long-term <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nature-walking-quantifiably-improves-brain-health-and-functioning/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">health outcomes</a> and disease prevalence.</p>



<p>"Teens are frequently excluded from any kind of decision about the cities they live in," Minaker said. "It's important to get their opinions and quantify their experiences because childhood experiences influence many long-term health and disease outcomes."</p>



<p>Looking ahead, the research team plans to explore the connection between forest bathing, adolescent mental health and the broader economic and social impacts. </p>



<p>Additionally, they aim to investigate the mental and physical health outcomes for children residing in high-rise buildings, an area currently under-researched in North America.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-building-healthier-futures-with-forest-bathing-initiatives">Building healthier futures with forest bathing initiatives</h2>



<p>In summary, integrating <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/peoples-love-of-nature-is-both-learned-and-inherited-genetically/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">natural elements</a> into urban environments emerges as a crucial strategy for enhancing the mental well-being of youth, as evidenced by the University of Waterloo's pioneering study. </p>



<p>By demonstrating the tangible benefits of forest bathing and nature-inclusive design -- such as reduced anxiety and improved emotional health -- this research provides a compelling argument for city planners, architects, and policymakers to prioritize green spaces in urban development. </p>



<p>Engaging young people in the planning process enriches urban designs with their unique perspectives and supports the creation of cities that nurture the mental health of all residents. </p>



<p>As we look to the future, it's clear that building greener, more inclusive urban landscapes holds the key to fostering healthier, happier communities for generations to come.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-forest-bathing">More about forest bathing</h2>



<p>As discussed above, forest bathing, or Shinrin-yoku, is a Japanese practice that involves immersing oneself in the atmosphere of a forest. </p>



<p>It's not about physical exercise, such as hiking or jogging, but rather about connecting with nature through our senses. The practice encourages us to see, hear, smell, touch, and even taste the environment around us. </p>



<p>Developed in Japan during the 1980s, forest bathing has become a cornerstone of preventive health care and healing in Japanese medicine.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-benefits-of-forest-bathing">Benefits of forest bathing</h3>



<p>Research shows that forest bathing has profound health benefits. It reduces stress, improves feelings of happiness, decreases anxiety, and can lower blood pressure and heart rate. </p>



<p>The natural oils of trees, known as phytoncides, have been found to boost the immune system. By simply being in a forest, one can inhale these beneficial substances. The practice also promotes better sleep, greater focus, and a sense of rejuvenation.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-to-practice">How to practice</h3>



<p>Practicing forest bathing doesn't require any special equipment or significant physical exertion. Here's how you can get started:</p>



<p><strong>Find a Quiet Forest Area:</strong> Look for a peaceful, natural area where you can walk slowly and undisturbed.</p>



<p><strong>Leave Behind Electronics:</strong> To fully immerse yourself in the experience, turn off your phone and any other electronic devices.</p>



<p><strong>Engage Your Senses:</strong> Pay attention to the sights, sounds, smells, and textures around you. Touch the bark of a tree, listen to the rustling leaves, watch the sunlight filtering through the branches, smell the earthy scent of the forest.</p>



<p><strong>Breathe Deeply:</strong> Take deep breaths to inhale the phytoncides. This is a key element of the practice.</p>



<p><strong>Wander Slowly:</strong> There's no destination in forest bathing. Wander where your heart takes you, following paths or stepping off them as you feel compelled.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-integrating-forest-bathing-into-your-life">Integrating forest bathing into your life</h3>



<p>Incorporating forest bathing into your life can be as simple as spending time in your local park or garden, or planning trips to national parks. </p>



<p>Even urban areas often have green spaces suitable for a short, restorative break. The key is to make it a regular part of your routine for lasting benefits.</p>



<p>In summary, forest bathing is a simple, yet powerful way to reduce stress and improve overall well-being. By reconnecting with nature, we nurture not only our health but also our bond with the natural world.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/23748834.2023.2286741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cities and Health</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Urban forest bathing: Fresh breath for teen mental health

The mental well-being of young people is significantly improved when...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lHHxOej4QfE
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Researchers found a correlation between Alzheimer's disease and traffic pollution.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-invisible-threat-in-urban-air"><strong>Invisible threat in urban air</strong></h2>



<p>City dwellers face an unseen danger with every breath. New findings from Emory University researchers suggest that fine particulate matter from <a href="http://earth.com/news/traffic-related-air-pollution-might-increase-alzheimers-risk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">vehicle emissions may significantly elevate the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease</a>. The study examined brain tissue samples from 224 individuals who had confirmed diagnoses and volunteered their brains for scientific research.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-disturbing-connections-emerge"><strong>Disturbing connections emerge</strong></h2>



<p>Scientists analyzed neuritic plaques — protein clusters that characterize Alzheimer's — while mapping each participant's exposure to PM2.5 particles based on residential location and surrounding traffic density. The correlation proved more alarming than anticipated. Individuals experiencing higher pollution exposure showed nearly double the likelihood of elevated plaque accumulation in brain tissue.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-timing-matters"><strong>Timing matters</strong></h2>



<p>The research team discovered that pollution exposure during the final year before death demonstrated the strongest association with brain changes. This timeline suggests relatively rapid impacts from environmental toxins on neural health. The connection remained robust even after accounting for various demographic and health factors.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genetic-vulnerability-patterns"><strong>Genetic vulnerability patterns</strong></h2>



<p>Perhaps most concerning, people lacking the APOE gene—which naturally predisposes individuals to Alzheimer's — exhibited more than twice the susceptibility to pollution-related brain damage. Study author Dr. Anke Huels noted this indicates environmental elements like air contamination could trigger the disease in cases where hereditary factors don't explain.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-public-health-implications"><strong>Public health implications</strong></h2>



<p>These findings, published in <em><a href="https://www.neurology.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Neurology</a></em>, underscore the critical importance of air quality regulations in urban planning. The research suggests that implementing stricter emission controls and promoting alternative transportation could serve as powerful tools in Alzheimer's prevention.</p>



<p>As cities worldwide grapple with growing traffic congestion and aging populations, this study highlights an urgent need for comprehensive approaches to environmental health that protect both our lungs and our minds.</p>



<p>—–</p>



<p>Like what you saw and read?&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a>&nbsp;for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>—–</p>



<p>Check us out on&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth.com</a>.</p>



<p>—–</p>

Traffic fumes may trigger Alzheimer's

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lHHxOej4QfE Researchers found a correlation between Alzheimer's disease and traffic...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that scientists never expected.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hidden-waters-beneath-ancient-craters">Hidden waters beneath ancient craters</h2>



<p>Scientists have made a startling discovery that challenges everything we thought we knew about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/saturn-moon-mimas-has-remarkably-young-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Saturn's moon Mimas</a>. Beneath the heavily cratered surface that earned it the nickname "Death Star" lies a global ocean that formed just 5 to 15 million years ago—a remarkably young age by cosmic standards.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cassini-data-reveals-orbital-secrets">Cassini data reveals orbital secrets</h2>



<p>The discovery, led by Dr. Valéry Lainey of the <a href="https://observatoiredeparis.psl.eu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Observatoire de Paris</a>, emerged from careful analysis of <a href="https://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>'s Cassini spacecraft data. By studying subtle irregularities in Mimas's orbit around Saturn, researchers detected the gravitational signature of liquid water hidden 20 to 30 kilometers beneath the moon's icy shell.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-an-unlikely-ocean-world">An unlikely ocean world</h2>



<p>At only 400 kilometers in diameter, Mimas seemed like the least likely candidate to harbor a subsurface ocean. Unlike other ocean moons such as Europa and Enceladus, which show clear surface signs of internal activity, Mimas displays no obvious hints of the liquid water beneath its ancient, crater-scarred exterior.</p>



<p>"Mimas is a small moon, and its heavily cratered surface gave no hint of the hidden ocean beneath," explained Dr. Nick Cooper from <a href="https://www.qmul.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Queen Mary University of London</a>, a study co-author.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-astrobiology">Implications for astrobiology</h2>



<p>The ocean's recent formation makes Mimas a prime target for studying how oceans develop and potentially support life. This discovery adds another member to the exclusive club of ocean worlds in our solar system, each offering unique insights into the conditions necessary for habitability.</p>



<p>The research, published in <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a></em> journal, demonstrates how advanced orbital analysis can reveal hidden features of celestial bodies, opening new possibilities for understanding ocean formation throughout the cosmos.</p>



<p>—–</p>



<p>Like what you saw and read?&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a>&nbsp;for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>—–</p>



<p>Check us out on&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth.com</a>.</p>



<p>—–</p>

Scientists discover unexpected young ocean on Saturn's cratered moon Mimas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ 'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K0DuSr87SHY
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">57 million-year ice age mystery solved by Australian scientists.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-when-earth-became-a-frozen-wasteland">When Earth became a frozen wasteland</h2>



<p>Imagine Earth as a giant snowball, frozen solid from the North Pole to the equator. This wasn't the plot of a science fiction movie – it was our planet's reality 700 million years ago during an extreme ice age that has puzzled scientists for decades.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-discovery">The discovery</h2>



<p>Australian researchers from the <a href="https://www.sydney.edu.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Sydney</a> have finally cracked one of geology's greatest mysteries: what caused the Sturtian glaciation and why it persisted for an unprecedented 57 million years. This period occurred long before dinosaurs roamed the Earth, when no complex plants or multicellular animals existed.</p>



<p>Dr. Adriana Dutkiewicz, the study's lead author, describes a world completely unlike today's climate. "Imagine the Earth almost completely frozen over," she explained. "The planet was blanketed in ice from poles to equator, and temperatures plunged."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-combination-of-climate-factors">The combination of climate factors</h2>



<p>The research team discovered that this massive freeze resulted from a "double whammy" of geological events. First, plate tectonic activity reduced volcanic carbon dioxide emissions to historically low levels. Volcanic activity typically releases CO2 into the atmosphere, creating a greenhouse effect that keeps Earth warm.</p>



<p>Simultaneously, weathering of volcanic rocks in what is now Canada actively absorbed atmospheric CO2, further reducing greenhouse gas concentrations. When atmospheric carbon dioxide levels dropped below 200 parts per million – less than half of today's levels – glaciation engulfed the entire planet.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-climate-implications">Modern climate implications</h2>



<p>Published in the journal <em><a href="https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/geology" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geology</a></em>, this research provides crucial insights into Earth's climate system. While geological climate changes occur over millions of years, the study emphasizes that human-induced climate change is happening at a pace ten times faster than previously observed natural changes, highlighting the urgent need to understand our planet's delicate climate balance.</p>



<p>—–</p>



<p>Like what you saw and read?&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a>&nbsp;for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>—–</p>



<p>Check us out on&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth.com</a>.</p>



<p>—–</p>

What caused the planet's longest ice age

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K0DuSr87SHY 57 million-year ice age mystery solved by Australian scientists....

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WXXGGiynIjs
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Greenland is not sinking. In fact, it is the opposite.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-contrasting-climate-response">A contrasting climate response</h2>



<p>Most coastal towns are <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sinking-land-will-intensify-the-effects-of-rising-sea-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">preparing for higher sea levels</a>, but <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/greenland-no-longer-has-to-worry-about-rising-sea-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Greenland presents</a> a different scenario during climate change. The ground there is rising at a remarkable rate. Over the past decade, some areas have lifted about 20 centimeters, which translates to roughly 2 meters per century. This rate significantly exceeds current projections for sea level rise.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-geological-rebound-process-through-climate-change">Geological rebound process through climate change</h2>



<p>The mechanism behind this phenomenon is straightforward. As the ice sheet melts, the immense weight is removed from the bedrock, causing the land to rebound upward. This process resembles the way compressed material springs back when pressure is released.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-monitoring-networks">Scientific monitoring networks</h2>



<p>Researchers at the <a href="https://www.dtu.dk/english/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Technical University of Denmark</a> are documenting this uplift using the GNET network, consisting of 61 GPS stations positioned around Greenland's coast. These sensors can detect movement with millimeter precision, providing detailed measurements of the ongoing changes.</p>



<p>The data reveal that current uplift rates exceed the gradual rebound occurring since the last ice age ended approximately 12,000 years ago. This acceleration corresponds directly with increased ice sheet melting rates.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-coastal-transformation">Coastal Transformation</h2>



<p>This uplift is actively reshaping Greenland's coastline. New islands and rocky formations, called "skerries," are emerging as previously submerged land surfaces rise above the water level. This represents a notable contrast to global concerns about rising seas.</p>



<p>The study, published in Geophysical Research Letters, demonstrates the varied regional impacts of climate change. While many locations face rising water levels, Greenland's bedrock is literally rising above the surrounding seas.</p>



<p>The full study was recently published in <em><a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2023GL104851" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geophysical Research Letters</a></em>.</p>



<p>—–</p>



<p>Like what you saw and read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>—–</p>



<p>Check us out on&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth.com</a>.</p>



<p>—–</p>

Greenland's ground rises while coasts worldwide face higher seas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WXXGGiynIjs Greenland is not sinking. In fact, it is the...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DSM3EVeGHJU
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Companies like MindStudio help companies train their employees to implement the latest AI Agent building platform.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ai-agent-training-transforms-the-workplace-fear-factor-into-a-competitive-advantage">AI agent training transforms the workplace 'fear factor' into a competitive advantage</h2>



<p>Organizations that offer comprehensive artificial intelligence training to their workers find remarkable value that extends well beyond basic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mind-wandering-might-be-more-productive-than-you-think/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">productivity improvements</a>. Emerging research demonstrates that carefully crafted AI training programs <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ai-does-not-replace-human-creativity-but-enhances-it/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">enhance</a> corporate performance, lower operational costs, and dramatically improve employee psychological well-being by turning workplace uncertainty into professional empowerment.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-addressing-the-widespread-ai-anxiety-crisis-among-us">Addressing the widespread 'AI anxiety' crisis among us</h2>



<p>A staggering 53% of employees expressed concern that the use of AI tools to automate work tasks could make them appear disposable to their employers, according to <a href="https://www.microsoft.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Microsoft</a>'s 2024 workplace survey. Such pervasive worry about being substituted by machines has caused what researchers have termed "AI technostress" – a psychological state that can result in occupational burnout and poorer mental well-being.</p>



<p>Data published in <a href="https://www.nature.com/palcomms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Humanities and Social Sciences Communications</a> showed that belief in AI learning ability was a moderator in the link between technology adoption and work pressure, and higher confidence significantly lowered negative psychological responses. Workers provided ample training to become competent with AI software have significantly lower stress.</p>



<p>Companies like <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MindStudio</a> have platforms for building what are known as "AI Agents".  In essence, AI Agents are simply tools that employees can build for themselves or their teams quickly and inexpensively.   MindStudio will even train entire companies, from the CEO on down, at no cost. By letting MindStudio empower employees, companies avoid hiring more IT staff, buying more software, and implementing solutions to problems that do not exist.</p>



<p>MindStudio even has partners locally for companies, like <a href="http://www.dominnus.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dominnus</a> with offices in the Carolinas, California, and Denver, to help build AI Agents and support employees as they become resident AI experts for their organization.  The training provided by MindStudio is applicable across other AI Agent building platforms as well.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-productivity-through-focused-learning">Revolutionary productivity through focused learning</h2>



<p>Organizations that implement large-scale AI training programs achieve dramatic outcomes. Employees performed tasks significantly better when they utilized AI support compared to when they didn't, according to <a href="https://www.nngroup.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nielsen Norman Group</a> research findings. Their study documented productivity increases of 66% for a variety of professional tasks.</p>



<p>Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis research finds workers record 33% higher productivity in time working with generative AI tools. The benefit is equivalent to 5.4% of work time savings for AI users – around 2.2 hours per week for full-time workers.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-psychological-well-being-benefits-through-ai-competence">Psychological well-being benefits through AI competence</h2>



<p>The emotional transformation when employees are provided with proper technology training is a fundamental transformation from fear to professional confidence. A survey of 600 employees across industries, carried out by ScienceDirect, proved that AI capabilities strengthen work environment commitment and improve job satisfaction.</p>



<p>A <a href="https://www.lut.fi/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">LUT University</a> study discovered that AI adoption has no direct effect on workers' well-being but does so indirectly through working conditions like task optimization and safety protocols. Strategically deployed AI that involves correct training can actually increase workplace mental well-being.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-from-replacement-anxiety-to-partnership-confidence">From 'replacement anxiety' to 'partnership confidence'</h2>



<p>Although 35% of those interviewed in recent McKinsey studies were concerned about workforce displacement, firms with large-scale training initiatives witness such fears dissipate quickly. The World Economic Forum found that two out of three respondents believe AI competencies will enhance their career prospects and job marketability.</p>



<p>This shift from fear to trust has measurable implications for job satisfaction. Applied Sciences research indicates AI can create tailored wellness programs based on individual employee requirements.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-financial-benefits-of-increased-retention">Financial benefits of increased retention</h2>



<p>The mental health advantages of AI learning have a direct impact on organizational bottom lines in the form of a positive feedback cycle with high retention of employees. Recent ROI research validates that artificial intelligence learning has a beneficial impact on employee turnover and satisfaction levels.</p>



<p>PriceWaterhouseCoopers' research documents 20% to 30% improvements in productivity, market speed, and revenue in organizations that attempt systematic AI adoption through comprehensive training.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-advantages-of-ai-enabled-teams">Environmental advantages of AI-enabled teams</h2>



<p>AI training has unforeseen environmental benefits as it makes the work environment more efficient. According to a study in Scientific Reports, the carbon footprint in writing and illustrating work is significantly lower when AI performs it compared to humans. AI software produces 130 to 1,500 times less CO2 equivalent per page of text created than human authors.</p>



<p>In addition, AI-driven remote work functionality significantly reduces environmental impact. Research by Cornell University and Microsoft indicates that remote workers reduce greenhouse gas emissions by up to 54% by not commuting daily to offices. Hybrid workers working remotely two to four days a week can reduce their carbon footprint by 11% to 29%.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cumulative-organizational-advantages">Cumulative organizational advantages</h2>



<p>The compounding gains of better mental well-being, reduced turnover, increased productivity, and environmental benefits flow to enterprises from the pairing. McKinsey analysis estimates the long-term AI potential at $4.4 trillion in incremental productivity growth opportunity from business use cases.</p>



<p>As of now, 75% of knowledge workers globally utilize generative AI, mirroring widespread adoption patterns. Organizations that provide organized training and assistance see the most favorable results in productivity, worker satisfaction, and ecological sustainability.</p>



<p>The research overwhelmingly indicates that companies that invest in proper AI education, like that offered through <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MindStudio</a>, establish win-win scenarios where employees are both more empowered and less stressed, and companies enjoy the gains of increased productivity, reduced turnover, and improved mental health outcomes throughout their workforce.</p>



<p>For more on MindStudio's free AI training for companies, visit the website's of MindStudio and Dominnus from the links below.</p>



<p>The research was published across a variety of peer-reviewed journals, including <a href="https://www.nature.com/palcomms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Humanities and Social Sciences Communications</a>, <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/artificial-intelligence" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence</a>, and <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/journal/applsci">Applied Sciences</a>.</p>



<p id="block-9bd989d6-2fd3-4580-957f-6cacce134f08">-----</p>



<p id="block-eff5dea3-a9bb-40b5-a923-e5a9978bc0e2">Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p id="block-43e218f4-0391-477c-8396-eb777c8c80a3">Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p id="block-1f9a227a-ec37-4140-81b8-ffa4a7cc6689">-----</p>



<p>MindStudio.AI: <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.mindstudio.ai</a></p>



<p>Dominnus: <a href="https://www.dominnus.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.dominnus.com</a></p>

AI agent training boosts mental health and profits

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DSM3EVeGHJU Companies like MindStudio help companies train their employees to...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0HDXqTGEmi4
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Scientists give plants superpowers against bacterial disease</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-natural-solution-to-disease-through-crop-modification">A natural solution to disease through crop modification.</h2>



<p>The agricultural industry stands at a crossroads between productivity and environmental responsibility, and crop modification often carries a negative connotation. While chemical pesticides have long been the go-to solution for crop protection, their harmful effects on ecosystems and human health have prompted scientists to seek alternatives. The recent breakthrough by <a href="https://www.southampton.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Southampton</a> researchers offers a promising path forward through the precise manipulation of plant-associated microbial communities.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-science-behind-microbial-partnerships">The science behind microbial partnerships</h2>



<p>Plants naturally harbor diverse ecosystems of bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms that function as biological allies. These microscopic partners contribute to disease resistance, nutrient absorption, and stress tolerance. However, until now, scientists lacked the tools to deliberately reshape these communities to enhance crop protection.</p>



<p>The Southampton team's approach centered on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/engineered-plant-microbiomes-the-future-of-crop-protection/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">modifying lignin biosynthesis genes in rice plants</a>. This strategic intervention altered the plant's metabolic output, creating conditions that favored beneficial bacterial populations while suppressing harmful ones. The result was a living defense system embedded within the plant itself.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-global-food-security">Implications for global food security</h2>



<p>The successful demonstration against Xanthomonas oryzae, the pathogen responsible for bacterial blight in rice, represents more than a laboratory achievement. Rice feeds nearly half the world's population, and bacterial blight causes devastating crop losses annually. Traditional control methods rely heavily on pesticides that contaminate soil and water systems.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-looking-beyond-disease-resistance">Looking Beyond Disease Resistance</h2>



<p>While disease protection represents the immediate application, the research framework opens doors to broader agricultural improvements. Future developments could engineer microbiomes to enhance nutrient uptake, reducing dependence on synthetic fertilizers. This dual benefit addresses both crop productivity and environmental sustainability.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-path-forward">The path forward</h2>



<p>As this technology advances from laboratory to field applications, it promises to reshape sustainable agriculture. The ability to program plants with their own biological defense systems could herald a new era where crops protect themselves naturally, reducing chemical inputs while maintaining yields necessary for global food security.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal&nbsp;<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-44335-3" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Nature Communications</em></a>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Revolutionizing agriculture through microbiome engineering

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0HDXqTGEmi4 Scientists give plants superpowers against bacterial disease A natural...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Acid rain and a crisis solved.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-don-t-we-ever-hear-about-acid-rain-anymore-the-environmental-crisis-that-was-solved">Why don't we ever hear about "acid rain" anymore? The environmental crisis that was solved</h2>



<p>Remember the 1980s when acid rain dominated headlines? Dire warnings about rain eating buildings, killing fish, and destroying forests filled every news cycle. Then, almost like magic, acid rain vanished from public discourse. What happened? Did we actually solve one of the late 20th century's most pressing environmental challenges?</p>



<p>The answer might surprise you. Unlike many environmental issues that drag on indefinitely, acid rain represents one of modern history's most successful ecological recovery stories. It's a tale of science, politics, and technology working together to tackle what seemed impossible.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>What was acid rain?</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain isn't regular rain having a bad day – it's precipitation that became significantly more acidic due to air pollution. When power plants, factories, and vehicles burn fossil fuels, they release sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) into the atmosphere.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The science behind it</strong></h2>



<p>Think of acid rain as nature's chemistry experiment gone wrong. These compounds react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form sulfuric and nitric acids. When mixed with water vapor in clouds, they create precipitation with dangerously low pH levels.</p>



<p>While clean rain has a pH of about 5.6, acid rain could drop as low as 4.2 to 4.4 – roughly as acidic as tomato juice or coffee. According to US Geological Survey documentation, Scottish chemist Angus Smith first coined "acid rain" in 1872, but it didn't become a household phrase until the 1960s and 1970s when Swedish scientist Svante Odén documented its devastating effects on Scandinavian lakes and European forests.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The crisis at its peak</strong></h2>



<p>During the height of public concern, environmental damage was both widespread and visible. This wasn't some abstract future threat – people could see destruction happening in real-time.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Environmental devastation</strong></h2>



<p>The most dramatic impacts were impossible to ignore. Research documented by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation shows that in the Adirondack Mountains, more than 200 lakes became so acidic they couldn't support fish life. The Adirondack Council reports that 409 lakes once supported brook trout, but many lost their fish populations due to acid rain.</p>



<p>By 1976, when scientists cataloged all acidified lakes in the Adirondack Park, researchers found that half of the lakes over 2,000 feet above sea level had no fish, according to studies published in environmental journals. The acidification process worked like a slow-motion disaster. As acid rain fell into watersheds, it gradually lowered pH levels. Fish couldn't survive in acidic water, and their food sources died off too.</p>



<p>Trees at high elevations showed stress directly linked to acid rain. It weakened them by leaching nutrients and making them susceptible to disease. Historical records show Germany's Black Forest saw nearly half its trees damaged by the mid-1980s.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Economic impact</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain wasn't just environmental – it was expensive. Acidic precipitation corroded infrastructure, buildings, and monuments. Historic stone structures deteriorated at accelerated rates. Tourism suffered as lakes became fishless and forests declined. EPA economic analyses from the period documented repair costs mounting into billions annually.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The solution: government action and technology</strong></h2>



<p>Transformation from crisis to success required unprecedented cooperation between governments, industries, and environmental groups.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The Clean Air Act of 1990</strong></h2>



<p>The turning point came with the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, signed by President George H.W. Bush. This represented a fundamentally new approach to environmental regulation, as documented in EPA historical records.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Cap-and-trade success</strong></h2>



<p>Instead of mandating specific technologies, the 1990 amendments introduced something revolutionary: a cap-and-trade system for sulfur dioxide emissions. EPA program documentation shows this market-based approach set overall limits but allowed companies to trade emission allowances.</p>



<p>The genius was harnessing market forces to find cost-effective pollution reduction. Companies reducing emissions cheaply could sell excess allowances to those facing higher costs. Research published in environmental economics journals and EPA progress reports shows this resulted in dramatic SO2 reduction at a fraction of projected costs.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Technology advances</strong></h2>



<p>Policy provided the framework, but technology made reductions possible. Studies in atmospheric science journals document the widespread adoption of flue gas desulfurization systems ("scrubbers") that removed sulfur dioxide before it reached the atmosphere. By the 2000s, new installations could remove over 95% of SO2 emissions, according to EPA technical reports.</p>



<p>The push coincided with cleaner energy development. Natural gas produces fewer sulfur compounds than coal. Wind and solar, emerging in the 1990s, captured growing market share, reducing reliance on high-sulfur coal.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-we-don-t-hear-about-it-today"><strong>Why we don't hear about it today</strong></h2>



<p>Why did acid rain disappear from headlines? Simple: the problem was largely solved.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Success doesn't make news</strong></h2>



<p>There's an old journalism saying: "If it bleeds, it leads." Environmental success stories don't generate urgency like crisis reporting. Media attention shifted to other challenges: climate change, plastic pollution, and biodiversity loss. There's only so much environmental anxiety the public can absorb, and newer concerns replaced acid rain.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Mission accomplished</strong></h2>



<p>The primary reason is beautifully simple: interventions worked. EPA monitoring data shows sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990. Academic research published in environmental science journals confirms pH levels in formerly affected areas returned closer to normal. This represents one of history's most dramatic environmental recoveries. Studies by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation show fishless lakes now support healthy populations. Forests recovered, and building damage slowed dramatically.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-is-it-really-gone"><strong>Is it really gone?</strong></h2>



<p>The crisis is largely resolved, but monitoring data shows the problem isn't completely eliminated – it's managed to acceptable levels. Some areas still experience occasional events during high pollution periods. International environmental research indicates that rapidly industrializing Asian countries face similar problems to what we experienced decades ago, though they're implementing successful strategies.</p>



<p>EPA research shows nitrogen oxide emissions proved more challenging than sulfur dioxide, coming from vehicles and mobile sources. Climate science studies suggest changing weather patterns add complexity to how acid rain forms and falls.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>What this teaches us</strong></h2>



<p>The acid rain experience proves that seemingly intractable environmental problems can be solved with scientific understanding, political will, and technological innovation. Environmental monitoring data shows recovery speed was remarkable – within a decade, measurable improvements appeared in air quality and ecosystem health.</p>



<p>Success came from bipartisan support across party lines. Policy analysis studies show the market-based approach appealed to those preferring economic incentives while achieving environmental goals. This support created lasting policy surviving political changes.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Conclusion</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain's disappearance from public consciousness represents environmental science's greatest success stories. Through effective regulation, technological innovation, and international cooperation, we transformed an overwhelming crisis into a manageable challenge.</p>



<p>Today's silence isn't because we forgot – it's because we solved it. The 1990 Clean Air Act, combined with technology and energy market changes, reduced acid rain emissions over 90%, according to comprehensive EPA data analysis.</p>



<p>This success offers hope for current challenges. It proves complex problems can be solved when science, policy, and technology work together. As we face climate change and plastic pollution, acid rain reminds us that dramatic positive change is possible.</p>



<p>Next time someone asks whether environmental regulations work, remember acid rain. It's proof that sometimes, we get it right.</p>



<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>



<p><strong>Sources:</strong> <em>This article draws from EPA official documentation and progress reports, peer-reviewed research published in environmental and atmospheric science journals, historical data from the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation records, US Geological Survey publications, policy analysis studies, and environmental monitoring data collected over three decades.</em></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Frequently Asked Questions</strong></h2>



<p><strong>1. Is acid rain completely gone?</strong> No, but EPA monitoring shows it's reduced to manageable levels. US sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990, making acid rain much less severe than the 1980s crisis.</p>



<p><strong>2. How long did solving take?</strong> Environmental monitoring data shows significant improvements began within 5-10 years of 1990s emission controls. Full ecosystem recovery took longer – some areas need 20-30 years for complete recovery.</p>



<p><strong>3. What made the solution successful?</strong> Clear scientific understanding, visible damage motivating action, bipartisan support, available technology, and innovative market-based policies like cap-and-trade.</p>



<p><strong>4. Do other countries have acid rain problems?</strong> Yes, particularly rapidly industrializing Asian countries. However, international environmental research shows many implement similar successful control strategies.</p>



<p><strong>5. Could acid rain return?</strong> Potentially, if regulations weaken or we return to high-sulfur coal without controls, though effects would take years to become severe according to environmental projections.</p>



<p><strong>6. Can you recommend any teaching tools on the subject of "acid rain"?</strong> The United States Environmental Protection Agency produced a wonderful teacher's guide for ages 14 and under that you can find on the EPA website here: <a href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf</a></p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

The environmental problem we actually solved

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk Acid rain and a crisis solved. Why don't we...

Green,Ecoduct,Over,An,Empty,Highway,During,Sunset.

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU
</div></figure>



<p>A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that wildlife tunnels significantly reduce amphibian road mortality during seasonal migrations. </p>



<p>Frogs and salamanders often cross roads to reach breeding ponds each spring, but many are killed by vehicles. </p>



<p>Researchers from the <a href="https://www.uvm.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Vermont</a>, in collaboration with local citizens and the Vermont Agency of Natural Resources, installed two underpass tunnels in 2015. </p>



<p>Over a 12-year monitoring period, they observed an 80.2% reduction in amphibian deaths, and up to 94% for non-climbing species like salamanders. </p>



<p>The study used a before-after-control-impact design and documented more than 5,200 amphibians, highlighting the tunnels’ effectiveness even in nearby buffer zones.</p>



<p>Funded at $342,397 - far cheaper than wildlife crossings for large mammals - the project showcased the power of community-led conservation.</p>



<p>Local groups initiated the effort after observing mass amphibian deaths. Wildlife cameras later captured over 2,200 amphibians using a tunnel in just one spring, along with other species like raccoons and bobcats, indicating wider ecosystem benefits.</p>



<p>This marks the first peer-reviewed, long-term data set in the northeastern U.S. confirming amphibian-specific underpasses work. </p>



<p>The study urges transportation departments to incorporate these designs into road planning and highlights how community action, thoughtful infrastructure, and persistence can make a real difference for biodiversity.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the <em><a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1617138125000780" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal for Nature Conservation</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Wildlife tunnels save millions of amphibians

https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that...

<p>Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. </p>



<p>The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-embed aligncenter is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/Ug657J67iEo?si=w96YjGMsg939LD_3
</div></figure>



<p>Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. </p>



<p>Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.</p>



<p>Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. </p>



<p>They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).</p>



<p>Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.</p>



<p>Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.</p>



<p>This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.</p>

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"]</div>



<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.</p>



<p>“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. </p>



<p>The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.</p>



<p>“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”</p>



<p>The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Designing crops that can beat the heat

[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Carl...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="EjmSP20gQK-2593093-12187" type="single"]</div>



<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes the first comprehensive estimate of carbon density in the Saharan, Sahel, and Sudanian zones of Africa. In an effort to measure the amount of carbon stored across these drylands, a team of scientists used high-resolution satellite images and artificial intelligence to map nearly 10 billion individual trees. </p>



<p>"The high spatial resolution (50 cm) combined with AI and field measurements used in this study is key to improving tree inventories in drylands," said Pierre Hiernaux, a French researcher working for NASA. "The ever-increasing availability of very high-resolution satellite imagery will make it possible to assess carbon pools and their dynamics at the individual tree level on a global scale."</p>



<p>"This study is exceptional because it is pioneering a type of approach that will revolutionize the monitoring of trees and forests on a global scale: in the short term, it will be possible to map the world's trees from the centre of the Amazon to our schoolyards," said <a href="https://www.inrae.fr/en">INRAE</a> researcher Jean-Pierre Wigneron.</p>



<p>"Many fields of application will become much more efficient and accurate, such as tracking carbon stocks, biodiversity, monitoring logging and protection against illegal forest degradation, in near real time.”</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Remote sensing will revolutionize the way we monitor trees

[sendtonews key="EjmSP20gQK-2593093-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="uV9Lh2fQbV-1760058-12187" type="single"]</div>



<p>Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.</p>



<p>According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."</p>



<p>Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;</p>



<p>ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. </p>



<p>Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> </em>Staff Writer </p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

[sendtonews key="uV9Lh2fQbV-1760058-12187" type="single"] Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="f8fukm28Vz-2491833-12187" type="single"]</div>



<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> features a visual dataset of.methane emissions from wetlands across the globe. Atmospheric methane levels have reached record highs in recent years, and wetlands are a major source of these emissions.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Methane is an important greenhouse gas that contributes substantially to global warming. On a molecule by molecule basis, methane is much more efficient at trapping heat than carbon dioxide, the main driver of warming," says NASA.</p>



<p>"Though human activities, including agriculture, oil and natural gas production and use, and waste disposal, collectively contribute the majority of methane to the atmosphere, about a third of total methane emissions comes from wetlands."&nbsp;</p>



<p>According to NASA, understanding methane emissions from wetlands and other natural sources is critically important for scientists and policymakers who are working to combat climate change by reducing emissions from human activities.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: NASA Goddard</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Wetlands are a major source of methane emissions

[sendtonews key="f8fukm28Vz-2491833-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="0879czfG3k-1785905-12187" type="single"]</div>



<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;</p>



<p>According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.</p>



<p>In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.</p>



<p>The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.</p>



<p>The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.</p>



<p>The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. </p>



<p>Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

[sendtonews key="0879czfG3k-1785905-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from NASA...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="3UUsNkFOuS-2487333-12187" type="single"]</div>



<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes how record-breaking heat expressed itself around the world in 2022.</p>



<p>Scientists have determined that 2022 was the 5th warmest year since 1880. Furthermore, the last nine consecutive years have been the warmest on record.</p>



<p>From devastating floods and wildfires to natural disasters like Hurricane Ian, 2022 showed us yet again how a warming climate affects people across the globe.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"As we look back at 20:22 and years past, we see that each year we better understand the challenges we face and how important it is to meet them," says NASA.</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: NASA Goddard</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

2022 illustrated the consequences of a warming climate

[sendtonews key="3UUsNkFOuS-2487333-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="JbW4VsY53O-1632195-12187" type="single"]</div>



<p>Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes Earth’s interconnected systems, and how this network is affected by rising temperatures.&nbsp;</p>



<p>During 2020, average global temperatures matched the hottest year on record. The hurricane season was also record-breaking, with many of the storms intensifying at extraordinary speeds. Hot water in the ocean is fuel for hurricanes. The satellite data shows that it's all one interconnected system showing how  Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected.</p>



<p>According to NASA, dust swept up from Northern Africa plays a major role in the formation of hurricanes, and is also a key source of fertilization in the Amazon rainforest. As a result of<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-wasting-disease-is-fueled-by-climate-change/"> climate</a> change, dust plumes are expected to decline, which will have an effect on vegetation far away.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Images from Earth-observing satellites show how the world’s plant life is affected by natural disasters, fires, and deforestation. Satellites also reveal how widespread changes in vegetation impact waterways,&nbsp; the climate, air quality. Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on the Earth. "Earth From Space" is a groundbreaking two-hour special that reveals a spectacular new space-based vision of our planet. </p>



<p><em>Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected

[sendtonews key="JbW4VsY53O-1632195-12187" type="single"] Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected...

<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://welcome.miami.edu/">University of Miami</a> Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science explores how changes in water temperatures have affected tiger shark habitats and movements in the North Atlantic Ocean. The study reveals that rising temperatures have caused the sharks to shift toward the poles over the past 40 years.</p>



<p>“Tiger shark annual migrations have expanded poleward, paralleling rising water temperatures,” explained study lead author Neil Hammerschlag. “These results have consequences for tiger shark conservation, since shifts in their movements outside of marine protected areas may leave them more vulnerable to commercial fishing.”</p>



<p>The researchers analyzed nine years of tracking data from satellite-tagged tiger sharks, combined with four decades of conventional tag and recapture data provided by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Cooperative Shark Tagging Program.</p>



<p>The experts found that during the last decade of record heat, for every one-degree Celsius increase in water temperatures, tiger sharks migrated further poleward by over 400 kilometers. They also migrated two weeks earlier than usual to waters off the northeastern coast of the United States.</p>



<p>“Given their role as apex predators, these changes to tiger shark movements may alter predator-prey interactions, leading to ecological imbalances, and more frequent encounters with humans,” concluded Professor Hammerschlag.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Tiger sharks are shifting poleward as temperatures rise

Today’s Video of the Day from the University of Miami...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="qARzJPSabQ-2270617-12187" type="single"]</div>



<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> is focused on the melt ponds that emerge during the spring and summer on the Greenland Ice Sheet, which is the largest ice mass in the northern hemisphere.</p>



<p>"Melt ponds are vast pools of open water that form on both sea ice and ice sheets and are visible as turquoise-blue pools of water in this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image," says ESA.</p>



<p>"When snow and ice melts atop glaciers, water flows in channels and streams and collects in depressions on the surface. These melt ponds can speed up the melting of the surrounding ice since they greatly reduce the ice’s ability to reflect sunlight."</p>



<p>"This can create a positive feedback where an increasing number of melt ponds absorb more heat which causes ice cover to melt even faster."</p>



<p>According to ESA, Greenland has been hit with a late-season heatwave that began in early September. This caused the type of melt event that usually occurs in the middle of summer.</p>



<p>"In a recent paper published in Nature Climate Change, scientists found that major sea-level rise from the melting of the Greenland ice cap is now ‘inevitable’ even if the burning of fossil fuels were to halt overnight," says ESA. "Using satellite observations of Greenland ice loss and ice cap from 2000 to 2019, the team found the losses will lead to a minimum rise of 27 cm regardless of climate change."</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Melt ponds on the Greenland Ice Sheet

[sendtonews key="qARzJPSabQ-2270617-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="fxH3eJHEkQ-2010196-12187" type="single"]</div>



<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes how Earth is unique in our solar system for its ability to sustain liquid water on its surface. But now, the water cycle is shifting as the climate warms, and scientists must find ways to predict how these changes will affect water availability.</p>



<p>Overall, 96 percent of Earth's water is saltwater, and nearly all of freshwater is found in ice and groundwater. These sources of water are linked as it passes through solid, liquid and gas phases.</p>



<p>In a warmer climate, the water cycle will be transformed. It will be easier for water to evaporate and form clouds, and storms will become more frequent and intense. Some regions will get too much water, while others will be left without enough water. In addition, soil moisture will be lost - which threatens food security.</p>



<p>Scientists are using satellite data from over the last 40 years to track changes that are happening in the water cycle. This will ultimately help us prepare for extreme events and better manage our water resources, according to ESA.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: ESA</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Tracking changes in Earth's water cycle

[sendtonews key="fxH3eJHEkQ-2010196-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

Saturn,-,High,Resolution,3d,Images,Presents,Planets,Of,The

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="Ccjk8KEMzv-2550719-12187" type="single"]</div>



<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard Space Flight Center</a> features images of Saturn from NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope. The photographs capture the start of the mysterious "spoke season" on Saturn - when unexplained features appear on its rings. </p>



<p>According to NASA, both the cause of the spokes and their seasonal variability have yet to be fully explained by planetary scientists.</p>



<p>"Like Earth, Saturn is tilted on its axis and therefore has four seasons, though because of Saturn's much larger orbit, each season lasts approximately seven Earth years. Equinox occurs when the rings are tilted edge-on to the Sun," explains NASA.</p>



<p>"The spokes disappear when it is near summer or winter solstice on Saturn. (When the Sun appears to reach either its highest or lowest latitude in the northern or southern hemisphere of a planet.) As the autumnal equinox of Saturn's northern hemisphere on May 6, 2025, draws near, the spokes are expected to become increasingly prominent and observable."</p>



<p>Experts believe that the spokes may be a product of the planet's variable magnetic field. When magnetic fields interact with solar wind, an electrically charged environment is created. This phenomenon is visible on Earth as the northern lights.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Scientists think that the smallest, dust-sized icy ring particles can become charged as well, which temporarily levitates those particles above the rest of the larger icy particles and boulders in the rings," says NASA.</p>



<p>The spokes were first observed in the early 1980s by NASA's Voyager mission. Depending on the angle of the rings, the spokes can appear dark or light.</p>



<p>"Thanks to Hubble's OPAL program, which is building an archive of data on the outer solar system planets, we will have longer dedicated time to study Saturn’s spokes this season than ever before," said NASA senior planetary scientist Amy Simon, head of the Hubble Outer Planet Atmospheres Legacy (OPAL) program.</p>



<p>"Despite years of excellent observations by the Cassini mission, the precise beginning and duration of the spoke season is still unpredictable, rather like predicting the first storm during hurricane season."</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Mysterious "spoke season" captured on Saturn

[sendtonews key="Ccjk8KEMzv-2550719-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

News coming your way