<p>Wildfires in the western U.S. have become a growing crisis. They’re lasting longer, burning hotter, and spreading into areas that rarely burned in the past. </p>



<p>But another danger is rising, beyond heatwaves and droughts. Lightning - sudden, fierce, and incredibly powerful - is becoming one of the biggest wildfire risks.</p>



<p>In the coming decades, scientists warn that lightning will become an increasingly dominant spark for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-is-making-wildfire-smoke-more-deadly/">wildfires</a>, adding to the already mounting risks across the West.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lightning-is-fueling-more-wildfires">Lightning is fueling more wildfires</h2>



<p>Wildfires need a few things to get going: dry fuel, hot temperatures, low humidity, and a spark. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/lightning-is-changing-the-atmosphere-in-surprising-ways/">Lightning</a> is one of the most powerful natural igniters.</p>



<p>In the western U.S., lightning already causes more than two-thirds of the area burned by wildfires. And now, new research shows that number is going to rise sharply due to climate change. </p>



<p>Warmer air holds more moisture, which means more unstable weather patterns. Those patterns, in turn, set the stage for more lightning.</p>



<p>A recent study has revealed that virtually all of the western U.S. - 98 percent of the region - will have more days with a greater likelihood of lightning-ignited wildfires starting as early as the 2030s. </p>



<p>For regions already accustomed to such fires, such as Oregon, Idaho, and Montana, the risk is even greater. As early as 2060, those states may have as many as 12 additional lightning-filled days per summer.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-model-to-forecast-lightning">A model to forecast lightning</h2>



<p>Traditional <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-models-underestimate-sea-ice-melt-and-global-warming/">climate models</a> don’t really track lightning. That’s why a team of researchers led by Dmitri Kalashnikov built their own system to fill in the gaps.</p>



<p>“The first step was to project lightning,” said Kalashnikov, a research scientist at the <a href="https://www.ucmerced.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of California Merced</a>. “The typical climate models don’t directly simulate lightning. It’s too small a process.”</p>



<p>The researchers applied machine learning to forecast where lightning would hit based on variables that we can quantify - such as temperature, humidity, and the level of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/moisture-in-the-atmosphere-causes-extreme-weather-to-last-longer/">moisture in the air</a>. </p>



<p>The team merged those results with the Fire Weather Index (FWI), a mechanism that was developed back in 1968 to monitor how probable wildfire initiation and spread is from local weather.</p>



<p>The result is a forecast model tailored to the western U.S., designed to project conditions from 2030 to 2060 - decades earlier than most studies, which typically look only to the end of the century.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-lightning-in-the-northwest">More lightning in the Northwest</h2>



<p>The northwestern states of Idaho, Oregon, and Montana are projected to experience the greatest growth in lightning days. But strangely, they may not experience the most rapid expansion in wildfires. </p>



<p>Although lightning will grow, the conditions favoring fires (such as extreme heat or dryness) are not expected to worsen as quickly in the Northwest compared to other regions.</p>



<p>That doesn’t mean northwestern states are off the hook. Cloud-to-ground lightning, the kind that hits trees or grass directly, is still expected to rise significantly in those areas.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-less-lightning-greater-wildfire-risk">Less lightning, greater wildfire risk</h2>



<p>In contrast, the Southwest - including Colorado, Wyoming, Arizona, and New Mexico - won’t see as much of a jump in lightning strikes. But the fire risk will still climb. </p>



<p>This is because even a small spark becomes a big threat when the land is extra dry, the heat is intense, and there’s little rain to cool things off.</p>



<p>The researchers found that these southern states are likely to experience the biggest increases in wildfires caused by lightning, despite the smaller bump in lightning activity. That’s because climate change is pushing up the number of fire-prone days overall.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dry-and-wet-lightning">Dry and wet lightning</h2>



<p>Kalashnikov said the next steps could involve separating the kinds of lightning events. “You can’t help but wonder what the future will look like, especially if you dig in and you realize that there’s actually a lot that we don’t understand,” he said.</p>



<p>One key factor will be figuring out how to distinguish between "dry lightning" and "wet lightning." Dry lightning happens without much rain, making it a fire hazard. </p>



<p>Wet lightning brings <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/heavy-rainfall-poses-extreme-risks-in-the-western-us/">heavy rain</a>, which can reduce fire risk but increase flood danger. Understanding that difference could help emergency services respond more precisely to fire threats.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wildfire-risks-are-rising-fast">Wildfire risks are rising fast</h2>



<p>As climate patterns shift, the West isn’t just getting warmer and drier - it’s getting stormier in a dangerous way. Lightning is expected to spark more fires, and fires are expected to find more dry fuel waiting. It’s a feedback loop that could reshape fire seasons in the U.S.</p>



<p>This isn’t about something that might happen a hundred years from now. The changes are coming within the next few decades - some may already be happening. </p>



<p>And for the people living in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/double-hazard-wildfire-zones-identified-in-the-american-west/">high-risk areas</a>, that means more heat, more smoke, and a greater need for preparation.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2025EF006108" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth's Future</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Lightning will ignite even more wildfires as the climate heats up

Wildfires in the western U.S. have become a growing crisis. They’re lasting longer, burning hotter, and spreading into areas that rarely burned in the past. But another danger is rising, beyond heatwaves and droughts. Lightning - sudden, fierce, and incredibly powerful - is becoming one of the biggest wildfire risks. In the coming decades, scientists warn that lightning will become an increasingly dominant spark for wildfires, adding to the already mounting risks across the West. Lightning is fueling more wildfires Wildfires need a few things to get...

<p>A recent paper published in the journal <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adj4911?adobe_mc=MCMID%3D57771259346450227453434502185155494928%7CMCORGID%3D242B6472541199F70A4C98A6%2540AdobeOrg%7CTS%3D1700746078#con1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Science</em></a> has brought attention to a critical issue: the transformation of the melting <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ice-free-arctic-summers-could-be-the-new-normal-by-2030/">Arctic</a> into a battleground for resource extraction.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This situation, which the experts compare to a modern-day gold rush, is emerging as climate change causes the ice to recede, exposing new land and sea areas for exploitation.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-arctic-energy-resources">Arctic energy resources</h2>



<p>Nations are scrambling to take advantage of the enormous economic opportunities presented by these newly accessible regions.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The U.S. Geological Survey (<a href="https://www.usgs.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">USGS</a>) has provided staggering figures, estimating around 90 billion barrels of undiscovered oil in the Arctic, with a significant portion, up to 84%, located offshore.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This untapped resource has drawn the interest of major oil corporations, with Exxon Mobil, a U.S. oil giant, highlighting the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ice-free-arctic-summers-could-be-the-new-normal-by-2030/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Arctic</a> as one of the most promising yet least explored regions for oil exploration.</p>



<p>The prospects extend beyond oil. The USGS estimates the presence of 1,669 trillion cubic feet of natural gas and 44 billion barrels of liquid natural gas in the Arctic. These figures underline the vast potential of the region in terms of energy resources.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-action">Environmental action</h2>



<p>The rush for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/melting-arctic-glaciers-are-releasing-a-new-source-of-potent-methane-emissions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Arctic</a> resources is not without its controversies, and environmental group Greenpeace pointed out the "bitter irony" in the situation.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The melting Arctic ice, a clear indicator of climate change's impact, is being viewed as an opportunity for profit rather than a warning sign of the environmental costs associated with such changes.</p>



<p>The conflict between economic interests and environmental concerns has led to legal challenges. Notably, environmental activists have taken the Norwegian government to the European Court of Human Rights (<a href="https://www.echr.coe.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ECHR</a>) for allowing oil exploration in the Arctic. This illustrates the growing tension between environmental protection and resource exploitation.</p>



<p>The urgency of the situation is underscored by data from NASA, which reveals that summer Arctic sea ice is diminishing at a rate of 12.2 percent each decade, a change attributed to human-induced climate change.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-drilling-operations-in-the-melting-arctic">Drilling operations&nbsp;in the melting Arctic</h2>



<p>The geopolitical aspect of this issue is equally complex. Nations like Norway, Canada, Denmark, the USA, and Russia have staked claims to "extended continental shelves" under the United Nations Convention of the Law of the Sea (<a href="https://www.noaa.gov/law-of-sea-convention" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UNCLOS</a>).&nbsp;</p>



<p>Approximately 40 percent of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/additional-heat-is-being-transferred-to-the-arctic-ocean-as-the-climate-warms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Arctic</a> consists of land, while another third is comprised of continental shelves in relatively shallow waters less than 500 meters deep. Arctic countries exercise rights to drill in their territories, leasing areas to companies such as Shell and BP for drilling operations.</p>



<p>The full potential of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/blowing-snow-plays-an-important-role-in-arctic-warming/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Arctic</a> resources was not realized until 2009. That year, the US Geological Survey estimated that the Arctic might hold 30% of the planet's undiscovered natural gas reserves and 13% of its undiscovered oil.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Over the years, interest in the region has intensified, setting the stage for conflict where economic gains are weighed against environmental preservation and the realities of climate change.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ecological-value">Ecological value</h2>



<p>Jonathan W. Moore is an expert in the Earth Ocean Research Group at <a href="https://www.sfu.ca/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Simon Fraser University</a> and lead author of the report in the journal <em>Science</em>.</p>



<p>"As climate change warms Earth, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/arctic-warming-could-speed-up-global-2c-temperature-rise-by-eight-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">melting cryosphere</a> creates nascent ecosystems that have future value as habitat but that are also the frontlines for resource extraction," wrote Moore and his co-authors.</p>



<p>"For example, glacier retreat uncovers rivers and valleys that go through rapid ecological succession to provide new habitats for important species, such as moose and Pacific salmon."</p>



<p>"However, mining companies are looking to retreating glaciers for newly exposed mineral deposits. This proglacial mining is a global pressure, from Greenland to Kyrgyzstan to western Canada."&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Yet environmental and mining policies might fail to consider the future ecological value and capacity of emerging habitats."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-arctic-warming">More about Arctic warming</h2>



<p>As discussed above, the Arctic region is undergoing significant changes due to global warming. Active melting of sea ice and glaciers has been observed at an accelerated rate. This melting has led to a reduction in the overall ice cover, impacting local ecosystems and global weather patterns.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-causes-of-arctic-melting">Causes of Arctic melting</h3>



<p>Human-induced climate change is the primary driver of Arctic melting. The release of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and methane has led to a rise in global temperatures. These warmer temperatures are more pronounced in the Arctic, causing ice to melt faster than in previous decades.</p>



<p>Human-induced climate change is the primary driver of Arctic melting. The release of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and methane has led to a rise in global temperatures. These warmer temperatures are more pronounced in the Arctic, causing ice to melt faster than in previous decades. Let’s take a more detailed look at the causes.</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-greenhouse-gas-emissions">Greenhouse Gas Emissions</h4>



<p>The most significant cause of Arctic melting is the increase in greenhouse gas emissions, primarily carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4). These emissions are largely due to human activities, such as burning fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), deforestation, and industrial processes. These gases trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere, leading to a rise in global temperatures.</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-global-warming">Global Warming</h4>



<p>The trapped heat from greenhouse gases leads to global warming, which has a pronounced effect in the Arctic. The region is warming at least twice as fast as the global average, a phenomenon known as Arctic amplification. This rapid warming leads to the melting of sea ice, glaciers, and permafrost.</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-albedo-effect-reduction">Albedo Effect Reduction</h4>



<p>Snow and ice have a high albedo, meaning they reflect most of the sun's energy back into space. As ice melts, it exposes darker surfaces like ocean water or land, which absorb more solar energy. This absorption of heat further accelerates the melting process, creating a feedback loop.</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ocean-currents-and-temperatures">Ocean Currents and Temperatures</h4>



<p>Changes in ocean currents and warmer ocean temperatures also contribute to the melting of Arctic ice. Warmer water from lower latitudes is moving into the Arctic Ocean, melting sea ice from below.</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-atmospheric-circulation-changes">Atmospheric Circulation Changes</h4>



<p>Changes in atmospheric circulation patterns, influenced by global warming, can lead to unusual weather patterns in the Arctic. For instance, warmer air masses may move into the Arctic, contributing to further warming and melting.</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-black-carbon">Black Carbon</h4>



<p>Emissions of black carbon (soot) from industrial activities, and burning of fossil fuels and biomass, also contribute to Arctic melting. When black carbon settles on snow and ice, it reduces their albedo and leads to faster melting.</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-natural-variability">Natural Variability</h4>



<p>While human-induced factors are the primary cause, natural variability also plays a role. However, the current rate and scale of Arctic melting are beyond what can be attributed to natural cycles alone.</p>



<p>Understanding and addressing these causes is critical for efforts to mitigate Arctic melting and its global impacts.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-consequences-of-arctic-melting">Consequences of Arctic melting</h3>



<p>The melting of Arctic ice has several significant consequences:</p>



<ul>
<li>Sea Level Rise: As glaciers and ice sheets melt, they contribute to rising sea levels, which can lead to coastal flooding.<br></li>



<li>Ecosystem Disruption: Native species, such as polar bears and seals, depend on sea ice for their habitat and are facing challenges due to its loss.<br></li>



<li>Climate Impact: The reduction of ice cover affects global weather patterns, potentially leading to more extreme weather events.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-efforts-to-mitigate-arctic-melting">Efforts to mitigate Arctic melting</h3>



<p>Efforts to mitigate Arctic melting focus on reducing greenhouse gas emissions. This involves transitioning to renewable energy sources, improving energy efficiency, and adopting sustainable practices globally. International agreements, like the Paris Agreement, aim to limit global temperature rise and reduce the impacts of climate change.</p>



<p>In summary, without significant efforts to combat climate change, the Arctic will continue to warm, and ice melting will accelerate. This could have irreversible effects on global climates and ecosystems. However, concerted global action can slow down the rate of melting and mitigate its impacts.</p>



<p>---</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>---</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth.com</a>.</p>

The melting Arctic is becoming an oil and gas battleground

A recent paper published in the journal Science has brought...

<p>The world's largest iceberg, known as A23a, has begun to drift after being anchored to the ocean floor for over three decades.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The massive <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/arctic-sea-ice-cycles-show-impacts-of-climate-change/">iceberg</a>, measuring nearly 4,000 square kilometers, is more than double the size of Greater London.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-colossal-size">Colossal size</h2>



<p>A23a first separated from the Antarctic coastline in 1986. It was quickly grounded in the Weddell Sea and transformed into an ice island.</p>



<p>The sheer size of A23a is astounding. It has a thickness of approximately 400 meters, dwarfing Europe's tallest skyscraper, the London Shard, which stands at 310 meters.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-history-of-a23a-nbsp">History of A23a&nbsp;</h2>



<p>A23a was a significant part of a massive release of icebergs from Antarctica's Filchner Ice Shelf. At the time that A23a first broke free, it was hosting a Soviet research station.</p>



<p>This prompted a Soviet expedition to retrieve equipment before it was lost. However, the iceberg did not drift far from the coast due to its deep keel anchoring it to the seabed of the Weddell Sea.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-losing-its-grip">Losing its grip</h2>



<p>Dr. Andrew Fleming from the British Antarctic Survey sheds light on why A23a has started moving after nearly 40 years.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"I asked a couple of colleagues about this, wondering if there was any possible change in shelf water temperatures that might have provoked it, but the consensus is the time had just come," said Dr Andrew Fleming, a remote sensing expert from the <a href="https://www.bas.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">British Antarctic Survey</a>.</p>



<p>"It was grounded since 1986 but eventually it was going to decrease (in size) sufficiently to lose grip and start moving. I spotted first movement back in 2020."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-iceberg-alley-nbsp">Iceberg alley&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Now, A23a is rapidly drifting, influenced by winds and currents, and has reached the northern tip of the Antarctic Peninsula. It is likely to enter the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, following a path through "iceberg alley" towards the South Atlantic.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This route, famously utilized by Sir Ernest Shackleton in 1916 for his escape from Antarctica, often leads icebergs to South Georgia Island.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-will-happen-next-nbsp">What will happen next?&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The journey of A23a is under close scientific scrutiny. Should it ground at South Georgia, it could disrupt the feeding patterns of the island's wildlife, including millions of seals, penguins, and seabirds.&nbsp;</p>



<p>On the other hand, icebergs are not just hazards. They play a vital role in the environment. As icebergs melt, they release mineral dust, a key nutrient for oceanic food chains.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ecological-significance-nbsp">Ecological significance&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Dr. Catherine Walker of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution emphasizes the ecological significance of these ice giants. Born the same year as A23a, she sees a special connection with the iceberg, recognizing it as a source of life and biological activity.</p>



<p>The journey of A23a is a striking reminder of the dynamic and interconnected nature of our planet's ecosystems. Its movement, after being stationary for so many years, marks a significant event in the study of polar ice and climate change.</p>



<p>Image Credit; European Union/Copernicus Sentinel-3/Handout/Reuters</p>



<p>Like what you<em> read?</em> <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>—-</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com</a>.</p>

World's largest iceberg, A23a, is on the move after nearly 40 years

The world's largest iceberg, known as A23a, has begun to...

<p>NASA's Earth Surface Mineral Dust Source Investigation (EMIT) mission has surpassed expectations in its ability to identify sources of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/epa-plans-to-eliminate-greenhouse-gas-emissions-from-power-plants-by-2040/">greenhouse gas emissions</a> - particularly methane - from space.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Originally designed to map key minerals in arid regions, EMIT's proficiency in detecting methane emissions has become a significant aspect of its mission.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unexpected-capabilities-nbsp">Unexpected capabilities&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The spectrometer aboard the International Space Station has identified over 750 sources of methane emissions since August 2022. These sources vary in size and location, with some being small and others located in remote areas.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Andrew Thorpe is a research technologist at NASA’s <a href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a> and the lead author of a study on EMIT's capabilities.</p>



<p>“We were a little cautious at first about what we could do with the instrument,” said Thorpe. “It has exceeded our expectations.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-methane-detection">Methane detection</h2>



<p>Methane detection is crucial in addressing climate change due to its potent greenhouse effect. This potent gas is up to 80 times more effective at trapping heat compared to carbon dioxide over a decade, although it remains in the atmosphere for a shorter period of time.&nbsp;</p>



<p>By pinpointing methane emission sources, which include landfills, agricultural sites, and oil and gas facilities, EMIT enables operators to mitigate these emissions effectively.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-super-emitters">Super-emitters</h2>



<p>EMIT's sensitivity to both large and small methane emissions is notable. It has detected emissions ranging from tens of thousands to just hundreds of pounds of methane per hour.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This range allows for the identification of "super-emitters," which contribute disproportionately to total emissions.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-airborne-instruments-nbsp">Airborne instruments&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The instrument's data collection, covering large areas of the Earth's arid regions, marks a significant improvement over traditional airborne methane detection methods.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Airborne instruments, although more sensitive, are limited by the need for prior indications of methane presence, costs, and geographical reach. EMIT's space-based approach allows for broader and more consistent coverage.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-extensive-data">Extensive data</h2>



<p>The study highlights EMIT's ability to detect 60 to 85 percent of methane plumes typically seen in airborne campaigns within its first 30 days of greenhouse gas detection.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The instrument captures large surface images from its position on the ISS, providing extensive data on methane emissions in regions previously unreachable by airborne methods.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-global-mitigation-efforts">Global mitigation efforts</h2>



<p>EMIT’s findings are made available to the public, scientists, and organizations through maps of methane plumes on a dedicated website and underlying data at the NASA-United States Geological Survey Land Processes Distributed Active Archive Center (LP DAAC).&nbsp;</p>



<p>This transparency and data sharing enhance global understanding and mitigation efforts for greenhouse gas emissions.</p>



<p>The detection of a cluster of emissions in southern Uzbekistan and a small emission source in southeastern Libya exemplifies EMIT's wide-reaching capabilities.&nbsp;</p>



<p>These findings underscore the mission's importance in the global effort to monitor and combat climate change through advanced space technology.</p>



<p>Like what you<em> read?</em> <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>—-</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com</a>.</p>

NASA mission has surpassed expectations in tracking emissions

NASA's Earth Surface Mineral Dust Source Investigation (EMIT) mission has...

Pfas,-,Per-,And,Poly-fluoroalkyl,Substances,-,3d,Molecule,Conformer.

<p>In a recent development, the Pentagon has expressed concerns that sweeping bans on PFAS chemicals, often referred to as ‘forever chemicals,’ could jeopardize United States national security. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/forever-chemicals-are-raining-down-all-over-the-world/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">These substances</a> are ubiquitous in numerous everyday products and have been connected to health issues like cancer and infertility.</p>



<p>The <a href="https://www.defense.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">U.S. Department of Defense</a> (DoD) relies heavily on various PFAS-containing items, including weapons, uniforms, batteries, and microelectronics.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-military-equipment-and-technology">Military equipment and technology</h2>



<p>In a report to Congress in August, the DoD stated that comprehensive regulations or significant market shifts leading to the unavailability of PFAS could significantly hinder national security and the department’s operational capabilities.</p>



<p>The report highlights the vital role of PFAS chemicals in maintaining key military equipment and technology critical to military readiness and sustainability. Items ranging from microelectronic chips, lithium-ion batteries, helicopters, torpedoes, and tanks to everyday military gear like shoes, tents, and duffel bags all incorporate PFAS.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-health-concerns">Health concerns</h2>



<p>PFAS, or per- and polyfluorinated substances, are synthetic chemicals found in a vast array of products due to their properties that render items nonstick, waterproof, and oil-resistant.&nbsp;</p>



<p>However, they have been associated with numerous health concerns, including various cancers, low birth weight, thyroid issues, and developmental delays in children.</p>



<p>Military personnel may face increased risks from PFAS exposure due to the Department of Defense’s use of aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF), a PFAS-containing foam for extinguishing certain types of fires. AFFF is highly effective but now known to be harmful to humans. The use of these chemicals has resulted in environmental contamination, including PFAS-laden water near military bases.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-military-applications-nbsp">Military applications&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The issue has gained further attention with numerous firefighters and military workers suing manufacturers after observing higher cancer rates among their colleagues.&nbsp;</p>



<p>PFAS are utilized in a wide range of military applications, from water-repellent uniform coatings to brake fluid in aircraft, insulation in submarines, and missile components to enhance explosive performance and stability.</p>



<p>A government study in July established a direct correlation between testicular cancer and PFOS, a PFAS variant detected in the blood of many military personnel. In March, the <a href="https://www.epa.gov/">Environmental Protection Agency</a> (EPA) proposed the first-ever limits on PFAS in drinking water.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Furthermore, the 2023 James M. Inhofe National Defense Authorization Act instructed the Pentagon to evaluate the extent of PFAS in military equipment.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pfas-based-foam">PFAS-based foam</h2>



<p>The Department of Defense plans to discontinue purchases of PFAS-containing firefighting foam by year-end and phase it out entirely by 2025. The use of this foam in training was already ceased in 2020 following a congressional mandate.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Although new Navy ships are being built with alternative fire suppression methods like water mists, PFAS-containing systems are still in limited use where alternatives are deemed unsuitable.&nbsp;</p>



<p>For existing ships, there are currently no viable alternative foams, and the report emphasizes the dependence on PFAS-based foam for the safety and survival of naval ships and crews until an effective replacement is identified.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com</a>.</p>

Banning PFAS 'forever chemicals' may threaten US national security

In a recent development, the Pentagon has expressed concerns that...

<p>A recent study by the <a href="https://www.plymouth.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Plymouth</a> and Blue Marine Foundation reveals a significant ecological benefit of shipwrecks around the UK's coastline.&nbsp;</p>



<p>These shipwreck sites, estimated at around 50,000, have been acting as refuges for marine life, particularly in areas that are still open to destructive bottom towed <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/overfishing-is-wiping-out-large-bodied-fish-in-the-amazon/">fishing</a>.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-key-insights">Key insights</h2>



<p>The research shows that shipwrecks, many of which have been on the seabed for over a century, are deterring bottom towed trawling, a method commonly used by fishers to secure catches.</p>



<p>This deterrent effect has preserved the seabed in and around shipwreck sites from the damage typically seen in heavily fished areas. The study found a striking contrast in marine life density between wreck sites and areas actively used for bottom towed fishing.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-protected-areas">Protected areas</h2>



<p>On average, marine life density was 240% greater within wreck sites compared to actively trawled areas. This difference was even more pronounced within a 50m radius of the wrecks, where marine life density was 340% greater than control sites.</p>



<p>By contrast, in areas closed to trawling, the abundance of marine life was 149% greater than on wreck sites and 85% greater than the seabed surrounding the wrecks. This indicates that while shipwrecks offer significant protection, fully protected areas show even greater ecological benefits.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-trawling-pressure-nbsp">Trawling pressure&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Jenny Hickman, who completed this research as part of her MSc Marine Conservation program at the University of Plymouth, emphasized the lack of trawling pressure at the shipwreck sites.</p>



<p>"The industrial use of bottom towed fishing gear has been commonplace since the 1800s, and has significantly altered marine communities and ecosystem services. Outside of legal protection, only areas inaccessible to trawlers are offered any protection, which is why shipwreck sites are rarely subject to trawling pressure," explained Hickman.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"As many have been in situ for more than 100 years, they offer a baseline of ecological potential when trawling pressure is reduced or removed.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-study">Focus of the study</h2>



<p>The research was conducted around five shipwreck sites off the Berwickshire coast, believed to have sunk in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The team gathered video footage from these wrecks, the surrounding areas, and control locations, assessing the diversity and abundance of marine species.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ecosystem-recovery-nbsp">Ecosystem recovery&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Joe Richards, Scotland Project Manager for Blue Marine Foundation and co-author of the study, expressed his excitement about the findings.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“It has long been thought that shipwrecks could be playing an important role in providing sanctuary for marine species to utilize. It is brilliant to see this proven in this study," said Richards.</p>



<p>"The research provides an insight into what might be possible if bottom towed fishing activity is reduced. This feeds into our wider understanding of shipwrecks potential to contribute to ecosystem recovery and enhancement, given the sheer number found on the seabed.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications-nbsp">Study implications&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The University of Plymouth and Blue Marine Foundation have a long-standing collaboration, studying the benefits of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs). Their research, including studies in the Lyme Bay MPA, has informed the UK Government’s approach to MPA management.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The researchers say the latest study demonstrates the importance of factoring wreck sites into future conservation plans, but also the benefits of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) status.</p>



<p>“In recent years, the UK has made significant strides in terms of measures to protect the marine environment. There is still much to be done to reach the goal of having 30% of the ocean protected by 2030, but if we are to get close to that we need detailed evidence about what makes our ocean so special and any existing initiatives that are working well," said study senior author Dr. Emma Sheehan.</p>



<p>"This study builds on our existing work in that regard, and highlights an impact of past human activity that is actually having a positive impact on the seabed today. It is unquestionably something that should be factored into future marine management plans.”</p>



<p>Image Credit: marcusrose.gue</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/maec.12782" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Marine Ecology</em></a><em>.</em></p>



<p>---</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>---</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth.com</a>.</p>

Hidden havens: Shipwreck sites provide a sanctuary for marine life

A recent study by the University of Plymouth and Blue...

<p>In a stark reminder of the growing impacts of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/indisputable-evidence-of-human-caused-climate-change/">climate</a> change, a recent report from Peru has revealed alarming reductions in the country's tropical glacier coverage.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The <a href="https://policycommons.net/orgs/national-institute-of-research-on-glaciers-and-mountain-ecosystems-pe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">National Institute of Research on Mountain Glaciers and Ecosystems</a> announced on Wednesday that Peru, home to 68% of the world's tropical glaciers, has seen a dramatic 56% decrease in its glacier area over the last six decades.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significant-risks">Significant risks</h2>



<p>This loss, attributed to rising global temperatures, is not just a matter of environmental concern but also poses significant risks to local communities.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The melting glaciers have resulted in the formation of new mountain lagoons, increasing the danger of floods due to potential overflow. This revelation comes from an extensive study involving satellite imagery data up to 2020.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-concerning-loss-nbsp">Concerning loss&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Peru, which once boasted 2,399 square kilometers of ice and snow in 1962, now has only 1,050 square kilometers of glaciers, spread across 2,084 identified glacier sites.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Beatriz Fuentealba, the director of the institute, highlighted the severity of the situation, noting a concerning 6% loss of high mountain glaciers in just four years, from 2016 to 2020. This observation was particularly noted in the Ancash region, where many glaciers have vanished.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-glacial-lagoons-nbsp">Glacial lagoons&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The report also brings to light the formation of new glacial lagoons, a number that has increased to 8,466, covering an area of about 1,081 square kilometers. These lagoons, while potentially serving as future water reserves, are located at high altitudes between 4,000 and 5,000 meters, posing significant flooding risks.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"The new lagoons could be, in the future, water reserves, but being at high altitudes they cause a danger of overflowing and flooding," said Jesus Gomez, director of research on glaciers at the Ministry of the Environment.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications-nbsp">Study implications&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Peru's tropical glaciers, primarily located above 6,000 meters (19,685 feet) above sea level, are critical not only for the local ecosystems but also for the communities that depend on them for water and agriculture.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The loss of these glaciers is a clear indication of the urgent need for global action on climate change, as the consequences are now directly affecting countries and communities.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-glacier-loss">More about glacier loss</h2>



<p>The loss of glaciers globally, and particularly in regions like Peru, signifies a profound environmental shift that is deeply interconnected with the broader impacts of climate change.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Glaciers, often referred to as Earth's "freshwater reservoirs," play a crucial role in the global ecosystem. They not only store fresh water but also reflect sunlight, helping to moderate the planet's temperature. However, with rising global temperatures, glaciers are melting at an unprecedented rate, leading to a cascade of environmental consequences.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sea-level-rise-nbsp">Sea-level rise&nbsp;</h3>



<p>One of the most visible effects of glacier loss is the rise in sea levels. As glaciers melt, they add more water to the oceans, contributing to the gradual, yet steady, increase in sea levels. This poses a significant threat to coastal communities and low-lying areas, increasing the risk of flooding and potentially displacing millions of people.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-glacial-lakes">Glacial lakes</h3>



<p>Furthermore, the melting of glaciers can lead to the formation of glacial lakes, which can be a source of freshwater but also present a risk of catastrophic outburst floods. These floods can cause widespread destruction, particularly in mountainous regions where communities may be located downstream.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-water-availability-nbsp">Water availability&nbsp;</h3>



<p>The loss of glaciers also affects water availability. Many rivers are fed by the meltwater from glaciers, especially during the warmer months. With the decrease in glacier volume, the water supply in these rivers is reduced, affecting agriculture, hydropower generation, and the daily life of those who depend on these water sources.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ecosystems">Ecosystems</h3>



<p>Moreover, glacier retreat is altering ecosystems. As glaciers recede, they leave behind barren land that undergoes ecological succession, creating new habitats but also disrupting existing ones. This has implications for the flora and fauna that have adapted to the cold glacier environments.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cultural-significance-nbsp">Cultural significance&nbsp;</h3>



<p>In addition, the aesthetic and cultural significance of glaciers cannot be overlooked. Many cultures revere glaciers as sacred entities, and their disappearance can have cultural and psychological impacts on these communities.</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>—-</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com</a>.</p>

Peru has lost over half of its glaciers in six decades

In a stark reminder of the growing impacts of climate...

<p>A recent study by <a href="https://www.mcgill.ca/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">McGill University</a> and international collaborators provides a comprehensive understanding of how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/temperature-variability-endangers-bird-nestlings/">temperature extremes</a> influence the distribution of species, particularly cold-blooded animals.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This study, which is critical in the context of climate change, reveals intricate patterns in the role temperature plays in determining species habitats.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-study-nbsp">Focus of the study&nbsp;</h2>



<p>"Understanding how temperature determines the distribution of life is necessary to assess species’ sensitivities to contemporary climate change," wrote the study authors.</p>



<p>"Here, we test the importance of temperature in limiting the geographic ranges of ectotherms by comparing the temperatures and areas that species occupy to the temperatures and areas species could potentially occupy on the basis of their physiological thermal tolerances."</p>



<p>This method offered insights into how species' distribution is influenced by temperature and other factors. The research was focused on 60 cold-blooded species from different geographic realms.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-changes-nbsp">Environmental changes&nbsp;</h2>



<p>A key finding is the differential impact of temperature on terrestrial and marine species.&nbsp;</p>



<p>While temperature directly impacts species in oceans, land animals like reptiles, amphibians, and insects show a lesser direct correlation with temperature for their habitat range.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This distinction underscores the complex dynamics in how different species adapt to environmental changes.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-habitat-choices">Habitat choices</h2>



<p>The experts also observed a notable pattern concerning species' latitude and their distribution. Species higher in latitudes tend to avoid equatorial regions, even if the temperatures there are within their tolerance range.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This suggests that factors other than temperature, such as negative interactions with other species, might be influencing their habitat choices.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-surprising-patterns-nbsp">Surprising patterns&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Study lead author Nikki A. Moore, a PhD student in the Department of Biology at McGill, highlighted the unexpected patterns linked to temperature across species.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“It was not surprising to find that temperature doesn’t always limit species ranges, but what was surprising was that, despite the complexity, we found general patterns in the role that temperature plays across species,” said Moore.</p>



<p>“This research helps us to understand general patterns in how sensitive the distributions of different cold-blooded animal species might be to changes in temperature, which will help us to predict how the global distribution of species will change because of climate change.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-species-distribution-nbsp">Species distribution&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The study sheds light on two conflicting hypotheses about species distribution.</p>



<p>“While it had long been thought that species ranges are less limited by temperature and more limited by species interactions in the tropics, the new work shows that higher-latitude species are increasingly excluded from their potential ranges in the tropics, supporting the idea of a trade-off between broad thermal tolerances and performance in the tropics,” said Moore.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications-nbsp">Study implications&nbsp;</h2>



<p>According to the researchers, predicting and testing how species distributions respond to temperature requires good observations of where species live.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The team noted that anyone can get involved in contributing to our knowledge of species distributions through citizen science, using applications such as iNaturalist.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41559-023-02239-x" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Nature Ecology &amp; Evolution</em></a><em>.</em></p>



<p>---</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>---</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth.com</a>.</p>

How temperature extremes change the distribution of species

A recent study by McGill University and international collaborators provides...

<p>A new study led by the <a href="https://www.geomar.de/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel</a> has uncovered significant insights into the impact of seafloor mining and ocean warming on deep pelagic jellyfish, particularly the helmet jellyfish.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This research is crucial in understanding the stress responses of midwater organisms, a largely unexplored area in marine biology.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-human-pressures-nbsp">Human pressures&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The deep sea, one of the largest habitats on Earth, is facing increasing environmental pressures from human activities.&nbsp;</p>



<p>One such activity, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/underwater-upheaval-the-ecological-impact-of-deep-sea-mining/">deep-sea mining</a>, aims to extract seafloor minerals but inadvertently creates suspended sediment clouds, or plumes, that can spread far beyond the mining sites.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-midwater-ecosystems-nbsp">Midwater ecosystems&nbsp;</h2>



<p>These plumes, which can travel for hundreds of kilometers, pose a significant threat to midwater ecosystems, which typically have low sediment levels and are thus highly sensitive to such disturbances.</p>



<p>Dr. Helena Hauss, co-first author of the study and Research Director Marine Ecology at Norwegian Research Centre (NORCE), expressed her concern about the consequences of deep sea mining.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“The midwater is crucial for the global ocean’s capacity to store carbon, but also its inhabitants are the main food source for many fish, squid, and marine mammal species and therefore resemble a critical link in the marine food web," said Dr. Hauss.</p>



<p>"They have evolved under much more stable conditions compared to surface dwelling animals, under a constant scarcity of food, and are therefore potentially more susceptible to changing conditions in their environment.”&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fragile-organisms-nbsp">Fragile organisms&nbsp;</h2>



<p>“Midwater species are often fragile, gelatinous and sometimes giant organisms, with low metabolic rates that are difficult to observe in their natural environment and to perform experiments on," added Dr. Henk-Jan Hoving, senior author and group leader of the Deep Sea Ecology group at GEOMAR.</p>



<p>"Their physical fragility may make them particularly vulnerable to environmental disturbance. At the same we have only scratched the surface when it comes to exploring the midwater and most biodiversity still remains unknown, as well as their function in the ecosystem, and their tolerance to change.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-research">Focus of the research</h2>



<p>For the first time, the researchers have investigated the stress response of a midwater organism - the helmet jellyfish - to simulated sediment plumes.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Since determining ‘stress’ in a jellyfish is not a straightforward process, we investigated their response from multiple angles and combined insights gained from their physiology, gene expression and the microbial symbionts on the jellyfish’s exterior," explained Vanessa Stenvers, co-first author of the study and doctoral candidate at GEOMAR and the Smithsonian Institution.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-alarming-results">Alarming results</h2>



<p>After approximately 1.5 hours of exposure, the jellyfish accumulated sediment particles and produced excess mucus in response.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“While mucus helped jellyfish maintain a stable microbiome, continuous mucus production is an energetically costly response and can demand a substantial portion of the total energy budget of an animal," said Stenvers.</p>



<p>Furthermore, the highest sediment treatments triggered a marked expression of genes linked to respiration, innate immunity, and wound repair, indicating a stress response.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-warming-waters">Warming waters</h2>



<p>Notably, the experts found that sediment-induced stress was more severe than a four-degree increase in sea water temperature, a scenario projected in extreme global warming cases.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Current climate models predict a one-degree rise over the next 84 years, suggesting that sediment plumes are a more immediate threat.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications-nbsp">Broader implications&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The researchers expressed concern that the increased energy expenditure observed in the helmet jellyfish, due to stress responses, might lead to increased food requirements. Given the scarcity of food in deep-sea environments, this could potentially result in starvation.</p>



<p>Gelatinous animals, like the helmet jellyfish, are abundant in deep-sea ecosystems and play a crucial role in these environments. The stress responses observed in the helmet jellyfish may be indicative of broader impacts on similar species.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-the-threat">Understanding the threat</h2>



<p>“With deep-sea mining possibly starting in the next decade, which has the potential to disturb nearby water column habitats as well as the seafloor, understanding the combined effects of mining and ocean warming is essential," concluded study co-author Professor Andrew K. Sweetman from the Scottish Association for Marine Science.</p>



<p>The team hopes that their study, which provides a first glimpse into what some of the possible impacts may be in the midwater zone, will be taken into account by mining companies and the International Seabed Authority (ISA) to develop mining strategies that reduce the environmental damage as much as possible.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-helmet-jellyfish-nbsp">Helmet jellyfish&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The helmet jellyfish, named for its distinct hat-like shape, is a fascinating organism residing in the midwater regions of the deep sea. This environment, characterized by its minimal light and immense pressures, is home to a diverse array of species, many of which remain largely unknown to science.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The helmet jellyfish is an integral part of this ecosystem, and its study offers vital insights into the broader ecological dynamics of deep-sea environments.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-deep-sea-food-webs">Deep-sea food webs</h3>



<p>The helmet jellyfish also plays an essential role in deep-sea food webs. Like other gelatinous creatures in the ocean's depths, it contributes to the cycling of nutrients and serves as both predator and prey within its ecosystem.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This dual role underscores the importance of ensuring the health and stability of species like the helmet jellyfish, as disruptions to their populations could have cascading effects throughout the deep-sea community.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-adaptive-mechanisms-nbsp">Adaptive mechanisms&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Furthermore, the genetic responses of the helmet jellyfish to environmental stress, such as changes in genes related to respiration, immunity, and wound repair, provide a window into the adaptive mechanisms of deep-sea life.&nbsp;</p>



<p>These adaptations are not just vital for the survival of individual species like the helmet jellyfish but are also key to maintaining the resilience of the broader deep-sea ecosystem in the face of global environmental changes.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-43023-6" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Nature Communications</em></a>.</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>—-&nbsp;</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com</a>.</p>

Deep impacts: Helmet jellyfish foretell the dangers of seafloor mining

A new study led by the GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for...

<p>On November 17, 2023, Earth's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/limiting-global-warming-to-1-5-degrees-celsius-would-save-billions-of-lives/">global temperature</a> exceeded 2 degrees Celsius (2°C) above pre-industrial levels for the first time.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This critical environmental milestone was reported in ERA5, the fifth reanalysis of the global climate by <a href="https://www.ecmwf.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ECMWF</a>, implemented as part of the Copernicus Climate Change Service.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-shocking-temperature-records">Shocking temperature records</h2>



<p>The ERA5 data, which covers the period from 1940 to the present, indicated that on November 17, the global surface air temperature was 2.07°C higher than the pre-industrial average, a benchmark period from 1850-1900 before the widespread use of fossil fuels.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Additionally, provisional data for November 18 showed a temperature anomaly of 2.06°C above the pre-industrial level.</p>



<p>This alarming development, released just before the commencement of the 28th Conference of the Parties (COP28) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in Dubai, brings the issue of climate change into sharp focus.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-time-for-action-is-now">The time for action is now</h2>



<p>“The ERA5 record now contains two days where global temperatures exceed the pre-industrial level by more than 2°C," said <a href="https://climate.copernicus.eu/">Copernicus Climate Change Service</a> (C3S) Director Carlo Buontempo.</p>



<p>"That this should happen in the same month that world leaders will gather to take stock of progress towards meeting Paris Agreement commitments at COP28 sends a very clear message - the time for definitive action to tackle climate change is now."</p>



<p>“While exceeding the 2°C threshold for a number of days does not mean that we have breached the Paris Agreement targets, the more often that we exceed this threshold, the more serious the cumulative effects of these breaches will become."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hottest-november-ever">Hottest November ever</h2>



<p>The ERA5 data also revealed that the global surface air temperature on November 17 was 1.17°C above the average for the 1991-2020 reference period, suggesting that November 2023 is on track to be the warmest November recorded.</p>



<p>The ERA5 data are part of the ERA5T dataset, which provides preliminary climate data with a delay of up to five days. These data will undergo verification and will be included in the final ERA5 dataset after the standard 2-3 month quality control period.</p>



<p>The report underscores the urgent need for comprehensive and decisive action to address climate change, a critical topic for discussion at the upcoming COP28.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-is-the-2-c-limit-so-important-nbsp">Why is the 2°C limit so important?&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The 2 degrees Celsius temperature limit is a crucial benchmark in climate change discussions for several reasons:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-basis-nbsp">Scientific basis&nbsp;</h3>



<p>This limit is based on extensive scientific research suggesting that keeping global warming below 2 degrees Celsius significantly reduces the risks and impacts of climate change.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-impact">Environmental impact</h3>



<p>Beyond the 2°C threshold, the likelihood of severe, pervasive, and irreversible impacts on ecosystems and biodiversity increases dramatically.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sea-level-rise">Sea level rise</h3>



<p>A temperature rise above 2 degrees could lead to more significant sea level rise, affecting low-lying areas and island nations.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-extreme-weather-events-nbsp">Extreme weather events&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Higher temperatures are associated with more extreme weather events like heatwaves, droughts, floods, and hurricanes, which have devastating effects on human life, agriculture, and infrastructure.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-food-and-water-security">Food and water security</h3>



<p>Exceeding the 2 degrees limit could jeopardize food and water security for millions of people, as it affects crop yields and water availability.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-social-and-economic-impacts">Social and economic impacts</h3>



<p>These environmental changes could lead to significant social and economic disruptions, including increased poverty, migration, and conflict.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tipping-points">Tipping points</h3>



<p>There is a risk of crossing critical thresholds or "tipping points" in the Earth's system, like the melting of polar ice caps and permafrost, which could lead to a cascade of further changes and make it more difficult to control future warming.</p>



<p>Like what you<em> read?</em> <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>—-</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com</a>.</p>

Earth's global temperature exceeded 2°C for the first time

On November 17, 2023, Earth's global temperature exceeded 2 degrees...

<p>The latest Emissions Gap Report from the UN Environment Programme (UNEP) delivers a stark warning: current pledges under the Paris Agreement are insufficient, setting the world on a course for a concerning 2.5-2.9°C temperature rise this century.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This alarming forecast, detailed in the report “Emissions Gap Report 2023: Broken Record – Temperatures hit new highs, yet world fails to cut emissions (again),” underscores the critical need for increasing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humanity-should-brace-for-catastrophic-climate-change/">climate</a> action.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-low-carbon-transformations">Low-carbon transformations</h2>



<p>Released in anticipation of the 2023 climate summit in Dubai, the report emphasizes the necessity of global low-carbon transformations. These changes are imperative to achieve the substantial cuts in predicted 2030 greenhouse gas emissions -- 28 percent for a 2°C pathway and 42 percent for a 1.5°C pathway.</p>



<p>“We know it is still possible to make the 1.5-degree limit a reality. It requires tearing out the poisoned root of the climate crisis: <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/un-report-current-fossil-fuel-plans-will-shatter-1-5c-climate-goal/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fossil fuels</a>. And it demands a just, equitable renewables transition,” said UN Secretary-General Antònio Guterres.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ambitious-targets-are-needed">Ambitious targets are needed</h2>



<p>The report stresses that significant mitigation within this decade is essential to narrow the emissions gap. This approach would support more ambitious 2035 targets in the next round of Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) and bolster the likelihood of achieving net-zero pledges, which currently encompass about 80 percent of global emissions.</p>



<p>Inger Andersen, Executive Director of UNEP, highlighted the universal impact of climate change. “We need to stop setting unwanted records on greenhouse gas emissions, global temperature highs and extreme weather,” he said, advocating a shift in focus towards decisive actions in emissions reduction and climate finance.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-temperature-rise-projections">Temperature rise projections</h2>



<ul>
<li>The year up to early October saw 86 days with temperatures exceeding 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels.<br></li>



<li>September registered as the hottest month on record, averaging 1.8°C above pre-industrial levels.<br></li>



<li>Global GHG emissions increased by 1.2 percent from 2021 to 2022, reaching a new high of 57.4 GtCO2e.<br></li>



<li>The G20 nations also saw a 1.2 percent increase in emissions in 2022.</li>
</ul>



<p>Projections indicate that without intensified mitigation efforts, the world faces a temperature rise of 3°C this century under current policies. Full implementation of unconditional NDCs could limit this increase to 2.9°C, and conditional NDCs could cap it at 2.5°C, with a 66 percent probability.</p>



<p>These figures represent a slight increase from the 2022 Emissions Gap Report, attributable to the inclusion of more models in the estimation process.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-emissions-gap-efforts-are-inadequate">Emissions gap efforts are inadequate</h2>



<p>To align with the 2°C goal of the Paris Agreement, global emissions in 2030 need to be cut by 28 percent, and by 42 percent for the 1.5°C goal.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Meeting conditional NDCs and net-zero pledges could make the 2°C limit feasible, but current efforts are not consistent with these targets. The likelihood of staying within 1.5°C is just 14 percent in the most optimistic scenario.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-considerable-work-is-needed">Considerable work is needed</h2>



<p>Though policy progress since the Paris Agreement has reduced the implementation gap, significant work remains. The report calls for comprehensive low-carbon development transformations, especially in high-income and high-emitting countries, and stresses the importance of supporting developing nations in meeting their development needs with low-emission growth.</p>



<p>The upcoming <a href="https://www.cop28.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">COP28</a> and the <a href="https://unfccc.int/topics/global-stocktake" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Global Stocktake</a> provide an opportunity for nations to draft ambitious development and climate policies, with clearly defined finance and technology needs. The report also discusses the role of carbon dioxide removal, emphasizing the risks and uncertainties associated with its large-scale deployment.</p>



<p><a href="https://www.unep.org/resources/emissions-gap-report-2023" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Emissions Gap Report 2023</a> serves as a crucial reminder of the urgent need for transformative climate action to avert the severe consequences of unmitigated climate change.</p>



<p>---</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>---</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth.com</a>.</p>

Warning: Climate pledges are not enough to avoid 3°C temperature rise

The latest Emissions Gap Report from the UN Environment Programme...

Hole,Of,Blue,Sky,In,The,Dark,Clouds

<p>A study conducted by researchers at the <a href="https://www.otago.ac.nz/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Otago</a> has revealed disturbing trends in ozone holes over Antarctica.</p>



<p>According to the study, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/antarcticas-ozone-hole-is-now-one-of-the-largest-on-record/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ozone</a> hole has been alarmingly large and persistent over the past few years, contrary to public perception.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-large-ozone-holes">Large ozone holes</h2>



<p>"The past three years (2020–2022) have witnessed the re-emergence of large, long-lived <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wildfire-smoke-particles-erode-the-ozone-layer/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ozone</a> holes over Antarctica," wrote the researchers.</p>



<p>"Understanding <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ozone-depletion-in-the-arctic-leads-to-weather-anomalies/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ozone</a> variability remains of high importance due to the major role Antarctic stratospheric ozone plays in climate variability across the Southern Hemisphere."&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-study-nbsp">Focus of the study&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The study authors noted that climate change has already incited new sources of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wildfire-smoke-particles-erode-the-ozone-layer/">ozone depletion</a>, and the atmospheric abundance of several chlorofluorocarbons has recently been on the rise.</p>



<p>"In this work, we take a comprehensive look at the monthly and daily ozone changes at different altitudes and latitudes within the Antarctic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ozone-pollution-threatens-the-health-of-plants-and-pollinators/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ozone</a> hole."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significant-discoveries">Significant discoveries</h2>



<p>Hannah Kessenich, the lead author and a PhD candidate in the Department of Physics, said the team found there is much less ozone in the center of the ozone hole compared to 19 years ago.</p>



<p>“This means that the hole is not only larger in area, but also deeper throughout most of spring," said Kessenich. “We made connections between this drop in ozone and changes in the air that is arriving into the polar vortex above Antarctica. This reveals the recent, large <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/1987-ozone-treaty-had-an-unexpected-benefit-for-the-environment/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ozone</a> holes may not be caused just by CFCs."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-delayed-recovery-of-ozone-holes">Delayed recovery of ozone holes</h2>



<p>"Taking ozone modulating factors into account, the 2022 Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion concluded that the Antarctic ozone hole should be on track to recover by 2065," wrote the researchers.</p>



<p>"Latest results, however, indicate that recovery may be delayed due to previously unaccounted for chlorine release from wildfire aerosols and anthropogenic emissions."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unresolved-issue">Unresolved issue</h2>



<p>The Montreal Protocol, which was finalized in 1987, is a global agreement to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production and consumption of ozone-depleting substances such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs).</p>



<p>“Most major communications about the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ozone-pollution-makes-it-difficult-for-bees-to-find-flowers/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ozone layer</a> over the last few years have given the public the impression that the ‘ozone issue’ has been solved," said Kessenich.</p>



<p>“While the Montreal Protocol has vastly improved our situation with CFCs destroying <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cfcs-are-not-the-only-culprit-bushfire-smoke-may-also-destroy-ozone/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ozone</a>, the hole has been amongst the largest on record over the past three years, and in two of the five years prior to that."</p>



<p>“Our analysis ended with data from 2022, but as of today the 2023 ozone hole has already surpassed the size of the three years prior – late last month it was over 26 million km2, nearly twice the area of Antarctica.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications">Study implications</h2>



<p>Kessenich emphasized the importance of understanding ozone variability. “We all know about the recent wildfires and cyclones in Australia and New Zealand and the Antarctic ozone hole is part of this picture."</p>



<p>“While separate from the impact of greenhouse gases on climate, the ozone hole interacts with the delicate balance in the atmosphere. Because ozone usually absorbs UV light, a hole in the ozone layer can not only cause extreme UV levels on the surface of Antarctica, but it can also drastically impact where heat is stored in the atmosphere."</p>



<p>“Downstream effects include changes to the Southern Hemisphere’s wind patterns and surface climate, which can impact us locally,” said Kessenich.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-ozone-holes">More about ozone holes</h2>



<p>As discussed above, the term "ozone hole" refers to a significant depletion of the ozone layer in Earth's stratosphere. This layer, rich in ozone (O₃) molecules, plays a crucial role in shielding the planet from the Sun's harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation. </p>



<p>An "ozone hole" is a region where the concentration of ozone is drastically lower than the surrounding areas.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-causes-of-ozone-depletion">Causes of ozone depletion</h3>



<p>Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs): The primary cause of ozone depletion is human-made chemicals known as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). These compounds, once widely used in refrigerators, air conditioners, and aerosol sprays, release chlorine and bromine upon exposure to UV light. These elements are highly effective at breaking down ozone molecules, leading to the thinning of the ozone layer.</p>



<p>Other Contributing Factors: Other contributors to ozone depletion include other halogenated ozone-depleting substances like halons, carbon tetrachloride, and methyl chloroform. Natural phenomena such as volcanic eruptions can also temporarily enhance ozone depletion by increasing the stratospheric particle load, which facilitates the destruction of ozone.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-effects-of-ozone-depletion">Effects of ozone depletion</h3>



<p>Increased UV Radiation: With less ozone in the stratosphere, more UV radiation reaches the Earth's surface. This increase in UV exposure can lead to higher rates of skin cancer, cataracts, and other health issues in humans. It also negatively impacts marine ecosystems, particularly affecting plankton, and can harm terrestrial plant life.</p>



<p>Climate Impacts: Ozone depletion also contributes to climate change, as substances that destroy ozone are often potent greenhouse gases. However, the relationship between ozone depletion and global warming is complex, as the two phenomena impact different layers of the Earth's atmosphere.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-recovery-efforts">Recovery efforts</h3>



<p>The Montreal Protocol: A significant step in addressing the issue was the adoption of the Montreal Protocol in 1987. This international treaty was designed to phase out the production and use of CFCs and other ozone-depleting substances. Amendments and adjustments to the protocol have further strengthened its effectiveness.</p>



<p>Signs of Recovery: Thanks to global efforts under the Montreal Protocol, the ozone layer is showing signs of recovery. Scientists predict that with continued adherence to the treaty, the ozone layer could return to its pre-1980 levels by the middle of the 21st century.</p>



<p>In summary, ozone holes are a clear example of the impact human activities can have on our planet. The success story of the Montreal Protocol demonstrates that global cooperation and proactive measures can lead to the restoration and preservation of crucial environmental resources. Continued vigilance and adherence to environmental protocols are essential to ensure the full recovery of the ozone layer.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-42637-0#:~:text=Climate%20change%20has%20already%20incited,recently%20been%20on%20the%20rise." target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Nature Communications</em></a><em>.</em></p>



<p>---</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>---</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth.com</a>.</p>

Large ozone holes have reappeared over Antarctica

A study conducted by researchers at the University of Otago...

<p>Coastal river deltas are under an enormous amount of strain and the dangers they face extend beyond climate change, according to a new study from <a href="https://www.lunduniversity.lu.se/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Lund University</a> and Utrecht University.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The researchers have identified the pressures that pose the biggest threats by analyzing possible future development across 49 coastal river deltas worldwide.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ineffective-governance-nbsp">Ineffective governance&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The results suggest that poor environmental governance is the biggest threat to the sustainability of deltas. This is particularly the case in Africa and Asia.</p>



<p>Study lead author Murray Scown is an associate senior lecturer at the Lund University Centre for Sustainability Studies.</p>



<p>“We can clearly show that many risks are not linked to climate," said Scown. "While climate change is a global problem, other important risk factors like land subsidence, population density and ineffective governance are local problems."&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Risks to deltas will only increase over time, so now is the time for governments to take action."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-global-sustainable-development">Global sustainable development</h2>



<p>Home to more than half a billion people, coastal river deltas support agriculture, fisheries, cities, and unique ecosystems.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Deltas play a critical role in the ambition to achieve global sustainable development given their relatively large shares in population and productive croplands, as well as their precarious low-lying position between upstream river basin development and rising seas," wrote the researchers.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sea-level-rise-nbsp">Sea-level rise&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The experts noted that the low elevation of deltas means that they are highly exposed to risks from relative sea-level rise, flooding, and salinization.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"As a result of these risks and further urbanization, ecosystems in deltas are increasingly degraded or lost," wrote the researchers.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-uncertain-future">Uncertain future</h2>



<p>The loss of delta environments could have major consequences. Despite the importance of deltas for sustainable development, the future of deltas around the globe remain highly uncertain and unexplored, the researchers noted.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-study-nbsp">Focus of the study&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The team analyzed five different IPCC scenarios for global development in deltas all over the world to predict possible risks throughout the rest of the century. The study was focused on 13 primary risk factors.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The experts studied famous deltas such as the Nile and the Mississippi, but also included deltas that are less well-known such as the Volta and Zambezi deltas.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"The 49 deltas analyzed for this research include the most populated and largest coastal deltas in the world, as well as a range of smaller and less populated deltas to provide a representative sample of the world’s deltas across climates, biomes, and socio-economic development states," wrote the study authors.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-critical-insights">Critical insights</h2>



<p>The analysis revealed that, under all five scenarios, the biggest threats to coastal river deltas are population density, land subsidence, sea-level rise, crop land use, and ineffective governance.</p>



<p>Land subsidence was found to be the greatest risk factor for the Mekong delta in Vietnam, while extreme sea levels are among the most concerning risk factors for deltas in China and several other parts of the world.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Under certain scenarios, population density was the biggest future threat for the Nile, Niger, and the Ganges deltas.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-potentially-devastating-consequences-nbsp">Potentially devastating consequences&nbsp;</h2>



<p>“Analyzed all together, we can see that the Asian mega-deltas are at greatest risk, with potentially devastating consequences for millions of people, and for the environment," said Scown.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"They are under pressure from population growth, intense agricultural land use, relative sea-level rise, and lagging adaptation readiness."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-urgent-action-is-needed">Urgent action is needed</h2>



<p>Study co-author Philip Minderhoud, assistant professor at Wageningen University and Research, said that instead of sitting back, governments need to think long-term, and put plans in place to reduce or mitigate risks.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"In the Mekong delta, for example, the Vietnamese government are making strong efforts to restrict future groundwater extraction in the delta to reduce land subsidence and salinization," said Minderhoud.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2023.102736" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Global Environmental Change</em></a>.</p>



<p>Like what you<em> read?</em> <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>—-</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com</a>.</p>

Coastal river deltas face major threats beyond climate change 

Coastal river deltas are under an enormous amount of strain...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lHHxOej4QfE
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Researchers found a correlation between Alzheimer's disease and traffic pollution.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-invisible-threat-in-urban-air"><strong>Invisible threat in urban air</strong></h2>



<p>City dwellers face an unseen danger with every breath. New findings from Emory University researchers suggest that fine particulate matter from <a href="http://earth.com/news/traffic-related-air-pollution-might-increase-alzheimers-risk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">vehicle emissions may significantly elevate the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease</a>. The study examined brain tissue samples from 224 individuals who had confirmed diagnoses and volunteered their brains for scientific research.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-disturbing-connections-emerge"><strong>Disturbing connections emerge</strong></h2>



<p>Scientists analyzed neuritic plaques — protein clusters that characterize Alzheimer's — while mapping each participant's exposure to PM2.5 particles based on residential location and surrounding traffic density. The correlation proved more alarming than anticipated. Individuals experiencing higher pollution exposure showed nearly double the likelihood of elevated plaque accumulation in brain tissue.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-timing-matters"><strong>Timing matters</strong></h2>



<p>The research team discovered that pollution exposure during the final year before death demonstrated the strongest association with brain changes. This timeline suggests relatively rapid impacts from environmental toxins on neural health. The connection remained robust even after accounting for various demographic and health factors.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genetic-vulnerability-patterns"><strong>Genetic vulnerability patterns</strong></h2>



<p>Perhaps most concerning, people lacking the APOE gene—which naturally predisposes individuals to Alzheimer's — exhibited more than twice the susceptibility to pollution-related brain damage. Study author Dr. Anke Huels noted this indicates environmental elements like air contamination could trigger the disease in cases where hereditary factors don't explain.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-public-health-implications"><strong>Public health implications</strong></h2>



<p>These findings, published in <em><a href="https://www.neurology.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Neurology</a></em>, underscore the critical importance of air quality regulations in urban planning. The research suggests that implementing stricter emission controls and promoting alternative transportation could serve as powerful tools in Alzheimer's prevention.</p>



<p>As cities worldwide grapple with growing traffic congestion and aging populations, this study highlights an urgent need for comprehensive approaches to environmental health that protect both our lungs and our minds.</p>



<p>—–</p>



<p>Like what you saw and read?&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a>&nbsp;for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>—–</p>



<p>Check us out on&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth.com</a>.</p>



<p>—–</p>

Traffic fumes may trigger Alzheimer's

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lHHxOej4QfE Researchers found a correlation between Alzheimer's disease and traffic...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that scientists never expected.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hidden-waters-beneath-ancient-craters">Hidden waters beneath ancient craters</h2>



<p>Scientists have made a startling discovery that challenges everything we thought we knew about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/saturn-moon-mimas-has-remarkably-young-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Saturn's moon Mimas</a>. Beneath the heavily cratered surface that earned it the nickname "Death Star" lies a global ocean that formed just 5 to 15 million years ago—a remarkably young age by cosmic standards.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cassini-data-reveals-orbital-secrets">Cassini data reveals orbital secrets</h2>



<p>The discovery, led by Dr. Valéry Lainey of the <a href="https://observatoiredeparis.psl.eu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Observatoire de Paris</a>, emerged from careful analysis of <a href="https://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>'s Cassini spacecraft data. By studying subtle irregularities in Mimas's orbit around Saturn, researchers detected the gravitational signature of liquid water hidden 20 to 30 kilometers beneath the moon's icy shell.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-an-unlikely-ocean-world">An unlikely ocean world</h2>



<p>At only 400 kilometers in diameter, Mimas seemed like the least likely candidate to harbor a subsurface ocean. Unlike other ocean moons such as Europa and Enceladus, which show clear surface signs of internal activity, Mimas displays no obvious hints of the liquid water beneath its ancient, crater-scarred exterior.</p>



<p>"Mimas is a small moon, and its heavily cratered surface gave no hint of the hidden ocean beneath," explained Dr. Nick Cooper from <a href="https://www.qmul.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Queen Mary University of London</a>, a study co-author.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-astrobiology">Implications for astrobiology</h2>



<p>The ocean's recent formation makes Mimas a prime target for studying how oceans develop and potentially support life. This discovery adds another member to the exclusive club of ocean worlds in our solar system, each offering unique insights into the conditions necessary for habitability.</p>



<p>The research, published in <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a></em> journal, demonstrates how advanced orbital analysis can reveal hidden features of celestial bodies, opening new possibilities for understanding ocean formation throughout the cosmos.</p>



<p>—–</p>



<p>Like what you saw and read?&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a>&nbsp;for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>—–</p>



<p>Check us out on&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth.com</a>.</p>



<p>—–</p>

Scientists discover unexpected young ocean on Saturn's cratered moon Mimas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ 'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K0DuSr87SHY
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">57 million-year ice age mystery solved by Australian scientists.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-when-earth-became-a-frozen-wasteland">When Earth became a frozen wasteland</h2>



<p>Imagine Earth as a giant snowball, frozen solid from the North Pole to the equator. This wasn't the plot of a science fiction movie – it was our planet's reality 700 million years ago during an extreme ice age that has puzzled scientists for decades.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-discovery">The discovery</h2>



<p>Australian researchers from the <a href="https://www.sydney.edu.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Sydney</a> have finally cracked one of geology's greatest mysteries: what caused the Sturtian glaciation and why it persisted for an unprecedented 57 million years. This period occurred long before dinosaurs roamed the Earth, when no complex plants or multicellular animals existed.</p>



<p>Dr. Adriana Dutkiewicz, the study's lead author, describes a world completely unlike today's climate. "Imagine the Earth almost completely frozen over," she explained. "The planet was blanketed in ice from poles to equator, and temperatures plunged."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-combination-of-climate-factors">The combination of climate factors</h2>



<p>The research team discovered that this massive freeze resulted from a "double whammy" of geological events. First, plate tectonic activity reduced volcanic carbon dioxide emissions to historically low levels. Volcanic activity typically releases CO2 into the atmosphere, creating a greenhouse effect that keeps Earth warm.</p>



<p>Simultaneously, weathering of volcanic rocks in what is now Canada actively absorbed atmospheric CO2, further reducing greenhouse gas concentrations. When atmospheric carbon dioxide levels dropped below 200 parts per million – less than half of today's levels – glaciation engulfed the entire planet.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-climate-implications">Modern climate implications</h2>



<p>Published in the journal <em><a href="https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/geology" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geology</a></em>, this research provides crucial insights into Earth's climate system. While geological climate changes occur over millions of years, the study emphasizes that human-induced climate change is happening at a pace ten times faster than previously observed natural changes, highlighting the urgent need to understand our planet's delicate climate balance.</p>



<p>—–</p>



<p>Like what you saw and read?&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a>&nbsp;for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>—–</p>



<p>Check us out on&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth.com</a>.</p>



<p>—–</p>

What caused the planet's longest ice age

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K0DuSr87SHY 57 million-year ice age mystery solved by Australian scientists....

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WXXGGiynIjs
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Greenland is not sinking. In fact, it is the opposite.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-contrasting-climate-response">A contrasting climate response</h2>



<p>Most coastal towns are <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sinking-land-will-intensify-the-effects-of-rising-sea-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">preparing for higher sea levels</a>, but <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/greenland-no-longer-has-to-worry-about-rising-sea-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Greenland presents</a> a different scenario during climate change. The ground there is rising at a remarkable rate. Over the past decade, some areas have lifted about 20 centimeters, which translates to roughly 2 meters per century. This rate significantly exceeds current projections for sea level rise.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-geological-rebound-process-through-climate-change">Geological rebound process through climate change</h2>



<p>The mechanism behind this phenomenon is straightforward. As the ice sheet melts, the immense weight is removed from the bedrock, causing the land to rebound upward. This process resembles the way compressed material springs back when pressure is released.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-monitoring-networks">Scientific monitoring networks</h2>



<p>Researchers at the <a href="https://www.dtu.dk/english/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Technical University of Denmark</a> are documenting this uplift using the GNET network, consisting of 61 GPS stations positioned around Greenland's coast. These sensors can detect movement with millimeter precision, providing detailed measurements of the ongoing changes.</p>



<p>The data reveal that current uplift rates exceed the gradual rebound occurring since the last ice age ended approximately 12,000 years ago. This acceleration corresponds directly with increased ice sheet melting rates.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-coastal-transformation">Coastal Transformation</h2>



<p>This uplift is actively reshaping Greenland's coastline. New islands and rocky formations, called "skerries," are emerging as previously submerged land surfaces rise above the water level. This represents a notable contrast to global concerns about rising seas.</p>



<p>The study, published in Geophysical Research Letters, demonstrates the varied regional impacts of climate change. While many locations face rising water levels, Greenland's bedrock is literally rising above the surrounding seas.</p>



<p>The full study was recently published in <em><a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2023GL104851" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geophysical Research Letters</a></em>.</p>



<p>—–</p>



<p>Like what you saw and read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>—–</p>



<p>Check us out on&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth.com</a>.</p>



<p>—–</p>

Greenland's ground rises while coasts worldwide face higher seas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WXXGGiynIjs Greenland is not sinking. In fact, it is the...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DSM3EVeGHJU
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Companies like MindStudio help companies train their employees to implement the latest AI Agent building platform.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ai-agent-training-transforms-the-workplace-fear-factor-into-a-competitive-advantage">AI agent training transforms the workplace 'fear factor' into a competitive advantage</h2>



<p>Organizations that offer comprehensive artificial intelligence training to their workers find remarkable value that extends well beyond basic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mind-wandering-might-be-more-productive-than-you-think/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">productivity improvements</a>. Emerging research demonstrates that carefully crafted AI training programs <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ai-does-not-replace-human-creativity-but-enhances-it/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">enhance</a> corporate performance, lower operational costs, and dramatically improve employee psychological well-being by turning workplace uncertainty into professional empowerment.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-addressing-the-widespread-ai-anxiety-crisis-among-us">Addressing the widespread 'AI anxiety' crisis among us</h2>



<p>A staggering 53% of employees expressed concern that the use of AI tools to automate work tasks could make them appear disposable to their employers, according to <a href="https://www.microsoft.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Microsoft</a>'s 2024 workplace survey. Such pervasive worry about being substituted by machines has caused what researchers have termed "AI technostress" – a psychological state that can result in occupational burnout and poorer mental well-being.</p>



<p>Data published in <a href="https://www.nature.com/palcomms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Humanities and Social Sciences Communications</a> showed that belief in AI learning ability was a moderator in the link between technology adoption and work pressure, and higher confidence significantly lowered negative psychological responses. Workers provided ample training to become competent with AI software have significantly lower stress.</p>



<p>Companies like <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MindStudio</a> have platforms for building what are known as "AI Agents".  In essence, AI Agents are simply tools that employees can build for themselves or their teams quickly and inexpensively.   MindStudio will even train entire companies, from the CEO on down, at no cost. By letting MindStudio empower employees, companies avoid hiring more IT staff, buying more software, and implementing solutions to problems that do not exist.</p>



<p>MindStudio even has partners locally for companies, like <a href="http://www.dominnus.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dominnus</a> with offices in the Carolinas, California, and Denver, to help build AI Agents and support employees as they become resident AI experts for their organization.  The training provided by MindStudio is applicable across other AI Agent building platforms as well.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-productivity-through-focused-learning">Revolutionary productivity through focused learning</h2>



<p>Organizations that implement large-scale AI training programs achieve dramatic outcomes. Employees performed tasks significantly better when they utilized AI support compared to when they didn't, according to <a href="https://www.nngroup.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nielsen Norman Group</a> research findings. Their study documented productivity increases of 66% for a variety of professional tasks.</p>



<p>Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis research finds workers record 33% higher productivity in time working with generative AI tools. The benefit is equivalent to 5.4% of work time savings for AI users – around 2.2 hours per week for full-time workers.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-psychological-well-being-benefits-through-ai-competence">Psychological well-being benefits through AI competence</h2>



<p>The emotional transformation when employees are provided with proper technology training is a fundamental transformation from fear to professional confidence. A survey of 600 employees across industries, carried out by ScienceDirect, proved that AI capabilities strengthen work environment commitment and improve job satisfaction.</p>



<p>A <a href="https://www.lut.fi/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">LUT University</a> study discovered that AI adoption has no direct effect on workers' well-being but does so indirectly through working conditions like task optimization and safety protocols. Strategically deployed AI that involves correct training can actually increase workplace mental well-being.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-from-replacement-anxiety-to-partnership-confidence">From 'replacement anxiety' to 'partnership confidence'</h2>



<p>Although 35% of those interviewed in recent McKinsey studies were concerned about workforce displacement, firms with large-scale training initiatives witness such fears dissipate quickly. The World Economic Forum found that two out of three respondents believe AI competencies will enhance their career prospects and job marketability.</p>



<p>This shift from fear to trust has measurable implications for job satisfaction. Applied Sciences research indicates AI can create tailored wellness programs based on individual employee requirements.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-financial-benefits-of-increased-retention">Financial benefits of increased retention</h2>



<p>The mental health advantages of AI learning have a direct impact on organizational bottom lines in the form of a positive feedback cycle with high retention of employees. Recent ROI research validates that artificial intelligence learning has a beneficial impact on employee turnover and satisfaction levels.</p>



<p>PriceWaterhouseCoopers' research documents 20% to 30% improvements in productivity, market speed, and revenue in organizations that attempt systematic AI adoption through comprehensive training.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-advantages-of-ai-enabled-teams">Environmental advantages of AI-enabled teams</h2>



<p>AI training has unforeseen environmental benefits as it makes the work environment more efficient. According to a study in Scientific Reports, the carbon footprint in writing and illustrating work is significantly lower when AI performs it compared to humans. AI software produces 130 to 1,500 times less CO2 equivalent per page of text created than human authors.</p>



<p>In addition, AI-driven remote work functionality significantly reduces environmental impact. Research by Cornell University and Microsoft indicates that remote workers reduce greenhouse gas emissions by up to 54% by not commuting daily to offices. Hybrid workers working remotely two to four days a week can reduce their carbon footprint by 11% to 29%.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cumulative-organizational-advantages">Cumulative organizational advantages</h2>



<p>The compounding gains of better mental well-being, reduced turnover, increased productivity, and environmental benefits flow to enterprises from the pairing. McKinsey analysis estimates the long-term AI potential at $4.4 trillion in incremental productivity growth opportunity from business use cases.</p>



<p>As of now, 75% of knowledge workers globally utilize generative AI, mirroring widespread adoption patterns. Organizations that provide organized training and assistance see the most favorable results in productivity, worker satisfaction, and ecological sustainability.</p>



<p>The research overwhelmingly indicates that companies that invest in proper AI education, like that offered through <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MindStudio</a>, establish win-win scenarios where employees are both more empowered and less stressed, and companies enjoy the gains of increased productivity, reduced turnover, and improved mental health outcomes throughout their workforce.</p>



<p>For more on MindStudio's free AI training for companies, visit the website's of MindStudio and Dominnus from the links below.</p>



<p>The research was published across a variety of peer-reviewed journals, including <a href="https://www.nature.com/palcomms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Humanities and Social Sciences Communications</a>, <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/artificial-intelligence" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence</a>, and <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/journal/applsci">Applied Sciences</a>.</p>



<p id="block-9bd989d6-2fd3-4580-957f-6cacce134f08">-----</p>



<p id="block-eff5dea3-a9bb-40b5-a923-e5a9978bc0e2">Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p id="block-43e218f4-0391-477c-8396-eb777c8c80a3">Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p id="block-1f9a227a-ec37-4140-81b8-ffa4a7cc6689">-----</p>



<p>MindStudio.AI: <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.mindstudio.ai</a></p>



<p>Dominnus: <a href="https://www.dominnus.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.dominnus.com</a></p>

AI agent training boosts mental health and profits

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DSM3EVeGHJU Companies like MindStudio help companies train their employees to...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0HDXqTGEmi4
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Scientists give plants superpowers against bacterial disease</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-natural-solution-to-disease-through-crop-modification">A natural solution to disease through crop modification.</h2>



<p>The agricultural industry stands at a crossroads between productivity and environmental responsibility, and crop modification often carries a negative connotation. While chemical pesticides have long been the go-to solution for crop protection, their harmful effects on ecosystems and human health have prompted scientists to seek alternatives. The recent breakthrough by <a href="https://www.southampton.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Southampton</a> researchers offers a promising path forward through the precise manipulation of plant-associated microbial communities.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-science-behind-microbial-partnerships">The science behind microbial partnerships</h2>



<p>Plants naturally harbor diverse ecosystems of bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms that function as biological allies. These microscopic partners contribute to disease resistance, nutrient absorption, and stress tolerance. However, until now, scientists lacked the tools to deliberately reshape these communities to enhance crop protection.</p>



<p>The Southampton team's approach centered on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/engineered-plant-microbiomes-the-future-of-crop-protection/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">modifying lignin biosynthesis genes in rice plants</a>. This strategic intervention altered the plant's metabolic output, creating conditions that favored beneficial bacterial populations while suppressing harmful ones. The result was a living defense system embedded within the plant itself.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-global-food-security">Implications for global food security</h2>



<p>The successful demonstration against Xanthomonas oryzae, the pathogen responsible for bacterial blight in rice, represents more than a laboratory achievement. Rice feeds nearly half the world's population, and bacterial blight causes devastating crop losses annually. Traditional control methods rely heavily on pesticides that contaminate soil and water systems.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-looking-beyond-disease-resistance">Looking Beyond Disease Resistance</h2>



<p>While disease protection represents the immediate application, the research framework opens doors to broader agricultural improvements. Future developments could engineer microbiomes to enhance nutrient uptake, reducing dependence on synthetic fertilizers. This dual benefit addresses both crop productivity and environmental sustainability.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-path-forward">The path forward</h2>



<p>As this technology advances from laboratory to field applications, it promises to reshape sustainable agriculture. The ability to program plants with their own biological defense systems could herald a new era where crops protect themselves naturally, reducing chemical inputs while maintaining yields necessary for global food security.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal&nbsp;<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-44335-3" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Nature Communications</em></a>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Revolutionizing agriculture through microbiome engineering

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0HDXqTGEmi4 Scientists give plants superpowers against bacterial disease A natural...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Acid rain and a crisis solved.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-don-t-we-ever-hear-about-acid-rain-anymore-the-environmental-crisis-that-was-solved">Why don't we ever hear about "acid rain" anymore? The environmental crisis that was solved</h2>



<p>Remember the 1980s when acid rain dominated headlines? Dire warnings about rain eating buildings, killing fish, and destroying forests filled every news cycle. Then, almost like magic, acid rain vanished from public discourse. What happened? Did we actually solve one of the late 20th century's most pressing environmental challenges?</p>



<p>The answer might surprise you. Unlike many environmental issues that drag on indefinitely, acid rain represents one of modern history's most successful ecological recovery stories. It's a tale of science, politics, and technology working together to tackle what seemed impossible.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>What was acid rain?</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain isn't regular rain having a bad day – it's precipitation that became significantly more acidic due to air pollution. When power plants, factories, and vehicles burn fossil fuels, they release sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) into the atmosphere.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The science behind it</strong></h2>



<p>Think of acid rain as nature's chemistry experiment gone wrong. These compounds react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form sulfuric and nitric acids. When mixed with water vapor in clouds, they create precipitation with dangerously low pH levels.</p>



<p>While clean rain has a pH of about 5.6, acid rain could drop as low as 4.2 to 4.4 – roughly as acidic as tomato juice or coffee. According to US Geological Survey documentation, Scottish chemist Angus Smith first coined "acid rain" in 1872, but it didn't become a household phrase until the 1960s and 1970s when Swedish scientist Svante Odén documented its devastating effects on Scandinavian lakes and European forests.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The crisis at its peak</strong></h2>



<p>During the height of public concern, environmental damage was both widespread and visible. This wasn't some abstract future threat – people could see destruction happening in real-time.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Environmental devastation</strong></h2>



<p>The most dramatic impacts were impossible to ignore. Research documented by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation shows that in the Adirondack Mountains, more than 200 lakes became so acidic they couldn't support fish life. The Adirondack Council reports that 409 lakes once supported brook trout, but many lost their fish populations due to acid rain.</p>



<p>By 1976, when scientists cataloged all acidified lakes in the Adirondack Park, researchers found that half of the lakes over 2,000 feet above sea level had no fish, according to studies published in environmental journals. The acidification process worked like a slow-motion disaster. As acid rain fell into watersheds, it gradually lowered pH levels. Fish couldn't survive in acidic water, and their food sources died off too.</p>



<p>Trees at high elevations showed stress directly linked to acid rain. It weakened them by leaching nutrients and making them susceptible to disease. Historical records show Germany's Black Forest saw nearly half its trees damaged by the mid-1980s.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Economic impact</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain wasn't just environmental – it was expensive. Acidic precipitation corroded infrastructure, buildings, and monuments. Historic stone structures deteriorated at accelerated rates. Tourism suffered as lakes became fishless and forests declined. EPA economic analyses from the period documented repair costs mounting into billions annually.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The solution: government action and technology</strong></h2>



<p>Transformation from crisis to success required unprecedented cooperation between governments, industries, and environmental groups.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The Clean Air Act of 1990</strong></h2>



<p>The turning point came with the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, signed by President George H.W. Bush. This represented a fundamentally new approach to environmental regulation, as documented in EPA historical records.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Cap-and-trade success</strong></h2>



<p>Instead of mandating specific technologies, the 1990 amendments introduced something revolutionary: a cap-and-trade system for sulfur dioxide emissions. EPA program documentation shows this market-based approach set overall limits but allowed companies to trade emission allowances.</p>



<p>The genius was harnessing market forces to find cost-effective pollution reduction. Companies reducing emissions cheaply could sell excess allowances to those facing higher costs. Research published in environmental economics journals and EPA progress reports shows this resulted in dramatic SO2 reduction at a fraction of projected costs.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Technology advances</strong></h2>



<p>Policy provided the framework, but technology made reductions possible. Studies in atmospheric science journals document the widespread adoption of flue gas desulfurization systems ("scrubbers") that removed sulfur dioxide before it reached the atmosphere. By the 2000s, new installations could remove over 95% of SO2 emissions, according to EPA technical reports.</p>



<p>The push coincided with cleaner energy development. Natural gas produces fewer sulfur compounds than coal. Wind and solar, emerging in the 1990s, captured growing market share, reducing reliance on high-sulfur coal.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-we-don-t-hear-about-it-today"><strong>Why we don't hear about it today</strong></h2>



<p>Why did acid rain disappear from headlines? Simple: the problem was largely solved.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Success doesn't make news</strong></h2>



<p>There's an old journalism saying: "If it bleeds, it leads." Environmental success stories don't generate urgency like crisis reporting. Media attention shifted to other challenges: climate change, plastic pollution, and biodiversity loss. There's only so much environmental anxiety the public can absorb, and newer concerns replaced acid rain.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Mission accomplished</strong></h2>



<p>The primary reason is beautifully simple: interventions worked. EPA monitoring data shows sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990. Academic research published in environmental science journals confirms pH levels in formerly affected areas returned closer to normal. This represents one of history's most dramatic environmental recoveries. Studies by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation show fishless lakes now support healthy populations. Forests recovered, and building damage slowed dramatically.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-is-it-really-gone"><strong>Is it really gone?</strong></h2>



<p>The crisis is largely resolved, but monitoring data shows the problem isn't completely eliminated – it's managed to acceptable levels. Some areas still experience occasional events during high pollution periods. International environmental research indicates that rapidly industrializing Asian countries face similar problems to what we experienced decades ago, though they're implementing successful strategies.</p>



<p>EPA research shows nitrogen oxide emissions proved more challenging than sulfur dioxide, coming from vehicles and mobile sources. Climate science studies suggest changing weather patterns add complexity to how acid rain forms and falls.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>What this teaches us</strong></h2>



<p>The acid rain experience proves that seemingly intractable environmental problems can be solved with scientific understanding, political will, and technological innovation. Environmental monitoring data shows recovery speed was remarkable – within a decade, measurable improvements appeared in air quality and ecosystem health.</p>



<p>Success came from bipartisan support across party lines. Policy analysis studies show the market-based approach appealed to those preferring economic incentives while achieving environmental goals. This support created lasting policy surviving political changes.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Conclusion</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain's disappearance from public consciousness represents environmental science's greatest success stories. Through effective regulation, technological innovation, and international cooperation, we transformed an overwhelming crisis into a manageable challenge.</p>



<p>Today's silence isn't because we forgot – it's because we solved it. The 1990 Clean Air Act, combined with technology and energy market changes, reduced acid rain emissions over 90%, according to comprehensive EPA data analysis.</p>



<p>This success offers hope for current challenges. It proves complex problems can be solved when science, policy, and technology work together. As we face climate change and plastic pollution, acid rain reminds us that dramatic positive change is possible.</p>



<p>Next time someone asks whether environmental regulations work, remember acid rain. It's proof that sometimes, we get it right.</p>



<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>



<p><strong>Sources:</strong> <em>This article draws from EPA official documentation and progress reports, peer-reviewed research published in environmental and atmospheric science journals, historical data from the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation records, US Geological Survey publications, policy analysis studies, and environmental monitoring data collected over three decades.</em></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Frequently Asked Questions</strong></h2>



<p><strong>1. Is acid rain completely gone?</strong> No, but EPA monitoring shows it's reduced to manageable levels. US sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990, making acid rain much less severe than the 1980s crisis.</p>



<p><strong>2. How long did solving take?</strong> Environmental monitoring data shows significant improvements began within 5-10 years of 1990s emission controls. Full ecosystem recovery took longer – some areas need 20-30 years for complete recovery.</p>



<p><strong>3. What made the solution successful?</strong> Clear scientific understanding, visible damage motivating action, bipartisan support, available technology, and innovative market-based policies like cap-and-trade.</p>



<p><strong>4. Do other countries have acid rain problems?</strong> Yes, particularly rapidly industrializing Asian countries. However, international environmental research shows many implement similar successful control strategies.</p>



<p><strong>5. Could acid rain return?</strong> Potentially, if regulations weaken or we return to high-sulfur coal without controls, though effects would take years to become severe according to environmental projections.</p>



<p><strong>6. Can you recommend any teaching tools on the subject of "acid rain"?</strong> The United States Environmental Protection Agency produced a wonderful teacher's guide for ages 14 and under that you can find on the EPA website here: <a href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf</a></p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

The environmental problem we actually solved

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk Acid rain and a crisis solved. Why don't we...

Green,Ecoduct,Over,An,Empty,Highway,During,Sunset.

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU
</div></figure>



<p>A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that wildlife tunnels significantly reduce amphibian road mortality during seasonal migrations. </p>



<p>Frogs and salamanders often cross roads to reach breeding ponds each spring, but many are killed by vehicles. </p>



<p>Researchers from the <a href="https://www.uvm.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Vermont</a>, in collaboration with local citizens and the Vermont Agency of Natural Resources, installed two underpass tunnels in 2015. </p>



<p>Over a 12-year monitoring period, they observed an 80.2% reduction in amphibian deaths, and up to 94% for non-climbing species like salamanders. </p>



<p>The study used a before-after-control-impact design and documented more than 5,200 amphibians, highlighting the tunnels’ effectiveness even in nearby buffer zones.</p>



<p>Funded at $342,397 - far cheaper than wildlife crossings for large mammals - the project showcased the power of community-led conservation.</p>



<p>Local groups initiated the effort after observing mass amphibian deaths. Wildlife cameras later captured over 2,200 amphibians using a tunnel in just one spring, along with other species like raccoons and bobcats, indicating wider ecosystem benefits.</p>



<p>This marks the first peer-reviewed, long-term data set in the northeastern U.S. confirming amphibian-specific underpasses work. </p>



<p>The study urges transportation departments to incorporate these designs into road planning and highlights how community action, thoughtful infrastructure, and persistence can make a real difference for biodiversity.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the <em><a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1617138125000780" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal for Nature Conservation</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Wildlife tunnels save millions of amphibians

https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that...

<p>Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. </p>



<p>The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-embed aligncenter is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/Ug657J67iEo?si=w96YjGMsg939LD_3
</div></figure>



<p>Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. </p>



<p>Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.</p>



<p>Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. </p>



<p>They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).</p>



<p>Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.</p>



<p>Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.</p>



<p>This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.</p>

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"]</div>



<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.</p>



<p>“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. </p>



<p>The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.</p>



<p>“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”</p>



<p>The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Designing crops that can beat the heat

[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Carl...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="EjmSP20gQK-2593093-12187" type="single"]</div>



<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes the first comprehensive estimate of carbon density in the Saharan, Sahel, and Sudanian zones of Africa. In an effort to measure the amount of carbon stored across these drylands, a team of scientists used high-resolution satellite images and artificial intelligence to map nearly 10 billion individual trees. </p>



<p>"The high spatial resolution (50 cm) combined with AI and field measurements used in this study is key to improving tree inventories in drylands," said Pierre Hiernaux, a French researcher working for NASA. "The ever-increasing availability of very high-resolution satellite imagery will make it possible to assess carbon pools and their dynamics at the individual tree level on a global scale."</p>



<p>"This study is exceptional because it is pioneering a type of approach that will revolutionize the monitoring of trees and forests on a global scale: in the short term, it will be possible to map the world's trees from the centre of the Amazon to our schoolyards," said <a href="https://www.inrae.fr/en">INRAE</a> researcher Jean-Pierre Wigneron.</p>



<p>"Many fields of application will become much more efficient and accurate, such as tracking carbon stocks, biodiversity, monitoring logging and protection against illegal forest degradation, in near real time.”</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Remote sensing will revolutionize the way we monitor trees

[sendtonews key="EjmSP20gQK-2593093-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="uV9Lh2fQbV-1760058-12187" type="single"]</div>



<p>Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.</p>



<p>According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."</p>



<p>Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;</p>



<p>ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. </p>



<p>Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> </em>Staff Writer </p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

[sendtonews key="uV9Lh2fQbV-1760058-12187" type="single"] Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="f8fukm28Vz-2491833-12187" type="single"]</div>



<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> features a visual dataset of.methane emissions from wetlands across the globe. Atmospheric methane levels have reached record highs in recent years, and wetlands are a major source of these emissions.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Methane is an important greenhouse gas that contributes substantially to global warming. On a molecule by molecule basis, methane is much more efficient at trapping heat than carbon dioxide, the main driver of warming," says NASA.</p>



<p>"Though human activities, including agriculture, oil and natural gas production and use, and waste disposal, collectively contribute the majority of methane to the atmosphere, about a third of total methane emissions comes from wetlands."&nbsp;</p>



<p>According to NASA, understanding methane emissions from wetlands and other natural sources is critically important for scientists and policymakers who are working to combat climate change by reducing emissions from human activities.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: NASA Goddard</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Wetlands are a major source of methane emissions

[sendtonews key="f8fukm28Vz-2491833-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="0879czfG3k-1785905-12187" type="single"]</div>



<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;</p>



<p>According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.</p>



<p>In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.</p>



<p>The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.</p>



<p>The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.</p>



<p>The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. </p>



<p>Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

[sendtonews key="0879czfG3k-1785905-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from NASA...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="3UUsNkFOuS-2487333-12187" type="single"]</div>



<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes how record-breaking heat expressed itself around the world in 2022.</p>



<p>Scientists have determined that 2022 was the 5th warmest year since 1880. Furthermore, the last nine consecutive years have been the warmest on record.</p>



<p>From devastating floods and wildfires to natural disasters like Hurricane Ian, 2022 showed us yet again how a warming climate affects people across the globe.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"As we look back at 20:22 and years past, we see that each year we better understand the challenges we face and how important it is to meet them," says NASA.</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: NASA Goddard</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

2022 illustrated the consequences of a warming climate

[sendtonews key="3UUsNkFOuS-2487333-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="JbW4VsY53O-1632195-12187" type="single"]</div>



<p>Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes Earth’s interconnected systems, and how this network is affected by rising temperatures.&nbsp;</p>



<p>During 2020, average global temperatures matched the hottest year on record. The hurricane season was also record-breaking, with many of the storms intensifying at extraordinary speeds. Hot water in the ocean is fuel for hurricanes. The satellite data shows that it's all one interconnected system showing how  Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected.</p>



<p>According to NASA, dust swept up from Northern Africa plays a major role in the formation of hurricanes, and is also a key source of fertilization in the Amazon rainforest. As a result of<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-wasting-disease-is-fueled-by-climate-change/"> climate</a> change, dust plumes are expected to decline, which will have an effect on vegetation far away.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Images from Earth-observing satellites show how the world’s plant life is affected by natural disasters, fires, and deforestation. Satellites also reveal how widespread changes in vegetation impact waterways,&nbsp; the climate, air quality. Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on the Earth. "Earth From Space" is a groundbreaking two-hour special that reveals a spectacular new space-based vision of our planet. </p>



<p><em>Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected

[sendtonews key="JbW4VsY53O-1632195-12187" type="single"] Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected...

<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://welcome.miami.edu/">University of Miami</a> Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science explores how changes in water temperatures have affected tiger shark habitats and movements in the North Atlantic Ocean. The study reveals that rising temperatures have caused the sharks to shift toward the poles over the past 40 years.</p>



<p>“Tiger shark annual migrations have expanded poleward, paralleling rising water temperatures,” explained study lead author Neil Hammerschlag. “These results have consequences for tiger shark conservation, since shifts in their movements outside of marine protected areas may leave them more vulnerable to commercial fishing.”</p>



<p>The researchers analyzed nine years of tracking data from satellite-tagged tiger sharks, combined with four decades of conventional tag and recapture data provided by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Cooperative Shark Tagging Program.</p>



<p>The experts found that during the last decade of record heat, for every one-degree Celsius increase in water temperatures, tiger sharks migrated further poleward by over 400 kilometers. They also migrated two weeks earlier than usual to waters off the northeastern coast of the United States.</p>



<p>“Given their role as apex predators, these changes to tiger shark movements may alter predator-prey interactions, leading to ecological imbalances, and more frequent encounters with humans,” concluded Professor Hammerschlag.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Tiger sharks are shifting poleward as temperatures rise

Today’s Video of the Day from the University of Miami...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="qARzJPSabQ-2270617-12187" type="single"]</div>



<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> is focused on the melt ponds that emerge during the spring and summer on the Greenland Ice Sheet, which is the largest ice mass in the northern hemisphere.</p>



<p>"Melt ponds are vast pools of open water that form on both sea ice and ice sheets and are visible as turquoise-blue pools of water in this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image," says ESA.</p>



<p>"When snow and ice melts atop glaciers, water flows in channels and streams and collects in depressions on the surface. These melt ponds can speed up the melting of the surrounding ice since they greatly reduce the ice’s ability to reflect sunlight."</p>



<p>"This can create a positive feedback where an increasing number of melt ponds absorb more heat which causes ice cover to melt even faster."</p>



<p>According to ESA, Greenland has been hit with a late-season heatwave that began in early September. This caused the type of melt event that usually occurs in the middle of summer.</p>



<p>"In a recent paper published in Nature Climate Change, scientists found that major sea-level rise from the melting of the Greenland ice cap is now ‘inevitable’ even if the burning of fossil fuels were to halt overnight," says ESA. "Using satellite observations of Greenland ice loss and ice cap from 2000 to 2019, the team found the losses will lead to a minimum rise of 27 cm regardless of climate change."</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Melt ponds on the Greenland Ice Sheet

[sendtonews key="qARzJPSabQ-2270617-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="fxH3eJHEkQ-2010196-12187" type="single"]</div>



<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes how Earth is unique in our solar system for its ability to sustain liquid water on its surface. But now, the water cycle is shifting as the climate warms, and scientists must find ways to predict how these changes will affect water availability.</p>



<p>Overall, 96 percent of Earth's water is saltwater, and nearly all of freshwater is found in ice and groundwater. These sources of water are linked as it passes through solid, liquid and gas phases.</p>



<p>In a warmer climate, the water cycle will be transformed. It will be easier for water to evaporate and form clouds, and storms will become more frequent and intense. Some regions will get too much water, while others will be left without enough water. In addition, soil moisture will be lost - which threatens food security.</p>



<p>Scientists are using satellite data from over the last 40 years to track changes that are happening in the water cycle. This will ultimately help us prepare for extreme events and better manage our water resources, according to ESA.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: ESA</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Tracking changes in Earth's water cycle

[sendtonews key="fxH3eJHEkQ-2010196-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

Saturn,-,High,Resolution,3d,Images,Presents,Planets,Of,The

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="Ccjk8KEMzv-2550719-12187" type="single"]</div>



<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard Space Flight Center</a> features images of Saturn from NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope. The photographs capture the start of the mysterious "spoke season" on Saturn - when unexplained features appear on its rings. </p>



<p>According to NASA, both the cause of the spokes and their seasonal variability have yet to be fully explained by planetary scientists.</p>



<p>"Like Earth, Saturn is tilted on its axis and therefore has four seasons, though because of Saturn's much larger orbit, each season lasts approximately seven Earth years. Equinox occurs when the rings are tilted edge-on to the Sun," explains NASA.</p>



<p>"The spokes disappear when it is near summer or winter solstice on Saturn. (When the Sun appears to reach either its highest or lowest latitude in the northern or southern hemisphere of a planet.) As the autumnal equinox of Saturn's northern hemisphere on May 6, 2025, draws near, the spokes are expected to become increasingly prominent and observable."</p>



<p>Experts believe that the spokes may be a product of the planet's variable magnetic field. When magnetic fields interact with solar wind, an electrically charged environment is created. This phenomenon is visible on Earth as the northern lights.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Scientists think that the smallest, dust-sized icy ring particles can become charged as well, which temporarily levitates those particles above the rest of the larger icy particles and boulders in the rings," says NASA.</p>



<p>The spokes were first observed in the early 1980s by NASA's Voyager mission. Depending on the angle of the rings, the spokes can appear dark or light.</p>



<p>"Thanks to Hubble's OPAL program, which is building an archive of data on the outer solar system planets, we will have longer dedicated time to study Saturn’s spokes this season than ever before," said NASA senior planetary scientist Amy Simon, head of the Hubble Outer Planet Atmospheres Legacy (OPAL) program.</p>



<p>"Despite years of excellent observations by the Cassini mission, the precise beginning and duration of the spoke season is still unpredictable, rather like predicting the first storm during hurricane season."</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Mysterious "spoke season" captured on Saturn

[sendtonews key="Ccjk8KEMzv-2550719-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

News coming your way