<p>Wildfires in the western U.S. have become a growing crisis. They’re lasting longer, burning hotter, and spreading into areas that rarely burned in the past. </p>



<p>But another danger is rising, beyond heatwaves and droughts. Lightning - sudden, fierce, and incredibly powerful - is becoming one of the biggest wildfire risks.</p>



<p>In the coming decades, scientists warn that lightning will become an increasingly dominant spark for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-is-making-wildfire-smoke-more-deadly/">wildfires</a>, adding to the already mounting risks across the West.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lightning-is-fueling-more-wildfires">Lightning is fueling more wildfires</h2>



<p>Wildfires need a few things to get going: dry fuel, hot temperatures, low humidity, and a spark. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/lightning-is-changing-the-atmosphere-in-surprising-ways/">Lightning</a> is one of the most powerful natural igniters.</p>



<p>In the western U.S., lightning already causes more than two-thirds of the area burned by wildfires. And now, new research shows that number is going to rise sharply due to climate change. </p>



<p>Warmer air holds more moisture, which means more unstable weather patterns. Those patterns, in turn, set the stage for more lightning.</p>



<p>A recent study has revealed that virtually all of the western U.S. - 98 percent of the region - will have more days with a greater likelihood of lightning-ignited wildfires starting as early as the 2030s. </p>



<p>For regions already accustomed to such fires, such as Oregon, Idaho, and Montana, the risk is even greater. As early as 2060, those states may have as many as 12 additional lightning-filled days per summer.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-model-to-forecast-lightning">A model to forecast lightning</h2>



<p>Traditional <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-models-underestimate-sea-ice-melt-and-global-warming/">climate models</a> don’t really track lightning. That’s why a team of researchers led by Dmitri Kalashnikov built their own system to fill in the gaps.</p>



<p>“The first step was to project lightning,” said Kalashnikov, a research scientist at the <a href="https://www.ucmerced.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of California Merced</a>. “The typical climate models don’t directly simulate lightning. It’s too small a process.”</p>



<p>The researchers applied machine learning to forecast where lightning would hit based on variables that we can quantify - such as temperature, humidity, and the level of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/moisture-in-the-atmosphere-causes-extreme-weather-to-last-longer/">moisture in the air</a>. </p>



<p>The team merged those results with the Fire Weather Index (FWI), a mechanism that was developed back in 1968 to monitor how probable wildfire initiation and spread is from local weather.</p>



<p>The result is a forecast model tailored to the western U.S., designed to project conditions from 2030 to 2060 - decades earlier than most studies, which typically look only to the end of the century.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-lightning-in-the-northwest">More lightning in the Northwest</h2>



<p>The northwestern states of Idaho, Oregon, and Montana are projected to experience the greatest growth in lightning days. But strangely, they may not experience the most rapid expansion in wildfires. </p>



<p>Although lightning will grow, the conditions favoring fires (such as extreme heat or dryness) are not expected to worsen as quickly in the Northwest compared to other regions.</p>



<p>That doesn’t mean northwestern states are off the hook. Cloud-to-ground lightning, the kind that hits trees or grass directly, is still expected to rise significantly in those areas.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-less-lightning-greater-wildfire-risk">Less lightning, greater wildfire risk</h2>



<p>In contrast, the Southwest - including Colorado, Wyoming, Arizona, and New Mexico - won’t see as much of a jump in lightning strikes. But the fire risk will still climb. </p>



<p>This is because even a small spark becomes a big threat when the land is extra dry, the heat is intense, and there’s little rain to cool things off.</p>



<p>The researchers found that these southern states are likely to experience the biggest increases in wildfires caused by lightning, despite the smaller bump in lightning activity. That’s because climate change is pushing up the number of fire-prone days overall.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dry-and-wet-lightning">Dry and wet lightning</h2>



<p>Kalashnikov said the next steps could involve separating the kinds of lightning events. “You can’t help but wonder what the future will look like, especially if you dig in and you realize that there’s actually a lot that we don’t understand,” he said.</p>



<p>One key factor will be figuring out how to distinguish between "dry lightning" and "wet lightning." Dry lightning happens without much rain, making it a fire hazard. </p>



<p>Wet lightning brings <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/heavy-rainfall-poses-extreme-risks-in-the-western-us/">heavy rain</a>, which can reduce fire risk but increase flood danger. Understanding that difference could help emergency services respond more precisely to fire threats.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wildfire-risks-are-rising-fast">Wildfire risks are rising fast</h2>



<p>As climate patterns shift, the West isn’t just getting warmer and drier - it’s getting stormier in a dangerous way. Lightning is expected to spark more fires, and fires are expected to find more dry fuel waiting. It’s a feedback loop that could reshape fire seasons in the U.S.</p>



<p>This isn’t about something that might happen a hundred years from now. The changes are coming within the next few decades - some may already be happening. </p>



<p>And for the people living in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/double-hazard-wildfire-zones-identified-in-the-american-west/">high-risk areas</a>, that means more heat, more smoke, and a greater need for preparation.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2025EF006108" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth's Future</a></em>.</p>



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Lightning will ignite even more wildfires as the climate heats up

Wildfires in the western U.S. have become a growing crisis. They’re lasting longer, burning hotter, and spreading into areas that rarely burned in the past. But another danger is rising, beyond heatwaves and droughts. Lightning - sudden, fierce, and incredibly powerful - is becoming one of the biggest wildfire risks. In the coming decades, scientists warn that lightning will become an increasingly dominant spark for wildfires, adding to the already mounting risks across the West. Lightning is fueling more wildfires Wildfires need a few things to get...

<p>In an extraordinary accomplishment, NASA's <a href="https://mars.nasa.gov/msl/">Curiosity Mars rover</a> has successfully navigated its way to Gediz Vallis Ridge, an area believed to be the remnants of powerful ancient debris flows on the Red Planet.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This significant achievement offers an intriguing glimpse into Mars's watery history.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-valuable-clues">Valuable clues</h2>



<p>Approximately three billion years ago, during one of Mars's last wet phases, powerful debris flows transported mud and boulders down a massive mountain.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This material then settled into a fan formation, which, over time, was eroded by Martian winds into the ridge that stands today. The ridge now holds valuable clues about the past existence of water on the planet.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-treacherous-terrain">Treacherous terrain</h2>



<p>The journey to Gediz Vallis Ridge wasn't without challenges. Curiosity made three attempts to reach this elusive destination.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Its previous endeavors were thwarted by treacherous "gator-back" rocks and prohibitively steep terrains.&nbsp;</p>



<p>However, on August 14, after one of its most arduous climbs, Curiosity finally stationed itself at an area offering a prime view of the ridge. From here, the rover could expertly study the area using its 7-foot robotic arm.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-thrilling-accomplishment">Thrilling accomplishment</h2>



<p>"After three years, we finally found a spot where Mars allowed Curiosity to safely access the steep ridge," said Ashwin Vasavada, Curiosity’s project scientist at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"It’s a thrill to be able to reach out and touch rocks that were transported from places high up on Mount Sharp that we’ll never be able to visit with Curiosity."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mount-sharp-nbsp">Mount Sharp&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Since 2014, the rover has been on a scientific trek, ascending the 3-mile-tall Mount Sharp, unearthing evidence of ancient <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alarming-study-most-of-the-worlds-largest-lakes-are-quickly-losing-water/">lakes</a> and streams during its journey.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Each layer of this mountain symbolizes distinct periods in Martian history. Gediz Vallis Ridge, one of the last formations on the mountain, offers an invaluable snapshot of one of the youngest Martian epochs.</p>



<p>Curiosity's 11-day expedition at the ridge was nothing short of prolific. The rover photographed and analyzed the composition of dark rocks that unmistakably came from other regions of the mountain.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The debris flows responsible for shaping Gediz Vallis Ridge transported these rocks, some as gigantic as automobiles, from the higher terrains of Mount Sharp, offering an unparalleled peek into the upper mountain's material.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-debris-flow-fan-nbsp">Debris flow fan&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Intriguingly, the rover’s presence at the ridge also provided scientists with the first intimate views of a geologic formation called a debris flow fan.&nbsp;</p>



<p>While such features are prevalent on both Mars and Earth, the precise mechanics of their formation remain a subject of study.</p>



<p>“I can’t imagine what it would have been like to witness these events,” said William Dietrich, a mission team member at the University of California, Berkeley, who has helped lead Curiosity’s study of the ridge.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Huge rocks were ripped out of the mountain high above, rushed downhill, and spread out into a fan below. The results of this campaign will push us to better explain such events not just on Mars, but even on Earth, where they are a natural hazard.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-curiosity-s-journey">Curiosity's journey</h2>



<p>On August 19, Curiosity’s Mastcam captured 136 images at Gediz Vallis Ridge. When assembled into a mosaic, these images present a comprehensive 360-degree panorama of the vicinity, chronicling Curiosity's journey, including its passage through the "Marker Band Valley" where traces of an ancient lake were found.</p>



<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="6nqt33xOEz-3008632-12187" type="single"]</div>



<p>As scientists continue to sift through the extensive data and imagery from Gediz Vallis Ridge, Curiosity is already gearing up for its next mission: pinpointing a route to the channel atop the ridge to further unravel the mysteries of water's past presence on Mount Sharp.</p>



<p><em>Image Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/ESA/University of Arizona/JHUAPL/MSSS/USGS Astrogeology Science Center</em></p>



<p><em>Video Credit: Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS/UC Berkeley</em></p>



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NASA's Curiosity Rover explores Mars ridge with intriguing watery past

In an extraordinary accomplishment, NASA's Curiosity Mars rover has successfully...

<p>The sixth mass extinction, primarily driven by human activities, is more dire than previously anticipated. Not only are we seeing a rapid <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/lions-are-dangling-precariously-on-the-brink-of-extinction-immediate-action-is-needed/">extinction</a> of species, but entire branches on the tree of life are now disappearing.</p>



<p>Researchers from <a href="https://www.stanford.edu/">Stanford University</a> and the National Autonomous University of Mexico have recently revealed these alarming findings in a study published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2306987120"><em>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</em></a>.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tree-of-life-is-vanishing">Tree of life is vanishing</h2>



<p>While the extinction of species like the passenger pigeon and the Yangtze river dolphin is deeply concerning, the loss is more profound.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Each of these species was the last of its genus, marking an entire branch of life's tree wiped out.</p>



<p>Lead researchers, Gerardo Ceballos and Paul Ehrlich, assessed 5,400 genera of terrestrial vertebrates, including 34,600 species.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Their results were staggering: 73 genera have become extinct since 1500 AD.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genus-extinctions-nbsp">Genus extinctions&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Birds were hardest hit with 44 genus extinctions, trailed by mammals, amphibians, and reptiles. This rate of extinction surpasses the last million years by 35 times.&nbsp;</p>



<p>In other words, without human influence, in just five centuries, human actions have triggered a surge of genus extinctions that would have otherwise taken 18,000 years. The researchers refer to this as a "biological annihilation."</p>



<p>“In the long term, we’re putting a big dent in the evolution of life on the planet,” said Ceballos. “But also, in this century, what we’re doing to the tree of life will cause a lot of suffering for humanity.”</p>



<p>“What we’re losing are our only known living companions in the entire universe,” added Ehrlich..</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-alarming-repercussions-nbsp">Alarming repercussions&nbsp;</h2>



<p>When a species vanishes, others within its genus can potentially compensate for its ecological function.&nbsp;</p>



<p>However, the extinction of an entire genus creates an irreparable gap in the ecosystem that could require tens of millions of years to restore through natural evolution.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This imbalance impacts humanity significantly. For example, the eradication of passenger pigeons, a control on the population of white-footed mice (primary carriers of Lyme disease), has led to a surge in Lyme disease cases among humans.</p>



<p>“As scientists, we have to be careful not to be alarmist,” said Ceballos. But, he explained, the gravity of the findings in this case called for more powerful language than usual. “We would be unethical not to explain the magnitude of the problem, since we and other scientists are alarmed.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-further-implications">Further implications</h2>



<p>The loss of genera means losing invaluable knowledge. The gastric brooding frog, now extinct and the last of its genus, could have offered insights into human diseases like acid reflux.</p>



<p>Loss of genera could also exacerbate the worsening climate crisis. “Climate disruption is accelerating extinction, and extinction is interacting with the climate, because the nature of the plants, animals, and microbes on the planet is one of the big determinants of what kind of climate we have,” said Ehrlich.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-extinction-crisis-and-the-tree-of-life">Extinction crisis and the tree of life</h2>



<p>To prevent further extinctions, the researchers are calling for immediate political, economic, and social action on unprecedented scales.</p>



<p>Increased conservation efforts should prioritize the tropics. This is due to the fact that the tropical regions have the highest concentration of both genus extinctions and genera with only one remaining species. The experts are also calling for increased public awareness of the extinction crisis, especially given how deeply it intersects with the more-publicized climate crisis.</p>



<p>“The size and growth of the human population, the increasing scale of its consumption, and the fact that the consumption is very inequitable are all major parts of the problem,” said the researchers.</p>



<p>“The idea that you can continue those things and save biodiversity is insane,” Ehrlich added. “It’s like sitting on a limb and sawing it off at the same time.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-the-sixth-mass-extinction">More about the sixth mass extinction</h2>



<p>Throughout Earth's vast history, five significant mass extinctions have punctuated the otherwise slow and methodical evolution of life. These catastrophic events have wiped out between 50% to more than 90% of Earth's species, reshaping the trajectory of evolution each time.</p>



<p>Today, we are on the precipice of what scientists have dubbed the "Sixth Mass Extinction," a widespread decline in species predominantly driven by human activities. Unlike previous extinctions caused by natural cataclysms, humans are responsible. This new wave of biodiversity loss is emblematic of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/welcome-to-humanitys-new-era-the-anthropocene/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Anthropocene epoch</a> – a proposed epoch that emphasizes the significant and enduring impact humans have on our planet.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-causes-and-consequences">Causes and consequences</h3>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-human-driven-causes">Human-driven causes</h4>



<ol type="1" start="1">
<li>Habitat Destruction: The expansion of agriculture, infrastructure, and urbanization have led to significant habitat loss and fragmentation, making it difficult or impossible for many species to survive.<br></li>



<li>Overexploitation: Overfishing, hunting, and poaching have led to rapid declines in many species.<br></li>



<li>Pollution: From plastics choking marine life to chemicals contaminating water sources, pollution poses a direct threat to biodiversity.<br></li>



<li>Climate Change: Rising temperatures, ocean acidification, and extreme weather events disrupt habitats and stress ecosystems.<br></li>



<li>Invasive Species: The movement of species to new areas, often due to human actions, can lead to the decline or extinction of native species.</li>
</ol>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-consequences">Consequences</h4>



<ol type="1" start="1">
<li>Loss of Biodiversity: Species extinctions lead to the degradation of ecosystems, which can result in decreased ecosystem resilience and functionality.<br></li>



<li>Disruption of Food Webs: As key species go extinct, the effects cascade throughout the ecosystem, affecting predator-prey dynamics and resource availability.<br></li>



<li>Economic Impact: Biodiversity loss can affect industries like agriculture, pharmaceuticals, and tourism.<br></li>



<li>Loss of Ecosystem Services: Clean water, pollination of crops, and disease control are some services that are compromised with decreasing biodiversity.</li>
</ol>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-responding-to-the-crisis">Responding to the crisis</h3>



<p>To mitigate the effects of the sixth mass extinction, comprehensive and immediate action is required. Some steps include:</p>



<ol type="1" start="1">
<li>Protected Areas: Expanding and connecting protected areas can provide refuges for species and preserve vital habitats.<br></li>



<li>Sustainable Development: Balancing human needs with the conservation of the natural world is crucial. This involves sustainable farming, fishing, and forestry practices.<br></li>



<li>Public Awareness: Educating the public about the importance of biodiversity can foster a culture of conservation.<br></li>



<li>Legislation and Global Agreements: International cooperation, backed by effective policies and regulations, can drive large-scale conservation efforts.</li>
</ol>



<p>The sixth mass extinction, unlike its predecessors, is a testament to humanity's profound influence on the planet. It serves as a dire reminder of the interconnectedness of life and the responsibility we bear as stewards of the Earth. </p>



<p>Addressing the crisis demands collective global action, informed decisions, and a commitment to preserving the intricate web of life for future generations.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1001624"><em>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</em></a><em>.</em></p>



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Sixth mass extinction is wiping out entire branches of Earth's tree of life

The sixth mass extinction, primarily driven by human activities, is...

<p>The <a href="http://www.bom.gov.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Australian Bureau of Meteorology</a> (BoM) has officially declared the onset of an El Niño climate pattern. This announcement comes in the wake of increasing temperatures in Australia's southeast and an escalated risk of bushfires, fueling concerns for the coming months.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-total-fire-bans-and-evacuation-orders">Total fire bans and evacuation orders</h2>



<p>In response to the looming threat, authorities have put into effect total fire bans for the New South Wales south coast and the greater Sydney area. Simultaneously, parts of Queensland have been placed under bushfire evacuation orders, underscoring the urgency of the situation.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-global-declarations-and-delays">Global declarations and delays</h2>



<p>The World Meteorological Organization (<a href="https://public.wmo.int/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">WMO</a>), the UN’s weather agency, had already made the announcement of an <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/satellite-detects-early-warning-signs-of-an-el-nino-event/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">El Niño's beginning</a> in July. Similarly, the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (<a href="https://www.noaa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NOAA</a>) had declared its commencement in June. </p>



<p>The BoM, however, chose to wait until now to make its declaration, explaining that there were previously no clear atmospheric signs to support it.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-australia-s-weather-shift">Australia's weather shift</h2>



<p>Australia is bracing itself for a distinct climatic shift this year. After enduring three years of significant rainfall and consistent flooding, 2023 is anticipated to be notably warm and dry during the southern hemisphere's spring and summer seasons.</p>



<p>Karl Braganza, a forecaster with the BoM, highlighted the extreme weather conditions already evident in parts of Australia. He shared with the media that, "We've had an extended period of warm and dry weather to start spring." </p>



<p>Yet, Braganza also pointed out the unpredictability associated with El Niño’s strength, emphasizing that its intensity doesn't always correlate with the severity of rainfall deficiencies over Australia.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-criteria-for-declaring-an-el-nino">Criteria for declaring an El Nino</h2>



<p>For BoM to announce an <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/forecasters-warn-of-weather-chaos-as-el-nino-arrives-early/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">El Niño</a>, sea surface temperatures in the Nino3 or Nino3.4 regions of the Pacific must rise by at least 0.8C above average. This is a stricter measure compared to the 0.5C threshold employed by the NOAA.</p>



<p>Another critical determinant is the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI), which establishes a connection between changes in ocean temperature and atmospheric conditions. An SOI of -7 or lower is characteristic of El Niños. When the WMO made their announcement in July, the 90-day average SOI stood at -5.9. By September, this figure had dropped to -7.7, meeting the criteria for El Niño.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-historical-impact-of-el-nino">Historical impact of El Nino</h2>



<p>Historical data underscores the potentially severe consequences of El Niño. As per the Centre of Excellence for Climate Extremes of the Australian Research Council, major droughts in years like 1982, 1994, 2002, 2006, and 2015 coincided with El Niño patterns. </p>



<p>Additionally, nine out of the ten driest winter-spring seasons in eastern Australia occurred during El Niño years. Notably, the catastrophic 2019-2020 Black Summer bushfire, which led to massive devastation and the loss of 33 lives, was not during an El Niño year.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-agricultural-concerns">Agricultural concerns</h2>



<p>As one of the top exporters of wheat globally, Australia's agricultural sector is potentially vulnerable. With winter wheat harvesting set to begin in November, a repeat of the 2002-03 drought, which saw a 50% decline in Australian wheat production and a 40% drop in winter crop output, could have severe economic repercussions.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-current-bushfire-situation">Current bushfire situation</h2>



<p>As it stands, over 500 firefighters and emergency responders are combatting 61 active fires across New South Wales. 13 of these fires have not yet been contained. The severity of the situation is such that fire hazard ratings along the south coast have now been raised to "catastrophic," representing the highest risk since the 2019-20 fire season, as noted by New South Wales Rural Fire Service Commissioner Rob Rogers.</p>



<p>As Australia faces this challenging period, all eyes are on its response and the measures it takes to mitigate the potential damages of the El Niño climate pattern.</p>



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Australia finally and formally acknowledges that El Niño has arrived

The Australian Bureau of Meteorology (BoM) has officially declared the...

Gentoo,Penguin,Runs,Over,The,Snow,In,Antarctica

<p>Antarctica, often referred to as Earth's final frontier, has been making alarming headlines. The latest comes from the <a href="https://nsidc.org/home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">National Snow and Ice Data Center</a> (NSIDC), which reports that sea ice levels in the region have plunged to an unprecedented low this year.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mind-blowing-decline-nbsp">Mind-blowing decline&nbsp;</h2>



<p>This decline in sea ice levels is so significant that even seasoned experts find it hard to comprehend. Walter Meier, a senior research scientist at the NSIDC, described these figures to the BBC as "almost mind-blowing."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-patterns">Climate patterns</h2>



<p>Sea ice, which forms on the sea's surface in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-arctic-dipole-the-atmospheric-pattern-shaping-our-future-climate/">Arctic</a> and Antarctic regions, plays a crucial role in regulating our planet's climate. Its white surface reflects sunlight back into space, which cools the Earth.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Less sea ice means more dark water surfaces to absorb the sun's heat, leading to warmer temperatures. Therefore, a drop in sea ice levels has repercussions beyond just the polar areas; it affects global climate patterns and weather events.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-deteriorating-situation">Deteriorating situation</h2>



<p>This isn't the first time Antarctica has raised alarms regarding sea ice levels. The region witnessed similar lows in 2017 and 2022.&nbsp;</p>



<p>While the sheer size of Antarctica, roughly 1.5 times that of the US, has made it challenging for scientists to gauge the extent of the climate crisis, it's clear that the situation is deteriorating.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-global-warming-nbsp">Global warming&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Professor Martin Siegert, a glaciologist at the <a href="https://www.exeter.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Exeter</a>, told the BBC: "When I started studying the Antarctic 30 years ago, we never thought extreme weather events could happen there."</p>



<p>Antarctica's climate patterns have been significantly influenced by global warming. Since the 1950s, the continent has recorded temperature increases of 3.2°C (37.76°F), a rate that's more than triple the global average.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Furthermore, the Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition states that the region's oceans are heating faster than the global norm and that its ice shelves are dissolving six times quicker than they did in the 1980s.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-inconsistent-sea-ice-behavior-nbsp">Inconsistent sea ice behavior&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The behavior of sea ice in Antarctica, however, hasn't always been consistent. There was a notable decline in the early 20th century, followed by an increase in later years.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Some parts even gained ice as recently as 2018, according to a report from NASA. Nevertheless, the most recent record lows underscore the gravity of the current situation.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-permanent-changes">Permanent changes</h2>



<p>A study published in the journal <em>Nature</em> connects these sea-ice level declines to escalating ocean temperatures, suggesting that ice is melting from beneath.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Study co-authors Ed Doddridge and Ariaan Purich pointed out to Australia's ABC News that this year's sea ice coverage was approximately 930,000 square miles less than the typical maximum observed in September. Disturbingly, they believe these alterations might be permanent.</p>



<p>The plummeting sea ice levels in Antarctica serve as a shocking reminder of the need to combat climate change. As these changes become potentially irreversible, the study highlights the immediate necessity for policy changes and global action.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-antarctica-and-climate-change">More about Antarctica and climate change</h2>



<p>Climate change profoundly affects our world, and nowhere do its effects manifest more starkly than in the Polar Regions. In Antarctica, sea ice levels play a critical role in the global climate system and host unique ecosystems. </p>



<p>As global temperatures rise, these sea ice levels are undergoing significant changes. As mentioned above, melting sea ice has major consequences for the world at large.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sea-ice-levels-a-snapshot">Sea ice levels: A snapshot</h3>



<p>Antarctica's sea ice is different from its land ice. While land ice comprises the glaciers and ice sheets that sit on the continent itself, sea ice forms when the ocean surrounding Antarctica freezes. </p>



<p>This frozen layer expands during the colder months and contracts in the warmer months. However, climate change is altering this pattern.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-declining-sea-ice-extent">Declining sea ice extent</h3>



<p>Over the past few decades, scientists have observed an overall decrease in the extent of Antarctic sea ice. Rising global temperatures, driven by increased greenhouse gas emissions, are causing this decline. </p>



<p>Each year, less sea ice re-forms in winter, and more of it melts in summer. This trend threatens to disrupt the balance of the region's ecosystems and the global climate.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-consequences-for-global-sea-levels">Consequences for global sea levels</h3>



<p>You might wonder: if sea ice melts, wouldn't it simply return to the ocean without affecting sea levels? This is a common misconception. While it's true that the melting of sea ice doesn't directly raise sea levels, it has an indirect effect. </p>



<p>When sea ice melts, it reduces the albedo effect — the reflection of sunlight back into space. Darker ocean waters absorb more sunlight, leading to warmer ocean temperatures. Warmer waters accelerate the melting of Antarctica's land ice, which, when it flows into the sea, does raise global sea levels.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-on-marine-ecosystems">Impact on marine ecosystems</h3>



<p>The decline in sea ice affects Antarctica's unique marine ecosystems. Many species, like the iconic krill, depend on sea ice to survive. Krill feed on the algae that grow under the sea ice. </p>



<p>As sea ice diminishes, so does the krill's food source. This decline in krill populations impacts the entire food chain, from fish to seals to whales, many of which rely on krill as a primary food source.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-disruption-of-ocean-currents">Disruption of ocean currents</h3>



<p>Sea ice also influences ocean currents. The formation and melting of sea ice help drive the Antarctic's dense, cold water deep into the ocean, a process known as "oceanic convection." </p>



<p>This process is essential for the circulation of the world's oceans. As sea ice levels change, so do these currents, with potential effects on global climate patterns, including temperature and precipitation.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenges-for-research-and-monitoring">Challenges for research and monitoring</h3>



<p>The changing sea ice conditions in Antarctica pose challenges for researchers. As ice becomes more unpredictable and unstable, it becomes harder for scientists to access research sites. This change hampers our ability to gather data, understand the full extent of changes, and predict future trends.</p>



<p>In summary, the effects of climate change on sea ice levels in Antarctica are profound and far-reaching. Beyond the visible loss of ice, the impacts ripple through ecosystems, global ocean currents, and sea levels. It underscores the urgent need for global action to address climate change. </p>



<p>By understanding and communicating these changes, we can hope to galvanize efforts to protect the fragile beauty and balance of Antarctica and, by extension, our world.</p>



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"Mind-blowing" decline in sea ice levels recorded in Antarctica

Antarctica, often referred to as Earth's final frontier, has been...

<p>All animals – including humans – have <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-moonlight-affects-the-circadian-clocks-of-animals/">circadian clocks</a> that are regulated by cues from their environment.&nbsp;</p>



<p>However, according to a recent study led by the <a href="https://www.stir.ac.uk/">University of Stirling</a> in Scotland, animals in zoos can be exposed to highly different cues than their counterparts in the wild.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-giant-pandas">Giant pandas</h2>



<p>Since animals’ circadian clocks are tightly linked to their physiology and behavior, changes in these clocks can impact their welfare, which is crucial to maintaining captive populations at high risk of extinction in the wild, such as giant pandas.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-jet-lag">Jet lag</h2>



<p>To better understand this phenomenon, the experts examined how the “jet lag” of living in high latitudes may affect captive giant pandas. Since the animals did not evolve or live at high latitudes, their circadian clocks do not match their environment.</p>



<p>“Animals, including humans, have evolved rhythms to synchronize their internal environment with the external environment,” said lead author Kristine Gandia, a PhD student in Behavior and Evolution at Stirling. </p>



<p>“When internal clocks are not synchronized with external cues like light and temperature, animals experience adverse effects. In humans, this can range from jet lag to metabolic issues and seasonal affective disorder.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-seasonal-patterns">Seasonal patterns</h2>



<p>Since giant pandas have highly seasonal lives, they are an ideal case study for understanding how circadian clocks affect behavior and wellbeing.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Pandas prefer to eat specific species of bamboo and love new shoots, which triggers seasonal migration patterns as these shoots emerge in the spring.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Moreover, since finding mates is easier when all pandas follow the same nutritious shoots, the migratory season is also the breeding season.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-captive-pandas-nbsp">Captive pandas&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Recently, pandas became so popular that many zoos housing them maintain public webcams, which makes it easier for behavior to be monitored around the clock.&nbsp;</p>



<p>In addition, since many pandas live in zoos located outside their normal range – where important cues such as daylight and temperature ranges are different from those in their natural habitats – zoos provide unique opportunities to understand why the circadian clock matters for their wellbeing.</p>



<p>According to the researchers, changes in the daylight and temperature ranges of the pandas could potentially leave them “jet lagged,” particularly since their circadian rhythms are highly dependent on seasonality. Moreover, pandas in captivity also appear to be frequently affected by anthropogenic cues, like zoo keepers’ regular visits.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-the-research-was-conducted-nbsp">How the research was conducted&nbsp;</h2>



<p>For the present study, the scientists used webcams to monitor 11 giant pandas at six zoos located both inside and outside the animals’ natural latitudinal range.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Every month for a year, the researchers conducted a day’s worth of hourly focal sampling to understand how pandas’ behavior changed across a day, as well as how those patterns changed across a full year, by monitoring variables such as general activity, sexual behavior, and atypical behavior.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-the-researchers-learned-nbsp">What the researchers learned&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The investigations revealed that daylight and temperature were particularly important cues for pandas, being closely associated with general activity in latitudes matching their natural range in China.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Just like their wild counterparts, captive pandas showed three peaks in activity over 24 hours, including a peak at night. Moreover, adult pandas only engaged in sexual behavior during the daytime, which makes it easier to find mates in the wild.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-behavioral-changes">Behavioral changes</h2>



<p>Pandas outside their natural latitudes were less active, most likely because daylight and temperature cues were different – a finding also supported by the fact that the behaviors of pandas in mismatched latitudes differed from those in matched latitudes the most when the pandas in mismatched latitudes were exposed to more divergent daylight and temperature cues.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-extreme-seasons">Extreme seasons</h3>



<p>“When giant pandas are housed at higher latitudes - meaning they experience more extreme seasons than they evolved with - this changes their levels of general activity and atypical behavior,” Gandia explained.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-zoo-specific-cues-nbsp">Zoo-specific cues&nbsp;</h3>



<p>The experts also discovered that captive pandas reacted to zoo-specific cues, becoming extremely active in the morning and displaying abnormal behaviors in anticipation with keepers providing them food in the first part of the day.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sexual-behaviors-nbsp">Sexual behaviors&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Finally, the animals’ abnormal and sexual behaviors were found to fluctuate at similar points, suggesting that they might be frustrated because they cannot migrate or mate as they would normally do.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Thus, pandas living at mismatched latitudes performed fewer abnormal behaviors, most likely because they were not getting the same cues for sexual behaviors.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research-nbsp">Future research&nbsp;</h2>



<p>“To expand on this research, we would want to incorporate cycles of physiological indicators. Importantly, we would want to assess sexual hormones to understand the effects the environment may have on the timing of release," said Gandia.</p>



<p>"This could help us further understand how to promote successful reproduction for a vulnerable species which is notoriously difficult to breed."</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1188566" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Frontiers in Psychology</em></a><em>.</em></p>



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Captive pandas become jet lagged outside of their natural environment 

All animals – including humans – have circadian clocks that...

<p>A recent study has unveiled a startling revelation that over 56 million Americans - which accounts for more than half of the adult population - have unknowingly been exposed to the harmful effects of secondhand tobacco smoke.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This significant exposure to toxic secondhand smoke was discovered by researchers from the <a href="https://www.ufl.edu/">University of Florida</a> (UF).</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-secondhand-smoke-exposure-nbsp">Secondhand smoke exposure&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Secondhand smoke, also known as passive smoke, is known to have no safe levels of exposure.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Persistent exposure to it can significantly increase the risk of various chronic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/40-percent-diseases-genetics/">diseases</a> like coronary heart disease, respiratory disorders, and even certain types of cancers.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“There is no safe level of secondhand smoke exposure, and long term exposure can increase the risk of many chronic conditions, such as coronary heart disease, respiratory disease, and cancers. We want people to be aware of their exposure so they can take protective actions,” said study lead author Ruixuan (Roxanne) Wang, a doctoral candidate in the UF College of Public Health and Health Professions.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-the-research-was-conducted-nbsp">How the research was conducted&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The researchers relied on the presence of cotinine in the blood to determine exposure to tobacco products. Cotinine, a result of nicotine exposure in recent days, is the standard for such detections.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The team analyzed data from the U.S. National Health and Examination Survey, conducted by the CDC from 2013 to 2020, which encompassed over 13,000 American adults.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-the-researchers-discovered-nbsp">What the researchers discovered&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The analysis revealed that the blood of 51% of these individuals contained a byproduct of nicotine, indicating exposure to secondhand smoke.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Astonishingly, less than half of the affected individuals claimed to have been exposed to smoke, revealing a massive gap in awareness about secondhand smoke exposure.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-underreported-exposure-nbsp">Underreported exposure&nbsp;</h2>



<p>According to the researchers, it is unclear why the level of underreported exposure was so high. Cotinine measurements are very sensitive and can detect low levels of smoke exposure.</p>



<p>“It could be the case that for low-level exposure, maybe you don’t notice it. You’re in a public setting, and maybe you’re not even aware someone is using tobacco around you. Maybe it’s so minor you forgot,” said study senior author Professor Jennifer LeLaurin.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“There’s also the possibility that some of the respondents were aware of some secondhand smoke exposure but chose not to report it due to the stigma.”</p>



<p>Wang hopes that these revelations will pave the way for targeted interventions for at-risk groups.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications-nbsp">Study implications&nbsp;</h2>



<p>"Understanding the extent of underreported nicotine exposure is crucial for developing effective public health strategies and interventions," wrote the study authors.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"It is imperative to bolster public consciousness about the risks associated with secondhand smoke."&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Additionally, surveillance tools should also incorporate measures of exposure to outdoor secondhand smoke and e-cigarette vapor to enhance the quality of data monitoring."</p>



<p>"Findings from this study can guide tobacco control initiatives and inform smoke-free air legislation."</p>



<p>The research is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntad165"><em>Nicotine and Tobacco Research</em></a>, and was supported by the Florida Health Policy Leadership Academy and the Florida Department of Health.</p>



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Millions of Americans are unknowingly exposed to secondhand smoke

A recent study has unveiled a startling revelation that over...

<p>A new study led by researchers from the <a href="https://ki.se/en">Karolinska Institutet</a> has revealed that treating child obesity at an early stage can produce effective results in both the short and long term. The findings were recently published in the <a href="https://www.nature.com/ijo/"><em>International Journal of Obesity</em></a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-study-nbsp">Focus of the study&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The experts followed over 170 young Swedish children between the ages of four and six, who were diagnosed with obesity.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The participants were enrolled through children's clinics in Region Stockholm and were randomly assigned to one of three treatment modalities:</p>



<ul>
<li>Standard treatment focusing on diet and exercise with the guidance of healthcare professionals.</li>



<li>A parental support group teaching parents how to encourage healthy lifestyles within their families without causing conflict.</li>



<li>A parental support group paired with follow-up phone support.</li>
</ul>



<p>The children and parents in the standard treatment group had meetings focusing on diet and exercise with a doctor.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-parental-support-groups-nbsp">Parental support groups&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The two parental support groups did not involve the children and focused on how the parents could promote healthy lifestyles in the family in a positive way and without conflict.</p>



<p>“Such conversations can center on how to set boundaries, how to teach children new behaviors and how to communicate with preschools, grandmothers, neighbors and other adults in the children’s world,” said principal investigator Paulina Nowicka.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-long-term-approach-nbsp">Long-term approach&nbsp;</h2>



<p>She emphasized the importance of their long-term approach. After attending the parental support groups, half of the participants were then randomly assigned a follow-up phone call.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Studies have been done on children who have been treated for obesity before,” said Professor Nowicka. “But most of them have only been followed up after six months or a year, so we have no data on how the children fared over a longer period than that.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lasting-improvements-nbsp">Lasting improvements&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Remarkably, children across all three groups displayed lasting improvements in their weight statuses and reductions in their obesity degrees.&nbsp;</p>



<p>However, children whose parents participated in the support groups, especially those who also benefited from follow-up phone calls, exhibited the most significant results.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“The children in all three groups improved their weight status and saw a reduction in their degree of obesity,” said Professor Nowicka.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“The children whose parents received parental support had the best results, especially so those who also received follow-up phone calls. We also found that more children in this third group showed a clinically relevant improvement of their weight status associated with better metabolic health, by which I mean better levels of blood lipids and glucose.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-relationships-with-food-nbsp">Relationships with food&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Professor Nowicka further emphasized that many parents already have an understanding of proper <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nutrition-for-neurons-the-role-of-breast-milk-in-shaping-our-brains/">nutrition</a>, but the real challenge is managing a child's relationship with food.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“They usually know this – but what do you do with a child who loves food and always wants to eat, or one that’s always hungry? How do you go about it without making a taboo of food?”&nbsp;</p>



<p>“You have to try to build a clear structure at home, one that makes the child know that lunch is on its way and know that they’ll be getting supper.”</p>



<p>“But you also need to do things together to strengthen family bonds, like getting the child involved in the cooking, giving the child vegetables if they’re hungry and not rewarding them with food. It’s also important to make sure that food isn’t associated with emotions and achievement.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications-nbsp">Study implications&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The evidence strongly suggests that tackling obesity in pre-schoolers can produce fat better outcomes than waiting until the adolescent years.</p>



<p>“Treating children at that age is much more effective than if you start treating them in their teens. Some adolescents are looking at possible bariatric surgery and we hope that this can be avoided with earlier treatment.”&nbsp;</p>



<p>This study was a collaboration between Karolinska Institutet, Uppsala University, Warwick Medical School, and Oxford University, and was funded by the Centrum for Innovative Medicine (CIMED) and the Masonic Home for Children in Stockholm Foundation. </p>



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Early treatment of child obesity yields lasting results

A new study led by researchers from the Karolinska Institutet...

<p>The ever-growing pursuit of sustainable energy solutions has been propelled into a new frontier – space. Tim Peake, a prominent figure in the realm of space exploration and the first British astronaut from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">European Space Agency</a> (ESA) to board the International Space Station, believes that space-based solar farms may soon become a reality.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-falling-costs-rising-possibilities">Falling costs, rising possibilities</h2>



<p>One of the primary factors making space solar farms increasingly viable is the decreasing cost of launching heavy payloads into space. For decades, the prohibitive costs of space missions were a significant roadblock for such innovative ideas. However, recent advancements, particularly in reusable rocket technology, have substantially lowered these costs.</p>



<p>Peake provides insight into the monetary figures, highlighting that the costs have shifted from a staggering $2,700 per kilo to a far more palatable $1,500 with SpaceX's Falcon Heavy. The emergence of the "Starship" further revolutionizes this, bringing the cost down to an astonishing $300 per kilo.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-solaris-initiative">The Solaris initiative</h2>



<p>The ESA hasn't been a mere spectator in these developments. Under the <a href="https://www.esa.int/Enabling_Support/Space_Engineering_Technology/SOLARIS/SOLARIS2" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Solaris</a> program, the agency is fervently working on the conceptualization and implementation of space-based solar power plants. </p>



<p>Their goal is to present a business case to the European Union by 2025. This strategy, backed by both Peake's insights and the ESA's dedication, paints an optimistic picture for <a href="https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Videos/2022/08/SOLARIS_Preparing_for_Space-Based_Solar_Power" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">space solar farms</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-funding-and-development">Funding and development</h2>



<p>Recognizing the potential of this venture, the British Government made a significant investment earlier this year. They pledged £4.3 million in funding for tech companies and UK universities. Their goal is to spearhead the development of space-based <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-harness-plant-energy-to-improve-solar-panels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">solar technology</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-do-solar-farms-in-space-work">How do solar farms in space work?</h2>



<p>For many, the idea of beaming energy from space may seem outlandish. Not so, says Peake. Solar panels, once sent into space under the Solaris initiative, can be interlinked to form expansive solar farms. </p>



<p>These farms can harness the sun's energy unceasingly, without the limitations of night or adverse weather conditions that terrestrial solar farms face.</p>



<p>The energy collected would then be transmitted to Earth using microwave technology. Peake envisions this as "clean, limitless energy" - a potential game-changer in the global quest for renewable energy solutions.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-solar-farms-in-space-a-beacon-of-hope">Solar farms in space -- a beacon of hope</h2>



<p>Space-based solar farms offer an opportunity to harness <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-worlds-renewable-energy-capacity-will-take-a-record-leap-this-year/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">renewable energy</a> in a manner previously considered the domain of science fiction. As technology continues to advance and the barriers of cost and feasibility diminish, the dream of tapping into the endless energy of space moves ever closer to reality.</p>



<p>While challenges remain, with pioneers like Tim Peake championing the cause and significant investments being made, the prospect of clean, infinite energy from space is no longer just a vision but an attainable future.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-orbiting-solar-farms">More about orbiting solar farms</h2>



<p>Space-based solar farms are transforming the way we think about renewable energy. Instead of installing solar panels on Earth, engineers and scientists are launching them into space. </p>



<p>Why? As discussed previously in this article, in space, solar panels can capture the sun's energy around the clock. This power source would be free from the limitations of night, atmospheric interference, or weather conditions.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-do-they-work">How do they work?</h3>



<p>At their core, space-based solar farms operate similarly to their ground counterparts. However, the environment they work in offers distinct advantages. Once engineers place these solar panels in orbit, the panels continuously harvest sunlight. They then convert this sunlight into electricity.</p>



<p>But how do we get this energy back to Earth? Engineers have found a solution. They convert the electrical energy into microwaves, beam these microwaves towards Earth, and then ground-based stations collect and convert them back into electricity. This transmission process, while complex, has the potential to deliver consistent and uninterrupted power to our planet.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-are-they-advantageous">Why are they advantageous?</h3>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-continuous-energy-collection">Continuous energy collection</h4>



<p>Unlike terrestrial solar panels that rely on daily sunlight and favorable weather conditions, space-based solar farms have an uninterrupted view of the sun. This means they can produce energy 24/7.</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-increased-efficiency">Increased efficiency</h4>



<p>Without the Earth's atmosphere to scatter and absorb sunlight, space solar panels can capture more energy, making them significantly more efficient than their terrestrial counterparts.</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-limitless-potential">Limitless potential</h4>



<p>Space offers an almost infinite area to install solar farms, unhindered by the land constraints we face on Earth. This vast expanse can potentially host solar farms that can power entire countries.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenges-and-considerations">Challenges and Considerations</h3>



<p>While the idea sounds promising, we're also tackling numerous challenges. The costs associated with launching and maintaining these solar farms in space are significant, even with the advent of more affordable space transport options. Additionally, engineers must ensure that the transmission of energy from space to Earth is both safe and efficient.</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-moving-forward">Moving forward</h4>



<p>With advancements in space technology, the decreasing costs of launches, and increasing global demand for renewable energy, space-based solar farms are gaining traction. Scientists and engineers, like Tim Peake mentioned earlier in this article, are collaborating, researching, and innovating to turn this ambitious concept into a reality. As we look to the future, the sky is not the limit -- it's just the beginning.</p>



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Space-based solar farms are now financially viable

The ever-growing pursuit of sustainable energy solutions has been propelled...

<p>Australian koalas, already battling diminishing numbers due to widespread <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/australian-bushfires-triggered-rare-multi-year-la-nina/">bushfires</a> in recent years, face an escalating threat. According to a new study led by <a href="https://www.flinders.edu.au/">Flinders University</a>, nearly half of the vital koala habitats in Australia will be at a high risk of bushfires by 2070.</p>



<p>Further studies by the team show that, by 2070, suitable habitats for koalas might shrink by a staggering 62 percent without even accounting for the impact of fires. These findings collectively highlight the challenges ahead for koala conservation efforts.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-multiple-threats">Multiple threats</h2>



<p>The increasing threat of bushfires only adds to the pressures of climate change and human activities, which are already placing enormous strain on koala populations.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"In addition to being highly sensitive to changes in climate, habitat reduction and fragmentation arising from land clearing for development has placed more koalas in close proximity to humans. This has escalated mortality rates of koalas due to domestic animal predation and road-kill," wrote the researchers.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-study">Focus of the study</h2>



<p>The experts noted that koalas are dependent on eucalyptus for both shelter and food. This means that their survival depends on a minimum level of Eucalyptus forest cover.</p>



<p>The researchers evaluated the effects of climate change on fire risk across the forests that provide crucial habitats for koalas. The findings reveal a distressing surge in the vulnerability of these habitats to wildfires.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-highly-susceptible-habitats">Highly susceptible habitats</h2>



<p>Currently, 39.56 percent of the koala habitat in Australia is deemed highly susceptible to bushfires. This is projected to climb to 44.61 percent by 2070. The prediction represents a broader rise in the vulnerability of all Australian vegetation to these fires.</p>



<p>“Wildfires will increasingly impact koala populations in the future. If this iconic and vulnerable marsupial is to be protected, conservation strategies need to be adapted to deal with this threat,” said lead author Professor Farzin Shabani, who now works in the Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences at Qatar University.</p>



<p>“It is crucial to strike a balance between ensuring that koala habitats and populations are not completely destroyed by fire while also allowing for forest rejuvenation and regeneration through periodic burns.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fire-susceptibility-maps-nbsp">Fire susceptibility maps&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The researchers used the dynamic Decision Tree machine learning algorithm to develop fire susceptibility maps.&nbsp;</p>



<p>These maps vividly depict an increase in Australia's regions with "high" or "very high" fire susceptibility, rising from the current 14.9 percent to an anticipated 15.66 percent by 2070. For areas conducive to koala-sustaining plants, the vulnerability is set to leap from the 39.56 to 44.61 percent.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-the-researchers-learned-nbsp">What the researchers learned&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The models revealed that koala habitats in South Australia and Queensland will face a more pronounced threat compared to other states.&nbsp;</p>



<p>By 2070, a staggering 89.11 percent of koala habitats in South Australia and 65.24 percent in Queensland will be exposed to high or extremely high fire susceptibility.</p>



<p>“Koalas may still be able to survive in areas highly susceptible to bushfires if their food sources can also withstand the fire-prone conditions, and if koalas can re-populate previously burnt-out areas from neighboring habitat - but this task is becoming more difficult due to habitat fragmentation and the increasingly large areas being burnt,” explained study co-author Dr. John Llewelyn, an expert in the Global Ecology Lab at Flinders University.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-conservation-challenges-nbsp">Conservation challenges&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Dr. Llewelyn emphasized the urgency of devising strategies to safeguard koalas and other fire-sensitive species, while also facilitating forest rejuvenation through controlled burns.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“While many of the affected tree species have an inherent resilience to fire, the massive biogeographic and demographic impact of widespread wildfires may leave ecosystems declining across landscapes, increasing susceptibility to regeneration failure,” says Dr Llewelyn.</p>



<p>“Fires of greater severity - megafires - will likely reduce the quality of koala habitats, increase habitat fragmentation, make it harder for koalas to recolonize areas, and directly kill more koalas, leading to increasingly isolated and smaller populations that are vulnerable to local extinction."</p>



<p>The research is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2023.103331"><em>Environmental Technology &amp; Innovation</em></a><em>.&nbsp;</em></p>



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Shrinking koala habitats face an escalating threat of bushfires

Australian koalas, already battling diminishing numbers due to widespread bushfires...

<p>As wildfires rage across Canada, a looming threat hangs over families in both Canada and the United States — deteriorating air quality. According to a new national survey conducted by the <a href="about:blank">University of Michigan Health C.S. Mott Children’s Hospital</a>, many parents worry about the impact of air <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/light-pollution-disorients-monarch-butterflies/">pollution</a> on their children’s health.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The poll revealed that two out of three parents have been confronted by at least one day of poor air quality in their area over the past two years. But what is more unsettling is the widespread uncertainty about how to combat these invisible threats.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-protective-actions">Protective actions</h2>



<p>Although a majority of parents instinctively shut their windows and limit their children’s outdoor exposure in response to poor air quality alerts, many seem to falter when it comes to further, more organized protective actions.&nbsp;</p>



<p>For instance, fewer parents thought about restricting rigorous outdoor activities, fewer still considered the use of home air filters, and an alarmingly small fraction opted for preventive measures like masks.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-health-risks">Health risks</h2>



<p>“Our report suggests poor air quality is a common issue for families. Local news and weather reports may help parents gauge their community’s air quality, but many seem unsure about how to protect their child when air quality worsens,” said poll co-director Susan Woolford, a pediatrician at U-M Health C.S. Mott Children’s Hospital.</p>



<p>“Children's organs are still developing, making them more susceptible to health risks from exposure to polluted air caused by wildfire smoke and other pollutants. This makes it essential to take precautions to protect their well-being when the air is unhealthy,” she added.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-information-sources">Information sources</h2>



<p>The survey revealed that parents associate poor air quality predominantly with wildfires, with fewer attributing it to factors like excessive heat, pollen, or industrial pollution.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This perspective underscores the role of timely and accurate information dissemination. Over 90 percent of parents, as it stands, lean on news or weather reports as their primary air quality information sources.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-action-policies">Action policies</h2>



<p>Yet, information is just one part of the equation. Preparedness and action policies at community hubs like schools are also crucial. A concerning finding was that only 21 percent of parents are aware of any such policies in their children’s schools.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Highlighting the importance of outdoor activities for children’s holistic development, the experts underlined the balancing act parents and educators must perform. While exposure to the outdoors fosters both physical and mental growth, the perils of pollution cannot be dismissed.</p>



<p>“Being outdoors is generally good for children’s physical and mental health but parents must also consider the risks of exposure to pollution,” Woolford said.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“When air quality problems are expected to be temporary, moving activities indoors or planning outdoor events for early in the day when air quality tends to be better may be warranted to prevent high levels of exposure.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-zoning-policies-nbsp">Zoning policies&nbsp;</h2>



<p>According to Woolford and her colleagues, local and state policymakers are not exempt from responsibility.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Thus, measures such as zoning policies to divert heavy traffic away from schools or the provision of filters to purify the air in educational and community spaces are also necessary to protect children’s health.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-guidelines-for-parents">Guidelines for parents</h2>



<p>The report offers specific guidelines for parents worried about their community’s air quality, including:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understand-the-short-and-long-term-risks-of-exposure-to-air-pollution">Understand the short- and long-term risks of exposure to air pollution</h3>



<p>Since children breathe faster than adults, their lungs are exposed to more pollution per pound of body weight than adults, making air quality particularly important for their health. Moreover, children usually spend more time outdoors than adults and their developing bodies are more susceptible to the long-term impact of pollution.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Although for children without a history of respiratory issues in their family, the threat might seem distant, small particles from pollution can still penetrate their lungs deeply, opening the door to severe health risks, such as childhood cancer and cardiovascular problems later in life.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-stay-informed-and-being-watchful-for-symptoms">Stay informed and being watchful for symptoms</h3>



<p>Staying updated on local air quality reports and wildfire alerts are crucial for making informed decisions about children’s outdoor activities. Parents should also engage in dialogue with healthcare providers, keeping an eye out for worrisome symptoms like wheezing or persistent coughing, which are hallmarks of conditions like asthma and bronchitis exacerbated by poor air quality.</p>



<p>“If your child has preexisting respiratory conditions like asthma, consult their healthcare provider for advice on managing their condition during events that increase their risk of pollutant exposure,” Woolford said.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-limit-outdoor-activities-and-using-masks">Limit outdoor activities and using masks</h3>



<p>On days with poor air quality – particularly during wildfires – outdoor activities should be reduced or even completely halted. However, if such activities are inevitable, reducing strenuous activities and using KN95 masks are advised.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-create-a-safe-indoor-environment">Create a safe indoor environment</h3>



<p>Parents should keep windows closed during periods with poor air quality in order to prevent pollutants from entering the home, and use filters and air purifiers to help reduce indoor pollution. Moreover, when air quality is severely compromised, they should also consider evacuating to an area with better air quality until conditions improve.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-school-and-youth-sports-policies">School and youth sports policies</h3>



<p>On high pollution day, schools should take into consideration and implement guidelines to manage students’ exposure to pollutants based on the color-coded <a href="https://www.airnow.gov/aqi/aqi-basics/">Air Quality Index</a>. In addition, school officials could ask parents not to idle during their drop-off and pick-up times. Finally, youth sports programs and other similar organizations should consider rescheduling or even canceling outdoor events.</p>



<p>“Schools play an important role in protecting children from the adverse effects of poor air quality. We found that most parents are supportive of protective actions, such as moving recess and physical education indoors,” Woolford concluded.</p>



<p>The full report can be found <a href="https://mottpoll.org/reports/protecting-children-poor-air-quality">here</a>.</p>



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Parents worry about poor air quality, but don't know how to protect their children

As wildfires rage across Canada, a looming threat hangs over...

Tornado,In,Stormy,Landscape,-,Climate,Change,And,Natural,Disaster

<p>Why do some societies crumble under environmental strain while others flourish? In today's rapidly changing world, the greatest challenge is not merely stopping the adverse effects of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/indisputable-evidence-of-human-caused-climate-change/">climate change</a> but adapting to live with them.&nbsp;</p>



<p>To identify the best ways to endure environmental shocks, we must first understand our past. This perspective is highlighted in a special issue of <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2022.0402"><em>The Royal Society</em></a>.&nbsp;</p>



<p>A study by the <a href="https://www.csh.ac.at/">Complexity Science Hub</a> has looked to historical lessons from our ancestors to identify potential strategies to address issues ranging from climate change and economic disparities to political divides.</p>



<h2 id="h-historical-database">Historical database</h2>



<p>The Crisis Database (CrisisDB) is an ambitious project by CSH researchers Peter Turchin and Daniel Hoyer. Together with a diverse team, they cataloged over 150 past crises spanning various epochs and regions.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This extensive data set offers insights into how societies responded to significant challenges such as earthquakes, droughts, and floods.</p>



<p>Some societies crumbled under the strain, descending into civil unrest or even collapsing entirely. Others, however, displayed remarkable resilience, maintaining their core social structures or even evolving positively.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"What we observe is that not every ecological shock or climatic anomaly leads to collapse or even a severe crisis, and not every crisis involves a major environmental stressor," explained Hoyer. But what factors determine a society's trajectory?</p>



<h2 id="h-lessons-from-diverse-societies">Lessons from diverse societies</h2>



<p>To illustrate the divergent dynamics experienced by past societies, the researchers provide three examples of societies which faced environmental shocks.</p>



<h3 id="h-southern-mexico">Southern Mexico</h3>



<p>In southern Mexico, the Zapotec settlement of Monte Albán was once a beacon of civilization. But following an extreme drought in the 9th century, this city, along with others, was abandoned.&nbsp;</p>



<p>However, this wasn't a total collapse – many inhabitants moved to nearby communities, preserving significant elements of their culture.</p>



<h3 id="h-qing-dynasty">Qing Dynasty&nbsp;</h3>



<p>The Qing Dynasty of China, despite its vast wealth, eventually succumbed to internal and external pressures.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Initially resilient against environmental adversities, by the 19th century, social tensions made them vulnerable to the very same challenges. This culminated in the devastating Taiping Rebellion and their eventual downfall in 1912.</p>



<h3 id="h-ottoman-empire">Ottoman Empire&nbsp;</h3>



<p>The Ottoman Empire, meanwhile, defied persistent environmental challenges in the 16th century.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Despite facing droughts and the Little Ice Age, they staved off total collapse, continuing their dominion for centuries more.</p>



<h2 id="h-underlying-patterns">Underlying patterns</h2>



<p>Unlike studies that focus on specific events, Turchin emphasizes the importance of examining multiple societies affected by similar environmental shocks.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The goal is to discern underlying patterns, determining why societies react differently to similar challenges.</p>



<p>“Many studies typically concentrate on a single event or a specific society. However, it is only by exploring the responses of all, or at least many, societies affected by a particular climate 'regime' that we can ascertain the causal influence and overall effectiveness of the environmental stressor,” said Turchin.</p>



<h2 id="h-interplay-of-factors">Interplay of factors</h2>



<p>It would be simplistic to assume that environmental shocks alone dictate societal outcomes. These challenges intersect with cultural, political, and economic dynamics.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Through the CrisisDB program, the researchers aim to uncover these complexities, understanding what strengthens or weakens societal resilience.</p>



<h2 id="h-social-cohesion">Social cohesion</h2>



<p>A major takeaway from their initial findings is the destructive role of social inequality. Societies riddled with inequality often lack cohesion, making them vulnerable to crises.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Dealing with large-scale threats demands considerable societal cohesion," said Hoyer pointing to the Covid pandemic as an example.&nbsp;</p>



<p>He noted that societies with higher levels of cohesion and the capacity for collective action before Covid broke out navigated the pandemic more effectively and successfully implemented the necessary distancing measures.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Given that we reside in an era marked by increasing ecological shocks, economic disruptions, inequality, and major conflicts, our focus should be on reducing these structural pressures to build this kind of cohesion and resilience," said Hoyer.</p>



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Past lessons can help us face environmental shocks

Why do some societies crumble under environmental strain while others...

Discovering,And,Using,Renewable,Energy,Resources,Instead,Of,Polluting,Power

<p>New York City is set to witness what's anticipated to be the largest climate march in the U.S in the past five years, the "March to End Fossil Fuels," with U.S Congresswoman Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez and UNICEF Goodwill ambassador Vanessa Nakate at the forefront. The significant climate rally will take place on Sunday, mere days ahead of the <a href="https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/climate-ambition-summit" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">United Nations Climate Ambition Summit</a>.</p>



<p>The March to End Fossil Fuels demonstration serves to amplify calls directed at the Biden Administration to usher in major policy shifts concerning fossil fuels. </p>



<p>Key demands from the organizers include:</p>



<ul>
<li>Halting approval for new oil and gas ventures.<br></li>



<li>Terminating fossil fuel drilling on public lands.<br></li>



<li>Officially declaring a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/indisputable-evidence-of-human-caused-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate emergency</a>, which would inherently curtail fossil fuel exports and foreign investments.<br></li>



<li>Propelling the nation toward a renewable energy future, ensuring a just transition for all.</li>
</ul>



<h2 id="h-impressive-roster-of-participants">Impressive roster of participants</h2>



<p>Organized predominantly by youth-centric groups, prominent among them being Greta Thunberg's "Fridays for Future" movement, the rally's objectives have secured endorsement from an impressive roster of over 500 organizations. Noteworthy among these supporters are the Sierra Club and the Sunrise Movement.</p>



<p>Moreover, the March to End Fossil Fuels has drawn endorsements from the Hollywood elite, including notable figures such as Mark Ruffalo, Jeremy Strong, Jane Fonda, and Edward Norton. Their support amplifies the voice of the movement and adds to the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-could-cause-one-billion-deaths-over-the-next-century/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">urgency of the issue</a>.</p>



<h2>Many young people feel betrayed</h2>



<p>17-year-old Bree Campbell, a representative of the New York City chapter of the Fridays for Future group, emphasized the motivation behind the march. Campbell expressed the feelings of betrayal many youths are experiencing, given that they heavily supported President Biden during his electoral campaign. </p>



<p>She said, "We are marching to make it clear to President Biden that he is betraying the very youth who helped get him into office in the first place. We are marching to make him see us – and to make him act on his promises."</p>



<h2>March to End Fossil Fuels is an intergenerational effort</h2>



<p>While youth play a central role, the march is an intergenerational effort. Veteran climate campaigner Bill McKibben, co-founder of <a href="https://thirdact.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Third Act,</a> a climate advocacy group for older activists, emphasized the involvement of seasoned campaigners. </p>



<p>Drawing attention to the long history of activism, he mentioned some participants have been active since the inaugural Earth Day in 1970. McKibben poignantly remarked, "It's true that some of us will be dead before the climate damage reaches its peak – but we can imagine that future and so we want to help head it off while we can."</p>



<p>This massive New York climate demonstration is but a fraction of a global movement. The past week has seen over 650 climate actions unfurl across the world, with protests witnessed in diverse nations like Pakistan, Austria, Ethiopia, and Bolivia.</p>



<p>The coming days, with the UN Climate Ambition Summit, will reveal the impact and potency of these global actions in shaping policy and catalyzing change.</p>



<h2>More about the UN Climate Ambition Summit</h2>



<p>The <a href="https://www.ipcc.ch/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change</a> (IPCC) has yet again underscored the acute necessity for immediate climate action in its latest scientific assessment. The message is clear: the clock is ticking as the adverse effects of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/can-soil-microbes-survive-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate crisis</a> continue to surge, and greenhouse gas emissions persistently reach new peaks.</p>



<p>It is essential to drastically cut emissions, starting immediately and spanning over the next thirty years, to confine global warming within the 1.5°C threshold above pre-industrial levels. Surpassing this limit is likely to intensify catastrophic environmental impacts.</p>



<h3>Climate change impact disparity</h3>



<p>However, there is an evident disparity in how the repercussions of the crisis are distributed. Vulnerable populations, often least culpable for the escalating <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/underground-climate-change-silent-hazard-is-destroying-our-buildings-from-beneath/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate issues</a>, are already grappling with the detrimental impacts. These communities require instantaneous aid to adapt and recuperate from the mounting environmental losses. </p>



<p>This poses not just an environmental challenge but also a profound moral quandary concerning equity and climate justice. The call is clear for governments and international financial institutions to address this imbalance promptly.</p>



<p>In light of these challenges, the United Nations Secretary-General is convening the Climate Ambition Summit at the UN Headquarters in New York on September 20, 2023. This Summit is envisioned as a pivotal political juncture to manifest the global collective resolve in accelerating the transition towards an equitable, renewable-energy driven, and climate-resilient global economy.</p>



<p>The Summit's objectives are organized around three pivotal acceleration tracks:</p>



<h3>Ambition</h3>



<p>Governments, especially major contributors to greenhouse gas emissions, are anticipated to present updated pre-2030 Nationally Determined Contributions, as discussed in Glasgow. Additional elements include updated targets for achieving <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/a-net-zero-world-will-require-75-trillion-of-investment-and-1-billion-electric-cars/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">net-zero emissions</a>, energy transition plans with emphasis on discontinuation of new coal, oil, and gas ventures, and more aggressive targets for renewable energy adoption.</p>



<h3>Credibility</h3>



<p>Business, city, region, and financial institution leaders are anticipated to roll out transition blueprints that conform to the UN-endorsed credibility standards highlighted in the "<a href="https://www.un.org/sites/un2.un.org/files/high-level_expert_group_n7b.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Integrity Matters</a>" report. This exclusive standard, attuned to the 1.5°C global warming limit, advocates for specific targets for 2025 and 2030, encompassing all scope 3 emissions, detailed strategies for discontinuing fossil fuel use, actual emission reductions without the dependence on offsets, and a commitment to champion science-driven climate action.</p>



<h3>Implementation</h3>



<p>Key representatives from government bodies, international institutions, the private sector, and civil society are set to introduce either established or emerging partnerships. These partnerships will address the challenges and prospects associated with decelerating carbon emissions in major sectors like energy, shipping, aviation, steel, and cement. They will also delve into initiatives aiming to deliver climate justice, ranging from reforming international financial systems to establishing early warning frameworks and addressing loss and damage.</p>



<p>The Climate Ambition Summit, therefore, stands at the forefront of the battle against the climate crisis. By uniting the world's major players across various sectors, the Summit strives to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/media-coverage-of-climate-change-fails-to-inspire-action/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">drive home the message</a> that immediate, collective, and impactful action is not only necessary but also possible. The world watches keenly, hoping this assembly will chart a clear path for a sustainable and equitable future.</p>



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Star-studded lineup to join "March to End Fossil Fuels" this week

New York City is set to witness what's anticipated to...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lHHxOej4QfE
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Researchers found a correlation between Alzheimer's disease and traffic pollution.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-invisible-threat-in-urban-air"><strong>Invisible threat in urban air</strong></h2>



<p>City dwellers face an unseen danger with every breath. New findings from Emory University researchers suggest that fine particulate matter from <a href="http://earth.com/news/traffic-related-air-pollution-might-increase-alzheimers-risk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">vehicle emissions may significantly elevate the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease</a>. The study examined brain tissue samples from 224 individuals who had confirmed diagnoses and volunteered their brains for scientific research.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-disturbing-connections-emerge"><strong>Disturbing connections emerge</strong></h2>



<p>Scientists analyzed neuritic plaques — protein clusters that characterize Alzheimer's — while mapping each participant's exposure to PM2.5 particles based on residential location and surrounding traffic density. The correlation proved more alarming than anticipated. Individuals experiencing higher pollution exposure showed nearly double the likelihood of elevated plaque accumulation in brain tissue.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-timing-matters"><strong>Timing matters</strong></h2>



<p>The research team discovered that pollution exposure during the final year before death demonstrated the strongest association with brain changes. This timeline suggests relatively rapid impacts from environmental toxins on neural health. The connection remained robust even after accounting for various demographic and health factors.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genetic-vulnerability-patterns"><strong>Genetic vulnerability patterns</strong></h2>



<p>Perhaps most concerning, people lacking the APOE gene—which naturally predisposes individuals to Alzheimer's — exhibited more than twice the susceptibility to pollution-related brain damage. Study author Dr. Anke Huels noted this indicates environmental elements like air contamination could trigger the disease in cases where hereditary factors don't explain.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-public-health-implications"><strong>Public health implications</strong></h2>



<p>These findings, published in <em><a href="https://www.neurology.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Neurology</a></em>, underscore the critical importance of air quality regulations in urban planning. The research suggests that implementing stricter emission controls and promoting alternative transportation could serve as powerful tools in Alzheimer's prevention.</p>



<p>As cities worldwide grapple with growing traffic congestion and aging populations, this study highlights an urgent need for comprehensive approaches to environmental health that protect both our lungs and our minds.</p>



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<p>—–</p>

Traffic fumes may trigger Alzheimer's

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lHHxOej4QfE Researchers found a correlation between Alzheimer's disease and traffic...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that scientists never expected.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hidden-waters-beneath-ancient-craters">Hidden waters beneath ancient craters</h2>



<p>Scientists have made a startling discovery that challenges everything we thought we knew about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/saturn-moon-mimas-has-remarkably-young-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Saturn's moon Mimas</a>. Beneath the heavily cratered surface that earned it the nickname "Death Star" lies a global ocean that formed just 5 to 15 million years ago—a remarkably young age by cosmic standards.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cassini-data-reveals-orbital-secrets">Cassini data reveals orbital secrets</h2>



<p>The discovery, led by Dr. Valéry Lainey of the <a href="https://observatoiredeparis.psl.eu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Observatoire de Paris</a>, emerged from careful analysis of <a href="https://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>'s Cassini spacecraft data. By studying subtle irregularities in Mimas's orbit around Saturn, researchers detected the gravitational signature of liquid water hidden 20 to 30 kilometers beneath the moon's icy shell.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-an-unlikely-ocean-world">An unlikely ocean world</h2>



<p>At only 400 kilometers in diameter, Mimas seemed like the least likely candidate to harbor a subsurface ocean. Unlike other ocean moons such as Europa and Enceladus, which show clear surface signs of internal activity, Mimas displays no obvious hints of the liquid water beneath its ancient, crater-scarred exterior.</p>



<p>"Mimas is a small moon, and its heavily cratered surface gave no hint of the hidden ocean beneath," explained Dr. Nick Cooper from <a href="https://www.qmul.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Queen Mary University of London</a>, a study co-author.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-astrobiology">Implications for astrobiology</h2>



<p>The ocean's recent formation makes Mimas a prime target for studying how oceans develop and potentially support life. This discovery adds another member to the exclusive club of ocean worlds in our solar system, each offering unique insights into the conditions necessary for habitability.</p>



<p>The research, published in <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a></em> journal, demonstrates how advanced orbital analysis can reveal hidden features of celestial bodies, opening new possibilities for understanding ocean formation throughout the cosmos.</p>



<p>—–</p>



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<p>—–</p>

Scientists discover unexpected young ocean on Saturn's cratered moon Mimas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ 'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K0DuSr87SHY
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">57 million-year ice age mystery solved by Australian scientists.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-when-earth-became-a-frozen-wasteland">When Earth became a frozen wasteland</h2>



<p>Imagine Earth as a giant snowball, frozen solid from the North Pole to the equator. This wasn't the plot of a science fiction movie – it was our planet's reality 700 million years ago during an extreme ice age that has puzzled scientists for decades.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-discovery">The discovery</h2>



<p>Australian researchers from the <a href="https://www.sydney.edu.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Sydney</a> have finally cracked one of geology's greatest mysteries: what caused the Sturtian glaciation and why it persisted for an unprecedented 57 million years. This period occurred long before dinosaurs roamed the Earth, when no complex plants or multicellular animals existed.</p>



<p>Dr. Adriana Dutkiewicz, the study's lead author, describes a world completely unlike today's climate. "Imagine the Earth almost completely frozen over," she explained. "The planet was blanketed in ice from poles to equator, and temperatures plunged."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-combination-of-climate-factors">The combination of climate factors</h2>



<p>The research team discovered that this massive freeze resulted from a "double whammy" of geological events. First, plate tectonic activity reduced volcanic carbon dioxide emissions to historically low levels. Volcanic activity typically releases CO2 into the atmosphere, creating a greenhouse effect that keeps Earth warm.</p>



<p>Simultaneously, weathering of volcanic rocks in what is now Canada actively absorbed atmospheric CO2, further reducing greenhouse gas concentrations. When atmospheric carbon dioxide levels dropped below 200 parts per million – less than half of today's levels – glaciation engulfed the entire planet.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-climate-implications">Modern climate implications</h2>



<p>Published in the journal <em><a href="https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/geology" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geology</a></em>, this research provides crucial insights into Earth's climate system. While geological climate changes occur over millions of years, the study emphasizes that human-induced climate change is happening at a pace ten times faster than previously observed natural changes, highlighting the urgent need to understand our planet's delicate climate balance.</p>



<p>—–</p>



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What caused the planet's longest ice age

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K0DuSr87SHY 57 million-year ice age mystery solved by Australian scientists....

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WXXGGiynIjs
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Greenland is not sinking. In fact, it is the opposite.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-contrasting-climate-response">A contrasting climate response</h2>



<p>Most coastal towns are <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sinking-land-will-intensify-the-effects-of-rising-sea-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">preparing for higher sea levels</a>, but <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/greenland-no-longer-has-to-worry-about-rising-sea-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Greenland presents</a> a different scenario during climate change. The ground there is rising at a remarkable rate. Over the past decade, some areas have lifted about 20 centimeters, which translates to roughly 2 meters per century. This rate significantly exceeds current projections for sea level rise.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-geological-rebound-process-through-climate-change">Geological rebound process through climate change</h2>



<p>The mechanism behind this phenomenon is straightforward. As the ice sheet melts, the immense weight is removed from the bedrock, causing the land to rebound upward. This process resembles the way compressed material springs back when pressure is released.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-monitoring-networks">Scientific monitoring networks</h2>



<p>Researchers at the <a href="https://www.dtu.dk/english/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Technical University of Denmark</a> are documenting this uplift using the GNET network, consisting of 61 GPS stations positioned around Greenland's coast. These sensors can detect movement with millimeter precision, providing detailed measurements of the ongoing changes.</p>



<p>The data reveal that current uplift rates exceed the gradual rebound occurring since the last ice age ended approximately 12,000 years ago. This acceleration corresponds directly with increased ice sheet melting rates.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-coastal-transformation">Coastal Transformation</h2>



<p>This uplift is actively reshaping Greenland's coastline. New islands and rocky formations, called "skerries," are emerging as previously submerged land surfaces rise above the water level. This represents a notable contrast to global concerns about rising seas.</p>



<p>The study, published in Geophysical Research Letters, demonstrates the varied regional impacts of climate change. While many locations face rising water levels, Greenland's bedrock is literally rising above the surrounding seas.</p>



<p>The full study was recently published in <em><a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2023GL104851" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geophysical Research Letters</a></em>.</p>



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<p>—–</p>

Greenland's ground rises while coasts worldwide face higher seas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WXXGGiynIjs Greenland is not sinking. In fact, it is the...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DSM3EVeGHJU
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Companies like MindStudio help companies train their employees to implement the latest AI Agent building platform.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ai-agent-training-transforms-the-workplace-fear-factor-into-a-competitive-advantage">AI agent training transforms the workplace 'fear factor' into a competitive advantage</h2>



<p>Organizations that offer comprehensive artificial intelligence training to their workers find remarkable value that extends well beyond basic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mind-wandering-might-be-more-productive-than-you-think/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">productivity improvements</a>. Emerging research demonstrates that carefully crafted AI training programs <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ai-does-not-replace-human-creativity-but-enhances-it/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">enhance</a> corporate performance, lower operational costs, and dramatically improve employee psychological well-being by turning workplace uncertainty into professional empowerment.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-addressing-the-widespread-ai-anxiety-crisis-among-us">Addressing the widespread 'AI anxiety' crisis among us</h2>



<p>A staggering 53% of employees expressed concern that the use of AI tools to automate work tasks could make them appear disposable to their employers, according to <a href="https://www.microsoft.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Microsoft</a>'s 2024 workplace survey. Such pervasive worry about being substituted by machines has caused what researchers have termed "AI technostress" – a psychological state that can result in occupational burnout and poorer mental well-being.</p>



<p>Data published in <a href="https://www.nature.com/palcomms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Humanities and Social Sciences Communications</a> showed that belief in AI learning ability was a moderator in the link between technology adoption and work pressure, and higher confidence significantly lowered negative psychological responses. Workers provided ample training to become competent with AI software have significantly lower stress.</p>



<p>Companies like <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MindStudio</a> have platforms for building what are known as "AI Agents".  In essence, AI Agents are simply tools that employees can build for themselves or their teams quickly and inexpensively.   MindStudio will even train entire companies, from the CEO on down, at no cost. By letting MindStudio empower employees, companies avoid hiring more IT staff, buying more software, and implementing solutions to problems that do not exist.</p>



<p>MindStudio even has partners locally for companies, like <a href="http://www.dominnus.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dominnus</a> with offices in the Carolinas, California, and Denver, to help build AI Agents and support employees as they become resident AI experts for their organization.  The training provided by MindStudio is applicable across other AI Agent building platforms as well.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-productivity-through-focused-learning">Revolutionary productivity through focused learning</h2>



<p>Organizations that implement large-scale AI training programs achieve dramatic outcomes. Employees performed tasks significantly better when they utilized AI support compared to when they didn't, according to <a href="https://www.nngroup.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nielsen Norman Group</a> research findings. Their study documented productivity increases of 66% for a variety of professional tasks.</p>



<p>Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis research finds workers record 33% higher productivity in time working with generative AI tools. The benefit is equivalent to 5.4% of work time savings for AI users – around 2.2 hours per week for full-time workers.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-psychological-well-being-benefits-through-ai-competence">Psychological well-being benefits through AI competence</h2>



<p>The emotional transformation when employees are provided with proper technology training is a fundamental transformation from fear to professional confidence. A survey of 600 employees across industries, carried out by ScienceDirect, proved that AI capabilities strengthen work environment commitment and improve job satisfaction.</p>



<p>A <a href="https://www.lut.fi/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">LUT University</a> study discovered that AI adoption has no direct effect on workers' well-being but does so indirectly through working conditions like task optimization and safety protocols. Strategically deployed AI that involves correct training can actually increase workplace mental well-being.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-from-replacement-anxiety-to-partnership-confidence">From 'replacement anxiety' to 'partnership confidence'</h2>



<p>Although 35% of those interviewed in recent McKinsey studies were concerned about workforce displacement, firms with large-scale training initiatives witness such fears dissipate quickly. The World Economic Forum found that two out of three respondents believe AI competencies will enhance their career prospects and job marketability.</p>



<p>This shift from fear to trust has measurable implications for job satisfaction. Applied Sciences research indicates AI can create tailored wellness programs based on individual employee requirements.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-financial-benefits-of-increased-retention">Financial benefits of increased retention</h2>



<p>The mental health advantages of AI learning have a direct impact on organizational bottom lines in the form of a positive feedback cycle with high retention of employees. Recent ROI research validates that artificial intelligence learning has a beneficial impact on employee turnover and satisfaction levels.</p>



<p>PriceWaterhouseCoopers' research documents 20% to 30% improvements in productivity, market speed, and revenue in organizations that attempt systematic AI adoption through comprehensive training.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-advantages-of-ai-enabled-teams">Environmental advantages of AI-enabled teams</h2>



<p>AI training has unforeseen environmental benefits as it makes the work environment more efficient. According to a study in Scientific Reports, the carbon footprint in writing and illustrating work is significantly lower when AI performs it compared to humans. AI software produces 130 to 1,500 times less CO2 equivalent per page of text created than human authors.</p>



<p>In addition, AI-driven remote work functionality significantly reduces environmental impact. Research by Cornell University and Microsoft indicates that remote workers reduce greenhouse gas emissions by up to 54% by not commuting daily to offices. Hybrid workers working remotely two to four days a week can reduce their carbon footprint by 11% to 29%.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cumulative-organizational-advantages">Cumulative organizational advantages</h2>



<p>The compounding gains of better mental well-being, reduced turnover, increased productivity, and environmental benefits flow to enterprises from the pairing. McKinsey analysis estimates the long-term AI potential at $4.4 trillion in incremental productivity growth opportunity from business use cases.</p>



<p>As of now, 75% of knowledge workers globally utilize generative AI, mirroring widespread adoption patterns. Organizations that provide organized training and assistance see the most favorable results in productivity, worker satisfaction, and ecological sustainability.</p>



<p>The research overwhelmingly indicates that companies that invest in proper AI education, like that offered through <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MindStudio</a>, establish win-win scenarios where employees are both more empowered and less stressed, and companies enjoy the gains of increased productivity, reduced turnover, and improved mental health outcomes throughout their workforce.</p>



<p>For more on MindStudio's free AI training for companies, visit the website's of MindStudio and Dominnus from the links below.</p>



<p>The research was published across a variety of peer-reviewed journals, including <a href="https://www.nature.com/palcomms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Humanities and Social Sciences Communications</a>, <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/artificial-intelligence" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence</a>, and <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/journal/applsci">Applied Sciences</a>.</p>



<p id="block-9bd989d6-2fd3-4580-957f-6cacce134f08">-----</p>



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<p>MindStudio.AI: <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.mindstudio.ai</a></p>



<p>Dominnus: <a href="https://www.dominnus.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.dominnus.com</a></p>

AI agent training boosts mental health and profits

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DSM3EVeGHJU Companies like MindStudio help companies train their employees to...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0HDXqTGEmi4
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Scientists give plants superpowers against bacterial disease</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-natural-solution-to-disease-through-crop-modification">A natural solution to disease through crop modification.</h2>



<p>The agricultural industry stands at a crossroads between productivity and environmental responsibility, and crop modification often carries a negative connotation. While chemical pesticides have long been the go-to solution for crop protection, their harmful effects on ecosystems and human health have prompted scientists to seek alternatives. The recent breakthrough by <a href="https://www.southampton.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Southampton</a> researchers offers a promising path forward through the precise manipulation of plant-associated microbial communities.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-science-behind-microbial-partnerships">The science behind microbial partnerships</h2>



<p>Plants naturally harbor diverse ecosystems of bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms that function as biological allies. These microscopic partners contribute to disease resistance, nutrient absorption, and stress tolerance. However, until now, scientists lacked the tools to deliberately reshape these communities to enhance crop protection.</p>



<p>The Southampton team's approach centered on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/engineered-plant-microbiomes-the-future-of-crop-protection/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">modifying lignin biosynthesis genes in rice plants</a>. This strategic intervention altered the plant's metabolic output, creating conditions that favored beneficial bacterial populations while suppressing harmful ones. The result was a living defense system embedded within the plant itself.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-global-food-security">Implications for global food security</h2>



<p>The successful demonstration against Xanthomonas oryzae, the pathogen responsible for bacterial blight in rice, represents more than a laboratory achievement. Rice feeds nearly half the world's population, and bacterial blight causes devastating crop losses annually. Traditional control methods rely heavily on pesticides that contaminate soil and water systems.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-looking-beyond-disease-resistance">Looking Beyond Disease Resistance</h2>



<p>While disease protection represents the immediate application, the research framework opens doors to broader agricultural improvements. Future developments could engineer microbiomes to enhance nutrient uptake, reducing dependence on synthetic fertilizers. This dual benefit addresses both crop productivity and environmental sustainability.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-path-forward">The path forward</h2>



<p>As this technology advances from laboratory to field applications, it promises to reshape sustainable agriculture. The ability to program plants with their own biological defense systems could herald a new era where crops protect themselves naturally, reducing chemical inputs while maintaining yields necessary for global food security.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal&nbsp;<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-44335-3" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Nature Communications</em></a>.</p>



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<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



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Revolutionizing agriculture through microbiome engineering

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0HDXqTGEmi4 Scientists give plants superpowers against bacterial disease A natural...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Acid rain and a crisis solved.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-don-t-we-ever-hear-about-acid-rain-anymore-the-environmental-crisis-that-was-solved">Why don't we ever hear about "acid rain" anymore? The environmental crisis that was solved</h2>



<p>Remember the 1980s when acid rain dominated headlines? Dire warnings about rain eating buildings, killing fish, and destroying forests filled every news cycle. Then, almost like magic, acid rain vanished from public discourse. What happened? Did we actually solve one of the late 20th century's most pressing environmental challenges?</p>



<p>The answer might surprise you. Unlike many environmental issues that drag on indefinitely, acid rain represents one of modern history's most successful ecological recovery stories. It's a tale of science, politics, and technology working together to tackle what seemed impossible.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>What was acid rain?</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain isn't regular rain having a bad day – it's precipitation that became significantly more acidic due to air pollution. When power plants, factories, and vehicles burn fossil fuels, they release sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) into the atmosphere.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The science behind it</strong></h2>



<p>Think of acid rain as nature's chemistry experiment gone wrong. These compounds react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form sulfuric and nitric acids. When mixed with water vapor in clouds, they create precipitation with dangerously low pH levels.</p>



<p>While clean rain has a pH of about 5.6, acid rain could drop as low as 4.2 to 4.4 – roughly as acidic as tomato juice or coffee. According to US Geological Survey documentation, Scottish chemist Angus Smith first coined "acid rain" in 1872, but it didn't become a household phrase until the 1960s and 1970s when Swedish scientist Svante Odén documented its devastating effects on Scandinavian lakes and European forests.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The crisis at its peak</strong></h2>



<p>During the height of public concern, environmental damage was both widespread and visible. This wasn't some abstract future threat – people could see destruction happening in real-time.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Environmental devastation</strong></h2>



<p>The most dramatic impacts were impossible to ignore. Research documented by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation shows that in the Adirondack Mountains, more than 200 lakes became so acidic they couldn't support fish life. The Adirondack Council reports that 409 lakes once supported brook trout, but many lost their fish populations due to acid rain.</p>



<p>By 1976, when scientists cataloged all acidified lakes in the Adirondack Park, researchers found that half of the lakes over 2,000 feet above sea level had no fish, according to studies published in environmental journals. The acidification process worked like a slow-motion disaster. As acid rain fell into watersheds, it gradually lowered pH levels. Fish couldn't survive in acidic water, and their food sources died off too.</p>



<p>Trees at high elevations showed stress directly linked to acid rain. It weakened them by leaching nutrients and making them susceptible to disease. Historical records show Germany's Black Forest saw nearly half its trees damaged by the mid-1980s.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Economic impact</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain wasn't just environmental – it was expensive. Acidic precipitation corroded infrastructure, buildings, and monuments. Historic stone structures deteriorated at accelerated rates. Tourism suffered as lakes became fishless and forests declined. EPA economic analyses from the period documented repair costs mounting into billions annually.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The solution: government action and technology</strong></h2>



<p>Transformation from crisis to success required unprecedented cooperation between governments, industries, and environmental groups.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The Clean Air Act of 1990</strong></h2>



<p>The turning point came with the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, signed by President George H.W. Bush. This represented a fundamentally new approach to environmental regulation, as documented in EPA historical records.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Cap-and-trade success</strong></h2>



<p>Instead of mandating specific technologies, the 1990 amendments introduced something revolutionary: a cap-and-trade system for sulfur dioxide emissions. EPA program documentation shows this market-based approach set overall limits but allowed companies to trade emission allowances.</p>



<p>The genius was harnessing market forces to find cost-effective pollution reduction. Companies reducing emissions cheaply could sell excess allowances to those facing higher costs. Research published in environmental economics journals and EPA progress reports shows this resulted in dramatic SO2 reduction at a fraction of projected costs.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Technology advances</strong></h2>



<p>Policy provided the framework, but technology made reductions possible. Studies in atmospheric science journals document the widespread adoption of flue gas desulfurization systems ("scrubbers") that removed sulfur dioxide before it reached the atmosphere. By the 2000s, new installations could remove over 95% of SO2 emissions, according to EPA technical reports.</p>



<p>The push coincided with cleaner energy development. Natural gas produces fewer sulfur compounds than coal. Wind and solar, emerging in the 1990s, captured growing market share, reducing reliance on high-sulfur coal.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-we-don-t-hear-about-it-today"><strong>Why we don't hear about it today</strong></h2>



<p>Why did acid rain disappear from headlines? Simple: the problem was largely solved.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Success doesn't make news</strong></h2>



<p>There's an old journalism saying: "If it bleeds, it leads." Environmental success stories don't generate urgency like crisis reporting. Media attention shifted to other challenges: climate change, plastic pollution, and biodiversity loss. There's only so much environmental anxiety the public can absorb, and newer concerns replaced acid rain.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Mission accomplished</strong></h2>



<p>The primary reason is beautifully simple: interventions worked. EPA monitoring data shows sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990. Academic research published in environmental science journals confirms pH levels in formerly affected areas returned closer to normal. This represents one of history's most dramatic environmental recoveries. Studies by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation show fishless lakes now support healthy populations. Forests recovered, and building damage slowed dramatically.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-is-it-really-gone"><strong>Is it really gone?</strong></h2>



<p>The crisis is largely resolved, but monitoring data shows the problem isn't completely eliminated – it's managed to acceptable levels. Some areas still experience occasional events during high pollution periods. International environmental research indicates that rapidly industrializing Asian countries face similar problems to what we experienced decades ago, though they're implementing successful strategies.</p>



<p>EPA research shows nitrogen oxide emissions proved more challenging than sulfur dioxide, coming from vehicles and mobile sources. Climate science studies suggest changing weather patterns add complexity to how acid rain forms and falls.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>What this teaches us</strong></h2>



<p>The acid rain experience proves that seemingly intractable environmental problems can be solved with scientific understanding, political will, and technological innovation. Environmental monitoring data shows recovery speed was remarkable – within a decade, measurable improvements appeared in air quality and ecosystem health.</p>



<p>Success came from bipartisan support across party lines. Policy analysis studies show the market-based approach appealed to those preferring economic incentives while achieving environmental goals. This support created lasting policy surviving political changes.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Conclusion</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain's disappearance from public consciousness represents environmental science's greatest success stories. Through effective regulation, technological innovation, and international cooperation, we transformed an overwhelming crisis into a manageable challenge.</p>



<p>Today's silence isn't because we forgot – it's because we solved it. The 1990 Clean Air Act, combined with technology and energy market changes, reduced acid rain emissions over 90%, according to comprehensive EPA data analysis.</p>



<p>This success offers hope for current challenges. It proves complex problems can be solved when science, policy, and technology work together. As we face climate change and plastic pollution, acid rain reminds us that dramatic positive change is possible.</p>



<p>Next time someone asks whether environmental regulations work, remember acid rain. It's proof that sometimes, we get it right.</p>



<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>



<p><strong>Sources:</strong> <em>This article draws from EPA official documentation and progress reports, peer-reviewed research published in environmental and atmospheric science journals, historical data from the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation records, US Geological Survey publications, policy analysis studies, and environmental monitoring data collected over three decades.</em></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Frequently Asked Questions</strong></h2>



<p><strong>1. Is acid rain completely gone?</strong> No, but EPA monitoring shows it's reduced to manageable levels. US sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990, making acid rain much less severe than the 1980s crisis.</p>



<p><strong>2. How long did solving take?</strong> Environmental monitoring data shows significant improvements began within 5-10 years of 1990s emission controls. Full ecosystem recovery took longer – some areas need 20-30 years for complete recovery.</p>



<p><strong>3. What made the solution successful?</strong> Clear scientific understanding, visible damage motivating action, bipartisan support, available technology, and innovative market-based policies like cap-and-trade.</p>



<p><strong>4. Do other countries have acid rain problems?</strong> Yes, particularly rapidly industrializing Asian countries. However, international environmental research shows many implement similar successful control strategies.</p>



<p><strong>5. Could acid rain return?</strong> Potentially, if regulations weaken or we return to high-sulfur coal without controls, though effects would take years to become severe according to environmental projections.</p>



<p><strong>6. Can you recommend any teaching tools on the subject of "acid rain"?</strong> The United States Environmental Protection Agency produced a wonderful teacher's guide for ages 14 and under that you can find on the EPA website here: <a href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf</a></p>



<p>-----</p>



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The environmental problem we actually solved

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk Acid rain and a crisis solved. Why don't we...

Green,Ecoduct,Over,An,Empty,Highway,During,Sunset.

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https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU
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<p>A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that wildlife tunnels significantly reduce amphibian road mortality during seasonal migrations. </p>



<p>Frogs and salamanders often cross roads to reach breeding ponds each spring, but many are killed by vehicles. </p>



<p>Researchers from the <a href="https://www.uvm.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Vermont</a>, in collaboration with local citizens and the Vermont Agency of Natural Resources, installed two underpass tunnels in 2015. </p>



<p>Over a 12-year monitoring period, they observed an 80.2% reduction in amphibian deaths, and up to 94% for non-climbing species like salamanders. </p>



<p>The study used a before-after-control-impact design and documented more than 5,200 amphibians, highlighting the tunnels’ effectiveness even in nearby buffer zones.</p>



<p>Funded at $342,397 - far cheaper than wildlife crossings for large mammals - the project showcased the power of community-led conservation.</p>



<p>Local groups initiated the effort after observing mass amphibian deaths. Wildlife cameras later captured over 2,200 amphibians using a tunnel in just one spring, along with other species like raccoons and bobcats, indicating wider ecosystem benefits.</p>



<p>This marks the first peer-reviewed, long-term data set in the northeastern U.S. confirming amphibian-specific underpasses work. </p>



<p>The study urges transportation departments to incorporate these designs into road planning and highlights how community action, thoughtful infrastructure, and persistence can make a real difference for biodiversity.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the <em><a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1617138125000780" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal for Nature Conservation</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Wildlife tunnels save millions of amphibians

https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that...

<p>Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. </p>



<p>The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.</p>



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https://youtu.be/Ug657J67iEo?si=w96YjGMsg939LD_3
</div></figure>



<p>Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. </p>



<p>Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.</p>



<p>Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. </p>



<p>They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).</p>



<p>Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.</p>



<p>Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.</p>



<p>This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.</p>

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.</p>



<p>“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. </p>



<p>The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.</p>



<p>“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”</p>



<p>The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Designing crops that can beat the heat

[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Carl...

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes the first comprehensive estimate of carbon density in the Saharan, Sahel, and Sudanian zones of Africa. In an effort to measure the amount of carbon stored across these drylands, a team of scientists used high-resolution satellite images and artificial intelligence to map nearly 10 billion individual trees. </p>



<p>"The high spatial resolution (50 cm) combined with AI and field measurements used in this study is key to improving tree inventories in drylands," said Pierre Hiernaux, a French researcher working for NASA. "The ever-increasing availability of very high-resolution satellite imagery will make it possible to assess carbon pools and their dynamics at the individual tree level on a global scale."</p>



<p>"This study is exceptional because it is pioneering a type of approach that will revolutionize the monitoring of trees and forests on a global scale: in the short term, it will be possible to map the world's trees from the centre of the Amazon to our schoolyards," said <a href="https://www.inrae.fr/en">INRAE</a> researcher Jean-Pierre Wigneron.</p>



<p>"Many fields of application will become much more efficient and accurate, such as tracking carbon stocks, biodiversity, monitoring logging and protection against illegal forest degradation, in near real time.”</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Remote sensing will revolutionize the way we monitor trees

[sendtonews key="EjmSP20gQK-2593093-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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<p>Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.</p>



<p>According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."</p>



<p>Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;</p>



<p>ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. </p>



<p>Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> </em>Staff Writer </p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> features a visual dataset of.methane emissions from wetlands across the globe. Atmospheric methane levels have reached record highs in recent years, and wetlands are a major source of these emissions.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Methane is an important greenhouse gas that contributes substantially to global warming. On a molecule by molecule basis, methane is much more efficient at trapping heat than carbon dioxide, the main driver of warming," says NASA.</p>



<p>"Though human activities, including agriculture, oil and natural gas production and use, and waste disposal, collectively contribute the majority of methane to the atmosphere, about a third of total methane emissions comes from wetlands."&nbsp;</p>



<p>According to NASA, understanding methane emissions from wetlands and other natural sources is critically important for scientists and policymakers who are working to combat climate change by reducing emissions from human activities.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: NASA Goddard</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Wetlands are a major source of methane emissions

[sendtonews key="f8fukm28Vz-2491833-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;</p>



<p>According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.</p>



<p>In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.</p>



<p>The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.</p>



<p>The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.</p>



<p>The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. </p>



<p>Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

[sendtonews key="0879czfG3k-1785905-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from NASA...

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes how record-breaking heat expressed itself around the world in 2022.</p>



<p>Scientists have determined that 2022 was the 5th warmest year since 1880. Furthermore, the last nine consecutive years have been the warmest on record.</p>



<p>From devastating floods and wildfires to natural disasters like Hurricane Ian, 2022 showed us yet again how a warming climate affects people across the globe.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"As we look back at 20:22 and years past, we see that each year we better understand the challenges we face and how important it is to meet them," says NASA.</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: NASA Goddard</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

2022 illustrated the consequences of a warming climate

[sendtonews key="3UUsNkFOuS-2487333-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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<p>Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes Earth’s interconnected systems, and how this network is affected by rising temperatures.&nbsp;</p>



<p>During 2020, average global temperatures matched the hottest year on record. The hurricane season was also record-breaking, with many of the storms intensifying at extraordinary speeds. Hot water in the ocean is fuel for hurricanes. The satellite data shows that it's all one interconnected system showing how  Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected.</p>



<p>According to NASA, dust swept up from Northern Africa plays a major role in the formation of hurricanes, and is also a key source of fertilization in the Amazon rainforest. As a result of<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-wasting-disease-is-fueled-by-climate-change/"> climate</a> change, dust plumes are expected to decline, which will have an effect on vegetation far away.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Images from Earth-observing satellites show how the world’s plant life is affected by natural disasters, fires, and deforestation. Satellites also reveal how widespread changes in vegetation impact waterways,&nbsp; the climate, air quality. Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on the Earth. "Earth From Space" is a groundbreaking two-hour special that reveals a spectacular new space-based vision of our planet. </p>



<p><em>Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected

[sendtonews key="JbW4VsY53O-1632195-12187" type="single"] Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected...

<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://welcome.miami.edu/">University of Miami</a> Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science explores how changes in water temperatures have affected tiger shark habitats and movements in the North Atlantic Ocean. The study reveals that rising temperatures have caused the sharks to shift toward the poles over the past 40 years.</p>



<p>“Tiger shark annual migrations have expanded poleward, paralleling rising water temperatures,” explained study lead author Neil Hammerschlag. “These results have consequences for tiger shark conservation, since shifts in their movements outside of marine protected areas may leave them more vulnerable to commercial fishing.”</p>



<p>The researchers analyzed nine years of tracking data from satellite-tagged tiger sharks, combined with four decades of conventional tag and recapture data provided by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Cooperative Shark Tagging Program.</p>



<p>The experts found that during the last decade of record heat, for every one-degree Celsius increase in water temperatures, tiger sharks migrated further poleward by over 400 kilometers. They also migrated two weeks earlier than usual to waters off the northeastern coast of the United States.</p>



<p>“Given their role as apex predators, these changes to tiger shark movements may alter predator-prey interactions, leading to ecological imbalances, and more frequent encounters with humans,” concluded Professor Hammerschlag.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Tiger sharks are shifting poleward as temperatures rise

Today’s Video of the Day from the University of Miami...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> is focused on the melt ponds that emerge during the spring and summer on the Greenland Ice Sheet, which is the largest ice mass in the northern hemisphere.</p>



<p>"Melt ponds are vast pools of open water that form on both sea ice and ice sheets and are visible as turquoise-blue pools of water in this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image," says ESA.</p>



<p>"When snow and ice melts atop glaciers, water flows in channels and streams and collects in depressions on the surface. These melt ponds can speed up the melting of the surrounding ice since they greatly reduce the ice’s ability to reflect sunlight."</p>



<p>"This can create a positive feedback where an increasing number of melt ponds absorb more heat which causes ice cover to melt even faster."</p>



<p>According to ESA, Greenland has been hit with a late-season heatwave that began in early September. This caused the type of melt event that usually occurs in the middle of summer.</p>



<p>"In a recent paper published in Nature Climate Change, scientists found that major sea-level rise from the melting of the Greenland ice cap is now ‘inevitable’ even if the burning of fossil fuels were to halt overnight," says ESA. "Using satellite observations of Greenland ice loss and ice cap from 2000 to 2019, the team found the losses will lead to a minimum rise of 27 cm regardless of climate change."</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Melt ponds on the Greenland Ice Sheet

[sendtonews key="qARzJPSabQ-2270617-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes how Earth is unique in our solar system for its ability to sustain liquid water on its surface. But now, the water cycle is shifting as the climate warms, and scientists must find ways to predict how these changes will affect water availability.</p>



<p>Overall, 96 percent of Earth's water is saltwater, and nearly all of freshwater is found in ice and groundwater. These sources of water are linked as it passes through solid, liquid and gas phases.</p>



<p>In a warmer climate, the water cycle will be transformed. It will be easier for water to evaporate and form clouds, and storms will become more frequent and intense. Some regions will get too much water, while others will be left without enough water. In addition, soil moisture will be lost - which threatens food security.</p>



<p>Scientists are using satellite data from over the last 40 years to track changes that are happening in the water cycle. This will ultimately help us prepare for extreme events and better manage our water resources, according to ESA.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: ESA</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Tracking changes in Earth's water cycle

[sendtonews key="fxH3eJHEkQ-2010196-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

Saturn,-,High,Resolution,3d,Images,Presents,Planets,Of,The

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard Space Flight Center</a> features images of Saturn from NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope. The photographs capture the start of the mysterious "spoke season" on Saturn - when unexplained features appear on its rings. </p>



<p>According to NASA, both the cause of the spokes and their seasonal variability have yet to be fully explained by planetary scientists.</p>



<p>"Like Earth, Saturn is tilted on its axis and therefore has four seasons, though because of Saturn's much larger orbit, each season lasts approximately seven Earth years. Equinox occurs when the rings are tilted edge-on to the Sun," explains NASA.</p>



<p>"The spokes disappear when it is near summer or winter solstice on Saturn. (When the Sun appears to reach either its highest or lowest latitude in the northern or southern hemisphere of a planet.) As the autumnal equinox of Saturn's northern hemisphere on May 6, 2025, draws near, the spokes are expected to become increasingly prominent and observable."</p>



<p>Experts believe that the spokes may be a product of the planet's variable magnetic field. When magnetic fields interact with solar wind, an electrically charged environment is created. This phenomenon is visible on Earth as the northern lights.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Scientists think that the smallest, dust-sized icy ring particles can become charged as well, which temporarily levitates those particles above the rest of the larger icy particles and boulders in the rings," says NASA.</p>



<p>The spokes were first observed in the early 1980s by NASA's Voyager mission. Depending on the angle of the rings, the spokes can appear dark or light.</p>



<p>"Thanks to Hubble's OPAL program, which is building an archive of data on the outer solar system planets, we will have longer dedicated time to study Saturn’s spokes this season than ever before," said NASA senior planetary scientist Amy Simon, head of the Hubble Outer Planet Atmospheres Legacy (OPAL) program.</p>



<p>"Despite years of excellent observations by the Cassini mission, the precise beginning and duration of the spoke season is still unpredictable, rather like predicting the first storm during hurricane season."</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Mysterious "spoke season" captured on Saturn

[sendtonews key="Ccjk8KEMzv-2550719-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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