<p>Wildfires in the western U.S. have become a growing crisis. They’re lasting longer, burning hotter, and spreading into areas that rarely burned in the past. </p>



<p>But another danger is rising, beyond heatwaves and droughts. Lightning - sudden, fierce, and incredibly powerful - is becoming one of the biggest wildfire risks.</p>



<p>In the coming decades, scientists warn that lightning will become an increasingly dominant spark for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-is-making-wildfire-smoke-more-deadly/">wildfires</a>, adding to the already mounting risks across the West.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lightning-is-fueling-more-wildfires">Lightning is fueling more wildfires</h2>



<p>Wildfires need a few things to get going: dry fuel, hot temperatures, low humidity, and a spark. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/lightning-is-changing-the-atmosphere-in-surprising-ways/">Lightning</a> is one of the most powerful natural igniters.</p>



<p>In the western U.S., lightning already causes more than two-thirds of the area burned by wildfires. And now, new research shows that number is going to rise sharply due to climate change. </p>



<p>Warmer air holds more moisture, which means more unstable weather patterns. Those patterns, in turn, set the stage for more lightning.</p>



<p>A recent study has revealed that virtually all of the western U.S. - 98 percent of the region - will have more days with a greater likelihood of lightning-ignited wildfires starting as early as the 2030s. </p>



<p>For regions already accustomed to such fires, such as Oregon, Idaho, and Montana, the risk is even greater. As early as 2060, those states may have as many as 12 additional lightning-filled days per summer.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-model-to-forecast-lightning">A model to forecast lightning</h2>



<p>Traditional <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-models-underestimate-sea-ice-melt-and-global-warming/">climate models</a> don’t really track lightning. That’s why a team of researchers led by Dmitri Kalashnikov built their own system to fill in the gaps.</p>



<p>“The first step was to project lightning,” said Kalashnikov, a research scientist at the <a href="https://www.ucmerced.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of California Merced</a>. “The typical climate models don’t directly simulate lightning. It’s too small a process.”</p>



<p>The researchers applied machine learning to forecast where lightning would hit based on variables that we can quantify - such as temperature, humidity, and the level of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/moisture-in-the-atmosphere-causes-extreme-weather-to-last-longer/">moisture in the air</a>. </p>



<p>The team merged those results with the Fire Weather Index (FWI), a mechanism that was developed back in 1968 to monitor how probable wildfire initiation and spread is from local weather.</p>



<p>The result is a forecast model tailored to the western U.S., designed to project conditions from 2030 to 2060 - decades earlier than most studies, which typically look only to the end of the century.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-lightning-in-the-northwest">More lightning in the Northwest</h2>



<p>The northwestern states of Idaho, Oregon, and Montana are projected to experience the greatest growth in lightning days. But strangely, they may not experience the most rapid expansion in wildfires. </p>



<p>Although lightning will grow, the conditions favoring fires (such as extreme heat or dryness) are not expected to worsen as quickly in the Northwest compared to other regions.</p>



<p>That doesn’t mean northwestern states are off the hook. Cloud-to-ground lightning, the kind that hits trees or grass directly, is still expected to rise significantly in those areas.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-less-lightning-greater-wildfire-risk">Less lightning, greater wildfire risk</h2>



<p>In contrast, the Southwest - including Colorado, Wyoming, Arizona, and New Mexico - won’t see as much of a jump in lightning strikes. But the fire risk will still climb. </p>



<p>This is because even a small spark becomes a big threat when the land is extra dry, the heat is intense, and there’s little rain to cool things off.</p>



<p>The researchers found that these southern states are likely to experience the biggest increases in wildfires caused by lightning, despite the smaller bump in lightning activity. That’s because climate change is pushing up the number of fire-prone days overall.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dry-and-wet-lightning">Dry and wet lightning</h2>



<p>Kalashnikov said the next steps could involve separating the kinds of lightning events. “You can’t help but wonder what the future will look like, especially if you dig in and you realize that there’s actually a lot that we don’t understand,” he said.</p>



<p>One key factor will be figuring out how to distinguish between "dry lightning" and "wet lightning." Dry lightning happens without much rain, making it a fire hazard. </p>



<p>Wet lightning brings <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/heavy-rainfall-poses-extreme-risks-in-the-western-us/">heavy rain</a>, which can reduce fire risk but increase flood danger. Understanding that difference could help emergency services respond more precisely to fire threats.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wildfire-risks-are-rising-fast">Wildfire risks are rising fast</h2>



<p>As climate patterns shift, the West isn’t just getting warmer and drier - it’s getting stormier in a dangerous way. Lightning is expected to spark more fires, and fires are expected to find more dry fuel waiting. It’s a feedback loop that could reshape fire seasons in the U.S.</p>



<p>This isn’t about something that might happen a hundred years from now. The changes are coming within the next few decades - some may already be happening. </p>



<p>And for the people living in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/double-hazard-wildfire-zones-identified-in-the-american-west/">high-risk areas</a>, that means more heat, more smoke, and a greater need for preparation.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2025EF006108" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth's Future</a></em>.</p>



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Lightning will ignite even more wildfires as the climate heats up

Wildfires in the western U.S. have become a growing crisis. They’re lasting longer, burning hotter, and spreading into areas that rarely burned in the past. But another danger is rising, beyond heatwaves and droughts. Lightning - sudden, fierce, and incredibly powerful - is becoming one of the biggest wildfire risks. In the coming decades, scientists warn that lightning will become an increasingly dominant spark for wildfires, adding to the already mounting risks across the West. Lightning is fueling more wildfires Wildfires need a few things to get...

<p>When you think of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/limiting-global-warming-to-1-5-degrees-celsius-would-save-billions-of-lives/">global warming</a>, it would seem that we are moving toward a climate that is hotter and drier with more frequent droughts and fires. However, a new study published by the <a href="https://www.agu.org/">American Geophysical Union</a> paints a different picture. The experts report that most communities will experience wetter conditions as temperatures rise. </p>



<h2 id="h-wet-hot-extremes">Wet-hot extremes&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The research suggests that, instead of drought, most communities will encounter heavy rainfall in correlation with excessive heat. This co-occurrence of precipitation and heat extremes is referred to as "wet-hot" conditions.</p>



<p>The research highlights that such conditions will not only become more frequent but also more severe and widespread due to climate change. Surprisingly, wet-hot extremes pose a higher risk than prolonged periods of hot and dry weather.</p>



<p>“These compound climate extremes have attracted considerable attention in recent decades due to their disproportionate pressures on the agricultural, industrial and ecosystems sectors - much more than individual extreme events alone,” said study lead author Haijiang Wu, a researcher at China’s Northwest A&amp;F University.</p>



<h2 id="h-a-two-fold-problem">A two-fold problem</h2>



<p>During heat waves, the soil rapidly loses its moisture and becomes parched. As a result, its ability to absorb water diminishes significantly. When rainfall follows this, it struggles to penetrate the arid soil. Instead of being absorbed, the water tends to run off along the surface.</p>



<h2 id="h-surface-runoff">Surface runoff</h2>



<p>This inability of soil to absorb rainfall following a heatwave leads to a multitude of issues, including the risk of flooding. As water runs off the surface, there's a potential for it to accumulate in low-lying areas, leading to widespread inundation.</p>



<h3 id="h-landslides">Landslides&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Furthermore, the chances of landslides escalate, particularly in hilly or mountainous regions. This poses a significant threat to local communities, infrastructure, and natural habitats.</p>



<h3 id="h-crop-failures">Crop failures&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Surface runoff can also lead to crop failures. With the soil not retaining the required moisture, crops do not get the necessary water they need to thrive, leading to decreased yields.</p>



<h3 id="h-heavily-populated-areas">Heavily populated areas&nbsp;</h3>



<p>According to the results of the study, the regions likely to be hit hard by wet-hot extremes host many heavily populated areas that are already prone to landslides and mudflows, and produce many of the world’s crops.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 id="h-focus-of-the-study">Focus of the study</h2>



<p>"Compound climate extremes can be disastrous for water-food-energy security. The risk evaluation and quantification of compound climate extremes have emerged as a critical knowledge gap," wrote the study authors.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Using a series of climate models, the researchers set out to predict compound climate extremes by the end of the century based on a steady increase in carbon dioxide emissions.</p>



<h2 id="h-what-the-researchers-discovered">What the researchers discovered&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The analysis revealed that while some regions of the world such as South Africa and the Amazon will become drier as temperatures rise, many regions will become wetter, including the eastern United States, eastern and southern Asia, Australia and central Africa.</p>



<p>The researchers also predict that wet-hot extremes will also cover a larger area and be more severe than dry-hot extremes.</p>



<h2 id="h-precipitation-extremes">Precipitation extremes&nbsp;</h2>



<p>For every one degree Celsius rise in temperature, the atmosphere’s capacity to hold moisture increases by six to seven percent. Since the hotter atmosphere will hold more moisture, there will be more water available for precipitation.</p>



<p>Many parts of the world are already experiencing wet-hot extremes, such as western Europe. The 2021 floods in Germany and Belgium was one of the deadliest flood events in Europe in the past century, claiming more than 200 lives.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Record summer heat had dried out the soil and set the stage for this catastrophe. A storm complex that brought heavy rainfall triggered massive landslides and flash floods that washed away entire houses.</p>



<h2 id="h-risk-management-strategies">Risk management strategies&nbsp;</h2>



<p>“Given the fact that the risk of compound wet-hot extremes in a warming climate is larger than compound dry-hot extremes, these wet-hot extremes should be included in risk management strategies,” said Wu.</p>



<p>“If we overlook the risk of compound wet-hot extremes and fail to take sufficient early warning, the impacts on water-food-energy security would be unimaginable."</p>



<p>The study is published in AGU journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2022EF003466"><em>Earth’s Future</em></a>.</p>



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Wet-hot extremes pose a greater danger than hot and dry weather

When you think of global warming, it would seem that...

Natural,Environment,Climate-neutral,Long-term,Emissions,Strategy,Net,Zero,2050,Carbon

<p>The world needs to invest $2.7 trillion per year, or about $75 trillion, between now and 2050 to achieve net zero emissions, energy consultancy <a href="https://www.woodmac.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Wood Mackenzie</a> has reported.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>



<p>In line with the plans to prevent the severe effects of climate change, scientists believe it is important for countries around the world to strive towards limiting the global average temperature to 1.5°C. To do this, world governments will have to cut emissions to as close to net zero as possible by 2050. This goal was laid out in the 2015 <a href="https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Paris Agreement</a>.&nbsp;</p>



<p>To achieve net zero, we must also increase the number of electric cars by ten-times over current figures, booming from 43 million today to more than a billion electric vehicles on the road in 20 years. Achieving this goal will require more than double the current production of lithium, which is used to make the batteries that power EVs.</p>



<h2 id="h-most-countries-won-t-reach-net-zero-in-time">Most countries won't reach net zero in time</h2>



<p>Analysts at Wood Mackenzie have hinted that many countries aren’t on course to achieve their 2030 emissions goals, much less those for 2050.&nbsp; According to the <a href="https://www.un.org/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">United Nations</a>, existing pledges to reduce emissions will result in at least 2.5C of warming by 2050, which scientists say would be a complete and total disaster.</p>



<p>Simon Flowers, chief analyst at Wood Mackenzie said, "Achieving 1.5°C is going to be extremely challenging, but it is possible and greatly depends on actions taken this decade. Sustained investment is critical for both the existing and new supply of zero and low-carbon energy sources."</p>



<h2>Reaching net zero won't be easy</h2>



<p>In addition to the enormous investment required for climate change mitigation, which is higher than the gross domestic product of most countries, the analysts project that solar and wind power would need to supply 63% of our energy in a 1.5C world, up from 13% today. </p>



<p>Furthermore, the world would require 500 million tons of hydrogen. Producers currently make hydrogen in limited, expensive amounts.</p>



<p>According to the report's lead author, Prakash Sharma, the move should see electricity replace oil and gas as the world's main energy market. This would deplete fossil fuels naturally as developers create cleaner options.</p>



<p>All eyes are now watching the 2023 United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP28) in Dubai. At the end of this year, world leaders will conduct the first-ever ‘’<a href="https://unfccc.int/topics/global-stocktake" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">global stocktake</a>’’ to assess their efforts in keeping global temperatures at or below the 1.5C mark.</p>



<p>Attendees also expect funding to be a major topic of discussion at the conference. Developing countries are leading a campaign for wealthier nations to shoulder more of the cost due to their more sizable contribution to climate change.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Wood Mackenzie published their "<a href="https://www.woodmac.com/market-insights/topics/energy-transition-outlook/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Energy transition outlook</a>" on their website.</p>



<h2>More about the global stocktake</h2>



<p>As the threats of climate change intensify, international cooperation and commitment are of paramount importance. The 2015 Paris Agreement, the most ambitious global initiative to date, seeks to strengthen the global response to this impending crisis. </p>



<p>Central to the Paris Agreement's effectiveness is an accountability mechanism known as the "global stocktake."</p>



<h3>What is the global stocktake?</h3>



<p>The global stocktake is a periodic review process introduced under the Paris Agreement. Occurring every five years starting in 2023, its primary objective is to assess the collective progress of nations towards achieving the agreement's goals and reaching net zero. These goals are:</p>



<ol type="1" start="1">
<li>Limiting global temperature rise to well below 2°C and pursuing efforts to limit it to 1.5°C.<br></li>



<li>Increasing the ability to adapt to the adverse impacts of climate change.<br></li>



<li>Making finance flows consistent with a pathway toward low greenhouse gas emissions and climate-resilient development.</li>
</ol>



<h3>How does it help the world reach net zero?</h3>



<p>The global stocktake serves multiple critical functions:</p>



<ol type="1" start="1">
<li>Accountability: It holds nations accountable for their commitments, ensuring they aren't just making empty promises.<br></li>



<li>Adaptability: By providing a platform to review progress and shortfalls, the stocktake allows for the continuous evolution of strategies and targets.<br></li>



<li>Transparency: It offers a clear and open platform for sharing information. The stocktake ensures that nations can learn from one another's successes and challenges.</li>
</ol>



<h3>How does it work?</h3>



<p>The process of the global stocktake is inclusive, transparent, and comprehensive:</p>



<ol type="1" start="1">
<li>Data Collection: Countries submit detailed reports on their efforts and achievements so far. They must also submit future plans for reaching net zero emissions reductions, adaptation measures, and support provided or received.<br></li>



<li>Technical Assessment: This phase involves a rigorous examination of the data to gauge collective progress.<br></li>



<li>High-Level Discussion: Here, country representatives come together to discuss findings, share insights, and determine future actions.</li>
</ol>



<h3>Challenges and criticisms</h3>



<p>While the global stocktake is a robust mechanism, it isn’t without challenges:</p>



<ol type="1" start="1">
<li>Data Reliability: Ensuring the submitted data is accurate and comparable across nations is a substantial challenge.<br></li>



<li>Differing Capacities: Some nations may struggle more than others in providing detailed reports due to varying levels of resources and expertise.<br></li>



<li>Non-binding Nature: The Paris Agreement's commitments are nationally determined and voluntary, making enforcement challenging.</li>
</ol>



<p>In summary, the global stocktake represents a critical component of the Paris Agreement's design. It strives to ensure that the world remains on course to combat climate change effectively. </p>



<p>By providing a structured, iterative, and transparent review process, the stocktake ensures that nations remain accountable, strategies stay adaptable, and the global community remains united in its efforts.</p>



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A "net zero" world will require $75 trillion of investment and 1 billion electric cars

The world needs to invest $2.7 trillion per year, or...

Distracted,By,Devices.,Cropped,Shot,Of,A,Family,Sitting,On

<p>Three out of five American parents confess they spend more time on their electronic devices than their kids do, according to a recent survey analysis conducted by <a href="https://onepoll.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">OnePoll</a> on behalf of <a href="https://www.campspot.com/">Campspot</a>.</p>



<p>American households are entangled in a web of electronic devices, and the study shows that - ironically - parents rack up more screen time than their children.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 id="h-electronic-consumption-habits">Electronic consumption habits&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The research provides new insights into the electronic consumption habits of families and the need to reconnect.</p>



<p>Surprisingly, three out of five American parents confess to spending more time on their devices than their children.&nbsp;</p>



<p>On an average day, parents spend nearly five hours on devices. This is in sharp contrast to the slightly less than four hours they spend on significant activities with their kids.&nbsp;</p>



<p>An overwhelming 80 percent of parents own at least three electronic devices, while 81 percent of kids own at least two.</p>



<h2 id="h-parents-regret-mobile-device-time">Parents regret mobile device time</h2>



<p>The silver lining is that many parents are yearning for meaningful connections. A significant 60 percent of U.S. parents are actively seeking ways to escape the clutches of their mobile devices and bond with their kids. </p>



<p>Overall, 79 percent of parents agree that experiences without electronic interference are more unforgettable.</p>



<h2 id="h-reducing-screen-time">Reducing screen time</h2>



<p>So, what tactics are parents using to reduce screen time? Encouraging outdoor play (76%), instituting time limits (74%), and designating device-free zones (63%) are some of the prominent strategies.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Moms and dads are encouraging more outdoor play (76%), setting time limits (74%) and creating device-free zones (63%).&nbsp;</p>



<h2 id="h-outdoor-activities">Outdoor activities</h2>



<p>There is also a surge in outdoor family adventures, with camping and hiking topping the list as the most popular choice, followed closely by picnics and trips to amusement parks.</p>



<p>Erin Stender, the chief marketing officer at Campspot, emphasizes the need for families to unplug and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nurturing-benefits-of-nature-are-crucial-for-human-well-being/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">reconnect with nature</a> and what truly matters most.</p>



<p>“We know the power of stepping away from screens and immersing ourselves in nature, since it’s often in these moments that we create the strongest family bonds," said Stender.</p>



<p>"Camping in particular offers a unique opportunity for families to experience new adventures together, fostering not only a love for the outdoors but also nurturing children’s self-development.”</p>



<h2 id="h-personal-development">Personal development&nbsp;</h2>



<p>A vast majority of parents agree that outdoor adventures promote communication (60%) and forge enduring memories (57%).</p>



<p>Parents also acknowledge the positive impacts that specific <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/camping-and-rv-travel-the-great-american-adventure/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">camping activities</a> have on their children’s personal development. These include <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/what-is-plant-blindness/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nature walks</a> (44%), campfire cooking (42%), fishing (38%) and setting up tents (32%).</p>



<p>These activities help children with their problem-solving skills, sense of independence, and emotional resilience.</p>



<h2 id="h-parents-need-quality-time-with-no-devices">Parents need quality time with no devices</h2>



<p>Parents, too, recognized personal benefits, as 72 percent reported feeling more tuned into family moments when outdoors.</p>



<p>“By spending quality time without electronic devices, we give ourselves the gift of undivided attention, fostering deeper connections and meaningful conversations that become the foundation of lasting memories,” said Stender.</p>



<p>---</p>



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Parents spend more on devices than their kids do

Three out of five American parents confess they spend more...

<p>Air pollution is a serious health hazard that has been linked to various respiratory conditions, including asthma. As the world grapples with the threats posed by increasing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/air-pollution-will-increase-dramatically-in-a-hotter-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pollution levels</a>, the need for accurate and continuous monitoring has become more urgent than ever. An innovative new system called ‘Lab-on-a-drone’ aims to help, and it may be a game changer.</p>



<p>Traditionally, air quality monitoring instruments are stationed on the ground, capturing readings just a few feet above the surface. However, this method has its limitations, given that pollutants can drift and disperse across different altitudes. </p>



<p>To bridge this gap, researchers led by João Flávio da Silveira Petruci have introduced a novel "lab-on-a-drone" system capable of detecting and analyzing pollutants, notably the noxious <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-meadows-can-recover-after-major-die-offs/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">hydrogen sulfide gas</a> (H2S), directly in mid-air.</p>



<h2 id="h-tracking-h2s-with-lab-on-a-drone">Tracking H2S with lab-on-a-drone</h2>



<p>H2S is infamous for its unpleasant, rotten-egg stench. While its presence in natural sources like well water and volcanic emissions is benign, the gas becomes a concern when emitted in large quantities from industrial sources such as petroleum refineries and wastewater treatment facilities. Exposure to elevated levels of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wine-smells-bad/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">H2S</a> can cause irritations, and in higher concentrations, the gas is outright toxic.</p>



<p>Ground-based instruments, despite their utility, are restricted in their range and scope. While satellites can capture data at higher altitudes, they come with a hefty price tag. </p>



<p>Drones have made inroads into this domain by collecting samples mid-air. Yet, the captured samples would still need to be analyzed on the ground using conventional tools. This is where Petruci's innovation stands out.</p>



<h2>How lab-on-a-drone works</h2>



<p>Petruci's team has ingeniously combined drone technology with a unique chemical reaction to detect H2S in the air. They crafted a bespoke device using a 3D printer and attached it to a standard quadcopter drone. </p>



<p>The device identifies H2S by leveraging the chemical interaction between the gas and a fluorescein mercuric acetate molecule, which emits a green glow. This glow diminishes in the presence of H2S, and the onboard blue LED light captures this change, enabling real-time quantification.</p>



<p>To validate their prototype, the researchers conducted tests at a wastewater treatment facility. The drone sampled air at three different altitudes, and the results were transmitted to a smartphone via Bluetooth. Remarkably, the evening readings showed a noticeable rise in H2S concentration with altitude, although it remained within safe levels.</p>



<h2>A less stinky future</h2>



<p>Beyond this immediate success, there's potential for scaling and diversifying the applications of this "lab-on-a-drone". The researchers are optimistic that with further development, their system can be tailored to detect a broader spectrum of pollutants.</p>



<p>As urbanization and industrialization progress, innovations like these are not just commendable; they are essential. The fusion of drones and real-time chemical analysis could be the dawn of a new era in air quality monitoring, making our fight against air pollution smarter, quicker, and more effective.</p>



<h2>More about hydrogen sulfide (H2S)</h2>



<p>Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) might be best known for its pungent, rotten-egg smell, but the dangers of this gas extend far beyond its foul odor. Present in various industrial settings, natural sources, and even within our homes, hydrogen sulfide's potential risks often fly under the radar. </p>



<p>Thankfully, systems like lab-on-a-drone are poised to force real change and mitigate H2S pollution around the world. Let's explore the myriad hazards posed by H2S.</p>



<h3>Respiratory distress and complications</h3>



<p>When inhaled, even at low concentrations, hydrogen sulfide can irritate the eyes and respiratory tract. Prolonged exposure can lead to fluid buildup in the lungs, known as pulmonary edema, which can be fatal.</p>



<h3>Neurological effects</h3>



<p>H2S doesn't stop at the lungs. It affects the nervous system as well. Long-term exposure can result in headache, fatigue, irritability, and memory problems. At higher concentrations, it can cause immediate unconsciousness, seizures, and even coma.</p>



<h3>Eye irritation and vision problems</h3>



<p>Direct contact with H2S can cause eye irritation. Workers often report painful symptoms, and prolonged exposure can even result in temporary blindness, known as "gas eye."</p>



<h3>Digestive system disruptions</h3>



<p>If ingested, H2S can lead to digestive discomfort, including nausea and vomiting. While ingestion is less common, it remains a risk in environments where water sources might be contaminated.</p>



<h3>Potential for explosion</h3>



<p>In addition to its health risks, hydrogen sulfide is flammable. In environments with high concentrations of H2S, there's an increased risk of explosions, especially if the area isn't well-ventilated and the gas accumulates.</p>



<h3>Environmental help from lab-on-a-drone systems</h3>



<p>Hydrogen sulfide, when released into the atmosphere, can contribute to air pollution. It reacts in the air to form sulfur dioxide (SO2), a primary contributor to acid rain, which damages forests, acidifies water bodies, and harms aquatic life.</p>



<h3>Accelerated corrosion</h3>



<p>H2S can speed up the corrosion of metals, especially in industrial settings. This not only leads to the deterioration of infrastructure and machinery but can also cause catastrophic failures if not addressed.</p>



<h3>Threat to marine life</h3>



<p>In aquatic environments, hydrogen sulfide poses a significant threat. When present in large amounts, it can deplete oxygen levels, harming fish and other marine creatures.</p>



<h3>Complication with other gases</h3>



<p>When combined with other industrial gases, the toxicity of H2S can increase. For example, in the presence of carbon monoxide, the harmful effects of H2S can intensify, putting workers at even greater risk.</p>



<p>Given these potential dangers, industries and workers must take precautions when working in environments where H2S is present. Using appropriate protective gear, ensuring adequate ventilation, regularly monitoring air quality, and conducting routine safety drills are essential measures to mitigate the risks of hydrogen sulfide exposure.</p>



<p>The hazards of hydrogen sulfide underscore the importance of understanding and respecting the chemicals and compounds present in our environment. By staying informed and vigilant, we can protect ourselves, our communities, and our environment from the silent threats posed by such substances.</p>



<p>This research was published in <a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2022EF003466" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS’ Analytical Chemistry</a>.</p>



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Lab-on-a-drone system tracks smelly air pollution

Air pollution is a serious health hazard that has been...

<p>A new study led by <a href="https://www.psu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Penn State</a> reveals that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hypoxia-is-a-serious-problem-in-rivers-worldwide/">rivers</a> are experiencing warming and oxygen loss at a rate faster than oceans.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The researchers analyzed nearly 800 rivers and found that 87 percent exhibited warming while 70 percent showed a decline in oxygen.</p>



<h2 id="h-shocking-reality">Shocking reality</h2>



<p>The implications of these findings are alarming. The study predicts that in the next seven decades, especially in the southern parts of the US, river systems might encounter such depleted oxygen levels that certain fish species could be at risk of acute death.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“This is a wake-up call,” said study co-author Professor Li Li. “We know that a warming climate has led to warming and oxygen loss in oceans, but did not expect this to happen in flowing, shallow rivers."&nbsp;</p>



<p>"This is the first study to take a comprehensive look at temperature change and deoxygenation rates in rivers - and what we found has significant implications for water quality and the health of aquatic ecosystems worldwide.”</p>



<h2 id="h-studying-river-warming-trends">Studying river warming trends</h2>



<p>To investigate, the researchers utilized artificial intelligence and advanced deep learning methods. The goal was to reconstruct historical water quality data from an extensive array of rivers, primarily spread across the US and Central Europe.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The <a href="https://www.noaa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a> has noted that most Americans live within a mile of a river or stream, indicating the potential widespread impact of this issue.</p>



<p>“Riverine water temperature and dissolved oxygen levels are essential measures of water quality and ecosystem health,” said study lead author Wei Zhi.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Yet they are poorly understood because they are hard to quantify due to the lack of consistent data across different rivers and the myriad of variables involved that can change oxygen levels in each watershed.”</p>



<h2 id="h-how-the-research-was-conducted">How the research was conducted&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Based on deep learning techniques, the experts reconstructed data that allowed a systematic comparison across different rivers. The findings are significant because aquatic life fundamentally depends on the temperature and oxygen levels of the waters they inhabit.</p>



<p>The analysis accounted for variables ranging from annual precipitation rates to soil types and sunlight. The data spanned 580 rivers in the US and 216 in Central Europe.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 id="h-what-the-researchers-discovered">What the researchers discovered&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The researchers found that urban rivers underwent the most rapid warming. While agricultural rivers warmed more slowly, they were faster in losing oxygen.&nbsp;</p>



<p>One model projection indicated that future deoxygenation rates across the rivers could be between 1.6 to 2.5 times higher than what was observed historically.</p>



<h2 id="h-repercussions-of-deoxygenation">Repercussions of deoxygenation</h2>



<p>“The loss of oxygen in rivers is unexpected because we usually assume rivers do not lose oxygen as much as in big water bodies like lakes and oceans, but we found that rivers are rapidly losing oxygen,” said Li.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“That was really alarming, because if the oxygen levels get low enough, it becomes dangerous for aquatic life.”</p>



<h2 id="h-implications-for-warming-rivers">Implications for warming rivers</h2>



<p>The model predictions suggest that within the next 70 years, certain species of fish could die out completely due to prolonged periods of low oxygen levels, which Li said would threaten aquatic diversity broadly.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Rivers are essential for the survival of many species, including our own, but they have historically been overlooked as a mechanism for understanding our changing climate. This is our first real look at how rivers throughout the world are faring - and it’s disturbing.”</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41558-023-01793-3" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Nature Climate Change</em></a>.</p>



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Rivers are warming up and losing oxygen faster than oceans

A new study led by Penn State reveals that rivers...

Dna,Model,And,Earth,With,Hexagons,And,World,Map.,Blue

<p>The winners of the 2022-2023 edition of <a href="https://www.theoceanrace.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Ocean Race</a>, one of the world’s toughest sailing competitions, facilitated a ‘’groundbreaking environmental <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/environmental-dna-can-help-monitor-pollinators/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">DNA</a> (eDNA) data collection.’’ </p>



<p>The 11th Hour Racing team collected 27 water samples during the 4th leg of the race, which was 5,500 nautical miles, ranging from Itajai, Brazil to Newport, Rhode Island, USA.</p>



<p>The team took the eDNA samples with <a href="https://subctech.com/ocean-monitoring/systems/surface/oceanpack-race/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">OceanPack</a>, an onboard equipment which worked non-stop and automatically during the race. OceanPack collected the seawater through eDNA filters.</p>



<p>“Each sample collected contained millions of pieces of eDNA, from single-cell organisms, all the way up to lantern fish and the elusive Moray eel, providing a fascinating snapshot of life below the waves and how it changes throughout the Atlantic Ocean,’’ said Stefan Raimund, Ocean Advisor at The Ocean Race.</p>



<p>What the eDNA collection discovered</p>



<p>New Zealand-based independent science organization, <a href="https://www.cawthron.org.nz/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cawthron Institute</a>, did the analysis and found a link between latitude and bacteria that degrade plastic. The highest levels of ocean bacteria, including Pseudomonas and Acidobacter, were discovered at the lower latitudes near the Brazilian coastline.</p>



<p>The research body also detected high concentrations of parasitic bacteria that can be dangerous to humans in areas closer to land. Rising sea surface temperatures are closely linked to those bacteria.</p>



<p>“We’re very excited about the data collected during The Ocean Race, particularly those linked with pathogens and plastic degraders, " Xavier Pochon, team leader of molecular surveillance at the Cawthron Institute said. ‘’These are interesting findings because very little is known about their distribution and ecology across large latitudinal gradients.’’</p>



<h2 id="h-edna-methodology-shows-great-promise">eDNA methodology shows great promise</h2>



<p>Data produced from the samples isn’t insufficient to draw generalizations, but it could prove to be a valuable aid in further studies. More research into the geographic distribution of these bacteria may give important clues to help protect marine life.</p>



<p>eDNA technology has been touted as a noninvasive, accurate, and fast method of collecting water samples, unlike the traditional surveys. Scientists can track endangered species, evaluate ocean biodiversity, and understand climatic effects on marine populations.</p>



<p>Raimund said in a statement, ‘’eDNA sampling is at the forefront of biodiversity testing and is a powerful tool for understanding ocean health and how the major threats of climate change and pollution affect it. The more we know about the ocean, the more effectively we can protect it.’’</p>



<p>Pochon echoes a similar view, ‘’Our eDNA collection system on racing boats offers significant benefits over traditional research methods as it allows scientists to audit biodiversity from across the tree of life, more rapidly, cheaply and with minimum hands-on time for the sailors.’’</p>



<h2>More about eDNA</h2>



<p>Environmental DNA, commonly known as eDNA, is revolutionizing the way we study biodiversity and monitor ecosystems. At its core, eDNA is genetic material that organisms release into the environment. </p>



<p>Every time a fish swims in water, a bird takes a bath in a pond, or an insect crawls on the ground, they leave behind traces of their DNA. Scientists can now harness this invisible data to reveal a story about the organisms that inhabit a specific environment.</p>



<h3>How do we collect it?</h3>



<p>Collecting eDNA is surprisingly simple. Researchers draw samples from environmental sources like water, soil, or even air. In aquatic environments, for example, a water sample can be taken from a lake, river, or ocean. </p>



<p>Once collected, the sample is filtered to concentrate the DNA present. This DNA is then extracted, sequenced, and analyzed to identify the species present.</p>



<h3>Benefits of using eDNA</h3>



<h4>Non-invasive monitoring</h4>



<p>Traditional biodiversity studies often involve physically capturing or observing organisms, which can be disruptive. eDNA sampling is non-invasive, allowing for minimal disturbance to the environment and organisms.</p>



<h4>Cost-effective and time-saving</h4>



<p>eDNA sampling can provide a comprehensive snapshot of biodiversity in an area with just one sample. This reduces the time and resources spent on lengthy surveys and investigations.</p>



<h4>Detecting hard-to-find species</h4>



<p>Some species are elusive, nocturnal, or exist in low numbers, making them difficult to observe. eDNA can detect the presence of these hard-to-find species, making it a powerful tool for conservationists.</p>



<h3>Challenges and considerations</h3>



<p>While eDNA offers numerous advantages, there are challenges to consider:</p>



<h4>Persistence of DNA</h4>



<p>DNA in the environment can degrade over time. Factors like temperature, microbial activity, and water flow can influence how long eDNA persists. This means there's a window of detection, and recent presence might be easier to detect than older presence.</p>



<h4>Risk of contamination</h4>



<p>Like all DNA-based methods, eDNA sampling is susceptible to contamination. Rigorous protocols must be followed to ensure that samples aren't tainted by external DNA sources.</p>



<h3>Applications of eDNA</h3>



<p>eDNA is proving invaluable in various fields:</p>



<h4>Conservation</h4>



<p>eDNA helps in tracking endangered species, offering a non-invasive way to monitor their presence and inform conservation efforts.</p>



<h4>Invasive species management</h4>



<p>Early detection of invasive species can aid in their management. eDNA can detect these species even when their numbers are low.</p>



<h4>Paleolimnology</h4>



<p>By analyzing sediment layers, scientists can use eDNA to trace historical changes in biodiversity, shedding light on how ecosystems have evolved over time.</p>



<p>In summary, eDNA is a transformative tool in ecological and conservation research. By tapping into the genetic breadcrumbs left behind by organisms, scientists can gain a clearer picture of our planet's biodiversity, making more informed decisions about its protection and management.</p>



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Racing boat collects eDNA samples on a round-the-world sailing competition

The winners of the 2022-2023 edition of The Ocean Race,...

Hands,Of,Farmer,,Agriculture,Technology,Farmer,Man,Using,Tablet,Modern

<p>Farmers around the world are now turning their attention to traditional and modern farming methods to improve productivity despite extreme weather conditions.</p>



<p>Italy and Spain, the third and fourth most productive farming industries in Europe, respectively, have been facing huge losses and low productivity due to climatic factors in the region. These losses have come mainly in the production of olive oil, a product in which both countries are the top producers.</p>



<h2 id="h-extreme-droughts-and-desertification">Extreme droughts and desertification</h2>



<p>Both countries have suffered from desertification and drought, with severe cases leaving Spain with a serious risk of infertile land in the long run. Concurrently, Italy could yet be in for another terrible year after it experienced one of its most severe droughts in 70 years in 2022.&nbsp;</p>



<p>With increasing global concerns regarding climate change as well as predictions from scientists of more drought, farmers in both countries have now turned their attention modern farming techniques in order to mitigate their losses and improve production.</p>



<h2>Cover crops may prove reliable</h2>



<p>In Spain, farmers are now relying on cover crops to help conserve water and preserve soil nutrients. According to the <a href="https://www.mapa.gob.es/en/ministerio/funciones-estructura/organigrama/Ministro-MAPA.aspx" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Spanish Agriculture Ministry</a>, cover crops are now in use on about 30% of olive groves in the country.</p>



<p>Cover crops are crops grown mainly for the enrichment and protection of the soil. This practice is an ancient one, and even though a study from 2019 suggested that they may reduce yield in the short term, cover crops were found to be more beneficial in the long run.</p>



<h2>Farming with digital technology</h2>



<p>Following the extreme weather and huge losses that have even made Italy lose its spot as the world's largest wine producer, modern farming through digital technology has become popular. Many new forms of tech are being used that help with such things as water conservation, soil monitoring, and tracking growth factors like temperature and water evaporation from leaves.</p>



<p>According to the <a href="https://www.osservatori.net/en/research/active-observatories/smart-agrifood" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Smart AgriFood Observatory</a> of the Milan Polytechnic and the University of Brescia, the use of digital tools on farmlands has seen a slight increase, moving from 6% in 2021 to 8% in 2022.</p>



<p>A cereal farmer in the province of Mantua in northern Italy, Andrea Ronca, is one of the many farmers enjoying the use of technology on their farms. Ronca told Reuters News that he's now able to use satellite images to track the driest part of his land. He also added that he "can adjust irrigation at any time", all from his smartphone without any wastages.</p>



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Farmers combine ancient and modern techniques to salvage crop production

Farmers around the world are now turning their attention to...

<p>In a significant push against the rising impacts of climate change, the U.S. federal government has announced an allocation of over $1 billion for tree planting projects across the nation.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This initiative is expected to not only benefit hundreds of communities by mitigating <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/extreme-heat-threatens-solitary-bees-and-global-food-security/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">extreme heat</a>, but also expand their access to nature.</p>



<h2 id="h-tree-planting-projects">Tree planting projects&nbsp;</h2>



<p>U.S. Department of Agriculture's Secretary Tom Vilsack announced today that the $1.13 billion funding will support 385 tree planting projects.&nbsp;</p>



<p>These projects span all 50 states, Washington, D.C., Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and even some tribal nations.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 id="h-more-resilient-communities">More resilient communities&nbsp;</h2>



<p>A noteworthy aspect of this initiative is its special emphasis on marginalized areas, a move indicative of the government's inclusive approach to combating climate issues.</p>



<p>Speaking to reporters ahead of the announcement, Vilsack highlighted the program's potential impact:&nbsp; “We believe we can create more resilient communities in terms of the impacts of climate. We think we can mitigate extreme heat incidents and events in many of the cities.”</p>



<h2 id="h-releaf-cedar-rapids">ReLeaf Cedar Rapids</h2>



<p>Vilsack announced the ambitious plans in Cedar Rapids, Iowa, where thousands of trees were lost during the fierce derecho windstorm of summer 2020.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The winds peaked at about 140 miles per hour and persisted for more than 45 minutes. The city estimates that up to 100,000 trees were damaged or destroyed.</p>



<p>In 2021, a $37 million urban reforestation plan was launched called ReLeaf Cedar Rapids. The goal is to plant more than 40,000 trees along streets, in parks, and on private residences.</p>



<p>Recognizing the urgency of restoring the city's tree canopy, Cedar Rapids is now set to receive a grant of $6 million from the new federal program.</p>



<p>“We’re allocating a $6 million award to the ReLeaf program so that Cedar Rapids can continue its efforts to restore and rebuild its forest and tree population,” Vilsack said in a call with reporters.</p>



<h2 id="h-access-to-nature">Access to nature&nbsp;</h2>



<p>While some of the country's metropolitan areas like New York, Houston, and Los Angeles are on the list of beneficiaries, the grant also extends to smaller communities such as Tarpon Springs, Florida, and Hutchinson, Kansas.</p>



<p>Emphasizing the importance of this initiative, Brenda Mallory, the chair of the <a href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/ceq/internship-program/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">White House Council on Environmental Quality</a>, shared her insights. She pointed out the glaring disparity where many communities remain devoid of adequate access to nature.&nbsp;</p>



<p>With these tree grants, the government aims to ensure that marginalized and underrepresented communities are not left behind.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Everyone should have access to nature,” Mallory said. “Urban forests can really play a key role in ensuring both that access but also increasing the climate resilience of communities, helping reduce extreme heat and making communities more livable.”</p>



<h2 id="h-a-greener-future-from-tree-planting">A greener future from tree planting</h2>



<p>The <a href="https://www.usda.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">USDA</a> Forest Service grant program will increase the overall tree canopy of cities. It has the potential to reduce temperatures in urban areas, which will lower energy costs. The projects will also promote better air quality by reducing air pollution.</p>



<p>As the country faces the challenges posed by climate change and urbanization, such initiatives are a testament to the government's commitment to promoting a greener, healthier future.</p>



<p>The source of funding for the federal grant program is the Inflation Reduction Act. </p>



<h2>More about planting trees to fight climate change</h2>



<p>Trees, nature's powerful carbon scrubbers, have always stood as guardians of our environment. As the climate crisis deepens, we are increasingly recognizing the role they play in mitigating global warming. </p>



<p>Planting trees is not just an environmental nicety -- it's a necessity. This article delves deep into the benefits of tree planting in our battle against climate change.</p>



<h3>Trees act as carbon sinks</h3>



<p>Trees absorb carbon dioxide (CO2) during photosynthesis. By doing so, they reduce the amount of this greenhouse gas in the atmosphere. Over its lifetime, a single tree can absorb as much as one ton of CO2. As forests grow, they continue to consume increasing amounts of CO2, making them invaluable as natural carbon sinks.</p>



<h3>Trees cool their surroundings</h3>



<p>Beyond absorbing CO2, trees cool the environment in two primary ways:</p>



<ul>
<li>Shade provision: Trees block sunlight, creating shaded areas. This shading reduces the need for air conditioning, thereby lowering electricity consumption and greenhouse gas emissions from power plants.<br></li>



<li>Transpiration: Trees release water vapor through their leaves, a process known as transpiration. This not only cools the surrounding air but also introduces moisture, helping to regulate local climates.</li>
</ul>



<h3>Trees foster biodiversity</h3>



<p>Trees serve as homes, feeding grounds, and protective shelters for countless species. As we plant more trees, we bolster habitats and support biodiversity. A diverse ecosystem is more resilient to the stresses induced by climate change.</p>



<h3>Tree planting prevents soil erosion</h3>



<p>Root systems hold soil together, preventing it from being washed away during heavy rains. This not only preserves fertile topsoil, but it also reduces runoff. Less runoff means fewer landslides and reduced sedimentation in rivers and streams, ensuring cleaner water systems.</p>



<h3>Trees boost water conservation</h3>



<p>Trees act like natural sponges. They capture rainwater, helping to recharge groundwater supplies. This storage and slow release of water are crucial in drought-prone areas, where it can be a lifeline for local communities.</p>



<h3>Trees reduce urban heat islands</h3>



<p>Urban areas often experience higher temperatures due to human-made surfaces absorbing and re-emitting the sun's heat. Trees counteract this effect. By planting more trees in urban areas, we can lower temperatures, making cities more livable while reducing energy demands.</p>



<h3>Trees enhance mental well-being</h3>



<p>While not directly a climate change combatant, the mental health benefits of trees are noteworthy. Studies show that green spaces can reduce stress, anxiety, and depression. As climate change intensifies, fostering a connection with nature becomes increasingly vital for our collective well-being.</p>



<h3>Tree planting supports livelihoods</h3>



<p>Across the world, many communities rely on forests for their livelihoods. By planting trees, we not only fight climate change but also provide resources like timber, fruits, and medicines. This creates economic incentives for communities to preserve and expand their forests.</p>



<p>In summary, the act of planting trees offers a multi-pronged approach to tackling climate change. From carbon sequestration to urban temperature regulation, trees stand as one of our most formidable allies in this fight. </p>



<p>As we continue to face mounting environmental challenges, we have the responsibility to recognize, advocate for, and engage in tree-planting initiatives on a global scale. It's not just about adding greenery to our landscapes -- it's about securing a sustainable future.</p>



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US cities are about to get a lot greener with $1 billion for tree planting

In a significant push against the rising impacts of climate...

<p>Currently, biodiversity is dwindling at an alarming pace all over the world. One key method for countering this worrisome trend is protecting various areas around the globe, in a hope that this will suffice to save what is left.&nbsp;</p>



<p>However, while such <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/protected-areas-are-failing-to-safeguard-biodiversity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">protected areas</a> have clearly contributed to slowing biodiversity loss overall, it is still unclear how well they work for different species.&nbsp;</p>



<p>To answer this question, a team of researchers led by the <a href="https://www.helsinki.fi/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Helsinki</a> has recently examined changes in the occurrence of hundreds of species both within and outside of protected areas.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 id="h-slowing-the-rate-of-decline">Slowing the rate of decline</h2>



<p>The analysis revealed mixed effects, suggesting that protected areas do not fully meet the expectations set for them.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Thus, rather than reversing biodiversity loss trends, current protected areas will - at best - help decelerate the rate of species decline, offering more time to act on the underlying causes of biodiversity loss.</p>



<h2 id="h-some-species-benefit-more-than-others">Some species benefit more than others</h2>



<p>“Our results show that only a small proportion of species explicitly benefit from protection, but this varied by group," explained senior author&nbsp;Marjo Saastamoinen, an associate professor of Life Sciences at Helsinki.</p>



<p>"Birds show the highest positive response to protection, one out of five species, and plants show warm-dwelling species benefiting more. Protected areas mostly help by slowing down the decline of species occurrences.”&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Importantly though, larger protected areas and longer protection times enhanced positive effects. The benefits were boosted for many more species, adding evidence for the genuine effects of protection.”</p>



<h2 id="h-focus-of-the-study">Focus of the study&nbsp;</h2>



<p>To assess how effective protected areas are, the experts compared how species were faring within natures reserves to how they were doing in similar yet unprotected areas.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The results showed that many species exhibited similar trends within protected and unprotected regions. Thus, species decline seems to be far from being halted by protecting specific areas.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 id="h-what-the-researchers-learned">What the researchers learned&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The findings suggest that the rate of species decline is slowed down with protection rather than stopped or reversed.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Among the 638 species examined, the scientists discovered that one in five bird species, one in eight mammal species, and only one in twenty plant or phytoplankton species benefit from protection.</p>



<p>“Our findings should not discourage us from establishing protected areas,” said lead author&nbsp;Andrea Santangeli, an expert in Organismal and Evolutionary Biology at Helsinki.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Quite the contrary, they show that protected areas will buy us some time to counter rapid species loss. By protecting an area, we will slow the local loss of many species – but, at the same time, we cannot stop species loss by simply setting aside some small pieces of land here and there and expect miracles to happen.”</p>



<h2 id="h-study-implications">Study implications&nbsp;</h2>



<p>“What we need to do is to make the overall landscape more suitable for the species. Protected areas can serve as lifeboats, but in the longer run, these lifeboats will still need a safe landing site.”</p>



<p>Therefore, current area-based protection is insufficient for acting as a “silver bullet” for countering species loss.&nbsp;</p>



<p>An efficient approach would be to manage already existing protected areas better and increase their connectedness with each other, while making unprotected regions a better place for more species.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-41073-4" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Nature Communications</em></a><em>.</em></p>



<h2 id="h-effectiveness-of-protected-areas">Effectiveness of protected areas</h2>



<p>Protected areas (PAs), such as national parks, wildlife reserves, and marine protected areas, play a critical role in conservation efforts. Their effectiveness can be evaluated on various fronts:</p>



<h3 id="h-biodiversity-conservation">Biodiversity conservation</h3>



<p>Many PAs have been successful in safeguarding critical habitats and helping in the recovery of endangered species. For instance, the establishment of mountain gorilla sanctuaries in Africa has played a role in the species' slow but steady population increase.</p>



<h3 id="h-ecosystem-services">Ecosystem services</h3>



<p>PAs can help ensure that ecosystems continue to provide vital services, such as clean water, pollination of crops, and carbon sequestration.</p>



<h3 id="h-cultural-and-recreational-values">Cultural and recreational values</h3>



<p>Protected areas offer places for recreation, spiritual rejuvenation, and cultural activities, benefiting both local communities and tourists.</p>



<h3 id="h-economic-benefits">Economic benefits</h3>



<p>Through ecotourism, many PAs contribute significantly to local and national economies.</p>



<h3 id="h-research-and-education">Research and education</h3>



<p>Protected areas serve as living laboratories where scientists can study ecosystems in relatively undisturbed conditions.</p>



<h2 id="h-influential-factors">Influential factors</h2>



<p>While protected areas have been effective in many contexts, their success depends on several factors, including adequate resources, appropriate management strategies, and the engagement of local communities.</p>



<h3 id="h-size-and-connectivity">Size and connectivity&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Small, isolated PAs might not be sufficient to support viable populations of large or wide-ranging species. Corridors or networks of PAs can be more effective than standalone ones.</p>



<h3 id="h-community-involvement">Community involvement&nbsp;</h3>



<p>If local communities are involved in the management and benefits of PAs, they're more likely to be supportive and help ensure the PAs' long-term success.</p>



<h3 id="h-external-pressures">External pressures</h3>



<p>Protected areas are often threatened by external pressures like pollution, climate change, and invasive species, which might originate outside their boundaries.</p>



<h3 id="h-illegal-activities">Illegal activities</h3>



<p>Furthermore, human activities such as poaching and illegal logging can undermine the goals of a protected area.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 id="h-management-and-funding">Management and funding</h3>



<p>Without adequate resources and skilled personnel, PAs may exist only on paper. These established protected areas, where current protection activities are insufficient to halt degradation, are known as "paper parks."</p>



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Protected areas slow down biodiversity loss, but they can't reverse it

Currently, biodiversity is dwindling at an alarming pace all over...

Industry,Pollution,Environment,Concept,As,A,Human,Head,Shaped,As

<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-evidence-that-climate-change-is-caused-by-human-activities/">Human activities</a> are inching dangerously close to triggering dramatic changes in Earth’s environmental conditions.&nbsp;According to a new study published in the journal <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adh2458?adobe_mc=MCMID%3D19497807440487755780687919033919271016%7CMCORGID%3D242B6472541199F70A4C98A6%2540AdobeOrg%7CTS%3D1694629855" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Science Advances</em></a>, humans have now surpassed six of the nine planetary boundaries that make Earth habitable.</p>



<h2 id="h-planetary-boundaries">Planetary boundaries&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The planetary boundaries were introduced in 2009 to define the global environmental limits within which humans can safely live.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Johan Rockström, former director of the Stockholm Resilience Centre, led a group of 28 renowned scientists to identify the nine processes that regulate the stability and resilience of the Earth system</p>



<h2 id="h-framework-update">Framework update</h2>



<p>In a study led by Professor Katherine Richardson of the <a href="https://www.ku.dk/english/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Copenhagen</a>, experts analyzed the degree of breaching of the safe boundary levels caused by human-driven activities.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The research, which represents the third update of the framework, was carried out by twenty-nine scientists from eight different countries.</p>



<p>"This planetary boundaries framework update finds that six of the nine boundaries are transgressed, suggesting that Earth is now well outside of the safe operating space for humanity," wrote the study authors.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Furthermore, the experts report that transgression is increasing for all boundaries except the degradation of the Earth’s ozone layer.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 id="h-clear-warning-signal">Clear warning signal&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The trend of increasing transgression of the boundaries is worrying, said Professor Richardson. "Crossing six boundaries in itself does not necessarily imply a disaster will ensue but it is a clear warning signal."&nbsp;</p>



<p>"We can regard it as we do our own blood pressure. A BP over 120/80 is not a guarantee of a heart attack but it increases the risk of one. Therefore, we try to bring it down. For our own – and our children’s – sakes we need to reduce the pressure on these six planetary boundaries."</p>



<h2 id="h-integrity-of-the-biosphere">Integrity of the biosphere&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Rockström, who is now the director of the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), said that focus on human-caused climate change is not enough if we want to protect the Earth system from irreversible harm.</p>



<p>"Next to climate change, integrity of the biosphere is the second pillar of stability of our planet. Our research shows that mitigating global warming and saving a functional biosphere for the future have to go hand in hand," added co-author Wolfgang Lucht.</p>



<h2 id="h-biodiversity-loss">Biodiversity loss</h2>



<p>According to Professor Richardson, the study shows that humans are appropriating the equivalent of ~30% of the energy that was available to support biodiversity before the Industrial Revolution.</p>



<p>"Surely, the removal of so much of the energy that otherwise would have been available to nature must be a driver of biodiversity loss. Therefore, we propose the adoption of Human Appropriation of Net Primary Production (HANPP), i.e., biomass use, as one of two metrics when assessing human impacts on biodiversity," said Professor Richardson.</p>



<h2 id="h-a-guide-for-action">A guide for action</h2>



<p>"A world that develops within science-defined boundaries is the only way to navigate our current situation with rising, potentially catastrophic risks, at the planetary scale. We already recognize this on climate, where the Paris agreement has adopted the climate planetary boundary of holding the 1.5°C limit," said Rockström.</p>



<p>"Similarly, the world has accepted the planetary boundary on biodiversity, when decided at the 2022 Montreal-Kunming COP15, to halt and reverse biodiversity loss on land and in the ocean."</p>



<p>"Our study shows, however, that this is by far not enough. The planetary boundaries science provides a ‘guide for action’ if we truly want to secure prosperity and equity for all on Earth, and this goes well beyond climate only, requiring novel Earth system modelling and analysis, and systematic efforts to protect, recover and rebuild planetary resilience.”</p>



<p>Katherine Richardson hopes the study will serve as a wake-up call and increase focus on the necessity of limiting our impacts on the planet in order to preserve and protect the Earth conditions that allow advanced human societies to flourish.</p>



<h2>More about planetary boundaries</h2>



<p>As our planet faces unprecedented environmental challenges, understanding and respecting planetary boundaries becomes critical. These boundaries highlight the limits within which humanity can operate sustainably, without causing irreversible damage to Earth's systems.</p>



<h3>Defining planetary boundaries</h3>



<p>Planetary boundaries are thresholds of environmental indicators that, when crossed, risk destabilizing the planet's equilibrium. As mentioned above, they were developed by a group of international scientists in 2009, outlining nine crucial systems that maintain Earth's stability.</p>



<h3>The nine boundaries</h3>



<p>Climate Change: Greenhouse gas concentrations, primarily CO2, are the primary metric here. Exceeding the recommended levels risks amplifying global warming.</p>



<p>Ocean Acidification: Oceans absorb CO2, leading to decreased pH levels. This boundary measures the carbonate ion concentration, vital for marine life like corals.</p>



<p>Stratospheric Ozone Depletion: The ozone layer protects life from harmful ultraviolet radiation. This boundary emphasizes the ozone concentration in the stratosphere.</p>



<p>Nitrogen and Phosphorus Cycles: Excess nitrogen and phosphorus, often from fertilizers, can disrupt ecosystems. Here, the focus is on their flow into the environment.</p>



<p>Freshwater Use: Freshwater is vital for life. This boundary pinpoints the annual consumption of freshwater resources.</p>



<p>Land-System Change: As we modify landscapes, particularly through deforestation, we alter habitats and carbon storage capabilities. This threshold concerns the amount of forested land remaining.</p>



<p>Biodiversity Loss: Biodiversity underpins ecosystem resilience. This metric observes the extinction rate of species.</p>



<p>Atmospheric Aerosol Loading: Aerosols influence climate and human health. This boundary examines their density in the atmosphere.</p>



<p>Chemical Pollution: Synthetic chemicals can harm ecosystems and human health. This boundary reviews their concentration and spread.</p>



<h3>Why they matter</h3>



<p>Planetary boundaries serve as a warning system. Respecting them ensures Earth remains a safe operating space for humanity. Ignoring them can trigger feedback loops, leading to rapid environmental change and decreased resilience against disturbances.</p>



<p>They also offer a science-based approach to understanding Earth's limits. By recognizing and respecting them, we pave the way for a sustainable future, ensuring that the planet remains habitable for generations to come.</p>



<p>---</p>



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Six of nine planetary boundaries that make Earth habitable have been exceeded

Human activities are inching dangerously close to triggering dramatic changes...

Bottles,With,Detergent,And,Cleaning,Tools,On,Wooden,Table

<p>A disturbing study published today in the scientific journal <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139570" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Chemosphere</a> has shed light on the potential health hazards posed by common household cleaning products.</p>



<p>Conducted by scientists from the <a href="https://www.ewg.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Environmental Working Group</a> (EWG), the study analyzed 30 different cleaning products and found them to emit hundreds of hazardous <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/common-household-products-expose-people-to-dangerous-chemicals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">volatile organic compounds</a> (VOCs).</p>



<h2 id="h-key-findings-on-vocs">Key findings on VOCs</h2>



<ul>
<li>The study examined a range of cleaning products, including multipurpose cleaners, glass cleaners, air fresheners, and more.<br></li>



<li>A staggering 530 unique VOCs were detected across the 30 products. Alarmingly, 193 of these VOCs were identified as hazardous, with potential health risks including respiratory damage, increased cancer risk, and developmental and reproductive impacts.<br></li>



<li>VOC emissions from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/windshield-wiper-fluid-accounts-for-large-percentage-of-toxic-vehicle-emissions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cleaning products</a> are particularly concerning for indoor air quality. They were found to contaminate indoor air two to five times more than outdoor air. Some estimates even suggest the difference could be as much as tenfold. Moreover, certain products continue to emit VOCs for extended periods, ranging from days to months.</li>
</ul>



<p><a href="https://www.ewg.org/news-insights/our-experts/alexis-temkin-phd" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Alexis Temkin</a>, Ph.D., a senior toxicologist at EWG, warned, “This study is a wake-up call for consumers, researchers, and regulators to be more aware of the potential risks associated with the numerous chemicals entering our indoor air.”</p>



<h2>Green products vs. conventional products</h2>



<p>Encouragingly, the research showed that products labeled “green” emitted significantly fewer VOCs compared to their conventional counterparts -- approximately half as many, on average. </p>



<p>Furthermore, when categorized as “fragrance free,” green products produced the least <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-develop-an-eco-friendly-material-to-purify-water/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">VOC emissions</a>, about eight times fewer than conventional products and four times less than green products containing fragrance.</p>



<p>On average, green products emitted only four <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/special-coating-transforms-a-lampshade-into-an-air-purifier/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">hazardous chemicals</a>, while green products with fragrance emitted about 15, and conventional products as many as 22.</p>



<p>Dr. Temkin also highlighted a potential solution for consumers, “Our findings emphasize a way to reduce exposure to hazardous VOCs -- by selecting products that are ‘green,’ especially those that are ‘green’ and ‘fragrance free.’”</p>



<h2>Implications for health and environment</h2>



<p>The adverse health effects of VOCs are deeply concerning given the exposure rates. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33234692/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Research</a> indicates that individuals employed in the cleaning industry face a 50% higher risk of developing asthma and a 43% increased risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Women in this sector also experience a heightened risk of lung cancer.</p>



<p>Additionally, children’s health is jeopardized. Some research links higher use of certain indoor cleaners during pregnancy and infancy to an increased risk of asthma and wheezing in childhood.</p>



<p>The environmental impact of VOCs is equally worrying. <a href="https://www.ewg.org/news-insights/our-experts/samara-geller" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Samara Geller</a>, EWG senior director of cleaning science, highlighted that VOCs from consumer products can exacerbate outdoor air pollution. A <a href="https://www.ewg.org/news-insights/news/chemicals-everyday-products-rival-cars-source-air-pollution" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">2018 study</a> estimated that consumer products were the source of half of the VOCs contributing to air pollution.</p>



<p>Geller concluded, “Going green with your cleaning products is an easy way to reduce exposure to harmful chemicals. This may be especially important for women’s and children's health.”</p>



<p>This important research emphasizes the importance of making informed choices about household cleaning products, not just for individual health, but also for the well-being of the planet.</p>



<h2>More about VOCs</h2>



<p>Volatile Organic Compounds, commonly known as VOCs and discussed above, permeate our environment. They are essential to understand due to their significant impact on human health and the planet. Let's now dive deep into what VOCs are, where you find them, and the effects they can have.</p>



<h3>What are VOCs?</h3>



<p>VOCs stand for Volatile Organic Compounds. They are a group of carbon-based chemicals that easily evaporate at room temperature. Due to their volatile nature, they can become a primary component of indoor and outdoor air pollution.</p>



<h3>Common sources</h3>



<p>Every day, you encounter products and materials that release VOCs. Some of these sources include:</p>



<ul>
<li>Household Products: Paints, varnishes, and cleaning agents often contain VOCs. When you open a can of paint or use a cleaning agent, you release these compounds into the air.<br></li>



<li>Automobiles: Car exhaust emits a significant number of VOCs.<br></li>



<li>Industrial Processes: Factories that produce goods, ranging from plastics to clothing, often release VOCs as a byproduct.<br></li>



<li>Building Materials: Many construction materials, such as adhesives, wood preservatives, and even some carpets, give off VOCs.</li>
</ul>



<h3>Health impacts of VOCs</h3>



<p>Exposure to VOCs can lead to a range of health issues, including:</p>



<ul>
<li>Short-term effects: These can range from eye, nose, and throat irritation to headaches, dizziness, and fatigue.<br></li>



<li>Long-term effects: Chronic exposure can lead to liver, kidney, and central nervous system damage. Some VOCs, like benzene and formaldehyde, are even potential carcinogens.</li>
</ul>



<h3>Environmental effects</h3>



<p>Apart from human health, VOCs also affect the environment:</p>



<ul>
<li>Ozone Formation: When VOCs mix with nitrogen oxides in the presence of sunlight, they form ground-level ozone. This is a primary component of smog, and it can be harmful to both human health and vegetation.<br></li>



<li>Contribution to Climate Change: Some VOCs are greenhouse gases, which means they trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere, leading to global warming.</li>
</ul>



<h3>Reducing exposure to VOCs</h3>



<p>To minimize the risks associated with VOCs, consider the following steps:</p>



<ul>
<li>Ventilation: Ensure good ventilation when using products that emit VOCs. This can help dilute the concentration of VOCs in the air.<br></li>



<li>Read Labels: Check products for VOC content and opt for low-VOC or VOC-free options when available.<br></li>



<li>Limit Use: Use VOC-emitting products sparingly and follow the manufacturer's instructions to the letter.<br></li>



<li>Safe Storage: Store products that contain VOCs in well-sealed containers to prevent unnecessary evaporation.</li>
</ul>



<h3>VOC regulations</h3>



<p>Many governments recognize the threats posed by VOCs and have introduced regulations to limit their emissions. These often include setting limits for VOC content in products, establishing air quality standards, and requiring industries to adopt best practices to minimize VOC emissions.</p>



<p>In summary, VOCs, while ubiquitous in our modern environment, can pose significant health and environmental challenges. By understanding what they are and where they come from, and by taking proactive steps to reduce exposure, we can protect both our health and the environment. It's up to both individuals and industries to play their part in ensuring a safer, VOC-reduced world.</p>



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Common household cleaning products release hundreds of toxic chemicals

A disturbing study published today in the scientific journal Chemosphere...

<p>Flowering plants not only survived the mass <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/lions-are-dangling-precariously-on-the-brink-of-extinction-immediate-action-is-needed/">extinction</a> that killed the dinosaurs, but ultimately benefited from this catastrophic event, according to a new study led by the <a href="https://www.bath.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bath</a>.</p>



<p>The K-Pg extinction event wiped out more than 75 percent of all species on Earth, but its impact on flowering plants has been unclear.</p>



<h2 id="h-major-lineages-of-flowering-plants-survived">Major lineages of flowering plants survived</h2>



<p>The experts have discovered that, despite losing some species, major flowering plant lineages miraculously survived.</p>



<p>"At least five major mass extinction events have punctuated the history of life and have profoundly shaped the diversity and distribution of entire groups of organisms," wrote the study authors.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>



<h2 id="h-regional-extinctions">Regional extinctions</h2>



<p>"The most recent of these events was the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-ancestors-coexisted-with-dinosaurs-yes-according-to-shocking-new-research/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cretaceous–Paleogene mass extinction</a> (K-Pg) that occurred approximately 66 million years ago (Mya) and is associated with the Chicxulub Impact Event. This event led to the demise of non-avian dinosaurs and high extinction rates of vertebrate species."</p>



<p>"High-resolution fossil records suggest that, despite initial regional massive extinction of angiosperm species, most of their major extant lineages (i.e. orders, families) originated during the Cretaceous, survived the K-Pg event, and eventually recovered in diversity during the Paleocene."</p>



<h2 id="h-how-researchers-studied-flowering-plants">How researchers studied flowering plants</h2>



<p>The fossil record is lacking when it comes to plants, as they do not have skeletons like animals. This makes it challenging to trace the timeline of their evolution.&nbsp;</p>



<p>To investigate, Dr. Jamie Thompson of the Milner Centre for Evolution and Dr. Santiago Ramírez-Barahona of Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México turned to MEGA phylogenetics.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Assessing macroevolutionary dynamics of angiosperms using phylogenetic evidence could provide key insights into the impacts of K-Pg and how this event triggered the restructuring of all terrestrial biomes and the emergence of modern-day ecosystems," wrote the researchers.</p>



<p>The team analyzed evolutionary trees constructed from the DNA sequences of up to 73,000 living species of flowering plants. They used statistical models to estimate the rates of extinction throughout geological time.</p>



<h2 id="h-what-the-researchers-discovered">What the researchers discovered&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The phylogenetic evidence revealed that the major flowering plant lineages were resilient to the K-Pg event. While some species disappeared, their larger families survived and eventually became dominant. Flowering plants make up about 300,000 of 400,000 modern plant species.&nbsp;</p>



<p>According to the study, the vast majority of flowering plant families that we are living today existed before the K-Pg event. These families - including the ancestors of orchids, magnolia, and mint - all shared Earth with the dinosaurs.</p>



<p>“After most of Earth’s species became extinct at K-Pg, angiosperms took the advantage, similar to the way in which mammals took over after the dinosaurs, and now pretty much all life on Earth depends on flowering plants ecologically," said Dr. Thompson.</p>



<h2 id="h-flowering-plants-are-true-survivors">Flowering plants are true survivors&nbsp;</h2>



<p>It is incredible to consider that flowering plants were tough enough to survive such a devastating event despite being immobile and relying on the sun for energy.</p>



<p>“Flowering plants have a remarkable ability to adapt: they use a variety of seed-dispersal and pollination mechanisms, some have duplicated their entire genomes and others have evolved new ways to photosynthesize," said Dr. Ramírez-Barahona. “This ‘flower power’ is what makes them nature’s true survivors.”</p>



<h2>About the Cretaceous–Paleogene mass extinction</h2>



<p>Around 66 million years ago, Earth faced one of the most devastating events in its history -- the Cretaceous–Palaeogene (K-Pg) mass extinction. </p>



<p>This catastrophe extinguished nearly 75% of Earth's species, including the iconic non-avian dinosaurs. The extinction marked a pivotal shift in Earth's biological diversity, paving the way for mammals to rise as dominant terrestrial animals.</p>



<h3>What Caused the K-Pg Extinction?</h3>



<p>Researchers point to two primary culprits -- a massive asteroid impact and prolonged volcanic activity.</p>



<h4>The asteroid impact</h4>



<p>Evidence suggests a 10-kilometer-wide asteroid struck what is now the Yucatán Peninsula in Mexico, creating the Chicxulub crater. This impact unleashed an enormous amount of energy, equivalent to billions of nuclear bombs. It set forests ablaze, triggered tsunamis, and threw tons of debris into the atmosphere. </p>



<p>This debris blocked sunlight, leading to a phenomenon called "impact winter." With reduced sunlight, photosynthesis slowed, disrupting food chains and ecosystems.</p>



<h4>Volcanic activity</h4>



<p>Concurrently, in what is now India, the Deccan Traps underwent extensive volcanic activity. These eruptions spewed vast quantities of lava and also released gases like sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide. </p>



<p>These gases, when in the atmosphere, can contribute to both cooling (sulfur dioxide) and warming (carbon dioxide). Such dramatic shifts in temperature and atmospheric composition further stressed global ecosystems.</p>



<h3>The aftermath of the extinction</h3>



<p>The K-Pg event's impact on life was profound. Ocean ecosystems underwent a significant overhaul as many marine reptiles, like plesiosaurs and mosasaurs, vanished. The skies saw the disappearance of pterosaurs. On land, the non-avian dinosaurs, which had ruled for over 150 million years, came to an end.</p>



<p>However, with the demise of these giants, opportunities arose for other creatures. Mammals, which had previously lived in the shadows of the mighty dinosaurs, began to diversify and expand into niches left vacant. Birds, descendants of theropod dinosaurs, took to the skies in a more diverse array.</p>



<p>In summary, the Cretaceous–Paleogene mass extinction serves as a testament to the planet's dynamic nature. It reminds us of the fragility of life and the interconnectedness of all living organisms. </p>



<p>While the event ended the reign of many species, it also provided opportunities for others to flourish. Today, as we look back at this crucial juncture in Earth's history, we gain insights into the ever-evolving story of life on our planet.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2023.0314" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Biology Letters</em></a>.</p>



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Nature's true survivors: Flowering plants lived through the dinosaur extinction

Flowering plants not only survived the mass extinction that killed...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lHHxOej4QfE
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Researchers found a correlation between Alzheimer's disease and traffic pollution.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-invisible-threat-in-urban-air"><strong>Invisible threat in urban air</strong></h2>



<p>City dwellers face an unseen danger with every breath. New findings from Emory University researchers suggest that fine particulate matter from <a href="http://earth.com/news/traffic-related-air-pollution-might-increase-alzheimers-risk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">vehicle emissions may significantly elevate the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease</a>. The study examined brain tissue samples from 224 individuals who had confirmed diagnoses and volunteered their brains for scientific research.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-disturbing-connections-emerge"><strong>Disturbing connections emerge</strong></h2>



<p>Scientists analyzed neuritic plaques — protein clusters that characterize Alzheimer's — while mapping each participant's exposure to PM2.5 particles based on residential location and surrounding traffic density. The correlation proved more alarming than anticipated. Individuals experiencing higher pollution exposure showed nearly double the likelihood of elevated plaque accumulation in brain tissue.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-timing-matters"><strong>Timing matters</strong></h2>



<p>The research team discovered that pollution exposure during the final year before death demonstrated the strongest association with brain changes. This timeline suggests relatively rapid impacts from environmental toxins on neural health. The connection remained robust even after accounting for various demographic and health factors.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genetic-vulnerability-patterns"><strong>Genetic vulnerability patterns</strong></h2>



<p>Perhaps most concerning, people lacking the APOE gene—which naturally predisposes individuals to Alzheimer's — exhibited more than twice the susceptibility to pollution-related brain damage. Study author Dr. Anke Huels noted this indicates environmental elements like air contamination could trigger the disease in cases where hereditary factors don't explain.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-public-health-implications"><strong>Public health implications</strong></h2>



<p>These findings, published in <em><a href="https://www.neurology.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Neurology</a></em>, underscore the critical importance of air quality regulations in urban planning. The research suggests that implementing stricter emission controls and promoting alternative transportation could serve as powerful tools in Alzheimer's prevention.</p>



<p>As cities worldwide grapple with growing traffic congestion and aging populations, this study highlights an urgent need for comprehensive approaches to environmental health that protect both our lungs and our minds.</p>



<p>—–</p>



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<p>—–</p>

Traffic fumes may trigger Alzheimer's

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lHHxOej4QfE Researchers found a correlation between Alzheimer's disease and traffic...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that scientists never expected.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hidden-waters-beneath-ancient-craters">Hidden waters beneath ancient craters</h2>



<p>Scientists have made a startling discovery that challenges everything we thought we knew about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/saturn-moon-mimas-has-remarkably-young-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Saturn's moon Mimas</a>. Beneath the heavily cratered surface that earned it the nickname "Death Star" lies a global ocean that formed just 5 to 15 million years ago—a remarkably young age by cosmic standards.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cassini-data-reveals-orbital-secrets">Cassini data reveals orbital secrets</h2>



<p>The discovery, led by Dr. Valéry Lainey of the <a href="https://observatoiredeparis.psl.eu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Observatoire de Paris</a>, emerged from careful analysis of <a href="https://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>'s Cassini spacecraft data. By studying subtle irregularities in Mimas's orbit around Saturn, researchers detected the gravitational signature of liquid water hidden 20 to 30 kilometers beneath the moon's icy shell.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-an-unlikely-ocean-world">An unlikely ocean world</h2>



<p>At only 400 kilometers in diameter, Mimas seemed like the least likely candidate to harbor a subsurface ocean. Unlike other ocean moons such as Europa and Enceladus, which show clear surface signs of internal activity, Mimas displays no obvious hints of the liquid water beneath its ancient, crater-scarred exterior.</p>



<p>"Mimas is a small moon, and its heavily cratered surface gave no hint of the hidden ocean beneath," explained Dr. Nick Cooper from <a href="https://www.qmul.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Queen Mary University of London</a>, a study co-author.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-astrobiology">Implications for astrobiology</h2>



<p>The ocean's recent formation makes Mimas a prime target for studying how oceans develop and potentially support life. This discovery adds another member to the exclusive club of ocean worlds in our solar system, each offering unique insights into the conditions necessary for habitability.</p>



<p>The research, published in <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a></em> journal, demonstrates how advanced orbital analysis can reveal hidden features of celestial bodies, opening new possibilities for understanding ocean formation throughout the cosmos.</p>



<p>—–</p>



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<p>—–</p>

Scientists discover unexpected young ocean on Saturn's cratered moon Mimas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ 'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K0DuSr87SHY
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">57 million-year ice age mystery solved by Australian scientists.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-when-earth-became-a-frozen-wasteland">When Earth became a frozen wasteland</h2>



<p>Imagine Earth as a giant snowball, frozen solid from the North Pole to the equator. This wasn't the plot of a science fiction movie – it was our planet's reality 700 million years ago during an extreme ice age that has puzzled scientists for decades.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-discovery">The discovery</h2>



<p>Australian researchers from the <a href="https://www.sydney.edu.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Sydney</a> have finally cracked one of geology's greatest mysteries: what caused the Sturtian glaciation and why it persisted for an unprecedented 57 million years. This period occurred long before dinosaurs roamed the Earth, when no complex plants or multicellular animals existed.</p>



<p>Dr. Adriana Dutkiewicz, the study's lead author, describes a world completely unlike today's climate. "Imagine the Earth almost completely frozen over," she explained. "The planet was blanketed in ice from poles to equator, and temperatures plunged."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-combination-of-climate-factors">The combination of climate factors</h2>



<p>The research team discovered that this massive freeze resulted from a "double whammy" of geological events. First, plate tectonic activity reduced volcanic carbon dioxide emissions to historically low levels. Volcanic activity typically releases CO2 into the atmosphere, creating a greenhouse effect that keeps Earth warm.</p>



<p>Simultaneously, weathering of volcanic rocks in what is now Canada actively absorbed atmospheric CO2, further reducing greenhouse gas concentrations. When atmospheric carbon dioxide levels dropped below 200 parts per million – less than half of today's levels – glaciation engulfed the entire planet.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-climate-implications">Modern climate implications</h2>



<p>Published in the journal <em><a href="https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/geology" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geology</a></em>, this research provides crucial insights into Earth's climate system. While geological climate changes occur over millions of years, the study emphasizes that human-induced climate change is happening at a pace ten times faster than previously observed natural changes, highlighting the urgent need to understand our planet's delicate climate balance.</p>



<p>—–</p>



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What caused the planet's longest ice age

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K0DuSr87SHY 57 million-year ice age mystery solved by Australian scientists....

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WXXGGiynIjs
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Greenland is not sinking. In fact, it is the opposite.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-contrasting-climate-response">A contrasting climate response</h2>



<p>Most coastal towns are <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sinking-land-will-intensify-the-effects-of-rising-sea-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">preparing for higher sea levels</a>, but <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/greenland-no-longer-has-to-worry-about-rising-sea-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Greenland presents</a> a different scenario during climate change. The ground there is rising at a remarkable rate. Over the past decade, some areas have lifted about 20 centimeters, which translates to roughly 2 meters per century. This rate significantly exceeds current projections for sea level rise.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-geological-rebound-process-through-climate-change">Geological rebound process through climate change</h2>



<p>The mechanism behind this phenomenon is straightforward. As the ice sheet melts, the immense weight is removed from the bedrock, causing the land to rebound upward. This process resembles the way compressed material springs back when pressure is released.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-monitoring-networks">Scientific monitoring networks</h2>



<p>Researchers at the <a href="https://www.dtu.dk/english/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Technical University of Denmark</a> are documenting this uplift using the GNET network, consisting of 61 GPS stations positioned around Greenland's coast. These sensors can detect movement with millimeter precision, providing detailed measurements of the ongoing changes.</p>



<p>The data reveal that current uplift rates exceed the gradual rebound occurring since the last ice age ended approximately 12,000 years ago. This acceleration corresponds directly with increased ice sheet melting rates.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-coastal-transformation">Coastal Transformation</h2>



<p>This uplift is actively reshaping Greenland's coastline. New islands and rocky formations, called "skerries," are emerging as previously submerged land surfaces rise above the water level. This represents a notable contrast to global concerns about rising seas.</p>



<p>The study, published in Geophysical Research Letters, demonstrates the varied regional impacts of climate change. While many locations face rising water levels, Greenland's bedrock is literally rising above the surrounding seas.</p>



<p>The full study was recently published in <em><a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2023GL104851" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geophysical Research Letters</a></em>.</p>



<p>—–</p>



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<p>—–</p>

Greenland's ground rises while coasts worldwide face higher seas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WXXGGiynIjs Greenland is not sinking. In fact, it is the...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DSM3EVeGHJU
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Companies like MindStudio help companies train their employees to implement the latest AI Agent building platform.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ai-agent-training-transforms-the-workplace-fear-factor-into-a-competitive-advantage">AI agent training transforms the workplace 'fear factor' into a competitive advantage</h2>



<p>Organizations that offer comprehensive artificial intelligence training to their workers find remarkable value that extends well beyond basic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mind-wandering-might-be-more-productive-than-you-think/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">productivity improvements</a>. Emerging research demonstrates that carefully crafted AI training programs <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ai-does-not-replace-human-creativity-but-enhances-it/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">enhance</a> corporate performance, lower operational costs, and dramatically improve employee psychological well-being by turning workplace uncertainty into professional empowerment.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-addressing-the-widespread-ai-anxiety-crisis-among-us">Addressing the widespread 'AI anxiety' crisis among us</h2>



<p>A staggering 53% of employees expressed concern that the use of AI tools to automate work tasks could make them appear disposable to their employers, according to <a href="https://www.microsoft.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Microsoft</a>'s 2024 workplace survey. Such pervasive worry about being substituted by machines has caused what researchers have termed "AI technostress" – a psychological state that can result in occupational burnout and poorer mental well-being.</p>



<p>Data published in <a href="https://www.nature.com/palcomms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Humanities and Social Sciences Communications</a> showed that belief in AI learning ability was a moderator in the link between technology adoption and work pressure, and higher confidence significantly lowered negative psychological responses. Workers provided ample training to become competent with AI software have significantly lower stress.</p>



<p>Companies like <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MindStudio</a> have platforms for building what are known as "AI Agents".  In essence, AI Agents are simply tools that employees can build for themselves or their teams quickly and inexpensively.   MindStudio will even train entire companies, from the CEO on down, at no cost. By letting MindStudio empower employees, companies avoid hiring more IT staff, buying more software, and implementing solutions to problems that do not exist.</p>



<p>MindStudio even has partners locally for companies, like <a href="http://www.dominnus.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dominnus</a> with offices in the Carolinas, California, and Denver, to help build AI Agents and support employees as they become resident AI experts for their organization.  The training provided by MindStudio is applicable across other AI Agent building platforms as well.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-productivity-through-focused-learning">Revolutionary productivity through focused learning</h2>



<p>Organizations that implement large-scale AI training programs achieve dramatic outcomes. Employees performed tasks significantly better when they utilized AI support compared to when they didn't, according to <a href="https://www.nngroup.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nielsen Norman Group</a> research findings. Their study documented productivity increases of 66% for a variety of professional tasks.</p>



<p>Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis research finds workers record 33% higher productivity in time working with generative AI tools. The benefit is equivalent to 5.4% of work time savings for AI users – around 2.2 hours per week for full-time workers.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-psychological-well-being-benefits-through-ai-competence">Psychological well-being benefits through AI competence</h2>



<p>The emotional transformation when employees are provided with proper technology training is a fundamental transformation from fear to professional confidence. A survey of 600 employees across industries, carried out by ScienceDirect, proved that AI capabilities strengthen work environment commitment and improve job satisfaction.</p>



<p>A <a href="https://www.lut.fi/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">LUT University</a> study discovered that AI adoption has no direct effect on workers' well-being but does so indirectly through working conditions like task optimization and safety protocols. Strategically deployed AI that involves correct training can actually increase workplace mental well-being.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-from-replacement-anxiety-to-partnership-confidence">From 'replacement anxiety' to 'partnership confidence'</h2>



<p>Although 35% of those interviewed in recent McKinsey studies were concerned about workforce displacement, firms with large-scale training initiatives witness such fears dissipate quickly. The World Economic Forum found that two out of three respondents believe AI competencies will enhance their career prospects and job marketability.</p>



<p>This shift from fear to trust has measurable implications for job satisfaction. Applied Sciences research indicates AI can create tailored wellness programs based on individual employee requirements.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-financial-benefits-of-increased-retention">Financial benefits of increased retention</h2>



<p>The mental health advantages of AI learning have a direct impact on organizational bottom lines in the form of a positive feedback cycle with high retention of employees. Recent ROI research validates that artificial intelligence learning has a beneficial impact on employee turnover and satisfaction levels.</p>



<p>PriceWaterhouseCoopers' research documents 20% to 30% improvements in productivity, market speed, and revenue in organizations that attempt systematic AI adoption through comprehensive training.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-advantages-of-ai-enabled-teams">Environmental advantages of AI-enabled teams</h2>



<p>AI training has unforeseen environmental benefits as it makes the work environment more efficient. According to a study in Scientific Reports, the carbon footprint in writing and illustrating work is significantly lower when AI performs it compared to humans. AI software produces 130 to 1,500 times less CO2 equivalent per page of text created than human authors.</p>



<p>In addition, AI-driven remote work functionality significantly reduces environmental impact. Research by Cornell University and Microsoft indicates that remote workers reduce greenhouse gas emissions by up to 54% by not commuting daily to offices. Hybrid workers working remotely two to four days a week can reduce their carbon footprint by 11% to 29%.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cumulative-organizational-advantages">Cumulative organizational advantages</h2>



<p>The compounding gains of better mental well-being, reduced turnover, increased productivity, and environmental benefits flow to enterprises from the pairing. McKinsey analysis estimates the long-term AI potential at $4.4 trillion in incremental productivity growth opportunity from business use cases.</p>



<p>As of now, 75% of knowledge workers globally utilize generative AI, mirroring widespread adoption patterns. Organizations that provide organized training and assistance see the most favorable results in productivity, worker satisfaction, and ecological sustainability.</p>



<p>The research overwhelmingly indicates that companies that invest in proper AI education, like that offered through <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MindStudio</a>, establish win-win scenarios where employees are both more empowered and less stressed, and companies enjoy the gains of increased productivity, reduced turnover, and improved mental health outcomes throughout their workforce.</p>



<p>For more on MindStudio's free AI training for companies, visit the website's of MindStudio and Dominnus from the links below.</p>



<p>The research was published across a variety of peer-reviewed journals, including <a href="https://www.nature.com/palcomms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Humanities and Social Sciences Communications</a>, <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/artificial-intelligence" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence</a>, and <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/journal/applsci">Applied Sciences</a>.</p>



<p id="block-9bd989d6-2fd3-4580-957f-6cacce134f08">-----</p>



<p id="block-eff5dea3-a9bb-40b5-a923-e5a9978bc0e2">Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p id="block-43e218f4-0391-477c-8396-eb777c8c80a3">Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p id="block-1f9a227a-ec37-4140-81b8-ffa4a7cc6689">-----</p>



<p>MindStudio.AI: <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.mindstudio.ai</a></p>



<p>Dominnus: <a href="https://www.dominnus.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.dominnus.com</a></p>

AI agent training boosts mental health and profits

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DSM3EVeGHJU Companies like MindStudio help companies train their employees to...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0HDXqTGEmi4
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Scientists give plants superpowers against bacterial disease</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-natural-solution-to-disease-through-crop-modification">A natural solution to disease through crop modification.</h2>



<p>The agricultural industry stands at a crossroads between productivity and environmental responsibility, and crop modification often carries a negative connotation. While chemical pesticides have long been the go-to solution for crop protection, their harmful effects on ecosystems and human health have prompted scientists to seek alternatives. The recent breakthrough by <a href="https://www.southampton.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Southampton</a> researchers offers a promising path forward through the precise manipulation of plant-associated microbial communities.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-science-behind-microbial-partnerships">The science behind microbial partnerships</h2>



<p>Plants naturally harbor diverse ecosystems of bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms that function as biological allies. These microscopic partners contribute to disease resistance, nutrient absorption, and stress tolerance. However, until now, scientists lacked the tools to deliberately reshape these communities to enhance crop protection.</p>



<p>The Southampton team's approach centered on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/engineered-plant-microbiomes-the-future-of-crop-protection/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">modifying lignin biosynthesis genes in rice plants</a>. This strategic intervention altered the plant's metabolic output, creating conditions that favored beneficial bacterial populations while suppressing harmful ones. The result was a living defense system embedded within the plant itself.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-global-food-security">Implications for global food security</h2>



<p>The successful demonstration against Xanthomonas oryzae, the pathogen responsible for bacterial blight in rice, represents more than a laboratory achievement. Rice feeds nearly half the world's population, and bacterial blight causes devastating crop losses annually. Traditional control methods rely heavily on pesticides that contaminate soil and water systems.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-looking-beyond-disease-resistance">Looking Beyond Disease Resistance</h2>



<p>While disease protection represents the immediate application, the research framework opens doors to broader agricultural improvements. Future developments could engineer microbiomes to enhance nutrient uptake, reducing dependence on synthetic fertilizers. This dual benefit addresses both crop productivity and environmental sustainability.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-path-forward">The path forward</h2>



<p>As this technology advances from laboratory to field applications, it promises to reshape sustainable agriculture. The ability to program plants with their own biological defense systems could herald a new era where crops protect themselves naturally, reducing chemical inputs while maintaining yields necessary for global food security.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal&nbsp;<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-44335-3" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Nature Communications</em></a>.</p>



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<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Revolutionizing agriculture through microbiome engineering

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0HDXqTGEmi4 Scientists give plants superpowers against bacterial disease A natural...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Acid rain and a crisis solved.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-don-t-we-ever-hear-about-acid-rain-anymore-the-environmental-crisis-that-was-solved">Why don't we ever hear about "acid rain" anymore? The environmental crisis that was solved</h2>



<p>Remember the 1980s when acid rain dominated headlines? Dire warnings about rain eating buildings, killing fish, and destroying forests filled every news cycle. Then, almost like magic, acid rain vanished from public discourse. What happened? Did we actually solve one of the late 20th century's most pressing environmental challenges?</p>



<p>The answer might surprise you. Unlike many environmental issues that drag on indefinitely, acid rain represents one of modern history's most successful ecological recovery stories. It's a tale of science, politics, and technology working together to tackle what seemed impossible.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>What was acid rain?</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain isn't regular rain having a bad day – it's precipitation that became significantly more acidic due to air pollution. When power plants, factories, and vehicles burn fossil fuels, they release sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) into the atmosphere.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The science behind it</strong></h2>



<p>Think of acid rain as nature's chemistry experiment gone wrong. These compounds react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form sulfuric and nitric acids. When mixed with water vapor in clouds, they create precipitation with dangerously low pH levels.</p>



<p>While clean rain has a pH of about 5.6, acid rain could drop as low as 4.2 to 4.4 – roughly as acidic as tomato juice or coffee. According to US Geological Survey documentation, Scottish chemist Angus Smith first coined "acid rain" in 1872, but it didn't become a household phrase until the 1960s and 1970s when Swedish scientist Svante Odén documented its devastating effects on Scandinavian lakes and European forests.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The crisis at its peak</strong></h2>



<p>During the height of public concern, environmental damage was both widespread and visible. This wasn't some abstract future threat – people could see destruction happening in real-time.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Environmental devastation</strong></h2>



<p>The most dramatic impacts were impossible to ignore. Research documented by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation shows that in the Adirondack Mountains, more than 200 lakes became so acidic they couldn't support fish life. The Adirondack Council reports that 409 lakes once supported brook trout, but many lost their fish populations due to acid rain.</p>



<p>By 1976, when scientists cataloged all acidified lakes in the Adirondack Park, researchers found that half of the lakes over 2,000 feet above sea level had no fish, according to studies published in environmental journals. The acidification process worked like a slow-motion disaster. As acid rain fell into watersheds, it gradually lowered pH levels. Fish couldn't survive in acidic water, and their food sources died off too.</p>



<p>Trees at high elevations showed stress directly linked to acid rain. It weakened them by leaching nutrients and making them susceptible to disease. Historical records show Germany's Black Forest saw nearly half its trees damaged by the mid-1980s.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Economic impact</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain wasn't just environmental – it was expensive. Acidic precipitation corroded infrastructure, buildings, and monuments. Historic stone structures deteriorated at accelerated rates. Tourism suffered as lakes became fishless and forests declined. EPA economic analyses from the period documented repair costs mounting into billions annually.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The solution: government action and technology</strong></h2>



<p>Transformation from crisis to success required unprecedented cooperation between governments, industries, and environmental groups.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The Clean Air Act of 1990</strong></h2>



<p>The turning point came with the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, signed by President George H.W. Bush. This represented a fundamentally new approach to environmental regulation, as documented in EPA historical records.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Cap-and-trade success</strong></h2>



<p>Instead of mandating specific technologies, the 1990 amendments introduced something revolutionary: a cap-and-trade system for sulfur dioxide emissions. EPA program documentation shows this market-based approach set overall limits but allowed companies to trade emission allowances.</p>



<p>The genius was harnessing market forces to find cost-effective pollution reduction. Companies reducing emissions cheaply could sell excess allowances to those facing higher costs. Research published in environmental economics journals and EPA progress reports shows this resulted in dramatic SO2 reduction at a fraction of projected costs.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Technology advances</strong></h2>



<p>Policy provided the framework, but technology made reductions possible. Studies in atmospheric science journals document the widespread adoption of flue gas desulfurization systems ("scrubbers") that removed sulfur dioxide before it reached the atmosphere. By the 2000s, new installations could remove over 95% of SO2 emissions, according to EPA technical reports.</p>



<p>The push coincided with cleaner energy development. Natural gas produces fewer sulfur compounds than coal. Wind and solar, emerging in the 1990s, captured growing market share, reducing reliance on high-sulfur coal.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-we-don-t-hear-about-it-today"><strong>Why we don't hear about it today</strong></h2>



<p>Why did acid rain disappear from headlines? Simple: the problem was largely solved.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Success doesn't make news</strong></h2>



<p>There's an old journalism saying: "If it bleeds, it leads." Environmental success stories don't generate urgency like crisis reporting. Media attention shifted to other challenges: climate change, plastic pollution, and biodiversity loss. There's only so much environmental anxiety the public can absorb, and newer concerns replaced acid rain.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Mission accomplished</strong></h2>



<p>The primary reason is beautifully simple: interventions worked. EPA monitoring data shows sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990. Academic research published in environmental science journals confirms pH levels in formerly affected areas returned closer to normal. This represents one of history's most dramatic environmental recoveries. Studies by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation show fishless lakes now support healthy populations. Forests recovered, and building damage slowed dramatically.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-is-it-really-gone"><strong>Is it really gone?</strong></h2>



<p>The crisis is largely resolved, but monitoring data shows the problem isn't completely eliminated – it's managed to acceptable levels. Some areas still experience occasional events during high pollution periods. International environmental research indicates that rapidly industrializing Asian countries face similar problems to what we experienced decades ago, though they're implementing successful strategies.</p>



<p>EPA research shows nitrogen oxide emissions proved more challenging than sulfur dioxide, coming from vehicles and mobile sources. Climate science studies suggest changing weather patterns add complexity to how acid rain forms and falls.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>What this teaches us</strong></h2>



<p>The acid rain experience proves that seemingly intractable environmental problems can be solved with scientific understanding, political will, and technological innovation. Environmental monitoring data shows recovery speed was remarkable – within a decade, measurable improvements appeared in air quality and ecosystem health.</p>



<p>Success came from bipartisan support across party lines. Policy analysis studies show the market-based approach appealed to those preferring economic incentives while achieving environmental goals. This support created lasting policy surviving political changes.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Conclusion</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain's disappearance from public consciousness represents environmental science's greatest success stories. Through effective regulation, technological innovation, and international cooperation, we transformed an overwhelming crisis into a manageable challenge.</p>



<p>Today's silence isn't because we forgot – it's because we solved it. The 1990 Clean Air Act, combined with technology and energy market changes, reduced acid rain emissions over 90%, according to comprehensive EPA data analysis.</p>



<p>This success offers hope for current challenges. It proves complex problems can be solved when science, policy, and technology work together. As we face climate change and plastic pollution, acid rain reminds us that dramatic positive change is possible.</p>



<p>Next time someone asks whether environmental regulations work, remember acid rain. It's proof that sometimes, we get it right.</p>



<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>



<p><strong>Sources:</strong> <em>This article draws from EPA official documentation and progress reports, peer-reviewed research published in environmental and atmospheric science journals, historical data from the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation records, US Geological Survey publications, policy analysis studies, and environmental monitoring data collected over three decades.</em></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Frequently Asked Questions</strong></h2>



<p><strong>1. Is acid rain completely gone?</strong> No, but EPA monitoring shows it's reduced to manageable levels. US sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990, making acid rain much less severe than the 1980s crisis.</p>



<p><strong>2. How long did solving take?</strong> Environmental monitoring data shows significant improvements began within 5-10 years of 1990s emission controls. Full ecosystem recovery took longer – some areas need 20-30 years for complete recovery.</p>



<p><strong>3. What made the solution successful?</strong> Clear scientific understanding, visible damage motivating action, bipartisan support, available technology, and innovative market-based policies like cap-and-trade.</p>



<p><strong>4. Do other countries have acid rain problems?</strong> Yes, particularly rapidly industrializing Asian countries. However, international environmental research shows many implement similar successful control strategies.</p>



<p><strong>5. Could acid rain return?</strong> Potentially, if regulations weaken or we return to high-sulfur coal without controls, though effects would take years to become severe according to environmental projections.</p>



<p><strong>6. Can you recommend any teaching tools on the subject of "acid rain"?</strong> The United States Environmental Protection Agency produced a wonderful teacher's guide for ages 14 and under that you can find on the EPA website here: <a href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf</a></p>



<p>-----</p>



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The environmental problem we actually solved

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk Acid rain and a crisis solved. Why don't we...

Green,Ecoduct,Over,An,Empty,Highway,During,Sunset.

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https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU
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<p>A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that wildlife tunnels significantly reduce amphibian road mortality during seasonal migrations. </p>



<p>Frogs and salamanders often cross roads to reach breeding ponds each spring, but many are killed by vehicles. </p>



<p>Researchers from the <a href="https://www.uvm.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Vermont</a>, in collaboration with local citizens and the Vermont Agency of Natural Resources, installed two underpass tunnels in 2015. </p>



<p>Over a 12-year monitoring period, they observed an 80.2% reduction in amphibian deaths, and up to 94% for non-climbing species like salamanders. </p>



<p>The study used a before-after-control-impact design and documented more than 5,200 amphibians, highlighting the tunnels’ effectiveness even in nearby buffer zones.</p>



<p>Funded at $342,397 - far cheaper than wildlife crossings for large mammals - the project showcased the power of community-led conservation.</p>



<p>Local groups initiated the effort after observing mass amphibian deaths. Wildlife cameras later captured over 2,200 amphibians using a tunnel in just one spring, along with other species like raccoons and bobcats, indicating wider ecosystem benefits.</p>



<p>This marks the first peer-reviewed, long-term data set in the northeastern U.S. confirming amphibian-specific underpasses work. </p>



<p>The study urges transportation departments to incorporate these designs into road planning and highlights how community action, thoughtful infrastructure, and persistence can make a real difference for biodiversity.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the <em><a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1617138125000780" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal for Nature Conservation</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Wildlife tunnels save millions of amphibians

https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that...

<p>Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. </p>



<p>The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.</p>



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https://youtu.be/Ug657J67iEo?si=w96YjGMsg939LD_3
</div></figure>



<p>Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. </p>



<p>Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.</p>



<p>Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. </p>



<p>They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).</p>



<p>Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.</p>



<p>Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.</p>



<p>This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.</p>

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.</p>



<p>“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. </p>



<p>The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.</p>



<p>“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”</p>



<p>The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Designing crops that can beat the heat

[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Carl...

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes the first comprehensive estimate of carbon density in the Saharan, Sahel, and Sudanian zones of Africa. In an effort to measure the amount of carbon stored across these drylands, a team of scientists used high-resolution satellite images and artificial intelligence to map nearly 10 billion individual trees. </p>



<p>"The high spatial resolution (50 cm) combined with AI and field measurements used in this study is key to improving tree inventories in drylands," said Pierre Hiernaux, a French researcher working for NASA. "The ever-increasing availability of very high-resolution satellite imagery will make it possible to assess carbon pools and their dynamics at the individual tree level on a global scale."</p>



<p>"This study is exceptional because it is pioneering a type of approach that will revolutionize the monitoring of trees and forests on a global scale: in the short term, it will be possible to map the world's trees from the centre of the Amazon to our schoolyards," said <a href="https://www.inrae.fr/en">INRAE</a> researcher Jean-Pierre Wigneron.</p>



<p>"Many fields of application will become much more efficient and accurate, such as tracking carbon stocks, biodiversity, monitoring logging and protection against illegal forest degradation, in near real time.”</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Remote sensing will revolutionize the way we monitor trees

[sendtonews key="EjmSP20gQK-2593093-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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<p>Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.</p>



<p>According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."</p>



<p>Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;</p>



<p>ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. </p>



<p>Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> </em>Staff Writer </p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> features a visual dataset of.methane emissions from wetlands across the globe. Atmospheric methane levels have reached record highs in recent years, and wetlands are a major source of these emissions.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Methane is an important greenhouse gas that contributes substantially to global warming. On a molecule by molecule basis, methane is much more efficient at trapping heat than carbon dioxide, the main driver of warming," says NASA.</p>



<p>"Though human activities, including agriculture, oil and natural gas production and use, and waste disposal, collectively contribute the majority of methane to the atmosphere, about a third of total methane emissions comes from wetlands."&nbsp;</p>



<p>According to NASA, understanding methane emissions from wetlands and other natural sources is critically important for scientists and policymakers who are working to combat climate change by reducing emissions from human activities.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: NASA Goddard</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Wetlands are a major source of methane emissions

[sendtonews key="f8fukm28Vz-2491833-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;</p>



<p>According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.</p>



<p>In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.</p>



<p>The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.</p>



<p>The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.</p>



<p>The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. </p>



<p>Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

[sendtonews key="0879czfG3k-1785905-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from NASA...

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes how record-breaking heat expressed itself around the world in 2022.</p>



<p>Scientists have determined that 2022 was the 5th warmest year since 1880. Furthermore, the last nine consecutive years have been the warmest on record.</p>



<p>From devastating floods and wildfires to natural disasters like Hurricane Ian, 2022 showed us yet again how a warming climate affects people across the globe.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"As we look back at 20:22 and years past, we see that each year we better understand the challenges we face and how important it is to meet them," says NASA.</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: NASA Goddard</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

2022 illustrated the consequences of a warming climate

[sendtonews key="3UUsNkFOuS-2487333-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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<p>Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes Earth’s interconnected systems, and how this network is affected by rising temperatures.&nbsp;</p>



<p>During 2020, average global temperatures matched the hottest year on record. The hurricane season was also record-breaking, with many of the storms intensifying at extraordinary speeds. Hot water in the ocean is fuel for hurricanes. The satellite data shows that it's all one interconnected system showing how  Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected.</p>



<p>According to NASA, dust swept up from Northern Africa plays a major role in the formation of hurricanes, and is also a key source of fertilization in the Amazon rainforest. As a result of<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-wasting-disease-is-fueled-by-climate-change/"> climate</a> change, dust plumes are expected to decline, which will have an effect on vegetation far away.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Images from Earth-observing satellites show how the world’s plant life is affected by natural disasters, fires, and deforestation. Satellites also reveal how widespread changes in vegetation impact waterways,&nbsp; the climate, air quality. Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on the Earth. "Earth From Space" is a groundbreaking two-hour special that reveals a spectacular new space-based vision of our planet. </p>



<p><em>Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected

[sendtonews key="JbW4VsY53O-1632195-12187" type="single"] Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected...

<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://welcome.miami.edu/">University of Miami</a> Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science explores how changes in water temperatures have affected tiger shark habitats and movements in the North Atlantic Ocean. The study reveals that rising temperatures have caused the sharks to shift toward the poles over the past 40 years.</p>



<p>“Tiger shark annual migrations have expanded poleward, paralleling rising water temperatures,” explained study lead author Neil Hammerschlag. “These results have consequences for tiger shark conservation, since shifts in their movements outside of marine protected areas may leave them more vulnerable to commercial fishing.”</p>



<p>The researchers analyzed nine years of tracking data from satellite-tagged tiger sharks, combined with four decades of conventional tag and recapture data provided by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Cooperative Shark Tagging Program.</p>



<p>The experts found that during the last decade of record heat, for every one-degree Celsius increase in water temperatures, tiger sharks migrated further poleward by over 400 kilometers. They also migrated two weeks earlier than usual to waters off the northeastern coast of the United States.</p>



<p>“Given their role as apex predators, these changes to tiger shark movements may alter predator-prey interactions, leading to ecological imbalances, and more frequent encounters with humans,” concluded Professor Hammerschlag.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Tiger sharks are shifting poleward as temperatures rise

Today’s Video of the Day from the University of Miami...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> is focused on the melt ponds that emerge during the spring and summer on the Greenland Ice Sheet, which is the largest ice mass in the northern hemisphere.</p>



<p>"Melt ponds are vast pools of open water that form on both sea ice and ice sheets and are visible as turquoise-blue pools of water in this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image," says ESA.</p>



<p>"When snow and ice melts atop glaciers, water flows in channels and streams and collects in depressions on the surface. These melt ponds can speed up the melting of the surrounding ice since they greatly reduce the ice’s ability to reflect sunlight."</p>



<p>"This can create a positive feedback where an increasing number of melt ponds absorb more heat which causes ice cover to melt even faster."</p>



<p>According to ESA, Greenland has been hit with a late-season heatwave that began in early September. This caused the type of melt event that usually occurs in the middle of summer.</p>



<p>"In a recent paper published in Nature Climate Change, scientists found that major sea-level rise from the melting of the Greenland ice cap is now ‘inevitable’ even if the burning of fossil fuels were to halt overnight," says ESA. "Using satellite observations of Greenland ice loss and ice cap from 2000 to 2019, the team found the losses will lead to a minimum rise of 27 cm regardless of climate change."</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Melt ponds on the Greenland Ice Sheet

[sendtonews key="qARzJPSabQ-2270617-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes how Earth is unique in our solar system for its ability to sustain liquid water on its surface. But now, the water cycle is shifting as the climate warms, and scientists must find ways to predict how these changes will affect water availability.</p>



<p>Overall, 96 percent of Earth's water is saltwater, and nearly all of freshwater is found in ice and groundwater. These sources of water are linked as it passes through solid, liquid and gas phases.</p>



<p>In a warmer climate, the water cycle will be transformed. It will be easier for water to evaporate and form clouds, and storms will become more frequent and intense. Some regions will get too much water, while others will be left without enough water. In addition, soil moisture will be lost - which threatens food security.</p>



<p>Scientists are using satellite data from over the last 40 years to track changes that are happening in the water cycle. This will ultimately help us prepare for extreme events and better manage our water resources, according to ESA.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: ESA</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Tracking changes in Earth's water cycle

[sendtonews key="fxH3eJHEkQ-2010196-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

Saturn,-,High,Resolution,3d,Images,Presents,Planets,Of,The

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard Space Flight Center</a> features images of Saturn from NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope. The photographs capture the start of the mysterious "spoke season" on Saturn - when unexplained features appear on its rings. </p>



<p>According to NASA, both the cause of the spokes and their seasonal variability have yet to be fully explained by planetary scientists.</p>



<p>"Like Earth, Saturn is tilted on its axis and therefore has four seasons, though because of Saturn's much larger orbit, each season lasts approximately seven Earth years. Equinox occurs when the rings are tilted edge-on to the Sun," explains NASA.</p>



<p>"The spokes disappear when it is near summer or winter solstice on Saturn. (When the Sun appears to reach either its highest or lowest latitude in the northern or southern hemisphere of a planet.) As the autumnal equinox of Saturn's northern hemisphere on May 6, 2025, draws near, the spokes are expected to become increasingly prominent and observable."</p>



<p>Experts believe that the spokes may be a product of the planet's variable magnetic field. When magnetic fields interact with solar wind, an electrically charged environment is created. This phenomenon is visible on Earth as the northern lights.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Scientists think that the smallest, dust-sized icy ring particles can become charged as well, which temporarily levitates those particles above the rest of the larger icy particles and boulders in the rings," says NASA.</p>



<p>The spokes were first observed in the early 1980s by NASA's Voyager mission. Depending on the angle of the rings, the spokes can appear dark or light.</p>



<p>"Thanks to Hubble's OPAL program, which is building an archive of data on the outer solar system planets, we will have longer dedicated time to study Saturn’s spokes this season than ever before," said NASA senior planetary scientist Amy Simon, head of the Hubble Outer Planet Atmospheres Legacy (OPAL) program.</p>



<p>"Despite years of excellent observations by the Cassini mission, the precise beginning and duration of the spoke season is still unpredictable, rather like predicting the first storm during hurricane season."</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Mysterious "spoke season" captured on Saturn

[sendtonews key="Ccjk8KEMzv-2550719-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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