<p>A mountain the size of a major Rocky Mountain peak is sitting under the Pacific Ocean north of Palau, and we finally have a map of it. The top rests about 800 feet below the surface, yet the whole <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hidden-plastic-graveyard-uncovered-in-the-deep-mediterranean-sea/">structure</a> climbs roughly 2.6 miles from the deep seafloor.</p>



<p>The discovery comes from a NOAA Ocean Exploration cruise that focused on a rarely mapped stretch of ocean. The team put time on task, swept the area with high resolution acoustics, and confirmed the feature’s size and shape.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hidden-ocean-mountain-discovered">Hidden ocean mountain discovered</h2>



<p>The first public look at this feature appeared in a field <a href="https://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/expedition-feature/live-from-the-field-updates-from-garret/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">log</a> posted on September 2, 2025, which described the mountain about 250 miles north of Palau and noted its summit depth and scale. That early report also set the stage for future dives and sampling.</p>



<p>This account comes from <a href="https://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/multimedia/garret-odonnell-with-noaa-ship-okeanos-explorer/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Garret O’Donnell</a> of NOAA Ocean Exploration, a 2025 <a href="https://seagrant.noaa.gov/communities/students/graduate-fellows/knauss-fellowship-program/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">John A. Knauss</a> fellow aboard NOAA Ship <a href="https://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/okeanos/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Okeanos</a> Explorer. He is part of the mapping team that turned raw sonar pings into a usable chart of the seamount.</p>



<p>“It’s funny to me that were we not actively mapping these features, we would have no idea that a mountain half the height of Mount Everest lies directly beneath us," O'Donnell enthused. </p>



<p>"Maybe one day the map we made of this behemoth will be used to navigate the feature with a remotely operated vehicle to get a closer look."</p>



<p>The numbers are straightforward and worth stating clearly. The peak sits about 800 feet down, and the full height from the abyssal plain to the summit is about 2.6 miles.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/seamount_ocean-mountain_palau_mapping_NOAA_1m.jpg"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/seamount_ocean-mountain_palau_mapping_NOAA_1s.webp" alt="A map showing the depth extent of an unnamed seamount that was fully mapped as part of Beyond the Blue: Palau Mapping 2 expedition. Credit: NOAA Ocean Exploration, 2025 Beyond the Blue" class="wp-image-1986402"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption"><em>A map showing the depth extent of an unnamed seamount that was fully mapped as part of Beyond the Blue: Palau Mapping 2 expedition. Click image to enlarge. Credit: NOAA Ocean Exploration, 2025 Beyond the Blue</em></figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-seamounts-matter">Why seamounts matter</h2>



<p>A seamount is an <a href="https://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/ocean-fact/seamounts/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">underwater mountain</a>, most often the remains of an extinct volcano that never broke the surface or later sank below the waves. </p>



<p>Less than one tenth of a percent of the world’s seamounts have been explored, a figure that captures how much frontier still exists in the deep <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/world-turtle-day-2025-ancient-creatures-with-modern-challenges/">ocean</a>.</p>



<p>Scientists estimate there are more than 100,000 large seamounts on Earth when you count those taller than about 3,280 feet. That global count was formalized in a 2010 <a href="https://topex.ucsd.edu/sandwell/publications/127.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">study</a> that combined satellite and ship data to build a census.</p>



<p>Why do these mountains matter for life in the ocean? Their shape changes currents, concentrates food, and creates habitats that attract fish, corals, and marine mammals.</p>



<p>This point was underscored by NOAA’s national marine sanctuaries team in a 2025 <a href="https://sanctuaries.noaa.gov/news/2025/reasons-seamounts-matter.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">explainer</a> on why seamounts matter.</p>



<p>The new map north of Palau gives researchers a fixed target for future biological work. It also gives navigators and managers a better picture of the seafloor in a region where charts can still be sparse.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mapping-the-new-ocean-mountain">Mapping the new ocean mountain</h2>



<p>The workhorse tool was <a href="https://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/technology/sonar-multibeam/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">multibeam sonar</a>, an array that sends out many sound beams and times their echoes to build a detailed picture of the seafloor. </p>



<p>Each pass traces a swath under the ship, and careful overlapping tracks stitch those swaths into a complete map.</p>



<p>Teams call the survey <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/unprecedented-collapse-panamas-ocean-upwelling-fails-for-the-first-time-in-40-years/">pattern</a> “mowing the lawn,” because it is an even, methodical sweep that favors coverage and consistency. </p>



<p>That approach is slow, but it is the way to find steep slopes, ledges, and summit shapes that single passes can miss.</p>



<p>Precision matters, so crews run regular checks to keep the data within tight error limits. When the seas cooperate, this produces clean coverage that captures the real outline of a feature rather than a guess based on sparse lines.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-palau-sanctuary-setting">Palau sanctuary setting</h2>



<p>The mountain rises inside waters tied to the <a href="https://marine-conservation.org/blue-sparks/projects/palau-nms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Palau National Marine Sanctuary</a>, a <a href="https://picrc.org/work/palau-national-marine-sanctuary/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">policy</a> that closed about 80 percent of the nation’s exclusive economic zone to extractive activity on January 1, 2020. </p>



<p>This makes the area a natural lab for documenting geology and life with less pressure from fishing.</p>



<p>Palau’s sanctuary sits near deep water that drops quickly from the island shelf. That geography lets research ships reach study sites in hours rather than days, which helps when a weather window appears.</p>



<p>Protected status also changes the kinds of questions teams can ask. With a baseline in place, future work can track how untouched seamount habitats function over time.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-explaining-the-size">Explaining the size</h2>



<p>The summit at roughly 800 feet makes this feature accessible to surface ship sensors and, with the right systems, to human tended or autonomous vehicles. </p>



<p>The full height of about 2.6 miles shows it is not a small bump, but a major structure that would not look out of place among prominent continental <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/national-dolphin-day-2025-honoring-the-oceans-most-playful-minds/">peaks</a>.</p>



<p>For context, that height is in the same league as well known mountains on land. The comparison helps illustrate how much topography is hiding in plain sight beneath open water.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/seamount_ocean-mountain_palau_rov-tracks_NOAA_1m.jpg"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/seamount_ocean-mountain_palau_rov-tracks_NOAA_1s.webp" alt="The location of the unnamed seamount mapped during the Beyond the Blue: Palau Mapping 2 expedition relative to the ship’s trackline shows the lawn mowing survey pattern and position north of Palau. Credit: NOAA Ocean Exploration, 2025 Beyond the Blue" class="wp-image-1986404"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption"><em>The location of the unnamed seamount mapped during the Beyond the Blue: Palau Mapping 2 expedition relative to the ship’s trackline shows the lawn mowing survey pattern and position north of Palau. Click image to enlarge. Credit: NOAA Ocean Exploration, 2025 Beyond the Blue</em></figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ocean-mountain-maps-matter">Ocean mountain maps matter</h2>



<p>A remotely operated vehicle (ROV) can now be guided to interesting ledges and slopes rather than wandering. </p>



<p>Targeted transects can record sponge and coral communities, fish schools, and any signs of mineral crusts that often coat old volcanic rock.</p>



<p>Water sampling can pair with environmental DNA (<a href="http://edna/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">eDNA</a>) analysis to list species without seeing them directly. Those data can set a baseline for the site, which is essential for tracking change.</p>



<p>Good <a href="https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/bathymetry.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bathymetry</a> improves navigation by reducing the chance of surprise shallows or pinnacles near shipping routes. </p>



<p>It also makes tsunami and circulation models more accurate, since seafloor shape affects how waves and currents move energy.</p>



<p>For research planning, a complete map is the difference between blind searching and directed work. It saves days of ship time and compresses campaigns into focused operations.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-seamount-mapping">Future seamount mapping</h2>



<p>The expedition that produced this map connects to a larger push to chart and understand Palau’s deeper waters. </p>



<p><a href="https://www.noaa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NOAA</a> has outlined a multi-cruise <a href="https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/3-research-cruises-depart-to-improve-understanding-of-atlantic-and-southern-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plan</a> in the region, working with local partners to collect high resolution mapping data across the sanctuary.</p>



<p>Each new map reduces uncertainty and opens the door to more detailed work. It is a steady build toward a fuller view of the Pacific floor near Palau.</p>



<p>The global picture still frames the task. A widely cited census estimated more than 100,000 large seamounts worldwide, which shows how much there is left to find and study.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Massive underwater mountain discovered that is larger than some peaks in the Rockies

A mountain the size of a major Rocky Mountain peak is sitting under the Pacific Ocean north of Palau, and we finally have a map of it. The top rests about 800 feet below the surface, yet the whole structure climbs roughly 2.6 miles from the deep seafloor. The discovery comes from a NOAA Ocean Exploration cruise that focused on a rarely mapped stretch of ocean. The team put time on task, swept the area with high resolution acoustics, and confirmed the feature’s size and shape. Hidden...

Woman,Hands,Holding,Flower,And,Organic,Soap,And,Jute,Washcloth

<p>Researchers at Virginia Tech have unlocked a remarkable way to breathe new life into used plastics by upcycling them into valuable surfactants – the chemicals behind everyday items like soaps and detergents.</p>



<p>At first glance, plastics and soaps share little resemblance. However, delve into their molecular structures, and a fascinating parallel emerges. </p>



<p>Polyethylene, a plastic found ubiquitously around the globe, boasts a chemical structure eerily reminiscent of a fatty acid, the precursor of soap. The similarity hinges on their long carbon chains, albeit with fatty acids flaunting an extra atomic group at its end.</p>



<p>It was this molecular kinship that captured the attention of <a href="https://chem.vt.edu/people/faculty/teaching-and-research/gliu.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Guoliang “Greg” Liu</a>, an associate professor of chemistry at <a href="https://www.science.vt.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Virginia Tech</a>.</p>



<p>"Given the similarities between polyethylene and fatty acids, it seemed plausible to transform one into the other,” mused Liu, pondering if polyethylene could, with some clever chemistry, yield <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/soap-can-make-you-more-or-less-attractive-to-mosquitoes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">soap</a>.</p>



<h2 id="h-turning-plastic-into-soap">Turning plastic into soap</h2>



<p>However, the scientific conundrum was to efficiently cleave the lengthy polyethylene chain into shorter segments, while stopping short of reducing them too much. An evening by a fireplace provided the spark for Liu's innovation.</p>



<p>Mesmerized by the rising smoke, Liu mused over its genesis: the breakdown of cellulose polymers in wood. A question emerged: could burning polyethylene produce similar results?</p>



<p>Drawing parallels, Liu postulated, “Firewood, rich in polymers like cellulose, breaks down into short chains and then into tiny gaseous molecules, eventually yielding carbon dioxide. If we apply the same principle to polyethylene, halting the process prematurely, we'd procure short-chain polyethylene molecules.”</p>



<p>With the assistance of Ph.D. chemistry students, Zhen Xu and Eric Munyaneza, Liu constructed a specialized oven-like reactor. This device heated polyethylene via temperature-gradient thermolysis, splitting the plastic while controlling further decomposition.</p>



<p>The outcome? A residue akin to chimney soot but, in essence, short-chain polyethylene or, more precisely, waxes.</p>



<p>Liu explained, “This was just the initiation of our journey from plastic to soap.” With a few more tweaks and the introduction of saponification, the team birthed the world's inaugural plastic-derived soap. Their efforts were further honed with inputs from specialists, many linked with the <a href="https://mii.vt.edu/">Macromolecules Innovation Institute</a> at Virginia Tech. Their groundbreaking findings debuted in the journal, Science.</p>



<h2>Inspiration for innovative upcycling methods</h2>



<p>The lead author, Xu, heralded the method’s simplicity and efficiency, saying, “Our work has showcased a tandem approach to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/upcycling-plastic-waste-into-valuable-products/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plastic upcycling</a> without resorting to strange catalysts or intricate steps. This can inspire innovative upcycling methods for the future.”</p>



<p>While polyethylene was this study's focal plastic, the method also holds promise for polypropylene. Notably, Liu's upcycling technique can simultaneously handle both plastics, sidestepping the need for their separation – a laborious task in current recycling regimes due to their similarities.</p>



<p>The ingenuity of this method lies in its simplicity, relying predominantly on plastic and heat, thus underscoring its economic viability and minimal environmental footprint. For upcycling to truly resonate on a commercial scale, the end product must be economically enticing.</p>



<p>While soaps might seem humble, their value can overshadow plastics by two or threefold. Currently, soaps fetch around $3,550 per metric ton, while polyethylene trails at about $1,150.</p>



<p>Liu envisions this research paving the way for global recycling facilities to adopt this approach, eventually ushering in a new age of sustainable soaps that also combat plastic waste.</p>



<p>Highlighting the broader implications of their work, Liu, who is also affiliated with Virginia Tech's nanoscience program and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, commented, “Tackling plastic pollution is a global imperative. A straightforward process might be more accessible to a vast number of nations.”</p>



<p>Echoing this sentiment, Xu added, “This is potentially a significant stride in our ongoing battle against plastic pollution.”</p>



<h2>More about upcycling</h2>



<p>Upcycling stands as a beacon of hope in a world drowning in waste. At its core, upcycling involves taking used or discarded items and transforming them into something of greater value or utility. </p>



<p>Unlike recycling which breaks down materials, upcycling creatively reuses them in a way that adds to their worth. Let's delve into the ins and outs of upcycling, and why it matters now more than ever.</p>



<h3>What is Upcycling?</h3>



<p>Simply put, upcycling takes waste and turns it into treasure. It means looking at an old shirt, a discarded wooden pallet, or a broken piece of furniture, and seeing potential. </p>



<p>Instead of tossing these items away, you give them a new purpose. An old ladder might become a unique bookshelf; a wine bottle could transform into a beautiful lamp.</p>



<h3>Why Upcycle?</h3>



<h4>Environmental benefits</h4>



<p>Every item we save from the landfill reduces waste and conserves energy. Manufacturing new products typically consumes more resources and energy than upcycling old ones. So, when you upcycle, you reduce your carbon footprint.</p>



<h4>Economic benefits</h4>



<p>Upcycling can save you money. Instead of buying a brand-new desk, why not repurpose an old door? Upcycled products often fetch a good price in markets too, making it a lucrative hobby or business venture.</p>



<h4>Creativity unleashed</h4>



<p>The process of upcycling taps into your creativity. It challenges you to see beyond an item's current form and imagine what it could become.</p>



<h3>How to start Upcycling</h3>



<h4>Assess what you have</h4>



<p>Begin at home. Look for items you no longer use. That old jean pocket? It could become a wall organizer.</p>



<h4>Equip yourself</h4>



<p>Gather basic tools like scissors, glue, paint, and brushes. You don’t need a fancy setup. Just the essentials will do.</p>



<h4>Seek inspiration</h4>



<p>Platforms like Pinterest, Instagram, and YouTube teem with upcycling ideas. Search, explore, and let your creativity flow.</p>



<h4>Start small</h4>



<p>Don't overwhelm yourself. Begin with easy projects and gradually take on more complex challenges as your skills grow.</p>



<h3>Successful Tips</h3>



<h4>Quality matters</h4>



<p>Always choose items in reasonably good condition. A little wear adds character, but too much damage makes upcycling difficult.</p>



<h4>Clean before you start</h4>



<p>Clean items thoroughly. This ensures that paint sticks better and gives a neat final look.</p>



<h4>Safety first</h4>



<p>Wear gloves, masks, and goggles as needed, especially when dealing with paints, solvents, or cutting tools.</p>



<h4>Experiment</h4>



<p>Not every project turns out perfect. Sometimes, the best creations come from unexpected trials.</p>



<p>Upcycling is more than just a trend; it's a movement towards a sustainable future. It merges environmental consciousness with creativity, producing results that are not only eco-friendly but also beautiful and unique. </p>



<p>As the saying goes, "One person's trash is another's treasure." With upcycling, this couldn't be truer. Dive in and uncover the hidden gems in your home today!</p>



<p>---</p>



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Scientists discover method for upcycling plastic waste into soap

Researchers at Virginia Tech have unlocked a remarkable way to...

Bottlenose,Dolphin,Underwater,On,Reef,Background,Looking,At,You

<p>In a disturbing study on ocean microplastics, researchers discovered microplastics -- microscopic plastic particles -- <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/microplastics-in-whales_Credit-Duke_1big.png" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">embedded in the fats and lungs</a> of whales, dolphins, and ultimately two-thirds of the marine mammals examined. </p>



<p>This significant finding indicates that microplastics can move beyond the digestive tract, embedding themselves within animal tissues.</p>



<p>The research, soon to be published in the Oct. 15 edition of <em>Environmental Pollution</em>, made its preliminary appearance <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S026974912301254X" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">online</a> just recently. The potential ramifications of these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humans-inhale-the-equivalent-of-a-credit-card-in-microplastics-each-week/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">embedded microplastics</a> in whales, dolphins and other marine mammals remain unknown. However, previous research has linked plastics to hormone disruption and other endocrine-related issues.</p>



<p>Greg Merrill Jr. is a fifth-year graduate student at Duke University Marine Lab who helmed the research. He commented, “This is an extra burden on top of everything else they face: climate change, pollution, noise, and now they're not only ingesting plastic and contending with the big pieces in their stomachs, they're also being internalized.” He highlighted the alarming notion that “some proportion of their mass is now plastic.”</p>



<h2 id="h-locating-microplastics-in-whales">Locating microplastics in whales</h2>



<p>The study's data was derived from tissue samples taken from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-confirms-microplastics-have-entered-our-food-chain/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">32 marine mammals</a>, either stranded or subsistence-harvested, spanning from 2000 to 2021 across Alaska, California, and North Carolina. Twelve species, including a bearded seal that also tested positive for plastic in its tissues, are represented.</p>



<p>Since plastics exhibit an affinity for fats due to their lipophilic nature, they're believed to be easily attracted to several fat-based structures in marine mammals.</p>



<p>These include blubber, the melon (a sound-producing structure) found on the foreheads of toothed whales, and the fat pads along their lower jaw which focus sound into their ears. The researchers analyzed these specific fats, as well as lung tissues, and uncovered plastics in all of them.</p>



<h2>Types of microplastics found in whales</h2>



<p>To provide some perspective, the plastic particles identified ranged between 198 to 537 microns in size. For comparison, a human hair is roughly 100 microns in diameter. Beyond the potential chemical hazards posed by these plastics, Merrill also noted their physical dangers posed when microplastics become embedded in whales. He explained how these tiny particles can tear and wear down tissues.</p>



<p>“Now that we know plastic is in these tissues, we’re looking at what the metabolic impact might be,” Merrill added. His upcoming research will explore the toxicological effects of these plastic particles, using cell lines developed from biopsied whale tissue.</p>



<p>When it comes to the types of plastics found, polyester fibers, often released from laundry machines, were predominant. Polyethylene, a primary component of beverage containers, was also frequently detected. Interestingly, blue plastic emerged as the most commonly found color in all tissue types.</p>



<h2>Some plastics found were over 20 years old</h2>



<p>A 2022 study published in <em>Nature Communications</em> offered a startling estimate. Given the known <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/citizen-scientists-uncover-microplastics-in-the-remote-arctic/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">concentrations of microplastics</a> off California's Pacific Coast, a filter-feeding blue whale could be consuming up to 95 pounds of plastic waste daily. According to Merrill, marine predators such as whales and dolphins may also be accumulating plastics from their prey.</p>



<p>Merrill posited, “We haven’t done the math, but most of the microplastics probably do pass through the gut and get defecated. But some proportion of it is ending up in the animals’ tissues.”</p>



<p>He concluded with a somber reflection on the pervasiveness of ocean plastics. “Some of these samples date back to 2001. Like, this has been happening for at least 20 years.”</p>



<h2>More about microplastics</h2>



<p>Microplastics have invaded every corner of our planet, from the deepest oceans to the highest mountain peaks. </p>



<p>These minuscule particles, smaller than 5 millimeters, pose a significant threat to our ecosystems and potentially our health. But what are microplastics and why should we care?</p>



<h3>What Are Microplastics?</h3>



<p>Microplastics are tiny fragments of plastic that originate from various sources. They can be primary microplastics, designed small for products like facial scrubs or industrial processes. </p>



<p>Alternatively, they can be secondary microplastics, resulting from the breakdown of larger plastic items, such as bottles and bags.</p>



<h3>Where Do They Come From?</h3>



<h4>Consumer products</h4>



<p>Some personal care products contain microbeads, tiny plastic spheres used for exfoliation. Though many countries ban these beads, they remain a significant source of primary microplastics.</p>



<h4>Wear and tear</h4>



<p>Everyday activities, such as washing synthetic clothing or driving, release microplastics. Car tires, for instance, shed tiny particles as they wear down.</p>



<h4>Plastic Breakdown</h4>



<p>Larger plastic items degrade over time. Sunlight, waves, and other natural processes break them into smaller and smaller pieces, ultimately creating microplastics.</p>



<h3>Why Are They a Concern?</h3>



<h4>Environmental impact</h4>



<p>Microplastics absorb toxins from surrounding environments, becoming poison pills. Many marine animals mistake these particles for food. When ingested, these toxins enter their systems, often leading to starvation, injury, or death.</p>



<h4>Human health</h4>



<p>Seafood lovers may consume microplastics without realizing. The health implications remain unclear, but the presence of foreign, potentially toxic substances in our food chain undoubtedly raises concerns.</p>



<h4>Pervasiveness</h4>



<p>Their small size means they easily travel. Winds and water currents carry microplastics to the most remote regions. They have even been found in Arctic ice cores.</p>



<h3>What Can We Do?</h3>



<h4>Reduce plastic use</h4>



<p>The simplest way to combat microplastic pollution is to reduce our plastic consumption. Opt for reusable products and avoid single-use plastics.</p>



<h4>Support bans</h4>



<p>Advocate for bans on products containing microbeads or other primary microplastics.</p>



<h4>Proper disposal</h4>



<p>Ensure plastic waste goes to appropriate facilities. Proper recycling or disposal prevents plastics from entering natural environments.</p>



<h4>Innovative solutions</h4>



<p>Support organizations and companies developing solutions to remove microplastics from water or develop biodegradable alternatives.</p>



<p>Microplastics represent a pressing environmental challenge. Their tiny size belies their vast impact. By understanding the problem and taking collective action, we can work towards a cleaner, safer world for all.</p>



<p>---</p>



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Microplastics found embedded in tissues of whales and dolphins

In a disturbing study on ocean microplastics, researchers discovered microplastics...

A,Blue,Shark,(prionace,Glauca),In,Atlantic,Ocean,Near,Pico

<p>A recent study led by the <a href="https://www.whoi.edu/">Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI)</a> focusing on 12 species of migratory marine <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/deep-ocean-predators-thrived/">predators</a> - ranging from sharks and tuna to billfish like marlin and swordfish – has revealed that a majority could face significant habitat loss and displacement from their current territories in the Northwest Atlantic Ocean (NWA) and the Gulf of Mexico (GOM) by the year 2100.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Given that these ocean regions are among the quickest to warm, projections suggest a temperature rise of 1-6°C (+1-10°F) by the end of this century, pointing to evident climate-induced marine ecosystem alterations.</p>



<h2 id="h-studying-marine-predators">Studying marine predators</h2>



<p>The experts found that several of these vital and renowned marine predator species - both ecologically and economically - are at risk of losing more than 70 percent of their suitable habitats by 2100, and the effects of these climate shifts can already be discerned.</p>



<p>According to lead author Camrin Braun, a marine ecologist at WHOI, regions off the Southeast U.S. and Mid-Atlantic coasts are anticipated to be the primary zones of habitat loss for marine predators.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 id="h-pervasive-habitat-loss">Pervasive habitat loss</h2>



<p>The study covered three types of sharks (blue, porbeagle, and shortfin mako), five kinds of tuna (albacore, bigeye, bluefin, skipjack, and yellowfin), and four species of billfish (sailfish, blue marlin, white marlin, and swordfish).&nbsp;</p>



<p>Despite not accounting for potential adaptive capabilities or thermal resilience of these species, the findings project a pervasive habitat loss for almost all the species under investigation.</p>



<p>“Climate change is expected to fundamentally change the status quo for where these species are and how they live. While we don’t really understand all the details of what that fundamental change might look like, this study is a good step in the direction of trying to nail down what those changes might be, so that we can do something about it,”&nbsp;Braun explained.</p>



<h2 id="h-how-the-research-was-conducted">How the research was conducted&nbsp;</h2>



<p>To clarify the impact of climate change on these marine predators, the scientists leveraged satellite data, oceanographic models, and firsthand biological records spanning 30 years. These were used to craft dynamic species distribution models, helping gauge the past and future impact of climate change on the species in NWA and GOM.</p>



<p>Senior author Rebecca Lewison, a professor of Marine Biology at the <a href="https://cmil.sdsu.edu/">Coastal and Marine Institute at San Diego State University</a>, emphasized the significance of satellite data like NASA’s in comprehending the impact of climate change on crucial marine species.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Our research demonstrates that climate-driven changes are happening now, not from projections of climate change, but based on observed empirical data from the last two decades. So while our findings do point to larger species shifts in the near term, it also clarifies the substantial changes in species distributions that have already occurred,”&nbsp;she said.</p>



<h2 id="h-implications-for-marine-predators">Implications for marine predators</h2>



<p>According to co-author Tobey Curtis, a researcher at the Atlantic Highly Migratory Species Management Division of <a href="https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/">NOAA Fisheries</a>, it is crucial to incorporate these findings in marine conservation and management strategies.&nbsp;</p>



<p>As Curtis argued, this study “not only sheds more light on the far-reaching effects of climate change on ocean environments but highlights that marine conservation and management efforts need to plan for these ongoing changes. If migratory fish are on the move, fishing vessels and coastal communities will also need to adapt. Studies like this will help marine resource agencies be even more dynamic in their decision-making.”</p>



<h2 id="h-dynamic-management-strategies-needed">Dynamic management strategies&nbsp;needed</h2>



<p>Moreover, habitat loss of these critical species will have major ramifications for fisheries, along with socio-economic consequences on fishing communities. And since traditional fishery management is rigid and often outdated, there is an urgent need for dynamic management to adapt to these changes.&nbsp;</p>



<p>As Braun argued, historic ways to manage fisheries are static, even though fish tend to move around a lot.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“We basically draw a box in the ocean and say whether you can or can’t fish there,” he explained. To address these issues, dynamic ocean management frameworks that could reliably embody expected changes are urgently needed to address these issues," said Braun.</p>



<p>“Otherwise, you are left with your static box in the ocean that doesn’t move, even though the fish may have moved, and the ocean may have changed,” he concluded. </p>



<h2>More about marine predators</h2>



<p>Migratory marine predators play a critical role in the ecology of marine environments. These creatures, including sharks, tuna, swordfish, and whales, undertake impressive journeys across vast oceanic territories.</p>



<h3>Migration patterns</h3>



<h4>Sharks</h4>



<p>Sharks, especially the great white shark, follow migratory paths determined by feeding opportunities and reproductive needs. They travel thousands of miles, navigating with impressive accuracy. Environmental cues like water temperature and the Earth's magnetic field guide their movements.</p>



<h4>Tuna</h4>



<p>Tuna species, like the Atlantic bluefin, migrate seasonally for spawning and feeding. They cover immense distances across both the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. The Gulf of Mexico often serves as a breeding ground for these predators.</p>



<h4>Whales</h4>



<p>Whale migrations, particularly those of the humpback whale, are well-documented. Whales travel from feeding grounds in polar regions to warmer breeding grounds, sometimes covering over 10,000 miles annually.</p>



<h3>Physiological adaptations</h3>



<h4>Energy efficiency</h4>



<p>Migratory ocean predators have streamlined bodies that reduce drag, allowing them to swim long distances efficiently. Tuna, for instance, possess a specialized blood vessel structure that conserves heat, optimizing muscle function during their extensive journeys.</p>



<h4>Sensory adaptations</h4>



<p>Sharks utilize a unique sensory organ called the ampullae of Lorenzini, which detects electrical signals emitted by prey. This adaptation enables them to hunt effectively in unfamiliar territories.</p>



<h4>Reproductive strategies</h4>



<p>The timing of migration often corresponds with reproductive cycles. Whales, for instance, time their migration to give birth in warm waters where their calves have a better chance of survival.</p>



<h4>Ecological impact</h4>



<h4>Predation and food webs</h4>



<p>Migratory ocean predators help maintain the balance of marine ecosystems by regulating prey populations. Their hunting activities often create opportunities for other species, fostering biodiversity.</p>



<h4>Economic implications</h4>



<p>Fisheries around the world target migratory predators like tuna, leading to significant economic contributions. However, overfishing poses a serious threat, with potential ecological repercussions.</p>



<h4>Conservation challenges</h4>



<p>The migratory paths of these predators often cross international boundaries, complicating conservation efforts. Many species, such as the great white shark, face endangerment due to habitat degradation, climate change, and overfishing.</p>



<p>Migratory marine predators are a remarkable testament to evolutionary adaptation and ecological interconnectivity. Their journeys across vast marine landscapes are not just biological phenomena but integral to the health and balance of ocean ecosystems. </p>



<p>Understanding these predators' behavior, biology, and impact is essential for conservation efforts and the sustainable management of our oceans. The pursuit of scientific research, coupled with international cooperation, is paramount in preserving these extraordinary creatures and the delicate ecosystems they inhabit.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.scienceadvances.org/">Science Advances</a>.</p>



<p>—</p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:andrei.ionescu5891@gmail.com"><em>Andrei Ionescu</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com</a>.</p>

Top marine predators may suffer massive habitat loss by 2100

A recent study led by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution...

<p>Canadian dairy farmer, Ben Loewith, anticipates an eco-friendly shift come next spring. Loewith's farm in Lynden, Ontario, will witness the birth of calves uniquely bred with an ecological agenda: they're designed to release less methane through their burps.</p>



<p>Loewith, standing strong on the values passed down through three generations of dairy <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/farmers-and-bald-eagles-can-coexist-peacefully/">farmers</a>, embarked on a pioneering venture in June. He commenced the artificial insemination of 107 cows and heifers using a novel bull semen. This is not ordinary semen, but the first of its kind to possess a low-methane genetic trait.</p>



<h2 id="h-methane-emissions">Methane emissions</h2>



<p>"Selectively breeding for lower emissions, as long as we're not sacrificing other traits, seems like an easy win," Loewith said. His enthusiasm touches on a pertinent global issue: the detrimental effects of methane emissions on our environment.</p>



<p>Cattle are significant contributors to the greenhouse effect due to the methane they produce, primarily through burping.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 id="h-innovative-solution">Innovative solution&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Notably, a genetics firm named <a href="https://www.semex.com/">Semex</a> has come into the spotlight for its innovative solution. They provided Loewith with the unique semen, and the company estimates that if this low-methane trait becomes widely adopted, emissions from Canada's dairy herd could shrink by 1.5% annually, potentially plummeting to a 20%-30% reduction by 2050.</p>



<p>Drew Sloan, Semex's vice-president, confirmed the company's recent endeavors in marketing this environmentally-friendly semen in 80 countries. Beyond Canada, early adopters of the technology include farms in Britain, the U.S., and Slovakia.</p>



<p>Frank Mitloehner, a professor of animal science at the <a href="https://www.ucdavis.edu/">University of California Davis</a>, emphasized the global potential of this development. He stated that if the low-methane breeding gains traction worldwide, it could have a "profound impact" on cattle emissions.</p>



<h2 id="h-concerns-in-the-dairy-industry">Concerns in the dairy industry&nbsp;</h2>



<p>However, the journey towards widespread acceptance is not without its challenges. Despite the promise, some in the dairy industry voice concerns.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Their skepticism primarily revolves around the potential digestive problems this breeding could introduce. As Juha Nousiainen, senior vice-president at Finnish dairy Valio, pointed out, "Methane is produced by microbes in the cow's gut as it digests fibre, not by the animal itself."</p>



<p>While Canada's agriculture department acknowledges the importance of emission reduction, it has yet to review the methane evaluation system that underpins this innovation.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This is essential context, given that livestock are responsible for a staggering 14.5% of global greenhouse gas emissions, with methane being the second most significant greenhouse gas after carbon dioxide.</p>



<h2 id="h-alternative-solutions">Alternative solutions</h2>



<p>There are alternative methods to curb methane production in cattle, such as feed additives. Yet, these are temporary solutions.&nbsp;</p>



<p>As Mitloehner highlighted, the benefits of such additives diminish once the cattle stop consuming them, and they aren't even sanctioned for use in some regions, including the United States.</p>



<h2 id="h-dedicated-research">Dedicated research&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The genesis of this low-methane breeding material originates from a partnership between Semex and Lactanet, Canada's milk-recording agency.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The product is the result of dedicated research by Canadian scientists. Lactanet recently unveiled the world's first national genomic methane evaluation, providing insights from Holstein cows and heifers across nearly 60% of Canada's dairy farms.</p>



<h2 id="h-groundbreaking-research">Groundbreaking research&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Christine Baes, a professor at the University of Guelph who participated in the project, expounded on the groundbreaking nature of their work.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"The breakthrough here is linking these different components to have a national breeding value estimation for methane emissions based on the real breath of animals," said Professor Baes.</p>



<h2 id="h-incentives-are-lacking">Incentives are lacking</h2>



<p>While the Canadian government currently lacks incentives for adopting low-methane cattle breeding, there are global indicators of a shifting sentiment.&nbsp;</p>



<p>For instance, New Zealand plans to impose a methane tax on cattle by 2025. Furthermore, corporations like Nestle and Burger King's parent company are strategizing to address the methane issue in their supply chains.</p>



<p>Ultimately, as Michael Lohuis of Semex concluded, "Genetic change is permanent and cumulative across future generations so it can add up to substantive reductions."</p>



<p>As farmers like Loewith eagerly await the results of their eco-conscious breeding decisions, the implications for the dairy industry and our environment could be monumental.</p>



<p>—--</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com</a>.</p>

Environmentally-friendly semen will produce cattle that burp less methane

Canadian dairy farmer, Ben Loewith, anticipates an eco-friendly shift come...

<p>In the icy cliffs of the Tibetan Plateau, a 390-million-year-old moss called Takakia dwells, shrouded in mystery and resilience. For a decade, a team of determined scientists embarked on a journey to some of the world's tallest peaks, battling the elements to uncover the secrets of this ancient moss.</p>



<p>Their findings, <a href="https://www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0092-8674(23)00736-5" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">published in Cell</a> on August 9, reveal a glimpse into the fast evolution of this species and its struggle against climate change.</p>



<h2>How to study Takakia</h2>



<p>Takakia is no ordinary moss. Growing slowly and residing only in small patches in the Tibetan Plateau, Japan, and the US, it requires an expedition to reach its 4,000-meter-high habitat in the Himalayas. The researchers undertook 18 expeditions, collecting samples and studying its environment.</p>



<p>“We set out to describe and analyze a living fossil,” states Ralf Reski, a plant biotechnologist at the <a href="https://uni-freiburg.de/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Freiburg</a> in Germany.</p>



<p>The journey to the moss's dwelling is not for the faint of heart. Co-expedition leader Ruoyang Hu from <a href="https://eng.cnu.edu.cn/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Capital Normal University</a> in China describes the landscape.</p>



<p>“In the Himalayas, you can experience four seasons within a day. At the foot of the mountain, it is sunny and clear. When you get to the halfway point, there is always a light rain—it feels like you’re walking in a cloud. And when you get to the top, it snows and it’s very cold.”</p>



<p>Accessibility is a challenge, with only half of the road reachable by vehicle. “We had to climb up the remaining way,” explains co-expedition leader Xuedong Li. The danger was real, as Li adds, “Three students got high-altitude sickness in our decade’s research. Thanks to our Tibetan guides, we transferred them to a lower altitude in time to get them medical care.”</p>



<h2>What is Takakia?</h2>



<p>Takakia's existence dates back 100 million years before the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/himalayan-glaciers-retreating-threat-is-much-worse-than-previously-believed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Himalayas</a> even formed. It adapted quickly to the changing environment, a survival trait that intrigued the scientists.</p>



<p>“The idea was to go as deep as possible into the history of the first land plants to see what they can tell us about evolution,” Reski reflects. “We found that Takakia is currently the genome with the highest number of fast-evolving genes. It's very active on the genetic level.”</p>



<p>The team discovered Takakia's ability to fix broken DNA and recover from UV damage. Yikun He, fellow plant biologist, explains the environmental forces behind this.</p>



<p>He said, “Takakia plants are covered with heavy snow for eight months each year, and then are subjected to high-intensity ultraviolet radiation during the 4-month light period.” These conditions led the plants to develop a network structure to resist snowstorms.</p>



<h2>Genetics, morphology and habitat</h2>



<p>One more mystery was solved by sequencing Takakia's genome. Reski explains, “People wondered, is it really a moss? Or is it something like an alga or a liverwort? But our work shows that it’s a moss.”</p>



<p>The morphology of Takakia has remained mostly unchanged despite extensive genetic alterations. Reski anticipates that these findings could inspire new fields of study regarding evolution with changing genomes and static morphology.</p>



<p>The scientists also turned their focus to Takakia's environment, observing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/melting-glaciers-pose-great-threat-to-biodiversity-in-mountain-ranges/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">glaciers melting</a>, climate warming, and increased UV radiation. In the lab, they found that the current UV levels could kill even other plants adapted to harsh conditions.</p>



<p>Tragically, despite Takakia's historic resilience, its populations are declining. The researchers noted a decrease of around 1.6% in Tibet annually. Hu's grim prediction is that the moss likely won't survive another century, and suitable regions for Takakia will shrink to a mere 1,000-1,500 square kilometers globally.</p>



<h2 id="h-plans-to-save-takakia-from-extinction">Plans to save Takakia from extinction</h2>



<p>To combat this, the team proposes public education and international efforts for continued research and protection, including cultivation in labs. “Plant scientists cannot sit idly by. We are attempting to multiply some plants in the laboratory and then transplant them to our experimental sites in Tibet,” says He, hopeful for the recovery or postponement of Takakia's extinction.</p>



<p>The findings resonate beyond the moss itself. “People have a responsibility to play a more active role in biodiversity conservation and restoration,” Hu urges, highlighting the vulnerability of rare and small species under climate change.</p>



<p>Reski adds a profound insight. He said, “We humans like to think that we are on top of evolution, but the dinosaurs came and went, and so might humans, if we are not careful with our planet. Takakia may die because of climate change, but the other mosses will survive, even if we humans cannot. You can learn a lot from the simplest plants about the history of this planet, and maybe the future.”</p>



<p>In the story of Takakia, we find a tale of survival, adaptation, and ultimately, a sobering warning. The research on this ancient moss transcends scientific curiosity, offering a perspective on our fragile connection to the environment and the urgent need to preserve biodiversity.</p>

Takakia has lived on Earth 400 million years, but it may not survive climate change

In the icy cliffs of the Tibetan Plateau, a 390-million-year-old...

<p>On Tuesday, the <a href="https://climate.copernicus.eu/">Copernicus Climate Change Service</a> (C3S) confirmed July as the hottest month on record by a significant margin. July’s global average temperature was 16.95 degrees Celsius (62.51 degrees Fahrenheit) – a third of a degree Celsius higher than the previous record set in 2019. Since usually global temperature records are broken only by hundredths or a tenth of a degree, this margin is highly unusual.</p>



<p>According to C3S’s calculations, this July was 0.7 degrees Celsius (1.3 Fahrenheit) hotter than the average July from 1991 to 2020, with the world’s oceans exceeding by half a degree Celsius (0.9 Fahrenheit) the average temperatures from the previous three decades.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 id="h-record-ocean-temperatures">Record ocean temperatures</h2>



<p>Even more worrisome, the North Atlantic was a staggering 1.05 degrees Celsius (1.9 Fahrenheit) hotter than average, while Antarctica set record lows for sea ice extent (15 percent below average).</p>



<p>“We just witnessed global air temperatures and global ocean surface temperatures set new all-time records in July. These records have dire consequences for both people and the planet exposed to ever more frequent and intense extreme events,” said Samantha Burgess, the deputy director of C3S.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“2023 is currently the third warmest year to date at 0.43 degrees Celsius above the recent average, with the average global temperature in July at 1.5 degrees Celsius above preindustrial levels. Even if this is only temporary, it shows the urgency for ambitious efforts to reduce global greenhouse gas emissions, which are the main driver behind these records.”&nbsp;</p>



<h2 id="h-unprecedented-warming">Unprecedented warming</h2>



<p>According to the experts, the global average temperature in July already reached 1.5 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial times, thus being dangerously close of exceeding the limit set in 2015 by the Paris Agreement.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This unprecedented warming led to deadly heatwaves in Southwestern United States, Mexico, Europe, and Asia, as well as many other extreme weather events, including massive storms and wildfires.</p>



<h2 id="h-weather-disasters">Weather disasters</h2>



<p>As scientists from the <a href="https://www.noaa.gov/">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a> (NOAA) reported, the U.S. has already experienced a record 15 different weather disasters this year (the most mega-disasters in seven months since the agency started tracking such events in 1980), causing over $1 billion in damage.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“These records have dire consequences for both people and the planet exposed to ever more frequent and intense extreme events,” Burgess warned.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 id="h-a-stunning-record">A stunning record&nbsp;</h2>



<p>According to NOAA, which kept records of global temperatures since 1850, July’s temperature was higher than that of any month since mid-19<sup>th</sup> century. However, the experts argue that it’s actually the hottest month in a far longer time period.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“It’s a stunning record and makes it quite clearly the warmest month on Earth in 10,000 years,” said Stefan Rahmstorf, a climate scientist at the <a href="https://www.pik-potsdam.de/en/home">Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research</a>, who cited <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03984-4">studies</a> that used tree rings and other proxies to provide evidence that we are now experiencing the warmest period since the beginning of the Holocene Era, over 10,000 years ago.&nbsp;</p>



<p>And considering the fact that before the Holocene there was an ice age, it is safe to assume that July was the warmest month in 120,000 years.</p>



<p>However, as Friederike Otto, a climate scientist at <a href="https://www.imperial.ac.uk/">Imperial College of London</a>, argued, “we should not care about July because it’s a record, but because it won’t be a record for long. It’s an indicator of how much we have changed the climate. We are living in a very different world, one that our societies are not adapted to live in very well.”</p>



<h2 id="h-human-impact-on-climate">Human impact on climate</h2>



<p>Humans have changed the climate in several ways, primarily through activities that release greenhouse gases into the atmosphere:</p>



<h3 id="h-burning-fossil-fuels">Burning fossil fuels</h3>



<p>Burning coal, oil, and natural gas for energy releases carbon dioxide (CO2), one of the main greenhouse gases. These gases trap heat in the atmosphere, leading to a warming effect known as global warming.</p>



<h3 id="h-deforestation">Deforestation</h3>



<p>Cutting down forests reduces the Earth's ability to absorb CO2. Trees act as "carbon sinks," absorbing CO2 from the atmosphere. Without enough trees, more CO2 remains in the atmosphere, exacerbating the greenhouse effect.</p>



<h3 id="h-industrial-processes">Industrial processes</h3>



<p>Various manufacturing processes release greenhouse gases like methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O). These gases are even more potent than CO2 in terms of their greenhouse effect.</p>



<h3 id="h-agriculture">Agriculture</h3>



<p>Certain agricultural practices, such as livestock farming, release significant amounts of methane. Additionally, the use of synthetic fertilizers releases nitrous oxide.</p>



<h3 id="h-waste-management">Waste management</h3>



<p>Decomposing organic waste in landfills produces methane. Inadequate waste management practices can lead to higher emissions.</p>



<h3 id="h-urbanization-and-land-use-change">Urbanization and land use change&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Urban expansion and changes in land use often result in more energy consumption for heating, cooling, and transportation, all of which can contribute to higher greenhouse gas emissions.</p>



<h3 id="h-refrigerants">Refrigerants</h3>



<p>Some man-made chemicals used in refrigeration and air conditioning are potent greenhouse gases. The transition to more environmentally friendly alternatives is ongoing but slow in some areas.</p>



<h3 id="h-altered-water-cycles">Altered water cycles</h3>



<p>Human activities like damming and irrigation can change natural water cycles, affecting local climates.</p>



<p>—--</p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:andrei.ionescu5891@gmail.com"><em>Andrei Ionescu</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com</a>.</p>

July was Earth's hottest month in 120,000 years

On Tuesday, the Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) confirmed July...

<p>A new study led by <a href="https://www.zju.edu.cn/english/">Zhejiang University</a> (ZJU) and the <a href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/">University of Cambridge</a> has recently found significant correlations between two of the world’s most urgent public health concerns: worsening air pollution and increased antibiotic resistance. </p>



<p>By employing a model examining the relation between levels of air pollutants known as PM2.5 (consisting of minuscule particles of solids and liquids in the air such as dust, soot, and dirt) and levels of antibiotic resistance in 166 countries over a period of 18 years, the researchers discovered that, as air <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/air-pollution-made-covid-19-patients-sicker-for-longer/">pollution</a> increased, so did levels of antibiotic resistance.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 id="h-factors-driving-antibiotic-resistance">Factors driving antibiotic resistance&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Antibiotic resistance has recently become a major problem worldwide, causing an estimated 700,000 deaths each year and prompting scientists to warn about a “silent pandemic” stealthily wreaking havoc on public health.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Until recently, researchers found evidence that the increase in antibiotic resistance we are currently witnessing is mainly caused by factors such as overprescribing or misusing antibiotics, overuse of antibiotics in farm animals, poor infection control in hospitals, and poor sanitation. This new study identifies yet another major factor in the rise of antibiotic resistance: increases in air pollution worldwide.</p>



<h2 id="h-unhealthy-air-quality">Unhealthy air quality</h2>



<p>Currently, almost the entire global population breathes air exceeding quality limits set by the <a href="https://www.who.int/">World Health Organization</a>. In addition, the number of “very unhealthy” or “hazardous” air quality days has risen substantially - partly due to climate change - increasing the risk of developing a variety of illnesses including cancer, stroke, dementia, depression, and cardiovascular issues.&nbsp;</p>



<p>According to the recent analysis, air pollution is also to blame for 11 percent of changes in average antibiotic resistance levels around the world. By examining nine bacterial pathogens and 43 types of antibiotics, the researchers found that every one percent rise in air pollution is associated with increases in antibiotic resistance between 0.5 and 1.9 percent, depending on the pathogen.</p>



<h2 id="h-study-implications">Study implications&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Although these findings will need to be further tested, if they are accurate and if particle pollution continues at the same pace, the levels of antibiotic resistance worldwide in 2050 will be about 17 percent higher than now, meaning that 840,000 additional people could die prematurely due to diseases impossible to be treated with antibiotics.</p>



<p>Since the study was observational, it cannot prove a connection between particle pollution and antibiotic resistance, nor can it clearly explain what the connection is.&nbsp;</p>



<p>However, a possibility is that pollution may be helping spread antibiotic-resistant bacteria by acting as an energy source that carries bacteria along with it. Moreover, the pollution itself may be changing bacteria and make them more virulent and resistant to antibiotics.</p>



<h2 id="h-threats-to-global-health">Threats to global health</h2>



<p>“Antibiotic resistance and air pollution are each in their own right among the greatest threats to global health,” said senior author Hong Chen, an expert in System Dynamics and Control Engineering at ZJU. “Until now, we didn’t have a clear picture of the possible links between the two, but this work suggests the benefits of controlling air pollution could be twofold: Not only will it reduce the harmful effects of poor air quality, it could also play a major role in combating the rise and spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.”</p>



<p>“Pollution has a massive effect on human health even without considering antibiotic resistance. This correlation between antibiotic resistance and this type of pollution provides another incentive to tackle pollution,” concluded co-author Mark A. Holmes, a professor<strong>&nbsp;</strong>of Microbial Genomics and Veterinary Science at Cambridge.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S2542-5196(23)00135-3"><em>Lancet Planetary Health</em></a>.</p>



<h2 id="h-more-about-antibiotic-resistance">More about antibiotic resistance</h2>



<p>Antibiotic resistance is a significant global health concern. It occurs when bacteria or other microbes evolve to resist the effects of an antibiotic to which they were once sensitive.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 id="h-how-it-happens">How It happens</h3>



<p>Antibiotic resistance can develop through the overuse or misuse of antibiotics. When bacteria are exposed to an antibiotic, those that are sensitive to the drug will be killed, but some may have natural mutations that enable them to survive. These resistant strains can then multiply.</p>



<h3 id="h-why-it-s-a-problem">Why it's a problem</h3>



<p>When bacteria become resistant to antibiotics, infections that were once easily treatable can become more difficult to manage. This can lead to longer illnesses, more hospital stays, and even increased mortality.</p>



<h3 id="h-what-s-being-done">What's being done</h3>



<p>Measures to combat antibiotic resistance include promoting the proper use of antibiotics, developing new drugs, enhancing infection control practices in healthcare settings, and implementing surveillance systems to track resistance patterns.</p>



<p>—</p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:andrei.ionescu5891@gmail.com"><em>Andrei Ionescu</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com</a>.</p>

Air pollution linked to increase in antibiotic resistance

A new study led by Zhejiang University (ZJU) and the...

<p>The space race has been revived, but this time, the goal post has been shifted much further - to Mars. As recent technological advancements promise to open new horizons of exploration, <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/">NASA</a> plans to cut the travel time to Mars with a nuclear powered spacecraft.</p>



<p>A trip to Mars currently takes approximately seven months, covering a staggering 300-million-mile journey. NASA, in collaboration with the US <a href="https://www.darpa.mil/">Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency</a> (DARPA), now proposes an ambitious plan that hinges on the promise of nuclear thermal propulsion technology to reduce this duration significantly.</p>



<h2 id="h-draco-spacecraft-is-nuclear-powered">DRACO spacecraft is nuclear powered</h2>



<p>NASA aims to launch a nuclear-powered spacecraft, known as DRACO (Demonstration Rocket for Agile Cislunar Operations), into Earth's orbit either by late 2025 or early 2026. The spacecraft, under construction by Lockheed Martin, a leading aerospace and defense company, will serve as a testbed for this groundbreaking technology.</p>



<p>NASA administrator Bill Nelson said that this technology "would allow humans to travel in deep space at record speed." However, it remains unclear by how much the nuclear thermal propulsion technology can decrease the travel time.</p>



<p>DRACO is expected to provide a treasure trove of critical data that will usher in a new age of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/future-space-exploration-could-be-shut-down-by-orbiting-debris/">space exploration</a>.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"We're going to put this together, we're going to fly this demonstration, gather a bunch of great data and really, we believe, usher in a new age for the United States [and] for humankind, to support our space exploration mission," said Kirk Shireman, vice president of Lockheed Martin Lunar Exploration Campaigns.</p>



<h2 id="h-nuclear-powered-space-technology">Nuclear powered space technology&nbsp;</h2>



<p>A nuclear thermal rocket (NTR), the underpinning technology of the DRACO, boasts a thrust-to-weight ratio approximately 10,000 times greater than electric propulsion and two-to-five times more efficiency than in-space chemical propulsion.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The technology utilizes heat from a nuclear powered fission reactor to heat a hydrogen propellant, which then expands through a nozzle to provide thrust, propelling the spacecraft forward.</p>



<h2 id="h-increased-safety-measures-needed">Increased safety measures needed</h2>



<p>Apart from speeding up transit, the NTR propulsion system also promises increased safety for astronauts. Reduced travel duration translates into a decreased risk of exposure to deep-space radiation and a smaller logistical footprint due to the lesser quantity of supplies required for the trip. "If we have swifter trips for humans, they are safer trips," said NASA deputy administrator and former astronaut Pam Melroy.</p>



<p>The history of NASA's interest in nuclear propulsion dates back over six decades. The concept was first explored in the 1960s when Wernher von Braun, a pioneer of rocket technology, advocated for a Mars mission utilizing a nuclear propulsion system. Unfortunately, budgetary constraints and shifting priorities resulted in the abandonment of this vision in 1972.</p>



<p>But with the dawn of the new space age, NASA has rekindled its pursuit of the Red Planet. In collaboration with the US government, the space agency aims to expedite progress with the DRACO nuclear thermal rocket program.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"The ability to accomplish leap-ahead advances in space technology through the DRACO nuclear thermal rocket program will be essential for more efficiently and quickly transporting material to the Moon and eventually, people to Mars," commented Dr Stefanie Tompkins, director at DARPA.</p>



<h2 id="h-high-orbit-strategy-for-nuclear-powered-draco">High orbit strategy for nuclear-powered DRACO</h2>



<p>Projections indicate that the DRACO spacecraft will launch into a high orbit around Earth, between 435 and 1,240 miles (700 to 2,000 kilometers). They will ignite the nuclear engine only once they have securely positioned the spacecraft in orbit.</p>



<p>This high orbit strategy ensures that the spacecraft spends all the nuclear fuel before it eventually re-enters the Earth, which they expect to happen in at least 300 years.</p>



<p>While NASA and DARPA initially set the launch goal for 2027, recent developments have encouraged them to shift the timeframe forward to as early as 2025. This ambitious undertaking underscores a new era in space travel, potentially making the concept of reaching Mars more feasible and efficient than ever before.</p>



<h2>More about the DRACO spacecraft</h2>



<p>The partnership revolves around the Demonstration Rocket for Agile Cislunar Operations (DRACO) program. The non-reimbursable agreement has been meticulously designed to align the roles, responsibilities, and processes of both agencies. The goal of both parties is to accelerate the developmental efforts.</p>



<p>“NASA will work with our long-term partner, DARPA, to develop and demonstrate advanced nuclear thermal propulsion technology as soon as 2027. With the help of this new technology, astronauts could journey to and from deep space faster than ever – a major capability to prepare for crewed missions to Mars,” said NASA Administrator Bill Nelson, adding, “Congratulations to both NASA and DARPA on this exciting investment, as we ignite the future, together.”</p>



<h3>First nuclear powered rockets</h3>



<p>The use of a nuclear thermal rocket promises reduced transit time, a crucial factor in minimizing risks for astronauts. Shorter journeys mean reduced demands for supplies and sturdier systems. Enhancing the efficiency of transportation technology plays a vital role in achieving NASA's Moon to Mars objectives.</p>



<p>What makes nuclear thermal rocket engines distinct is their method of propulsion. Utilizing a fission reactor to generate extreme temperatures, the engine transfers the heat to a liquid propellant. </p>



<p>This propellant is expanded and exhausted through a nozzle to propel the spacecraft. Remarkably, nuclear thermal rockets are expected to be three or more times more efficient than conventional chemical propulsion.</p>



<p>“NASA has a long history of collaborating with DARPA on projects that enable our respective missions, such as in-space servicing,” remarked NASA Deputy Administrator Pam Melroy. “Expanding our partnership to nuclear propulsion will help drive forward NASA's goal to send humans to Mars.”</p>



<h3>DARPA takes leading role</h3>



<p>The responsibility of technical development for the nuclear thermal engine will fall under NASA’s Space Technology Mission Directorate (STMD). DARPA will oversee the entire program, including rocket systems integration, procurement, approvals, scheduling, and security. </p>



<p>This includes handling safety, liability, and the assembly and integration of the engine with the spacecraft. Both NASA and DARPA will collaborate on assembling the engine, planning an in-space demonstration as early as 2027.</p>



<p>Dr. Stefanie Tompkins, director of DARPA, acknowledged the history of successful collaboration between the agencies. She said, “The space domain is critical to modern commerce, scientific discovery, and national security. The ability to accomplish leap-ahead advances in space technology through the DRACO nuclear thermal rocket program will be essential for more efficiently and quickly transporting material to the Moon and eventually, people to Mars.”</p>



<p>The United States last conducted nuclear thermal rocket engine tests over 50 years ago. This was tested under NASA’s Nuclear Engine for Rocket Vehicle Application and Rover projects. But the landscape has changed dramatically.</p>



<p>“With this collaboration, we will leverage our expertise gained from many previous space nuclear power and propulsion projects,” explained Jim Reuter, associate administrator for STMD. "Recent aerospace materials and engineering advancements are enabling a new era for space nuclear technology, and this flight demonstration will be a major achievement toward establishing a space transportation capability for an Earth-Moon economy.”</p>



<h3>More advanced nuclear powered space tech coming</h3>



<p>The collaboration with DARPA is just a part of a broader plan. NASA, along with the Department of Energy (DOE) and industry partners, is actively developing advanced space nuclear technologies. </p>



<p>This includes efforts to design nuclear power plant concepts for the Moon and Mars. In addition, the project will advance higher temperature fission fuels and reactor designs. Though these designs are still under development for increased engine performance, they signal a new era of innovation and won't be used for the DRACO engine.</p>



<p>Overall, the collaboration between NASA and DARPA is a significant leap towards the future of space travel. The partnership will open new horizons for exploration, scientific discovery, and commercial opportunities. The world will eagerly watch as they embark on this groundbreaking journey, forging a path to the stars with cutting-edge technology.</p>



<h2 id="h-more-about-mars">More about Mars</h2>



<p>Mars, often known as the Red Planet due to its rust-colored appearance, is the fourth planet from the Sun in our solar system. </p>



<p>Named after the Roman god of war, it has long been the object of fascination and exploration for scientists. This is due to its potential for hosting life, both in the past and possibly in the future.</p>



<h3 id="h-size">Size</h3>



<p>Mars is about half the size of Earth but has the same amount of dry land. It is much colder than Earth. Temperatures range from -195 degrees F in winter at the poles to 70 degrees F in summer near the equator. Mars has the largest dust storms in the solar system, capable of covering the entire planet and lasting for months.</p>



<h3 id="h-atmosphere">Atmosphere</h3>



<p>The planet's atmosphere is very thin, composed mainly of carbon dioxide (95%), with traces of nitrogen and argon. It lacks a magnetic field, which on Earth serves to protect us from harmful solar radiation. </p>



<p>As a result, the surface of Mars is exposed to higher levels of radiation. This fact poses a challenge for human exploration and potential colonization.</p>



<h3 id="h-terrain">Terrain</h3>



<p>One of the most striking features of Mars is its terrain. It includes the largest volcano and the deepest, longest canyon in the solar system. </p>



<p>Olympus Mons, the volcano, is three times the height of Mount Everest, the tallest peak on Earth. The canyon, Valles Marineris, extends over 3,000 kilometers, making it much larger than the Earth's Grand Canyon.</p>



<h3 id="h-exploration">Exploration&nbsp;</h3>



<p>In terms of exploration, Mars has been the target of numerous spacecraft. In recent years, rovers like Spirit, Opportunity, Curiosity, and most recently, Perseverance, have provided invaluable data about the planet's geology, climate, and potential for past life. The next step is to put humans on Mars in the very near future using a nuclear-powered spacecraft.</p>



<h3 id="h-appearance">Appearance&nbsp;</h3>



<p>The planet's surface is rich in iron oxide - or rust - which gives it its characteristic reddish appearance. The presence of many dry riverbeds and polar ice caps (made from water and carbon dioxide) suggests that Mars once had a much warmer and wetter climate. Long ago, it was more conducive to life as we know it.</p>



<h3 id="h-potential-for-life-on-mars">Potential for life on Mars</h3>



<p>The possibility of liquid water in the past, and thus the potential for life, has made Mars a prime target for future human exploration. The planned missions to Mars, such as NASA's Artemis program and SpaceX's Starship project, aim not only to land humans on Mars but also to establish a sustainable colony, marking a significant leap in our exploration of the cosmos.</p>



<p>—-</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com</a>.</p>

Nuclear powered spacecraft will take first humans to Mars

The space race has been revived, but this time, the...

<p>A startling discovery has revealed that the International Space Station (ISS) has concentrations of potentially harmful chemical compounds surpassing those found in most American homes. These harmful chemicals were found in dust collected from the air filtration systems on the International Space Station (ISS).</p>



<p>This alarming revelation stems from the first study of its kind, led by researchers from the <a href="https://www.birmingham.ac.uk/index.aspx" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Birmingham</a>, UK, along with the <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/glenn/home/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Glenn Research Center</a>, USA.</p>



<p>In their investigation, the scientists examined a sample of dust from air filters within the ISS, uncovering levels of harmful chemicals and organic contaminants higher than the median values commonly found in homes in the United States and Western Europe.</p>



<p>This pivotal study, published today in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/journal/estlcu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Environmental Science and Technology Letters</a>, highlights the potential consequences of these findings in shaping the design and construction of future spacecraft.</p>



<h2 id="h-the-harmful-chemicals-found-on-the-iss">The harmful chemicals found on the ISS</h2>



<p>The list of contaminants discovered in the 'space dust' is quite extensive and includes polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD), 'novel' brominated flame retardants (BFRs), organophosphate esters (OPEs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), and polychlorinated biphenyls (<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/shocking-deepest-parts-of-the-ocean-polluted-with-pcb-chemicals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PCBs</a>).</p>



<p>Many of these substances, such as BFRs and OPEs, have various applications on Earth and are used to meet fire safety regulations in consumer products like electronic equipment, building insulation, and furniture fabrics.</p>



<p>Others, like PAH, can be traced to hydrocarbon fuels, while some, such as PCBs and PFAS, have been used in building materials and clothing treatments. The potential health impacts of these substances have resulted in several of them being restricted or banned altogether.</p>



<p>Furthermore, some of these chemicals, including PCBs, specific PFAS, HBCDD, and particular commercial formulations of PBDEs, fall under the category of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) as defined by the UNEP Stockholm Convention. </p>



<p>Certain PAHs are also classified as human carcinogens. Some OPEs are under consideration for restriction by the European Chemicals Agency.</p>



<h2>Where did these harmful chemicals come from?</h2>



<p>Co-author Professor Stuart Harrad from the University of Birmingham noted the significance of these findings. He stated, “Our findings have implications for future space stations and habitats, where it may be possible to exclude many contaminant sources by careful material choices in the early stages of design and construction. While concentrations of organic contaminants discovered in dust from the ISS often exceeded median values found in homes and other indoor environments across the US and western Europe, levels of these compounds were generally within the range found on earth.”</p>



<p>The researchers point out that the PBDE concentrations in the dust sample may reflect the use of specific flame retardants like ammonium dihydrogen phosphate in fabrics and webbing on the ISS. </p>



<p>Additionally, they identified commercially available 'off-the-shelf' items brought aboard for the astronauts' personal use, such as cameras, MP3 players, tablet computers, medical devices, and clothing, as potential sources of many of these chemicals.</p>



<h2>ISS filtration systems not helping</h2>



<p>The recirculation of air within the ISS, with 8-10 changes per hour, complicates the situation. Although removal of CO2 and gaseous trace contaminants occurs, the effectiveness of this process in eliminating chemicals like BFRs is still unknown.</p>



<p>Adding to the complexity, the researchers observed that high levels of ionizing radiation could accelerate the aging of materials on the ISS. This might lead to the breakdown of plastic goods into micro and nanoplastics that become airborne in the microgravity environment.</p>



<p>As a result, the concentrations and relative abundance of chemicals like PBDEs, HBCDD, NBFRs, OPEs, PAH, PFAS, and PCBs in ISS dust could differ markedly from those in dust from terrestrial indoor microenvironments.</p>



<h2>How the harmful chemicals were measured</h2>



<p>In order to measure these harmful chemicals, scientists collected dust samples from the ISS's microgravity environment, where particles float according to ventilation system flow patterns before settling on surfaces and air intakes.</p>



<p>The ISS HEPA filters, covered with screens that gather this debris, must be vacuumed weekly to maintain efficient filtration. Samples from the vacuum bags, consisting of airborne particles, clothing lint, hair, and other debris, were returned to Earth and subsequently shipped to the University of Birmingham for analysis.</p>



<p>This unique study shines a new light on the hidden challenges of life in space, emphasizing the importance of careful material selection and constant monitoring to safeguard astronauts' health. It sets the stage for ongoing exploration and provides a roadmap for the safe and responsible design of future space stations and habitats.</p>



<h2>More about the International Space Station (ISS)</h2>



<p>The International Space Station (ISS) is a space station, or a habitable artificial satellite, orbiting the Earth. It serves as a microgravity and space environment research laboratory in which scientific research is conducted in astrobiology, astronomy, meteorology, physics, and other fields.</p>



<p>A multinational collaborative project involving five participating space agencies, the ISS is one of the most significant achievements in international cooperation for space exploration.</p>



<h3>Development and construction</h3>



<p>The construction of the ISS began in 1998 and was completed in 2011, although modifications and improvements continue to be made. It involved cooperation from NASA (United States), Roscosmos (Russia), JAXA (Japan), ESA (European Space Agency), and CSA (Canadian Space Agency). These agencies worked together to assemble the station in orbit, using various modules launched from Earth.</p>



<h3>Structure</h3>



<p>The ISS consists of a series of interconnected modules and components that include research laboratories, living quarters, solar arrays, and other support structures. It is divided into two main sections: the Russian Orbital Segment (ROS) and the American Orbital Segment (AOS), shared by many nations.</p>



<h3>Operations</h3>



<p>Astronauts and cosmonauts from around the world live and work on the ISS. They conduct experiments, perform maintenance, and engage in outreach activities with schools and the public. Crew members travel to and from the ISS aboard various spacecraft, and the station is resupplied regularly with cargo missions.</p>



<h3>Research</h3>



<p>The ISS provides a unique platform for scientific research that cannot be performed on Earth. Scientists utilize the microgravity environment to study biological organisms, human biology, physics, astronomy, and other scientific disciplines. The results of this research contribute to advancements in medicine, technology, and our understanding of the universe.</p>



<h3>Life aboard the ISS</h3>



<p>Life on the ISS requires adaptation to a microgravity environment. Crew members follow a strict schedule that includes work, exercise, meals, and leisure time. They must also adhere to specific protocols for hygiene and safety.</p>



<h3>International collaboration</h3>



<p>The ISS represents a significant example of international collaboration. It has fostered partnerships between countries and space agencies, allowing shared access to resources, research opportunities, and the ability to coordinate joint missions.</p>



<h3>Challenges and controversies</h3>



<p>The ISS has faced technical and logistical challenges, including mechanical failures, resupply issues, and concerns related to aging infrastructure. Additionally, political tensions among participating nations have occasionally impacted cooperation on the project.</p>



<h3>Legacy and future</h3>



<p>The ISS has served as a symbol of human achievement in space and has paved the way for future missions to the Moon, Mars, and beyond. Its continued operation relies on international agreements, technological advancements, and sustained interest in human space exploration.</p>



<p>The International Space Station stands as a testament to what can be achieved through international cooperation and technological innovation. As a hub for scientific research and a platform for fostering global partnerships, the ISS continues to play a vital role in humanity's exploration and understanding of space.</p>

The ISS is contaminated with a disturbing amount of harmful chemicals

A startling discovery has revealed that the International Space Station...

Great,Barrier,Reef,Showing,Its,Magnificent,Colours

<p>The hard coral recovery of the Great Barrier Reef, a critical barometer of the reef's health, remains largely stable but shows small declines in certain regions, according to the latest annual report by the <a href="http://www.aims.gov.au/">Australian Institute of Marine Science</a> (AIMS).</p>



<p>The findings shed light on the delicate equilibrium of recovery and loss within the reef system and raise concerns about the fragility of recent gains.</p>



<p>Published on Wednesday, August 9, the AIMS’ <a href="https://www.aims.gov.au/monitoring-great-barrier-reef/gbr-condition-summary-2022-23">Annual Summary Report on Coral Reef Condition for 2022/23</a> provides an extensive view of the changes in coral cover across the Great Barrier Reef. Although some areas of the reef exhibited a continuation of recovery, this progress was offset by coral loss in other regions, leading to minimal change in overall coral cover.</p>



<h2>Coral recovery is a mixed bag</h2>



<p>The report reveals a mixed picture. Last year’s analysis marked a historical high for coral cover in the Northern and Central regions since AIMS started its monitoring 37 years ago.</p>



<p>However, the recent data indicate a pause in that recovery, partially attributed to the 2022 mass coral bleaching event. Coral-eating crown-of-thorns starfish and a January 2022 cyclone contributed to the loss in the Northern region.</p>



<p>In the Southern region, crown-of-thorns starfish outbreaks and coral disease kept coral cover comparable to last year, with bleaching playing a less significant role.</p>



<h2>Great Barrier Reef recovery is a delicate situation</h2>



<p>Dr. David Wachenfeld, AIMS Research Program Director, emphasized the precarious nature of the reef’s recovery. He stated, “The 2022 <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hidden-heatwave-led-to-massive-coral-bleaching-event/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">coral bleaching</a> event was not as severe as the 2016 or 2017 events but caused enough mortality to pause recent regional gains in hard coral cover. The heat stress during the bleaching event also likely had sub-lethal effects, including reductions in coral growth and reproduction.”</p>



<p>Dr. Wachenfeld also cautioned against complacency, highlighting that the reef's ecosystem remains under threat. “Conditions were relatively mild over the 2023 summer with low levels of coral bleaching and no cyclones crossing the Reef. However, we are only one large scale disturbance away from a rapid reversal of recent recovery. The Reef remains a wonderful, complex and beautiful system, but it is at increased risk with climate change driving more frequent and severe bleaching events, putting increasing pressure on the ecosystem’s resilience.”</p>



<p>The report outlines the following coral cover percentages for 2022/23:</p>



<ul>
<li>Northern region (north of Cooktown): 35.7%, down from 36.5% last year<br></li>



<li>Central region (Cooktown to Proserpine): 30.8%, down from 32.6%<br></li>



<li>Southern region (south of Proserpine): 33.8%, down from 33.9%</li>
</ul>



<h2>AIMS Long Term Monitoring Program</h2>



<p>The survey, conducted between August 2022 and May 2023, covered reef slopes on the perimeters of 111 reefs under AIMS Long Term Monitoring Program (LTMP), offering a valuable 37-year-long dataset on the Great Barrier Reef.</p>



<p>AIMS Long-Term Monitoring Program leader Dr. Mike Emslie described the primary forces behind the recent recovery as fast-growing branching and plate corals, known as Acropora, although other corals also contributed.</p>



<p>Emslie said, “Acropora are highly abundant, responsible for most of the ups and downs in hard coral cover, and have been going through a rapid growth phase in recent years. But other corals on the Reef have also contributed to this recovery.”</p>



<p>Concerns were also raised about the increasing frequency of mass coral bleaching events on the Great Barrier Reef, with four since 2016. Dr. Emslie noted the anomaly of the 2022 bleaching event occurring during a La Niña year, typically characterized by cooler temperatures.</p>



<p>He stated, “If there were no disturbances, we would expect the recent increases in coral cover to continue this year. However, this pause indicates that a mass bleaching event, even if less severe, with low mortality, is still enough to put the brakes on this coral recovery. This means the Reef is still at risk of decline from more frequent disturbances. AIMS is working to understand the effect of this climatic instability through monitoring and research.”</p>



<h2>Call for global action on coral recovery</h2>



<p>The report concludes with a call for global action, as Dr. Wachenfeld added, “The best hope for the future of the Great Barrier Reef and all <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/coral-reef-plastic-pollution-increases-with-depth-and-near-protected-areas/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">coral reefs</a> globally requires reduction in greenhouse gas emissions to stabilize temperatures, best practice management of local pressures, and the development of interventions to help boost climate tolerance and resilience for coral reefs.”</p>



<p>AIMS’ exhaustive survey methods included manta tow surveys, allowing scientists to efficiently assess large reef areas, and detailed investigations on 73 reefs, offering deeper insights into the corals, fishes, crown of thorns starfish, coral diseases, and bleaching.</p>



<p>The monitoring team spent 120 days at sea, traveling 1016km around the perimeter of the 111 reefs surveyed. The new survey season begins in late August and will continue until May 2024.</p>



<p>The efforts of the AIMS LTMP team play a vital role in the Reef 2050 Integrated Monitoring and Reporting Program, providing essential insights and nuanced understanding of the Great Barrier Reef’s current status.</p>



<p>As the world's largest <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/healthy-coral-reefs-crackle-with-the-sounds-of-busy-inhabitants/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">coral reef system</a> grapples with the challenges posed by climate change and local disturbances, continuous monitoring and informed policymaking remain crucial to its survival and flourishing.</p>



<h2 id="h-more-about-the-great-barrier-reef">More about the Great Barrier Reef</h2>



<p>The Great Barrier Reef is one of the most famous coral reef systems in the world and is located in the Coral Sea, off the coast of Queensland, Australia. Here's an overview of the essential information about this remarkable ecosystem:</p>



<h3>Size and structure</h3>



<p>The Great Barrier Reef is the world's largest coral reef system, comprising over 2,900 individual reefs and 900 islands, stretching over 2,300 kilometers (1,400 miles). It covers an area of approximately 344,400 square kilometers (133,000 square miles).</p>



<h3>Great Barrier Reef Biological diversity</h3>



<p>It's one of the most diverse ecosystems on the planet, home to thousands of species. This includes over 1,500 species of fish, 400 species of coral, 4,000 species of mollusk, 240 species of birds, and a wide variety of other marine life like sharks, dolphins, and turtles.</p>



<h3>Economic importance</h3>



<p>The Great Barrier Reef contributes significantly to the Australian economy through tourism, fishing, and scientific research. Tourism related to the reef generates billions of dollars annually.</p>



<h3>Environmental threats</h3>



<p>The reef faces several threats, including climate change, pollution, overfishing, and coastal development. Climate change leads to ocean acidification and rising sea temperatures, which cause coral bleaching. Runoff from agricultural land can lead to water pollution.</p>



<h3>Great Barrier Reef Coral bleaching</h3>



<p>Coral bleaching is a significant concern for the reef. When corals are stressed by changes in conditions such as temperature, light, or nutrients, they expel the symbiotic algae living in their tissues, causing them to turn completely white.</p>



<h3>Protection and conservation efforts</h3>



<p>The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park was established in 1975 to regulate the use of the reef and protect its delicate ecosystems. Additionally, the reef was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1981.</p>



<h3>Research and monitoring</h3>



<p>Various organizations are involved in the continuous monitoring and research of the reef to understand its health and the effects of human activity.</p>



<h3>Cultural importance</h3>



<p>The area is also significant for the indigenous people of the region, including the Torres Strait Islanders and the Aboriginal Australian groups, who have cultural connections to the reef.</p>



<h3>Geological features</h3>



<p>The Great Barrier Reef is not a single reef but a complex system of interlinked reefs. The formation began as early as 500,000 years ago, and the current structure was formed around 6,000 to 8,000 years ago at the end of the last Ice Age.</p>



<h3>Tourism and recreation</h3>



<p>It's a major destination for divers and snorkelers from around the world who want to experience its unique underwater beauty. Various recreational activities like diving, snorkeling, boating, and fishing are popular.</p>



<p>The Great Barrier Reef is a globally significant ecosystem known for its size, diversity, and beauty. However, it is facing severe threats from human activities and climate change, making conservation and responsible management vital to its future health and survival.</p>

Recent coral recovery in the Great Barrier Reef has paused

The hard coral recovery of the Great Barrier Reef, a...

<p>In a move to protect sacred Native American lands, President Joe Biden has declared a new national monument spanning nearly one million acres surrounding the Grand Canyon.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Named Baaj Nwaavjo I'tah Kukveni, the monument translates to "where Indigenous peoples roam" in the Havasupai language and "our ancestral footprints" in Hopi. This is the fifth such declaration by Biden under the Antiquities Act of 1906.</p>



<h2 id="h-uranium-mining">Uranium mining&nbsp;</h2>



<p>However, the decision is not free from contention. The designated area holds approximately 1.3% of the nation's known uranium reserves, a crucial component for commercial nuclear reactors, medical isotopes, and defense. Opponents argue that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/underwater-upheaval-the-ecological-impact-of-deep-sea-mining/">mining</a> these reserves offers significant economic benefits and strengthens national security.</p>



<p>Addressing these concerns, <a href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/">The White House</a> confirmed that while future mining development will be restricted, pre-existing mining claims remain unaffected.</p>



<p>"The mining is off-limits for future development in that area. What the monument does recognize is existing rights that had been established previously," explained Ali Zaidi, Biden's National Climate Advisor.</p>



<h2 id="h-land-use-rights">Land use rights</h2>



<p>Historically, there have been concerns about mining activities contaminating the region's water supply. A temporary ban on new mining claims around the <a href="https://www.nps.gov/grca/">Grand Canyon National Park</a> was instituted in 2012 by the Interior Department. Biden's new designation ensures that this ban becomes permanent.</p>



<p>Amid these ecological and economic debates, ranchers have also voiced fears that the new status could impinge on their grazing lands or introduce new restrictions on their property usage. However, White House officials were quick to note that current land uses, including ranching and grazing, will continue unchanged. Additionally, no private land will come under the monument's purview.</p>



<h2 id="h-a-new-era">A new era</h2>



<p>U.S. Interior Secretary Deb Haaland, the first Native American cabinet secretary, praised the move, observing that the monument heralded a "new era" of collaboration with Native American tribes.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"It will help ensure that indigenous people can continue to use these areas for religious ceremonies, hunting and gathering of plants, medicines and other materials, including some found nowhere else on Earth," said Haaland. "It will protect objects of historic and scientific importance for the benefit of tribes, the public, and for future generations."</p>



<h2 id="h-political-implications">Political implications&nbsp;</h2>



<p>At the same time, the political implications of Biden's decision can't be ignored. Native Americans have historically been vital allies for Biden, having played a significant role in his Arizona win in the 2020 elections.</p>



<p>Back in 2017, former President Barack Obama had mulled over a similar monument designation, facing strong resistance from Arizona's Republican leaders. At the time, Then-Gov. Doug Ducey threatened legal action, asserting that the state had an adequate number of national monuments already.</p>



<p>Arizona's political landscape has since evolved. The current Governor Katie Hobbs, alongside Democratic Senator Mark Kelly and independent Senator Kyrsten Sinema, have publicly backed Biden's decision.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 id="h-fierce-opposition">Fierce opposition</h2>



<p>On the other hand, mining companies and regions banking on their economic contribution remain fiercely opposed. Mohave County supervisor Buster Johnson expressed concerns about the geopolitical implications of the decision. "We need uranium for the security of our country. We're out of the game," said Johnson.&nbsp;</p>



<p>While no uranium mines are currently operational in Arizona, several claims that were grandfathered in before the 2012 ban could still open even under the new monument designation.</p>



<p>Following his visit to Arizona, President Biden plans to head to Albuquerque to discuss the new job opportunities emerging from the fight against climate change.</p>



<h2 id="h-more-about-national-monuments">More about national monuments</h2>



<p>National monuments are protected areas that can be designated by the President of the United States, under the authority of the Antiquities Act of 1906. They can also be designated by Congress. Here are some key points about national monuments:</p>



<h3 id="h-purpose">Purpose</h3>



<p>National monuments are designated to protect objects of historical, cultural, and/or scientific interest. These can range from natural landscapes, prehistoric ruins, to historically significant buildings.</p>



<h3 id="h-antiquities-act-of-1906">Antiquities Act of 1906</h3>



<p>This act was signed into law by President Theodore Roosevelt. It gives the President the authority to designate public lands as national monuments without needing the approval of Congress.</p>



<h3 id="h-size-and-diversity">Size and diversity</h3>



<p>The size of national monuments can vary widely. They can be as small as a single building or as vast as millions of acres of wilderness. The U.S. has national monuments located in the sea, on the mainland, and even in urban areas.</p>



<h3 id="h-difference-from-national-parks">Difference from national parks</h3>



<p>While both national monuments and national parks protect valuable resources, they are designated differently. Presidents can create national monuments, but only Congress can designate national parks. Additionally, national parks tend to be larger and might have stricter usage regulations.</p>



<h3 id="h-management">Management</h3>



<p>Many national monuments are managed by the National Park Service, but others are overseen by the Bureau of Land Management, the U.S. Forest Service, or the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.</p>



<h3 id="h-controversy">Controversy</h3>



<p>The designation of national monuments can sometimes be controversial, particularly if it affects resource development or land use rights. Over the years, some decisions to designate or modify the boundaries of national monuments have led to public and political debate.</p>



<h3 id="h-examples">Examples</h3>



<p>Some of the U.S.'s most iconic landscapes began as national monuments, including the Grand Canyon in Arizona and Bryce Canyon in Utah. Other well-known national monuments include the Statue of Liberty in New York, Muir Woods in California, and Bears Ears in Utah.</p>



<h3 id="h-economic-and-cultural-impact">Economic and cultural impact</h3>



<p>National monuments can have a significant economic impact on local communities by drawing tourists and boosting local businesses. Moreover, many national monuments protect places that are culturally and spiritually significant, particularly to Indigenous communities.</p>



<p>National monuments play a crucial role in preserving the diverse history, culture, and natural beauty of the U.S. They serve as a reminder of the nation's past and a beacon for future generations to learn and find inspiration.</p>



<p>—--</p>



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Biden's Grand Canyon monument sparks debate on conservation and mining

In a move to protect sacred Native American lands, President...

<p>A worldwide consortium of scientists has identified a set of common characteristics in city-dwelling species, dubbing them "Urban Trait Syndrome." This phenomenon has sparked a fascinating exploration of how urban environments shape the behaviors and features of various organisms, including birds, bees, beetles, bats, and reptiles.</p>



<p>The study, published in <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-39746-1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Communications</a>, incorporated data from 379 cities across six continents. The most substantial data set came from the Cornell Lab of Ornithology's eBird program, contributing to the analysis of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ants-can-effectively-adapt-to-urban-environments/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">urban organisms</a>' behavior.</p>



<p>One of the co-authors and researchers, Frank La Sorte from the <a href="https://www.birds.cornell.edu/home/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cornell Lab</a>, elucidated some of the findings. He stated, "The most pronounced changes among city-dwelling organisms are in reproduction and foraging. For example, city birds tend to be smaller, eat a wider variety of foods, and produce smaller clutches than their rural counterparts. Smaller clutch sizes in urban birds have been associated with higher survival rates and increased growth."</p>



<h2 id="h-not-all-urban-trait-syndrome-is-the-same">Not All Urban Trait Syndrome is the Same</h2>



<p>The research reveals that not all groups of species display the same urban trait syndrome. An intriguing discovery is the variance in body sizes between urban and rural populations.</p>



<p>Birds, reptiles, and beetles in the city tend to be smaller compared to their counterparts in the country. Furthermore, the mobility of ground beetles was found to be higher in urban areas. Conversely, reptiles and birds exhibited lower mobility.</p>



<p>Mobility, in this context, relates to an organism's ability to seek food. The authors of the study categorized four different types of foraging behavior among the species observed.</p>



<p>Birds and bees emerged as "central place foragers," operating from a base and making daily forays for food. A unique behavioral pattern called "mobile specialist" was also inferred, though not directly observed in the study.</p>



<h2>What is Urban Dietary Strategy?</h2>



<p>La Sorte further explained the urban dietary strategy. He articulated, "The most common dietary strategy for birds in urban areas is to be a generalist—in other words, they'll eat a variety of different foods instead of specializing. You see this clearly among such common city birds as the Rock Pigeon, European Starling, and House Sparrow. The specialists gradually disappear."</p>



<p>This disappearance of dietary specialists leads to a decrease in biodiversity within cities, resulting in an increasingly homogenized species mix. The concern is that biodiversity is a vital factor in maintaining a healthy ecosystem.</p>



<p>Urban ecology, fueled by human population growth and the expansion of metropolitan areas, has become a rapidly growing field. However, a significant challenge in this area is the scarcity of comprehensive ecological data beyond birds.</p>



<h2>How to Study Urban Trait Syndrome</h2>



<p>The systematic gathering of information for accurate comparisons across cities is often lacking. In response to this, citizen-science programs like eBird, which harness volunteers' observations, offer a promising way to bridge the information gap.</p>



<p>La Sorte emphasizes the importance of preserving habitat in urban areas, asserting, "Ecosystems in cities are heavily transformed and managed, and intact native vegetation tends to be scarce. The more components of an ecosystem that are preserved and supported, the healthier the overall urban environment will be."</p>



<p>The study concludes by suggesting a more nuanced approach to urban conservation. By considering the needs of various species, urban planners can create expanded parks, green spaces, or even supply artificial nesting resources to compensate for habitat loss.</p>



<p>Such strategies underscore a thoughtful balance between <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humans-pass-on-gut-microbes-to-urban-wildlife/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">human needs and nature</a>, fostering a healthier coexistence in our ever-expanding urban landscapes.</p>



<h2>More about the impact of urbanization on wildlife</h2>



<p>Urbanization, the process of expansion and development of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/urban-expansion-linked-to-global-decline-of-wild-pollinators/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">urban areas</a>, has profound impacts on wildlife and ecosystems. Here's an overview of the key effects:</p>



<h3>Habitat Loss and Fragmentation</h3>



<p>Urbanization often leads to the direct loss of natural habitats as land is cleared for buildings, roads, and other infrastructure.</p>



<p>Remaining natural areas can become isolated and fragmented, making it challenging for species to find mates, food, or migrate.</p>



<h3>Changes in Food Availability</h3>



<p>The presence of human food and waste can change the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/city-dwelling-mammals-are-getting-bigger/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dietary habits of urban wildlife</a>, sometimes leading to dependence on these unnatural food sources.</p>



<p>Urban areas may lack the diverse food sources required by specialist species, favoring generalist species that can adapt to a wide variety of foods.</p>



<h3>Water Quality and Availability</h3>



<p>Urban runoff polluted with chemicals, oils, and waste can contaminate local water bodies, impacting both aquatic life and species that depend on these sources for drinking.</p>



<p>Concrete and other impermeable surfaces can change natural water flow, impacting the availability of water in certain areas.</p>



<h3>Climate and Microclimate Changes</h3>



<p>Urban areas often have higher temperatures due to the heat island effect, which can alter species' behavior, reproductive cycles, and survival.</p>



<p>Changes in humidity and wind patterns can also affect the local microclimate, impacting plant life and the species that depend on them.</p>



<h3>Light and Noise Pollution</h3>



<p>Artificial lighting disrupts the natural behavior of nocturnal species, affecting mating, feeding, and migratory patterns. Noise pollution can interfere with animal communication, navigation, and raise stress levels.</p>



<h3>Introduction of Non-native Species</h3>



<p>Urbanization often brings non-native plants, pets, and pests into new areas, potentially outcompeting or preying on local species.</p>



<h3>Human-Wildlife Conflicts</h3>



<p>As wildlife adapt to urban living, conflicts with humans can arise, from property damage by foraging animals to safety risks with larger species.</p>



<h3>Altered Behavior and Evolution</h3>



<p>Urban living can lead to behavioral changes in wildlife, from altered reproductive strategies to increased boldness or aggression. Over time, these pressures can even lead to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/urban-lizards-show-physical-and-genetic-adaptations/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evolutionary changes</a> in urban-adapted species.</p>



<h3>Potential for Conservation and Education</h3>



<p>Urban areas can also provide opportunities for conservation through the creation of urban green spaces, wildlife corridors, and educational outreach.</p>



<h3>Health Impacts</h3>



<p>The close proximity of wildlife in urban areas can increase the potential for disease transmission between wildlife and domestic animals or humans.</p>



<h3>Reduction in Biodiversity</h3>



<p>Urban environments often favor a smaller set of adaptable species, leading to a reduction in overall biodiversity, which can make ecosystems less resilient and robust.</p>



<h3>Increased Mortality</h3>



<p>Roads, buildings, and other structures can be deadly obstacles for wildlife, leading to higher mortality rates.</p>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plant-blindness-is-caused-by-urbanization/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Urbanization</a> presents complex challenges for wildlife, including direct threats to survival and more subtle changes to behavior and ecology. Balancing the needs of human populations with wildlife conservation requires careful planning, innovative design, and ongoing management. </p>



<p>Researchers and urban planners are increasingly recognizing the importance of creating cities that can sustain both human life and the diverse array of species that inhabit our planet.</p>



<p>---</p>



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Urban Trait Syndrome: Common characteristics shared by city dwelling animals

A worldwide consortium of scientists has identified a set of...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lHHxOej4QfE
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Researchers found a correlation between Alzheimer's disease and traffic pollution.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-invisible-threat-in-urban-air"><strong>Invisible threat in urban air</strong></h2>



<p>City dwellers face an unseen danger with every breath. New findings from Emory University researchers suggest that fine particulate matter from <a href="http://earth.com/news/traffic-related-air-pollution-might-increase-alzheimers-risk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">vehicle emissions may significantly elevate the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease</a>. The study examined brain tissue samples from 224 individuals who had confirmed diagnoses and volunteered their brains for scientific research.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-disturbing-connections-emerge"><strong>Disturbing connections emerge</strong></h2>



<p>Scientists analyzed neuritic plaques — protein clusters that characterize Alzheimer's — while mapping each participant's exposure to PM2.5 particles based on residential location and surrounding traffic density. The correlation proved more alarming than anticipated. Individuals experiencing higher pollution exposure showed nearly double the likelihood of elevated plaque accumulation in brain tissue.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-timing-matters"><strong>Timing matters</strong></h2>



<p>The research team discovered that pollution exposure during the final year before death demonstrated the strongest association with brain changes. This timeline suggests relatively rapid impacts from environmental toxins on neural health. The connection remained robust even after accounting for various demographic and health factors.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genetic-vulnerability-patterns"><strong>Genetic vulnerability patterns</strong></h2>



<p>Perhaps most concerning, people lacking the APOE gene—which naturally predisposes individuals to Alzheimer's — exhibited more than twice the susceptibility to pollution-related brain damage. Study author Dr. Anke Huels noted this indicates environmental elements like air contamination could trigger the disease in cases where hereditary factors don't explain.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-public-health-implications"><strong>Public health implications</strong></h2>



<p>These findings, published in <em><a href="https://www.neurology.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Neurology</a></em>, underscore the critical importance of air quality regulations in urban planning. The research suggests that implementing stricter emission controls and promoting alternative transportation could serve as powerful tools in Alzheimer's prevention.</p>



<p>As cities worldwide grapple with growing traffic congestion and aging populations, this study highlights an urgent need for comprehensive approaches to environmental health that protect both our lungs and our minds.</p>



<p>—–</p>



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<p>—–</p>

Traffic fumes may trigger Alzheimer's

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lHHxOej4QfE Researchers found a correlation between Alzheimer's disease and traffic...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that scientists never expected.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hidden-waters-beneath-ancient-craters">Hidden waters beneath ancient craters</h2>



<p>Scientists have made a startling discovery that challenges everything we thought we knew about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/saturn-moon-mimas-has-remarkably-young-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Saturn's moon Mimas</a>. Beneath the heavily cratered surface that earned it the nickname "Death Star" lies a global ocean that formed just 5 to 15 million years ago—a remarkably young age by cosmic standards.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cassini-data-reveals-orbital-secrets">Cassini data reveals orbital secrets</h2>



<p>The discovery, led by Dr. Valéry Lainey of the <a href="https://observatoiredeparis.psl.eu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Observatoire de Paris</a>, emerged from careful analysis of <a href="https://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>'s Cassini spacecraft data. By studying subtle irregularities in Mimas's orbit around Saturn, researchers detected the gravitational signature of liquid water hidden 20 to 30 kilometers beneath the moon's icy shell.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-an-unlikely-ocean-world">An unlikely ocean world</h2>



<p>At only 400 kilometers in diameter, Mimas seemed like the least likely candidate to harbor a subsurface ocean. Unlike other ocean moons such as Europa and Enceladus, which show clear surface signs of internal activity, Mimas displays no obvious hints of the liquid water beneath its ancient, crater-scarred exterior.</p>



<p>"Mimas is a small moon, and its heavily cratered surface gave no hint of the hidden ocean beneath," explained Dr. Nick Cooper from <a href="https://www.qmul.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Queen Mary University of London</a>, a study co-author.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-astrobiology">Implications for astrobiology</h2>



<p>The ocean's recent formation makes Mimas a prime target for studying how oceans develop and potentially support life. This discovery adds another member to the exclusive club of ocean worlds in our solar system, each offering unique insights into the conditions necessary for habitability.</p>



<p>The research, published in <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a></em> journal, demonstrates how advanced orbital analysis can reveal hidden features of celestial bodies, opening new possibilities for understanding ocean formation throughout the cosmos.</p>



<p>—–</p>



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<p>—–</p>

Scientists discover unexpected young ocean on Saturn's cratered moon Mimas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ 'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K0DuSr87SHY
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">57 million-year ice age mystery solved by Australian scientists.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-when-earth-became-a-frozen-wasteland">When Earth became a frozen wasteland</h2>



<p>Imagine Earth as a giant snowball, frozen solid from the North Pole to the equator. This wasn't the plot of a science fiction movie – it was our planet's reality 700 million years ago during an extreme ice age that has puzzled scientists for decades.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-discovery">The discovery</h2>



<p>Australian researchers from the <a href="https://www.sydney.edu.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Sydney</a> have finally cracked one of geology's greatest mysteries: what caused the Sturtian glaciation and why it persisted for an unprecedented 57 million years. This period occurred long before dinosaurs roamed the Earth, when no complex plants or multicellular animals existed.</p>



<p>Dr. Adriana Dutkiewicz, the study's lead author, describes a world completely unlike today's climate. "Imagine the Earth almost completely frozen over," she explained. "The planet was blanketed in ice from poles to equator, and temperatures plunged."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-combination-of-climate-factors">The combination of climate factors</h2>



<p>The research team discovered that this massive freeze resulted from a "double whammy" of geological events. First, plate tectonic activity reduced volcanic carbon dioxide emissions to historically low levels. Volcanic activity typically releases CO2 into the atmosphere, creating a greenhouse effect that keeps Earth warm.</p>



<p>Simultaneously, weathering of volcanic rocks in what is now Canada actively absorbed atmospheric CO2, further reducing greenhouse gas concentrations. When atmospheric carbon dioxide levels dropped below 200 parts per million – less than half of today's levels – glaciation engulfed the entire planet.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-climate-implications">Modern climate implications</h2>



<p>Published in the journal <em><a href="https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/geology" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geology</a></em>, this research provides crucial insights into Earth's climate system. While geological climate changes occur over millions of years, the study emphasizes that human-induced climate change is happening at a pace ten times faster than previously observed natural changes, highlighting the urgent need to understand our planet's delicate climate balance.</p>



<p>—–</p>



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<p>—–</p>

What caused the planet's longest ice age

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K0DuSr87SHY 57 million-year ice age mystery solved by Australian scientists....

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WXXGGiynIjs
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Greenland is not sinking. In fact, it is the opposite.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-contrasting-climate-response">A contrasting climate response</h2>



<p>Most coastal towns are <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sinking-land-will-intensify-the-effects-of-rising-sea-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">preparing for higher sea levels</a>, but <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/greenland-no-longer-has-to-worry-about-rising-sea-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Greenland presents</a> a different scenario during climate change. The ground there is rising at a remarkable rate. Over the past decade, some areas have lifted about 20 centimeters, which translates to roughly 2 meters per century. This rate significantly exceeds current projections for sea level rise.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-geological-rebound-process-through-climate-change">Geological rebound process through climate change</h2>



<p>The mechanism behind this phenomenon is straightforward. As the ice sheet melts, the immense weight is removed from the bedrock, causing the land to rebound upward. This process resembles the way compressed material springs back when pressure is released.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-monitoring-networks">Scientific monitoring networks</h2>



<p>Researchers at the <a href="https://www.dtu.dk/english/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Technical University of Denmark</a> are documenting this uplift using the GNET network, consisting of 61 GPS stations positioned around Greenland's coast. These sensors can detect movement with millimeter precision, providing detailed measurements of the ongoing changes.</p>



<p>The data reveal that current uplift rates exceed the gradual rebound occurring since the last ice age ended approximately 12,000 years ago. This acceleration corresponds directly with increased ice sheet melting rates.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-coastal-transformation">Coastal Transformation</h2>



<p>This uplift is actively reshaping Greenland's coastline. New islands and rocky formations, called "skerries," are emerging as previously submerged land surfaces rise above the water level. This represents a notable contrast to global concerns about rising seas.</p>



<p>The study, published in Geophysical Research Letters, demonstrates the varied regional impacts of climate change. While many locations face rising water levels, Greenland's bedrock is literally rising above the surrounding seas.</p>



<p>The full study was recently published in <em><a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2023GL104851" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geophysical Research Letters</a></em>.</p>



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<p>—–</p>

Greenland's ground rises while coasts worldwide face higher seas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WXXGGiynIjs Greenland is not sinking. In fact, it is the...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DSM3EVeGHJU
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Companies like MindStudio help companies train their employees to implement the latest AI Agent building platform.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ai-agent-training-transforms-the-workplace-fear-factor-into-a-competitive-advantage">AI agent training transforms the workplace 'fear factor' into a competitive advantage</h2>



<p>Organizations that offer comprehensive artificial intelligence training to their workers find remarkable value that extends well beyond basic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mind-wandering-might-be-more-productive-than-you-think/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">productivity improvements</a>. Emerging research demonstrates that carefully crafted AI training programs <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ai-does-not-replace-human-creativity-but-enhances-it/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">enhance</a> corporate performance, lower operational costs, and dramatically improve employee psychological well-being by turning workplace uncertainty into professional empowerment.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-addressing-the-widespread-ai-anxiety-crisis-among-us">Addressing the widespread 'AI anxiety' crisis among us</h2>



<p>A staggering 53% of employees expressed concern that the use of AI tools to automate work tasks could make them appear disposable to their employers, according to <a href="https://www.microsoft.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Microsoft</a>'s 2024 workplace survey. Such pervasive worry about being substituted by machines has caused what researchers have termed "AI technostress" – a psychological state that can result in occupational burnout and poorer mental well-being.</p>



<p>Data published in <a href="https://www.nature.com/palcomms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Humanities and Social Sciences Communications</a> showed that belief in AI learning ability was a moderator in the link between technology adoption and work pressure, and higher confidence significantly lowered negative psychological responses. Workers provided ample training to become competent with AI software have significantly lower stress.</p>



<p>Companies like <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MindStudio</a> have platforms for building what are known as "AI Agents".  In essence, AI Agents are simply tools that employees can build for themselves or their teams quickly and inexpensively.   MindStudio will even train entire companies, from the CEO on down, at no cost. By letting MindStudio empower employees, companies avoid hiring more IT staff, buying more software, and implementing solutions to problems that do not exist.</p>



<p>MindStudio even has partners locally for companies, like <a href="http://www.dominnus.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dominnus</a> with offices in the Carolinas, California, and Denver, to help build AI Agents and support employees as they become resident AI experts for their organization.  The training provided by MindStudio is applicable across other AI Agent building platforms as well.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-productivity-through-focused-learning">Revolutionary productivity through focused learning</h2>



<p>Organizations that implement large-scale AI training programs achieve dramatic outcomes. Employees performed tasks significantly better when they utilized AI support compared to when they didn't, according to <a href="https://www.nngroup.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nielsen Norman Group</a> research findings. Their study documented productivity increases of 66% for a variety of professional tasks.</p>



<p>Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis research finds workers record 33% higher productivity in time working with generative AI tools. The benefit is equivalent to 5.4% of work time savings for AI users – around 2.2 hours per week for full-time workers.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-psychological-well-being-benefits-through-ai-competence">Psychological well-being benefits through AI competence</h2>



<p>The emotional transformation when employees are provided with proper technology training is a fundamental transformation from fear to professional confidence. A survey of 600 employees across industries, carried out by ScienceDirect, proved that AI capabilities strengthen work environment commitment and improve job satisfaction.</p>



<p>A <a href="https://www.lut.fi/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">LUT University</a> study discovered that AI adoption has no direct effect on workers' well-being but does so indirectly through working conditions like task optimization and safety protocols. Strategically deployed AI that involves correct training can actually increase workplace mental well-being.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-from-replacement-anxiety-to-partnership-confidence">From 'replacement anxiety' to 'partnership confidence'</h2>



<p>Although 35% of those interviewed in recent McKinsey studies were concerned about workforce displacement, firms with large-scale training initiatives witness such fears dissipate quickly. The World Economic Forum found that two out of three respondents believe AI competencies will enhance their career prospects and job marketability.</p>



<p>This shift from fear to trust has measurable implications for job satisfaction. Applied Sciences research indicates AI can create tailored wellness programs based on individual employee requirements.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-financial-benefits-of-increased-retention">Financial benefits of increased retention</h2>



<p>The mental health advantages of AI learning have a direct impact on organizational bottom lines in the form of a positive feedback cycle with high retention of employees. Recent ROI research validates that artificial intelligence learning has a beneficial impact on employee turnover and satisfaction levels.</p>



<p>PriceWaterhouseCoopers' research documents 20% to 30% improvements in productivity, market speed, and revenue in organizations that attempt systematic AI adoption through comprehensive training.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-advantages-of-ai-enabled-teams">Environmental advantages of AI-enabled teams</h2>



<p>AI training has unforeseen environmental benefits as it makes the work environment more efficient. According to a study in Scientific Reports, the carbon footprint in writing and illustrating work is significantly lower when AI performs it compared to humans. AI software produces 130 to 1,500 times less CO2 equivalent per page of text created than human authors.</p>



<p>In addition, AI-driven remote work functionality significantly reduces environmental impact. Research by Cornell University and Microsoft indicates that remote workers reduce greenhouse gas emissions by up to 54% by not commuting daily to offices. Hybrid workers working remotely two to four days a week can reduce their carbon footprint by 11% to 29%.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cumulative-organizational-advantages">Cumulative organizational advantages</h2>



<p>The compounding gains of better mental well-being, reduced turnover, increased productivity, and environmental benefits flow to enterprises from the pairing. McKinsey analysis estimates the long-term AI potential at $4.4 trillion in incremental productivity growth opportunity from business use cases.</p>



<p>As of now, 75% of knowledge workers globally utilize generative AI, mirroring widespread adoption patterns. Organizations that provide organized training and assistance see the most favorable results in productivity, worker satisfaction, and ecological sustainability.</p>



<p>The research overwhelmingly indicates that companies that invest in proper AI education, like that offered through <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MindStudio</a>, establish win-win scenarios where employees are both more empowered and less stressed, and companies enjoy the gains of increased productivity, reduced turnover, and improved mental health outcomes throughout their workforce.</p>



<p>For more on MindStudio's free AI training for companies, visit the website's of MindStudio and Dominnus from the links below.</p>



<p>The research was published across a variety of peer-reviewed journals, including <a href="https://www.nature.com/palcomms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Humanities and Social Sciences Communications</a>, <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/artificial-intelligence" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence</a>, and <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/journal/applsci">Applied Sciences</a>.</p>



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<p>MindStudio.AI: <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.mindstudio.ai</a></p>



<p>Dominnus: <a href="https://www.dominnus.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.dominnus.com</a></p>

AI agent training boosts mental health and profits

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DSM3EVeGHJU Companies like MindStudio help companies train their employees to...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0HDXqTGEmi4
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Scientists give plants superpowers against bacterial disease</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-natural-solution-to-disease-through-crop-modification">A natural solution to disease through crop modification.</h2>



<p>The agricultural industry stands at a crossroads between productivity and environmental responsibility, and crop modification often carries a negative connotation. While chemical pesticides have long been the go-to solution for crop protection, their harmful effects on ecosystems and human health have prompted scientists to seek alternatives. The recent breakthrough by <a href="https://www.southampton.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Southampton</a> researchers offers a promising path forward through the precise manipulation of plant-associated microbial communities.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-science-behind-microbial-partnerships">The science behind microbial partnerships</h2>



<p>Plants naturally harbor diverse ecosystems of bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms that function as biological allies. These microscopic partners contribute to disease resistance, nutrient absorption, and stress tolerance. However, until now, scientists lacked the tools to deliberately reshape these communities to enhance crop protection.</p>



<p>The Southampton team's approach centered on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/engineered-plant-microbiomes-the-future-of-crop-protection/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">modifying lignin biosynthesis genes in rice plants</a>. This strategic intervention altered the plant's metabolic output, creating conditions that favored beneficial bacterial populations while suppressing harmful ones. The result was a living defense system embedded within the plant itself.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-global-food-security">Implications for global food security</h2>



<p>The successful demonstration against Xanthomonas oryzae, the pathogen responsible for bacterial blight in rice, represents more than a laboratory achievement. Rice feeds nearly half the world's population, and bacterial blight causes devastating crop losses annually. Traditional control methods rely heavily on pesticides that contaminate soil and water systems.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-looking-beyond-disease-resistance">Looking Beyond Disease Resistance</h2>



<p>While disease protection represents the immediate application, the research framework opens doors to broader agricultural improvements. Future developments could engineer microbiomes to enhance nutrient uptake, reducing dependence on synthetic fertilizers. This dual benefit addresses both crop productivity and environmental sustainability.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-path-forward">The path forward</h2>



<p>As this technology advances from laboratory to field applications, it promises to reshape sustainable agriculture. The ability to program plants with their own biological defense systems could herald a new era where crops protect themselves naturally, reducing chemical inputs while maintaining yields necessary for global food security.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal&nbsp;<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-44335-3" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Nature Communications</em></a>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Revolutionizing agriculture through microbiome engineering

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0HDXqTGEmi4 Scientists give plants superpowers against bacterial disease A natural...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Acid rain and a crisis solved.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-don-t-we-ever-hear-about-acid-rain-anymore-the-environmental-crisis-that-was-solved">Why don't we ever hear about "acid rain" anymore? The environmental crisis that was solved</h2>



<p>Remember the 1980s when acid rain dominated headlines? Dire warnings about rain eating buildings, killing fish, and destroying forests filled every news cycle. Then, almost like magic, acid rain vanished from public discourse. What happened? Did we actually solve one of the late 20th century's most pressing environmental challenges?</p>



<p>The answer might surprise you. Unlike many environmental issues that drag on indefinitely, acid rain represents one of modern history's most successful ecological recovery stories. It's a tale of science, politics, and technology working together to tackle what seemed impossible.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>What was acid rain?</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain isn't regular rain having a bad day – it's precipitation that became significantly more acidic due to air pollution. When power plants, factories, and vehicles burn fossil fuels, they release sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) into the atmosphere.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The science behind it</strong></h2>



<p>Think of acid rain as nature's chemistry experiment gone wrong. These compounds react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form sulfuric and nitric acids. When mixed with water vapor in clouds, they create precipitation with dangerously low pH levels.</p>



<p>While clean rain has a pH of about 5.6, acid rain could drop as low as 4.2 to 4.4 – roughly as acidic as tomato juice or coffee. According to US Geological Survey documentation, Scottish chemist Angus Smith first coined "acid rain" in 1872, but it didn't become a household phrase until the 1960s and 1970s when Swedish scientist Svante Odén documented its devastating effects on Scandinavian lakes and European forests.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The crisis at its peak</strong></h2>



<p>During the height of public concern, environmental damage was both widespread and visible. This wasn't some abstract future threat – people could see destruction happening in real-time.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Environmental devastation</strong></h2>



<p>The most dramatic impacts were impossible to ignore. Research documented by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation shows that in the Adirondack Mountains, more than 200 lakes became so acidic they couldn't support fish life. The Adirondack Council reports that 409 lakes once supported brook trout, but many lost their fish populations due to acid rain.</p>



<p>By 1976, when scientists cataloged all acidified lakes in the Adirondack Park, researchers found that half of the lakes over 2,000 feet above sea level had no fish, according to studies published in environmental journals. The acidification process worked like a slow-motion disaster. As acid rain fell into watersheds, it gradually lowered pH levels. Fish couldn't survive in acidic water, and their food sources died off too.</p>



<p>Trees at high elevations showed stress directly linked to acid rain. It weakened them by leaching nutrients and making them susceptible to disease. Historical records show Germany's Black Forest saw nearly half its trees damaged by the mid-1980s.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Economic impact</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain wasn't just environmental – it was expensive. Acidic precipitation corroded infrastructure, buildings, and monuments. Historic stone structures deteriorated at accelerated rates. Tourism suffered as lakes became fishless and forests declined. EPA economic analyses from the period documented repair costs mounting into billions annually.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The solution: government action and technology</strong></h2>



<p>Transformation from crisis to success required unprecedented cooperation between governments, industries, and environmental groups.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The Clean Air Act of 1990</strong></h2>



<p>The turning point came with the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, signed by President George H.W. Bush. This represented a fundamentally new approach to environmental regulation, as documented in EPA historical records.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Cap-and-trade success</strong></h2>



<p>Instead of mandating specific technologies, the 1990 amendments introduced something revolutionary: a cap-and-trade system for sulfur dioxide emissions. EPA program documentation shows this market-based approach set overall limits but allowed companies to trade emission allowances.</p>



<p>The genius was harnessing market forces to find cost-effective pollution reduction. Companies reducing emissions cheaply could sell excess allowances to those facing higher costs. Research published in environmental economics journals and EPA progress reports shows this resulted in dramatic SO2 reduction at a fraction of projected costs.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Technology advances</strong></h2>



<p>Policy provided the framework, but technology made reductions possible. Studies in atmospheric science journals document the widespread adoption of flue gas desulfurization systems ("scrubbers") that removed sulfur dioxide before it reached the atmosphere. By the 2000s, new installations could remove over 95% of SO2 emissions, according to EPA technical reports.</p>



<p>The push coincided with cleaner energy development. Natural gas produces fewer sulfur compounds than coal. Wind and solar, emerging in the 1990s, captured growing market share, reducing reliance on high-sulfur coal.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-we-don-t-hear-about-it-today"><strong>Why we don't hear about it today</strong></h2>



<p>Why did acid rain disappear from headlines? Simple: the problem was largely solved.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Success doesn't make news</strong></h2>



<p>There's an old journalism saying: "If it bleeds, it leads." Environmental success stories don't generate urgency like crisis reporting. Media attention shifted to other challenges: climate change, plastic pollution, and biodiversity loss. There's only so much environmental anxiety the public can absorb, and newer concerns replaced acid rain.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Mission accomplished</strong></h2>



<p>The primary reason is beautifully simple: interventions worked. EPA monitoring data shows sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990. Academic research published in environmental science journals confirms pH levels in formerly affected areas returned closer to normal. This represents one of history's most dramatic environmental recoveries. Studies by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation show fishless lakes now support healthy populations. Forests recovered, and building damage slowed dramatically.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-is-it-really-gone"><strong>Is it really gone?</strong></h2>



<p>The crisis is largely resolved, but monitoring data shows the problem isn't completely eliminated – it's managed to acceptable levels. Some areas still experience occasional events during high pollution periods. International environmental research indicates that rapidly industrializing Asian countries face similar problems to what we experienced decades ago, though they're implementing successful strategies.</p>



<p>EPA research shows nitrogen oxide emissions proved more challenging than sulfur dioxide, coming from vehicles and mobile sources. Climate science studies suggest changing weather patterns add complexity to how acid rain forms and falls.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>What this teaches us</strong></h2>



<p>The acid rain experience proves that seemingly intractable environmental problems can be solved with scientific understanding, political will, and technological innovation. Environmental monitoring data shows recovery speed was remarkable – within a decade, measurable improvements appeared in air quality and ecosystem health.</p>



<p>Success came from bipartisan support across party lines. Policy analysis studies show the market-based approach appealed to those preferring economic incentives while achieving environmental goals. This support created lasting policy surviving political changes.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Conclusion</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain's disappearance from public consciousness represents environmental science's greatest success stories. Through effective regulation, technological innovation, and international cooperation, we transformed an overwhelming crisis into a manageable challenge.</p>



<p>Today's silence isn't because we forgot – it's because we solved it. The 1990 Clean Air Act, combined with technology and energy market changes, reduced acid rain emissions over 90%, according to comprehensive EPA data analysis.</p>



<p>This success offers hope for current challenges. It proves complex problems can be solved when science, policy, and technology work together. As we face climate change and plastic pollution, acid rain reminds us that dramatic positive change is possible.</p>



<p>Next time someone asks whether environmental regulations work, remember acid rain. It's proof that sometimes, we get it right.</p>



<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>



<p><strong>Sources:</strong> <em>This article draws from EPA official documentation and progress reports, peer-reviewed research published in environmental and atmospheric science journals, historical data from the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation records, US Geological Survey publications, policy analysis studies, and environmental monitoring data collected over three decades.</em></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Frequently Asked Questions</strong></h2>



<p><strong>1. Is acid rain completely gone?</strong> No, but EPA monitoring shows it's reduced to manageable levels. US sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990, making acid rain much less severe than the 1980s crisis.</p>



<p><strong>2. How long did solving take?</strong> Environmental monitoring data shows significant improvements began within 5-10 years of 1990s emission controls. Full ecosystem recovery took longer – some areas need 20-30 years for complete recovery.</p>



<p><strong>3. What made the solution successful?</strong> Clear scientific understanding, visible damage motivating action, bipartisan support, available technology, and innovative market-based policies like cap-and-trade.</p>



<p><strong>4. Do other countries have acid rain problems?</strong> Yes, particularly rapidly industrializing Asian countries. However, international environmental research shows many implement similar successful control strategies.</p>



<p><strong>5. Could acid rain return?</strong> Potentially, if regulations weaken or we return to high-sulfur coal without controls, though effects would take years to become severe according to environmental projections.</p>



<p><strong>6. Can you recommend any teaching tools on the subject of "acid rain"?</strong> The United States Environmental Protection Agency produced a wonderful teacher's guide for ages 14 and under that you can find on the EPA website here: <a href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf</a></p>



<p>-----</p>



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The environmental problem we actually solved

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk Acid rain and a crisis solved. Why don't we...

Green,Ecoduct,Over,An,Empty,Highway,During,Sunset.

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU
</div></figure>



<p>A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that wildlife tunnels significantly reduce amphibian road mortality during seasonal migrations. </p>



<p>Frogs and salamanders often cross roads to reach breeding ponds each spring, but many are killed by vehicles. </p>



<p>Researchers from the <a href="https://www.uvm.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Vermont</a>, in collaboration with local citizens and the Vermont Agency of Natural Resources, installed two underpass tunnels in 2015. </p>



<p>Over a 12-year monitoring period, they observed an 80.2% reduction in amphibian deaths, and up to 94% for non-climbing species like salamanders. </p>



<p>The study used a before-after-control-impact design and documented more than 5,200 amphibians, highlighting the tunnels’ effectiveness even in nearby buffer zones.</p>



<p>Funded at $342,397 - far cheaper than wildlife crossings for large mammals - the project showcased the power of community-led conservation.</p>



<p>Local groups initiated the effort after observing mass amphibian deaths. Wildlife cameras later captured over 2,200 amphibians using a tunnel in just one spring, along with other species like raccoons and bobcats, indicating wider ecosystem benefits.</p>



<p>This marks the first peer-reviewed, long-term data set in the northeastern U.S. confirming amphibian-specific underpasses work. </p>



<p>The study urges transportation departments to incorporate these designs into road planning and highlights how community action, thoughtful infrastructure, and persistence can make a real difference for biodiversity.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the <em><a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1617138125000780" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal for Nature Conservation</a></em>.</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Wildlife tunnels save millions of amphibians

https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that...

<p>Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. </p>



<p>The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-embed aligncenter is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/Ug657J67iEo?si=w96YjGMsg939LD_3
</div></figure>



<p>Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. </p>



<p>Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.</p>



<p>Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. </p>



<p>They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).</p>



<p>Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.</p>



<p>Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.</p>



<p>This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.</p>

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"]</div>



<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.</p>



<p>“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. </p>



<p>The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.</p>



<p>“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”</p>



<p>The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Designing crops that can beat the heat

[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Carl...

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes the first comprehensive estimate of carbon density in the Saharan, Sahel, and Sudanian zones of Africa. In an effort to measure the amount of carbon stored across these drylands, a team of scientists used high-resolution satellite images and artificial intelligence to map nearly 10 billion individual trees. </p>



<p>"The high spatial resolution (50 cm) combined with AI and field measurements used in this study is key to improving tree inventories in drylands," said Pierre Hiernaux, a French researcher working for NASA. "The ever-increasing availability of very high-resolution satellite imagery will make it possible to assess carbon pools and their dynamics at the individual tree level on a global scale."</p>



<p>"This study is exceptional because it is pioneering a type of approach that will revolutionize the monitoring of trees and forests on a global scale: in the short term, it will be possible to map the world's trees from the centre of the Amazon to our schoolyards," said <a href="https://www.inrae.fr/en">INRAE</a> researcher Jean-Pierre Wigneron.</p>



<p>"Many fields of application will become much more efficient and accurate, such as tracking carbon stocks, biodiversity, monitoring logging and protection against illegal forest degradation, in near real time.”</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;</em></p>



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<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



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Remote sensing will revolutionize the way we monitor trees

[sendtonews key="EjmSP20gQK-2593093-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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<p>Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.</p>



<p>According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."</p>



<p>Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;</p>



<p>ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. </p>



<p>Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;</em></p>



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<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> </em>Staff Writer </p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> features a visual dataset of.methane emissions from wetlands across the globe. Atmospheric methane levels have reached record highs in recent years, and wetlands are a major source of these emissions.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Methane is an important greenhouse gas that contributes substantially to global warming. On a molecule by molecule basis, methane is much more efficient at trapping heat than carbon dioxide, the main driver of warming," says NASA.</p>



<p>"Though human activities, including agriculture, oil and natural gas production and use, and waste disposal, collectively contribute the majority of methane to the atmosphere, about a third of total methane emissions comes from wetlands."&nbsp;</p>



<p>According to NASA, understanding methane emissions from wetlands and other natural sources is critically important for scientists and policymakers who are working to combat climate change by reducing emissions from human activities.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: NASA Goddard</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Wetlands are a major source of methane emissions

[sendtonews key="f8fukm28Vz-2491833-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;</p>



<p>According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.</p>



<p>In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.</p>



<p>The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.</p>



<p>The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.</p>



<p>The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. </p>



<p>Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

[sendtonews key="0879czfG3k-1785905-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from NASA...

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes how record-breaking heat expressed itself around the world in 2022.</p>



<p>Scientists have determined that 2022 was the 5th warmest year since 1880. Furthermore, the last nine consecutive years have been the warmest on record.</p>



<p>From devastating floods and wildfires to natural disasters like Hurricane Ian, 2022 showed us yet again how a warming climate affects people across the globe.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"As we look back at 20:22 and years past, we see that each year we better understand the challenges we face and how important it is to meet them," says NASA.</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: NASA Goddard</em></p>



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<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

2022 illustrated the consequences of a warming climate

[sendtonews key="3UUsNkFOuS-2487333-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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<p>Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes Earth’s interconnected systems, and how this network is affected by rising temperatures.&nbsp;</p>



<p>During 2020, average global temperatures matched the hottest year on record. The hurricane season was also record-breaking, with many of the storms intensifying at extraordinary speeds. Hot water in the ocean is fuel for hurricanes. The satellite data shows that it's all one interconnected system showing how  Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected.</p>



<p>According to NASA, dust swept up from Northern Africa plays a major role in the formation of hurricanes, and is also a key source of fertilization in the Amazon rainforest. As a result of<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-wasting-disease-is-fueled-by-climate-change/"> climate</a> change, dust plumes are expected to decline, which will have an effect on vegetation far away.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Images from Earth-observing satellites show how the world’s plant life is affected by natural disasters, fires, and deforestation. Satellites also reveal how widespread changes in vegetation impact waterways,&nbsp; the climate, air quality. Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on the Earth. "Earth From Space" is a groundbreaking two-hour special that reveals a spectacular new space-based vision of our planet. </p>



<p><em>Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;</em></p>



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<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected

[sendtonews key="JbW4VsY53O-1632195-12187" type="single"] Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected...

<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://welcome.miami.edu/">University of Miami</a> Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science explores how changes in water temperatures have affected tiger shark habitats and movements in the North Atlantic Ocean. The study reveals that rising temperatures have caused the sharks to shift toward the poles over the past 40 years.</p>



<p>“Tiger shark annual migrations have expanded poleward, paralleling rising water temperatures,” explained study lead author Neil Hammerschlag. “These results have consequences for tiger shark conservation, since shifts in their movements outside of marine protected areas may leave them more vulnerable to commercial fishing.”</p>



<p>The researchers analyzed nine years of tracking data from satellite-tagged tiger sharks, combined with four decades of conventional tag and recapture data provided by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Cooperative Shark Tagging Program.</p>



<p>The experts found that during the last decade of record heat, for every one-degree Celsius increase in water temperatures, tiger sharks migrated further poleward by over 400 kilometers. They also migrated two weeks earlier than usual to waters off the northeastern coast of the United States.</p>



<p>“Given their role as apex predators, these changes to tiger shark movements may alter predator-prey interactions, leading to ecological imbalances, and more frequent encounters with humans,” concluded Professor Hammerschlag.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science</em></p>



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<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Tiger sharks are shifting poleward as temperatures rise

Today’s Video of the Day from the University of Miami...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> is focused on the melt ponds that emerge during the spring and summer on the Greenland Ice Sheet, which is the largest ice mass in the northern hemisphere.</p>



<p>"Melt ponds are vast pools of open water that form on both sea ice and ice sheets and are visible as turquoise-blue pools of water in this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image," says ESA.</p>



<p>"When snow and ice melts atop glaciers, water flows in channels and streams and collects in depressions on the surface. These melt ponds can speed up the melting of the surrounding ice since they greatly reduce the ice’s ability to reflect sunlight."</p>



<p>"This can create a positive feedback where an increasing number of melt ponds absorb more heat which causes ice cover to melt even faster."</p>



<p>According to ESA, Greenland has been hit with a late-season heatwave that began in early September. This caused the type of melt event that usually occurs in the middle of summer.</p>



<p>"In a recent paper published in Nature Climate Change, scientists found that major sea-level rise from the melting of the Greenland ice cap is now ‘inevitable’ even if the burning of fossil fuels were to halt overnight," says ESA. "Using satellite observations of Greenland ice loss and ice cap from 2000 to 2019, the team found the losses will lead to a minimum rise of 27 cm regardless of climate change."</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;</em></p>



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<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Melt ponds on the Greenland Ice Sheet

[sendtonews key="qARzJPSabQ-2270617-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes how Earth is unique in our solar system for its ability to sustain liquid water on its surface. But now, the water cycle is shifting as the climate warms, and scientists must find ways to predict how these changes will affect water availability.</p>



<p>Overall, 96 percent of Earth's water is saltwater, and nearly all of freshwater is found in ice and groundwater. These sources of water are linked as it passes through solid, liquid and gas phases.</p>



<p>In a warmer climate, the water cycle will be transformed. It will be easier for water to evaporate and form clouds, and storms will become more frequent and intense. Some regions will get too much water, while others will be left without enough water. In addition, soil moisture will be lost - which threatens food security.</p>



<p>Scientists are using satellite data from over the last 40 years to track changes that are happening in the water cycle. This will ultimately help us prepare for extreme events and better manage our water resources, according to ESA.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: ESA</em></p>



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<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Tracking changes in Earth's water cycle

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Saturn,-,High,Resolution,3d,Images,Presents,Planets,Of,The

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard Space Flight Center</a> features images of Saturn from NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope. The photographs capture the start of the mysterious "spoke season" on Saturn - when unexplained features appear on its rings. </p>



<p>According to NASA, both the cause of the spokes and their seasonal variability have yet to be fully explained by planetary scientists.</p>



<p>"Like Earth, Saturn is tilted on its axis and therefore has four seasons, though because of Saturn's much larger orbit, each season lasts approximately seven Earth years. Equinox occurs when the rings are tilted edge-on to the Sun," explains NASA.</p>



<p>"The spokes disappear when it is near summer or winter solstice on Saturn. (When the Sun appears to reach either its highest or lowest latitude in the northern or southern hemisphere of a planet.) As the autumnal equinox of Saturn's northern hemisphere on May 6, 2025, draws near, the spokes are expected to become increasingly prominent and observable."</p>



<p>Experts believe that the spokes may be a product of the planet's variable magnetic field. When magnetic fields interact with solar wind, an electrically charged environment is created. This phenomenon is visible on Earth as the northern lights.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Scientists think that the smallest, dust-sized icy ring particles can become charged as well, which temporarily levitates those particles above the rest of the larger icy particles and boulders in the rings," says NASA.</p>



<p>The spokes were first observed in the early 1980s by NASA's Voyager mission. Depending on the angle of the rings, the spokes can appear dark or light.</p>



<p>"Thanks to Hubble's OPAL program, which is building an archive of data on the outer solar system planets, we will have longer dedicated time to study Saturn’s spokes this season than ever before," said NASA senior planetary scientist Amy Simon, head of the Hubble Outer Planet Atmospheres Legacy (OPAL) program.</p>



<p>"Despite years of excellent observations by the Cassini mission, the precise beginning and duration of the spoke season is still unpredictable, rather like predicting the first storm during hurricane season."</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;</em></p>



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<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Mysterious "spoke season" captured on Saturn

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