<p>A mountain the size of a major Rocky Mountain peak is sitting under the Pacific Ocean north of Palau, and we finally have a map of it. The top rests about 800 feet below the surface, yet the whole <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hidden-plastic-graveyard-uncovered-in-the-deep-mediterranean-sea/">structure</a> climbs roughly 2.6 miles from the deep seafloor.</p>



<p>The discovery comes from a NOAA Ocean Exploration cruise that focused on a rarely mapped stretch of ocean. The team put time on task, swept the area with high resolution acoustics, and confirmed the feature’s size and shape.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hidden-ocean-mountain-discovered">Hidden ocean mountain discovered</h2>



<p>The first public look at this feature appeared in a field <a href="https://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/expedition-feature/live-from-the-field-updates-from-garret/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">log</a> posted on September 2, 2025, which described the mountain about 250 miles north of Palau and noted its summit depth and scale. That early report also set the stage for future dives and sampling.</p>



<p>This account comes from <a href="https://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/multimedia/garret-odonnell-with-noaa-ship-okeanos-explorer/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Garret O’Donnell</a> of NOAA Ocean Exploration, a 2025 <a href="https://seagrant.noaa.gov/communities/students/graduate-fellows/knauss-fellowship-program/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">John A. Knauss</a> fellow aboard NOAA Ship <a href="https://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/okeanos/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Okeanos</a> Explorer. He is part of the mapping team that turned raw sonar pings into a usable chart of the seamount.</p>



<p>“It’s funny to me that were we not actively mapping these features, we would have no idea that a mountain half the height of Mount Everest lies directly beneath us," O'Donnell enthused. </p>



<p>"Maybe one day the map we made of this behemoth will be used to navigate the feature with a remotely operated vehicle to get a closer look."</p>



<p>The numbers are straightforward and worth stating clearly. The peak sits about 800 feet down, and the full height from the abyssal plain to the summit is about 2.6 miles.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/seamount_ocean-mountain_palau_mapping_NOAA_1m.jpg"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/seamount_ocean-mountain_palau_mapping_NOAA_1s.webp" alt="A map showing the depth extent of an unnamed seamount that was fully mapped as part of Beyond the Blue: Palau Mapping 2 expedition. Credit: NOAA Ocean Exploration, 2025 Beyond the Blue" class="wp-image-1986402"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption"><em>A map showing the depth extent of an unnamed seamount that was fully mapped as part of Beyond the Blue: Palau Mapping 2 expedition. Click image to enlarge. Credit: NOAA Ocean Exploration, 2025 Beyond the Blue</em></figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-seamounts-matter">Why seamounts matter</h2>



<p>A seamount is an <a href="https://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/ocean-fact/seamounts/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">underwater mountain</a>, most often the remains of an extinct volcano that never broke the surface or later sank below the waves. </p>



<p>Less than one tenth of a percent of the world’s seamounts have been explored, a figure that captures how much frontier still exists in the deep <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/world-turtle-day-2025-ancient-creatures-with-modern-challenges/">ocean</a>.</p>



<p>Scientists estimate there are more than 100,000 large seamounts on Earth when you count those taller than about 3,280 feet. That global count was formalized in a 2010 <a href="https://topex.ucsd.edu/sandwell/publications/127.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">study</a> that combined satellite and ship data to build a census.</p>



<p>Why do these mountains matter for life in the ocean? Their shape changes currents, concentrates food, and creates habitats that attract fish, corals, and marine mammals.</p>



<p>This point was underscored by NOAA’s national marine sanctuaries team in a 2025 <a href="https://sanctuaries.noaa.gov/news/2025/reasons-seamounts-matter.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">explainer</a> on why seamounts matter.</p>



<p>The new map north of Palau gives researchers a fixed target for future biological work. It also gives navigators and managers a better picture of the seafloor in a region where charts can still be sparse.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mapping-the-new-ocean-mountain">Mapping the new ocean mountain</h2>



<p>The workhorse tool was <a href="https://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/technology/sonar-multibeam/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">multibeam sonar</a>, an array that sends out many sound beams and times their echoes to build a detailed picture of the seafloor. </p>



<p>Each pass traces a swath under the ship, and careful overlapping tracks stitch those swaths into a complete map.</p>



<p>Teams call the survey <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/unprecedented-collapse-panamas-ocean-upwelling-fails-for-the-first-time-in-40-years/">pattern</a> “mowing the lawn,” because it is an even, methodical sweep that favors coverage and consistency. </p>



<p>That approach is slow, but it is the way to find steep slopes, ledges, and summit shapes that single passes can miss.</p>



<p>Precision matters, so crews run regular checks to keep the data within tight error limits. When the seas cooperate, this produces clean coverage that captures the real outline of a feature rather than a guess based on sparse lines.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-palau-sanctuary-setting">Palau sanctuary setting</h2>



<p>The mountain rises inside waters tied to the <a href="https://marine-conservation.org/blue-sparks/projects/palau-nms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Palau National Marine Sanctuary</a>, a <a href="https://picrc.org/work/palau-national-marine-sanctuary/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">policy</a> that closed about 80 percent of the nation’s exclusive economic zone to extractive activity on January 1, 2020. </p>



<p>This makes the area a natural lab for documenting geology and life with less pressure from fishing.</p>



<p>Palau’s sanctuary sits near deep water that drops quickly from the island shelf. That geography lets research ships reach study sites in hours rather than days, which helps when a weather window appears.</p>



<p>Protected status also changes the kinds of questions teams can ask. With a baseline in place, future work can track how untouched seamount habitats function over time.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-explaining-the-size">Explaining the size</h2>



<p>The summit at roughly 800 feet makes this feature accessible to surface ship sensors and, with the right systems, to human tended or autonomous vehicles. </p>



<p>The full height of about 2.6 miles shows it is not a small bump, but a major structure that would not look out of place among prominent continental <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/national-dolphin-day-2025-honoring-the-oceans-most-playful-minds/">peaks</a>.</p>



<p>For context, that height is in the same league as well known mountains on land. The comparison helps illustrate how much topography is hiding in plain sight beneath open water.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/seamount_ocean-mountain_palau_rov-tracks_NOAA_1m.jpg"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/seamount_ocean-mountain_palau_rov-tracks_NOAA_1s.webp" alt="The location of the unnamed seamount mapped during the Beyond the Blue: Palau Mapping 2 expedition relative to the ship’s trackline shows the lawn mowing survey pattern and position north of Palau. Credit: NOAA Ocean Exploration, 2025 Beyond the Blue" class="wp-image-1986404"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption"><em>The location of the unnamed seamount mapped during the Beyond the Blue: Palau Mapping 2 expedition relative to the ship’s trackline shows the lawn mowing survey pattern and position north of Palau. Click image to enlarge. Credit: NOAA Ocean Exploration, 2025 Beyond the Blue</em></figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ocean-mountain-maps-matter">Ocean mountain maps matter</h2>



<p>A remotely operated vehicle (ROV) can now be guided to interesting ledges and slopes rather than wandering. </p>



<p>Targeted transects can record sponge and coral communities, fish schools, and any signs of mineral crusts that often coat old volcanic rock.</p>



<p>Water sampling can pair with environmental DNA (<a href="http://edna/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">eDNA</a>) analysis to list species without seeing them directly. Those data can set a baseline for the site, which is essential for tracking change.</p>



<p>Good <a href="https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/bathymetry.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bathymetry</a> improves navigation by reducing the chance of surprise shallows or pinnacles near shipping routes. </p>



<p>It also makes tsunami and circulation models more accurate, since seafloor shape affects how waves and currents move energy.</p>



<p>For research planning, a complete map is the difference between blind searching and directed work. It saves days of ship time and compresses campaigns into focused operations.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-seamount-mapping">Future seamount mapping</h2>



<p>The expedition that produced this map connects to a larger push to chart and understand Palau’s deeper waters. </p>



<p><a href="https://www.noaa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NOAA</a> has outlined a multi-cruise <a href="https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/3-research-cruises-depart-to-improve-understanding-of-atlantic-and-southern-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plan</a> in the region, working with local partners to collect high resolution mapping data across the sanctuary.</p>



<p>Each new map reduces uncertainty and opens the door to more detailed work. It is a steady build toward a fuller view of the Pacific floor near Palau.</p>



<p>The global picture still frames the task. A widely cited census estimated more than 100,000 large seamounts worldwide, which shows how much there is left to find and study.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Massive underwater mountain discovered that is larger than some peaks in the Rockies

A mountain the size of a major Rocky Mountain peak is sitting under the Pacific Ocean north of Palau, and we finally have a map of it. The top rests about 800 feet below the surface, yet the whole structure climbs roughly 2.6 miles from the deep seafloor. The discovery comes from a NOAA Ocean Exploration cruise that focused on a rarely mapped stretch of ocean. The team put time on task, swept the area with high resolution acoustics, and confirmed the feature’s size and shape. Hidden...

<p>A prediction from scientists at the <a href="https://www.ku.dk/english/">University of Copenhagen</a> presents a somewhat paradoxical outcome of our continued reliance on greenhouse gas-emitting energy sources. The experts warn that critical ocean currents - which carry heat, cold, and precipitation between the tropics and the far reaches of the Atlantic region - may come to a grinding halt around 2060 if greenhouse gas <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/epa-plans-to-eliminate-greenhouse-gas-emissions-from-power-plants-by-2040/">emissions</a> continue at the current rate. </p>



<p>This latest calculation contradicts earlier reports from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).</p>



<h2 id="h-atlantic-ocean-current-system">Atlantic ocean current system</h2>



<p>As Europe braces for the impacts of climate change, one might envision its future to be scorching. However, this recent study from researchers at the Niels Bohr Institute and the Department of Mathematical Sciences at the University of Copenhagen paints a different picture.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The experts forecast that the Thermohaline Circulation, or the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC), the ocean current system that regulates the distribution of heat and cold between the North Atlantic region and the tropics, will cease to function entirely if the rate of greenhouse gas emissions remains unchanged.</p>



<h2 id="h-shutting-down-the-amoc">Shutting down the AMOC</h2>



<p>By leveraging sophisticated statistical tools and analyzing ocean temperature data spanning the last century and a half, the researchers determined that, with a 95 percent certainty, the AMOC will collapse sometime between 2025 and 2095.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The most likely time frame for this dramatic event is 34 years from now, in 2057, an event that will pose substantial challenges, from amplified warming in the tropics to a surge in storminess in the North Atlantic region.</p>



<p>"Shutting down the AMOC can have very serious consequences for Earth's climate, for example, by changing how heat and precipitation are distributed globally," said Professor Peter Ditlevsen from the Niels Bohr Institute.</p>



<p>"While a cooling of Europe may seem less severe as the globe as a whole becomes warmer and heat waves occur more frequently, this shutdown will contribute to an increased warming of the tropics, where rising temperatures have already given rise to challenging living conditions."</p>



<p>"Our result underscores the importance of reducing global greenhouse gas emissions as soon as possible."</p>



<h2 id="h-ipcc-report-findings">IPCC report findings</h2>



<p>These calculations, recently published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-39810-w">Nature Communications</a>, throw into question the conclusions of the latest IPCC report, which deemed a sudden change in the thermohaline circulation unlikely within this century based on climate model simulations.</p>



<p>The researchers derived their predictions from early warning signals exhibited by ocean currents as they begin to destabilize. The appearance of these Early Warning Signals for the Thermohaline Circulation has been reported before. However, it is the recent advancements in statistical methods that have finally made it possible to predict the precise timing of a potential collapse.</p>



<p>Focusing on sea surface temperatures in a particular region of the North Atlantic from 1870 to the present day, the researchers determined these temperatures to be "fingerprints" of the AMOC's strength, which has been directly measured only in the past 15 years.</p>



<h2 id="h-collapse-of-the-thermohaline-circulation">Collapse of the Thermohaline Circulation</h2>



<p>"Using new and improved statistical tools, we’ve made calculations that provide a more robust estimate of when a collapse of the Thermohaline Circulation is most likely to occur, something we had not been able to do before," explained Professor Susanne Ditlevsen of the Department of Mathematical Sciences at the University of Copenhagen.</p>



<p>The thermohaline circulation has remained in its current mode since the last ice age, during which it had collapsed. This collapse, known as Dansgaard-Oeschger events, observed in ice cores from the Greenlandic ice sheet, has occurred 25 times in association with ice age climates.&nbsp;</p>



<p>These events were accompanied by extreme climate changes, with temperatures shifting 10-15 degrees within a decade. In contrast, climate change today is characterized by a 1.5 degree warming over a century. With the threat of another such collapse, the urgency to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions becomes all the more critical.</p>



<p>—-</p>



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Climate paradox: Ocean current collapse could plunge Europe into cold

A prediction from scientists at the University of Copenhagen presents...

Combined SPHERE and ALMA image of material orbiting V960 Mon

<p>Scientists have shared a breathtaking image that offers new insights into the mysterious processes of planet birth. The image, obtained from the European Southern Observatory (ESO), hints at the formation of giant planets similar in scale to Jupiter.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The teams employed the use of two monumental instruments, ESO's Very Large Telescope (VLT) and the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA), to observe large, dusty clumps on the verge of collapse near a young star - a precursor to the birth of a planet.</p>



<h2 id="h-captivating-discovery">Captivating discovery&nbsp;</h2>



<p>"This discovery is truly captivating as it marks the very first detection of clumps around a young star that have the potential to give rise to giant planets,” said Alice Zurlo, a researcher at Chile's Universidad Diego Portales. The discovery signifies a major advance in our understanding of the origin of heavenly bodies.</p>



<p>Researchers have been analyzing an enthralling image captured by the Spectro-Polarimetric High-contrast Exoplanet REsearch (SPHERE) instrument installed on ESO's VLT. The image reveals intricate details of material in the vicinity of a young star, V960 Mon, which is situated over 5,000 light-years away in the constellation Monoceros.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 id="h-dramatic-outburst">Dramatic outburst&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dark-stars-scientists-discover-a-new-type-of-star-powered-by-dark-matter/">star</a> garnered significant scientific interest when its brightness suddenly surged more than twenty-fold in 2014. Subsequent SPHERE observations, taken after this dramatic "outburst,"&nbsp; unveiled the material orbiting V960 Mon as it began to assemble into an elaborate series of spiral arms that span distances greater than our entire Solar System.</p>



<p>This remarkable discovery prompted astronomers to revisit archived observations of the same system, captured by ALMA. The VLT observations delved into the surface of the dusty material around the star, while ALMA could probe deeper into its structure.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“With ALMA, it became apparent that the spiral arms are undergoing fragmentation, resulting in the formation of clumps with masses akin to those of planets,” Zurlo explained.</p>



<h2 id="h-planet-birth">Planet birth</h2>



<p>Planet formation has long been thought to occur through one of two processes: "core accretion," which involves the agglomeration of dust grains, or "gravitational instability," which involves the contraction and collapse of large fragments of star-bound material. Although prior research has provided evidence for core accretion, observational support for gravitational instability has been much rarer.</p>



<p>Yet, this seems to be changing. “No one had ever seen a real observation of gravitational instability happening at planetary scales - until now,” said study leader Philipp Weber, a researcher at the University of Santiago, Chile.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Our group has been searching for signs of how planets form for over ten years, and we couldn't be more thrilled about this incredible discovery," said study co-author Sebastián Pérez.</p>



<p>This investigation, published in <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ace186"><em>The Astrophysical Journal Letters</em></a>, is just the beginning. ESO's Extremely Large Telescope (ELT), currently under construction in Chile's Atacama Desert, will facilitate the exploration of this newly discovered planetary system in unprecedented detail.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“The ELT will enable the exploration of the chemical complexity surrounding these clumps, helping us find out more about the composition of the material from which potential planets are forming,” said Weber.</p>



<h2 id="h-more-about-planet-formation">More about planet formation</h2>



<p>The process of planet formation, also known as planetary accretion, is a complex one that happens over millions to billions of years. Here is a simplified explanation of the process:</p>



<h3 id="h-nebula">Nebula</h3>



<p>Everything starts with a nebula, which is a massive cloud of dust and gas. The nebula could be the remnants of a dead star or it could just be a dense area in space where the dust and gas are naturally accumulating.</p>



<h3 id="h-protostar">Protostar</h3>



<p>The nebula collapses under its own gravity, causing the material to start spinning and form a disc. In the center of this disc, a protostar is formed, which will eventually become a star.</p>



<h3 id="h-protoplanetary-disk">Protoplanetary disk</h3>



<p>Around the protostar, the rest of the material forms a flat, spinning disk known as a protoplanetary disk. The materials in this disk include tiny, solid particles of dust and rock that collide and stick together.</p>



<h3 id="h-planetesimals">Planetesimals</h3>



<p>As these particles continue to collide and stick together, they form larger and larger bodies. When they reach about a kilometer in size, their gravitational pull becomes strong enough to draw in more material. These kilometer-sized objects are known as planetesimals.</p>



<h3 id="h-protoplanets">Protoplanets</h3>



<p>As planetesimals continue to collide and merge, they eventually form protoplanets. Protoplanets are basically baby planets – they're large enough to have a strong gravitational pull, but they're still growing.</p>



<h3 id="h-planets">Planets</h3>



<p>Over millions to billions of years, protoplanets continue to collide and merge until they form full-fledged planets. Some planets, like Earth, also undergo additional processes like core formation and atmospheric development.</p>



<p>Please note that this is a simplified explanation and there's still a lot that scientists don't know about planet formation. For example, the exact process through which small particles of dust and rock stick together to form larger bodies is still a topic of active research.&nbsp;</p>



<p><em>Image Credit: ESO/ALMA (ESO/NAOJ/NRAO)/Weber et al.</em></p>



<p>—-</p>



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Stunning revelation: New image sheds light on the birth of giant planets

Scientists have shared a breathtaking image that offers new insights...

<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/methane-emissions-are-higher-than-previously-estimated/">Methane</a> is a highly potent greenhouse gas - with a Global Warming Potential (GWP) 83 times higher than carbon dioxide over two decades and 30 times higher over a century – accounting for nearly a third of modern warming. Atmospheric methane concentrations are increasing at an alarming rate, currently being almost 2.6 times higher than in pre-industrial times.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Anthropogenic methane emissions are the leading cause of this overall rise, while natural sources make a substantial contribution as well.&nbsp;</p>



<p>According to a recent study published in the journal <a href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2303974120"><em>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</em></a><em> </em>(PNAS)<em>, </em>changes in atmospheric chemistry resulting from emissions of different gases also play a significant part in the global methane budget.</p>



<h2 id="h-focus-of-the-study">Focus of the study</h2>



<p>The experts investigated a mechanism whereby blowing mineral dust combines with sea-spray to form Mineral Dust-Sea Spray Aerosol (MDSA), which is activated by sunlight to produce an abundance of chlorine atoms that oxidize atmospheric methane and tropospheric ozone through photocatalysis. </p>



<p>MDSA appears to be largely composed of blowing dust from the Sahara Desert mixed with sea salt aerosol from the ocean, and is the leading source of atmospheric chlorine over the North Atlantic.</p>



<p>The researchers combined global modeling with laboratory and field observations, including air samples from Barbados highlighting seasonal depletion of the stable isotope&nbsp;<sup>13</sup>CO - an anomaly that puzzled scientists worldwide for over two decades.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 id="h-what-the-researchers-learned">What the researchers learned&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Although it was known that changes in&nbsp;<sup>13</sup>CO and C<sup>18</sup>O were caused by chlorine atoms reacting with methane, and that carbon monoxide is the first stable product in atmospheric methane oxidation, the known sources of atmospheric chlorine could not account for the observed degree of depletion in&nbsp;<sup>13</sup>CO.&nbsp;</p>



<p>In the current study, by using a global 3-D chemistry-climate model (CAM-Chem), the experts discovered that, when increased chlorine from the MDSA mechanism was incorporated, it could explain the Barbados data and the&nbsp;<sup>13</sup>CO depletion.</p>



<p>According to the scientists, if the MDSA from the North Atlantic is extrapolated globally, and its efficiency is similar in other regions – two aspects which are not yet well understood and require further research – global atmospheric chlorine concentrations are likely to be 40 percent higher than previously thought.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 id="h-natural-methane-emissions">Natural methane emissions&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Factoring this into global methane estimations could change our understanding of the relative proportions of methane sources, suggesting possible increases in emissions from biological sources such as agriculture and wetlands.</p>



<p>“Methane emissions from biological sources such as wetlands and agriculture may be growing as global temperatures rise,”&nbsp;said lead author Maarten van Herpen, a managing director at the <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/acacia-impact-innovation-bv">Acacia Impact Innovation BV</a>. </p>



<p>“But recent increases in dust from North Africa have probably increased methane oxidation in the atmosphere, partly masking the growth in biological methane emissions. Adjusting atmospheric modeling to take this into account may show that methane emissions from biological sources are rising even faster than we thought.”</p>



<h2 id="h-further-research-is-needed">Further research is needed&nbsp;</h2>



<p>“When these findings are incorporated into methane budgets it is likely to increase our assessment of how much methane comes from biological sources,” added co-author Matthew Johnson, an atmospheric chemistry scientist at the <a href="https://www.ku.dk/english/">University of Copenhagen</a>.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“While methane oxidation from MDSA is relatively small in terms of global methane, our data shows it is causing large changes in the abundance of&nbsp;<sup>13</sup>C in methane, which is used to determine source contributions.&nbsp;The past few years have seen atmospheric methane increase at an alarming rate, more than ever before, and it is important to understand the cause. Models need to take the revised chlorine isotope shift into account to get a clear picture of the increase in biological methane, which has been identified as a critical tipping point.”</p>



<p>Further research is needed to clarify how the MDSA mechanism operates in the North Atlantic as well as in other parts of the world. “Our current research is focused on getting a better understanding of what exactly influences how much methane MDSA particles are removing from the atmosphere." </p>



<p>"To do that, we are analyzing air samples from across the North Atlantic, provided by atmospheric observatories and commercial ships. Seafarers are helping advance our research by filling flasks with air as they cross through the African dust cloud. We have collected 500 flasks so far. Early results are looking very encouraging, but we need a full year of data before we can draw conclusions,” van Herpen explained.</p>



<p>—-</p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:andrei.ionescu5891@gmail.com"><em>Andrei Ionescu</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>



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African dust and sea spray may help tackle atmospheric methane

Methane is a highly potent greenhouse gas - with a...

<p>Extreme weather events coupled with high levels of fine particulate air pollution increase the risk of fatal heart attacks, according to a recent study published in <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.122.063504"><em>Circulation</em></a>, a journal from the <a href="https://www.heart.org/">American Heart Association</a>.</p>



<p>The results of the study add to growing concerns over the increasing frequency and intensity of extreme <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/death-valley-may-reach-the-hottest-temperature-ever-recorded-this-week/">temperature</a> events and the adverse health impacts of air pollution.</p>



<h2 id="h-focus-of-the-study">Focus of the study</h2>



<p>A team of esearchers led by Dr. Yuewei Liu, an associate professor of epidemiology at Sun Yat-sen University, analyzed the details of 202,678 heart attack fatalities from 2015 to 2020 in Jiangsu, a province in China. This province has four distinctive seasons and experiences a broad range of temperatures and pollution levels.</p>



<p>"Extreme temperature events are becoming more frequent, longer, and more intense, and their adverse health effects have drawn growing concern," said Dr. Liu.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Another environmental issue worldwide is the presence of fine particulate matter in the air, which may interact synergistically with extreme temperatures to adversely affect cardiovascular health."&nbsp;</p>



<h2>Studying heatwaves and fatal heart attacks</h2>



<p>Dr. Liu further notes that it was crucial to explore the interaction of extreme temperatures and fine particulate pollution in triggering a greater risk of heart attack death.&nbsp;</p>



<p>As part of their analysis, the researchers considered extreme temperature variations according to the daily heat index, which gauges the combined effect of heat and humidity. They examined both the severity and duration of heatwaves and cold snaps.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The team then compared the heart attack fatalities during these periods with the heart attack fatalities on control days, which are the same day of the week in the same month.</p>



<h2 id="h-what-the-researchers-learned">What the researchers learned&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The findings show a significant increase in the risk of fatal heart attacks during extreme temperature events with high levels of fine particulate pollution (above 37.5 micrograms per cubic meter). Women, older people, and heatwave conditions particularly pronounce this risk.</p>



<p>"Our findings provide evidence that reducing exposure to both extreme temperatures and fine particulate pollution may be useful to prevent premature deaths from heart attack, especially for women and older adults," said Dr. Liu.</p>



<p>Breaking down the specifics, the researchers found:</p>



<ul>
<li>An 18% higher risk of fatal heart attacks during 2-day heatwaves with heat indexes at or above the 90th percentile (82.6 to 97.9 degrees Fahrenheit), increasing with temperature and duration.<br></li>



<li>A 4% higher risk during 2-day cold snaps with temperatures at or below the 10th percentile (33.3 to 40.5 degrees Fahrenheit), also increasing with lower temperatures and duration.<br></li>



<li>The risk of a fatal heart attack was twice as high during 4-day heatwaves that had fine particulate pollution above 37.5 micrograms per cubic meter.<br></li>



<li>The risk was generally higher among women than men during heatwaves.<br></li>



<li>The risk was higher among people ages 80 and older than in younger adults during heatwaves, cold snaps, or days with high levels of fine particulate pollution.</li>
</ul>



<p>The researchers further estimated that up to 2.8% of heart attack deaths could be attributed to the combination of extreme temperatures and high levels of fine particulate pollution, aligning with World Health Organization targets.</p>



<h2 id="h-mitigation-strategies">Mitigation strategies&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Dr. Liu offers suggestions to mitigate the negative health effects of extreme temperatures and air pollution: "Strategies for individuals include following weather forecasts, staying inside when temperatures are extreme, using fans and air conditioners during hot weather, dressing appropriately for the weather, proper hydration, and installing window blinds to reduce indoor temperatures."&nbsp;</p>



<p>Dr. Liu also advises using air purifiers indoors, wearing masks outdoors, avoiding busy highways when walking, and choosing less strenuous outdoor activities on high pollution days. These measures are particularly important in regions with historically marginalized and under-resourced communities that bear the brunt of air pollution exposure.</p>



<h2 id="h-future-research-on-fatal-heart-attacks">Future research&nbsp;on fatal heart attacks</h2>



<p>The experts emphasized the need for further research to confirm their findings and explore the interactive effects of extreme weather and fine particulate pollution on heart attack deaths in different regions with varying temperature and pollution ranges.</p>



<p>Finally, the researchers did not account for any adaptive behaviors individuals may adopt, such as staying indoors or using air conditioning during extreme temperatures or high pollution levels. These adaptations could affect exposure levels and risk patterns, making it a potential area of investigation for future research.</p>



<p>—-</p>



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Heatwaves and air pollution may double fatal heart attack risk

Extreme weather events coupled with high levels of fine particulate...

<p>In an era where snacking has become an ingrained part of our daily routine, one question continues to generate heated debate amongst health professionals and the public alike: is snacking bad for your health? The answer, it seems, hinges on not only the types of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/planet-friendly-foods-can-reduce-your-risk-of-mortality-by-25-percent/">foods</a> we reach for, but also the timing of our snack breaks.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Recent studies suggest that more than 70% of people snack at least twice a day, transforming the perception of snacking from a dietary taboo to a widespread eating pattern.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 id="h-snack-quality-and-timing">Snack quality and timing</h2>



<p>A new study from <a href="https://www.kcl.ac.uk/">King's College London</a> involving over 1,000 participants has investigated the potential health impacts of snacking. For the researchers, the goal was to scrutinize the extent to which snack quality and timing could influence health outcomes.</p>



<p>Dr. Kate Bermingham, a postdoctoral fellow at King's College London and the lead researcher in this study, clarified the team's findings: “Our study showed that the quality of snacking is more important than the quantity or frequency of snacking, thus choosing high quality snacks over highly processed snacks is likely beneficial. Timing is also important, with late night snacking being unfavorable for health.”</p>



<p>The findings of the study were unveiled at <a href="https://nutrition.org/n23/">NUTRITION 2023</a>, the flagship annual meeting of the <a href="https://nutrition.org/">American Society for Nutrition</a>.</p>



<h2 id="h-zoe-predict-project">ZOE PREDICT project</h2>



<p>The study is embedded in the ZOE PREDICT project, an initiative that coordinates multiple extensive, comprehensive nutritional research studies. This project's primary objective is to shed light on the nuances of how and why individuals respond differently to the same foods.</p>



<p>Bermingham noted the scarcity of research on snacking, despite its significant contribution to our daily energy intake, typically accounting for 20-25%.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“PREDICT followed a large number of people and captured detailed information on their snacking behaviors, allowing this in-depth exploration of snacking on health," said Bermingham.</p>



<h2 id="h-how-the-study-was-conducted">How the study was conducted&nbsp;</h2>



<p>To map out the intricate connection between snack patterns and health indicators, the researchers used data from over 1,000 UK participants involved in the ZOE PREDICT 1 study. </p>



<p>They focused primarily on the correlation between snacking quantity, quality, and timing with blood fats and insulin levels - key indicators of cardiometabolic health.</p>



<h2 id="h-what-the-researchers-learned">What the researchers learned&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The comprehensive analysis indicated that snacks rich in nutrients relative to their caloric value - what the researchers referred to as higher-quality foods - were correlated with more favorable blood fat and insulin responses.&nbsp;</p>



<p>On the other hand, late-night snacking, which extends the daily eating window and curtails the overnight fasting period, was associated with less favorable blood glucose and lipid levels. Interestingly, there was no discernible connection between snack frequency, calorie intake, food quantity, and any of the analyzed health measures.</p>



<p>Bermingham highlighted a significant finding that could pave the way for future dietary interventions: "We observed only weak relationships between snack quality and the remainder of the diet, which highlights snacking as an independent modifiable dietary feature that could be targeted to improve health."&nbsp;</p>



<h2 id="h-healthy-snacking-ideas">Healthy snacking ideas</h2>



<p>Snacking can play an important role in a healthy diet, as long as you choose nutrient-rich foods and keep an eye on portion sizes.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Snacks can prevent overeating at meal times and throughout the day, provide additional nutrients, and keep your energy levels consistent. Here are some healthy suggestions:</p>



<h3 id="h-fruit-and-yogurt">Fruit and yogurt</h3>



<p>Fresh fruits are rich in fiber, antioxidants, and a variety of vitamins and minerals. Pairing them with a protein-rich yogurt can make you feel fuller for longer.</p>



<h3 id="h-nuts-and-seeds">Nuts and seeds</h3>



<p>They are excellent sources of fiber, protein, and healthy fats. Almonds, walnuts, sunflower seeds, and chia seeds are some great options. Be careful with portion sizes, as these foods are high in calories.</p>



<h3 id="h-vegetable-sticks-with-hummus">Vegetable sticks with hummus</h3>



<p>Vegetables like carrots, bell peppers, cucumber, and celery are full of vitamins, minerals, and fiber. Hummus, made from chickpeas, provides protein and healthy fats.</p>



<h3 id="h-whole-grain-toast-with-avocado">Whole grain toast with avocado</h3>



<p>Avocado is high in monounsaturated fats, fiber, and various important nutrients. Whole grain bread contains complex carbohydrates that provide you with steady energy.</p>



<h3 id="h-boiled-eggs">Boiled eggs</h3>



<p>Eggs are an excellent source of protein and also contain many important nutrients, including vitamin B12 and choline.</p>



<h3 id="h-smoothies">Smoothies</h3>



<p>Homemade smoothies can be a nutrition powerhouse, combining fruits, vegetables, yogurt, and other nutritious ingredients. Avoid adding too much sugar.</p>



<h3 id="h-air-popped-popcorn">Air-popped popcorn</h3>



<p>This is a whole grain food that's high in fiber and low in calories, provided you don't overload it with butter or other high-calorie toppings.</p>



<h3 id="h-dark-chocolate">Dark chocolate</h3>



<p>Choose a chocolate with at least 70% cocoa. It's high in antioxidants and can satisfy a sweet craving in a healthier way.</p>



<p>—-</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com</a>.</p>

Smart snacking: Quality and timing make all the difference

In an era where snacking has become an ingrained part...

<p>A team of researchers has been exploring the complex changes in vegetation and greening along the Pacific coastal areas of Peru and northern Chile.</p>



<p>In a surprising study led by the Cambridge-based <a href="https://www.phy.cam.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cavendish Laboratory</a>, these scientists have examined this unique and fragile environment over the past 20 years.</p>



<p>Their intensive analysis revealed some surprising trends. Some areas showed an encouraging increase in vegetation growth, termed "<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earth-greening-affects-carbon-uptake-by-plants/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">greening</a>," while others demonstrated disturbing negative growth patterns, known as "<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/forests-around-the-world-are-turning-brown-during-summer/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">browning</a>."</p>



<p>As expected, these transformations were influenced by human activities. These include farming, urban development, and changes in land use practices.</p>



<p>However, a significant discovery that emerged from this study, recently published in <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/14/3628">MDPI Remote Sensing</a>, was the identification of a massive section of the West Slope of the Andes experiencing notable greening over the past two decades.</p>



<h2 id="h-greening-stretches-from-northern-peru-to-northern-chile">Greening stretches from Northern Peru to Northern Chile</h2>



<p>This substantial greening stretch spans about 2000 kilometers, stretching from <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/greening_Peruvian-coast_MODIS_1big.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Northern Peru</a> to Northern Chile. Its vegetation varies with altitude, showcasing different types of plants at different heights.</p>



<p>The versatile research team, comprised of mathematicians, geographers, biologists, and earth scientists, harnessed the power of satellite images. They searched the images for changes in vegetation from 2000 to 2020.</p>



<p>The scientists meticulously plotted 450 data points and engineered a mathematical model to eliminate artificial variations such as cloudy days and seasonality. They also utilized rigorous statistical analysis to ensure they were only scrutinizing areas with a significant trend.</p>



<p>Hugo Lepage, a mathematician at the Cavendish laboratory and the study's lead author, shared the challenging journey to this breakthrough.</p>



<p>"It took three years to sort the methodology and the statistical model," said Lepage. "We really needed to bulletproof it to make sure that something was really happening on a massive scale, and it was not just a fluke."</p>



<h2>Verifying on the ground that Peru is greening</h2>



<p>To corroborate their data, the team also conducted numerous field trips to observe the region's conditions. Eustace Barnes, a geographer from the Cavendish Laboratory's Environmental Physics Group that led the research, shared the team's unexpected revelation.</p>



<p>"We started with a very local area to study the impact of mining on local vegetation. To our surprise, the data was suggesting that the area was <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/arctic-greening-will-not-slow-local-climate-changes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">greening</a> instead of browning," explained Barnes. "So, we zoomed out and realized other areas were also greening on a large scale. When we went to check on the ground, we observed a similar trend."</p>



<p>The researchers also noticed some puzzling characteristics of the greening strip that defied expectations. Barnes stated, "First, the strip ascends as we look southward, going from 170-780 m in northern Peru to 2600-4300 m in the south of Peru. This is counterintuitive, as we would expect the surface temperatures to drop both when moving south and ascending in altitude."</p>



<p>Adding to the perplexity, this <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/greening_in_peru_Credit-Hugo-Lepage.png">substantial greening strip</a> does not align with the established climate zones. This, according to the Köppen-Geiger classification -- a vegetation-based empirical climate classification system used widely. In contrast, the greening and browning trends in the coastal deserts and high Andes align with this system perfectly.</p>



<h2>What this greening trend means for Peru</h2>



<p>The implications of these results reach far beyond academia. It also affects environmental management and policymaking in the region.</p>



<p>While the precise cause or effects of this greening remain uncertain, such a substantial increase (30-60% index increase) in vegetation will undeniably affect ecosystems and the environment.</p>



<p>“The Pacific slope provides water for two-thirds of the country, and this is where most of the food for Peru is coming from too,” Barnes pointed out. "This rapid change in vegetation, and to water level and ecosystems, will inevitably have an impact on water and agricultural planning management.”</p>



<p>The researchers believe their findings will significantly advance the scientific community's understanding of the intricate relationships between climate change and fragile ecosystems in arid and semi-arid environments.</p>



<p>“This is a warning sign, like the canary in the mine. There is nothing we can do to stop changes at such a large scale. But knowing about it will help to plan better for the future,” Lepage concluded.</p>



<p>This pivotal research was carried out by the Environmental Physics Group. It was led by Prof. Crispin Barnes, and generously funded by the Universidad Nacional de Cañete (UNDC), dpto Lima, Peru.</p>



<h2>More about the Peruvian coastal region</h2>



<p>Peru's coastal region, often referred to as the Costa, stretches along the Pacific Ocean. The area covers roughly 11% of the country's land area but housing over half of its population. </p>



<p>This coastal region is narrow and long, spanning about 2,414 kilometers (1,500 miles) from north to south but only 100-150 kilometers (60-100 miles) east to west.</p>



<h3>Geography and climate</h3>



<p>The coastal plain is predominantly desert, making it one of the driest deserts in the world. It includes sandy deserts, rocky deserts, hills, and large dunes. Despite the arid conditions, numerous rivers descending from the Andes Mountains cross the region, creating fertile river valleys. These valleys, known as "lomas," become verdant during the rainy season when humidity rises.</p>



<p>The region's climate is heavily influenced by the cold Humboldt Current. Also known as the Peru Current, it flows northwards along the coast. It results in a subtropical desert climate with a cool, mild atmosphere and high humidity, with temperatures rarely exceeding 29°C (85°F). This current also leads to frequent coastal fogs and mist, known locally as "garúa."</p>



<h3>Biodiversity</h3>



<p>Despite its arid nature, the Costa is home to a unique array of flora and fauna. The ocean waters off the coast are among the most productive marine ecosystems in the world. They support a rich diversity of marine life, including a variety of fish species, sea birds, and mammals like seals and sea lions.</p>



<h3>Human settlements and economy</h3>



<p>The Costa is the economic and political heartland of Peru, home to the country's capital, Lima, which is also the largest city. Lima and other cities along the coast are major industrial and financial centers.</p>



<p>The coastal region's economy is driven by fishing, agriculture, mining, and manufacturing. Thanks to the fertile river valleys, agriculture thrives despite the overall arid conditions. The region produces a significant amount of Peru's agricultural output. This includes crops such as cotton, sugar cane, and a variety of fruits and vegetables.</p>



<h3>Historical importance</h3>



<p>The coastal region has been a cradle of ancient civilizations, including the Moche and Nazca, known for their intricate pottery and enormous geoglyphs, respectively. The area was also central to the Inca Empire, with important administrative and ceremonial sites located along the coast.</p>



<p>In conclusion, Peru's coastal region is an area of stark contrasts, with its desert landscapes, fertile valleys, bustling cities, and rich historical sites. Its unique combination of physical geography, climate, and biodiversity make it a fascinating region to study and explore.</p>

Coastal areas of Peru and Chile are greening, but this is not positive discovery

A team of researchers has been exploring the complex changes...

<p>In a significant scientific breakthrough, the James Webb Space Telescope has detected <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/drinking-water-is-the-key-to-a-long-and-healthy-life/">water</a> vapor in the rocky planet-forming zone of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/PDS_70_artist_concept_NASA_1big-scaled.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PDS 70 star system</a>. </p>



<p>PDS 70 is an intriguing astronomical system that is situated approximately 370 light-years away. The fascinating aspect of this discovery is that it marks the first time that water has been detected in the terrestrial region of a disc, particularly one that is already recognized to host two or more protoplanets.</p>



<h2 id="h-search-for-extraterrestrial-life-on-water-planets">Search for extraterrestrial life&nbsp;on water planets</h2>



<p>The quest for life outside of our planet is intrinsically linked to the search for water, the very element essential to life as we understand it. But how water actually arrived on Earth and whether the same processes could seed rocky exoplanets in distant star systems has been a topic of ongoing scientific debate. </p>



<p>The recent findings from the PDS 70 system may provide some compelling insights in this regard. This particular system comprises an inner disc and an outer disc, separated by a considerable gap of eight billion kilometers. Nestled within this gap are two known gas-giant planets.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 id="h-how-the-discovery-was-made">How the discovery was made</h2>



<p>The water vapor discovery was made by the Mid-InfraRed Instrument (MIRI), a joint venture by NASA, the European Space Agency (ESA), and the Canadian Space Agency (CSA).</p>



<p>The MIRI has been successful in detecting water vapor within the inner disc of the PDS 70 system, at distances less than 160 million kilometers from the star. This area is of immense interest because it is the region where rocky, terrestrial planets like our Earth could potentially be forming.</p>



<p>Giulia Perotti, the lead author from the <a href="https://www.mpia.de/en">Max Planck Institute for Astronomy</a> (MPIA) in Heidelberg, Germany, stated, "We’ve seen water in other discs, but not so close in and in a system where planets are currently assembling. We couldn’t make this type of measurement before Webb." </p>



<p>Her statement underscores the remarkable capabilities of the James Webb Space Telescope and its contributions to our understanding of the universe.</p>



<p>"This discovery is extremely exciting, as it probes the region where rocky planets similar to Earth typically form," said study co-author Thomas Henning, director of MPIA.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Henning also serves as the co-principal investigator of Webb’s MIRI and the principal investigator of the MINDS (MIRI Mid-Infrared Disk Survey) program that captured the data.</p>



<h2 id="h-planet-forming-discs-at-pds-70">Planet-forming discs at PDS 70</h2>



<p>PDS 70 is a K-type star, cooler and younger than our Sun, with an estimated age of about 5.4 million years. The presence of water vapor in such a relatively aged star, especially considering its planet-forming discs, comes as a surprise.</p>



<p>Planet-forming discs are comprised of gas and dust, the contents of which decline over time. This decline can be attributed to the central star's radiation and winds eliminating the material, or the dust evolving into larger bodies that eventually form planets.&nbsp;</p>



<p>In this light, the detection of water vapor in PDS 70 is remarkable since it implies a wet environment that could potentially allow the formation of rocky planets. This contradicts previous theories that suggested stellar radiation might lead to a dry environment in similarly aged discs, unsuitable for the formation of any rocky planets.</p>



<p>The researchers have yet to detect any planets forming within PDS 70's inner disc, but they do see the essential building blocks for rocky worlds: silicates. The presence of water vapor indicates that if rocky planets are forming, they will have water available to them from the very start.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"We find a relatively large amount of small dust grains. Combined with our detection of water vapour, the inner disc is a very exciting place," said study co-author Rens Waters from Radboud University.</p>



<h2 id="h-two-possible-scenarios">Two possible scenarios&nbsp;</h2>



<p>This extraordinary discovery poses further questions: Where did the water come from? The team behind the MINDS program has considered two scenarios.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Water molecules could be forming directly in the place they were detected through the combination of hydrogen and oxygen atoms.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Alternatively, ice-coated dust particles might be migrating from the cool outer disc to the hotter inner disc, where the water ice would sublimate and turn into vapor.</p>



<p>Moreover, how can water survive so close to the star, where the star’s ultraviolet light could theoretically break apart any water molecules? The most probable answer lies in the protection provided by surrounding materials, such as dust and other water molecules, that serve as a shield against destruction.</p>



<p>As a next step, the researchers plan to employ two of Webb’s other instruments, the Near-InfraRed Camera (NIRCam) and the Near-InfraRed Spectrograph (NIRSpec), to further study the PDS 70 system and potentially reveal even greater insights.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The research has been published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/"><em>Nature</em></a><em>.</em></p>



<h2 id="h-more-about-pds-70-and-its-potential-water-planets">More about PDS 70 and its potential water planets</h2>



<p>PDS 70 is a star system approximately 370 light-years away from Earth in the constellation Centaurus.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The PDS 70 system is particularly noteworthy due to the discovery of two planets in the process of formation, PDS 70b and PDS 70c. </p>



<p>These potential water planets were discovered in 2018 and 2019 respectively. Their formation is ongoing, providing astronomers with a rare opportunity to study planetary formation processes directly.</p>



<p>PDS 70b is a gas giant approximately 21 times the mass of Jupiter and orbits the star at a distance equivalent to about the distance between Uranus and the Sun in our solar system. PDS 70c, on the other hand, is around 10 times the mass of Jupiter and orbits at a greater distance from the star.</p>



<p>Also, it is noteworthy that PDS 70c was the first exoplanet directly observed to have a circumplanetary disc - a structure of dust and gas surrounding the planet, which is thought to be material left over from the planet's formation. These discs are believed to be sites where moons can form.</p>



<h2 id="h-more-about-gas-giants">More about gas giants</h2>



<p>Gas giants, also known as Jovian planets, are a type of planet that is primarily composed of hydrogen and helium. The name "gas giant" was synonymous with "giant planet" until the latter term was clearly defined as a large planet that directly formed from the collapse of a molecular cloud (like a star) rather than through core accretion (like a terrestrial planet). This broad definition encompasses both traditional "gas giants" like Jupiter and Saturn and "ice giants" like Uranus and Neptune.</p>



<h3 id="h-defining-characteristics">Defining characteristics</h3>



<h4 id="h-size-and-mass">Size and mass</h4>



<p>Gas giants are much larger and more massive than terrestrial planets. For example, Jupiter, the largest gas giant in our solar system, has a diameter more than 11 times that of Earth, and its mass is over 300 times greater.</p>



<h4 id="h-composition">Composition</h4>



<p>Gas giants are primarily composed of hydrogen and helium, similar to the Sun. They may also contain heavier volatile substances, often called "ices." For instance, in the cases of Uranus and Neptune, the term "ice giants" has been used to denote their different internal structure, which is thought to include a higher proportion of heavier volatile substances like water, ammonia, and methane.</p>



<h4 id="h-atmosphere">Atmosphere</h4>



<p>Gas giants have thick atmospheres, extending many thousands of kilometers above their surfaces. These atmospheres are composed primarily of hydrogen and helium, with trace amounts of other gases that lend the planets their distinctive colors.</p>



<h4 id="h-rings-and-moons">Rings and moons</h4>



<p>All gas giants in our solar system have ring systems, although Saturn's are the most prominent. They also have numerous moons.</p>



<h4 id="h-lack-of-solid-surface">Lack of solid surface</h4>



<p>Unlike terrestrial planets, gas giants do not have a solid surface. The outer gaseous layer transitions gradually into the internal layers as pressure and temperature increase.</p>



<p>—-</p>



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Water detected where giant planets like Earth may be forming

In a significant scientific breakthrough, the James Webb Space Telescope...

<p>A team of scientists from <a href="https://www.sandia.gov/">Sandia National Laboratories</a> and <a href="https://www.tamu.edu/index.html">Texas A&amp;M University</a> has recently witnessed for the first time a stunning phenomenon: pieces of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rare-earth-metals-water-repellent/">metal</a> cracking, then fusing back together without any human intervention.&nbsp;</p>



<p>If this amazing phenomenon can be harnessed, it could give rise to an engineering revolution in which self-healing bridges, engines, or airplanes could reverse damage caused by wear and tear and thus become safer and longer-lasting.</p>



<p>“This was absolutely stunning to watch first-hand,” said Brad Boyce, a materials scientist at Sandia. “What we have confirmed is that metals have their own intrinsic, natural ability to heal themselves, at least in the case of fatigue damage at the nanoscale.”</p>



<h2 id="h-tiny-fractures-big-problems">Tiny fractures, big problems</h2>



<p>Fatigue damage is one of the main ways through which machine wear out and eventually break. From repeated stress or motion, microscopic cracks emerge and grow over time, ultimately leading to the complete failure of the device.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The fissure the researchers saw disappear in the current study was one of these tiny (measured in nanometers) but consequential fractures.</p>



<p>“From solder joints in our electronic devices to our vehicle’s engines to the bridges that we drive over, these structures often fail unpredictably due to cyclic loading that leads to crack initiation and eventual fracture,” Boyce explained.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“When they do fail, we have to contend with replacement costs, lost time and, in some cases, even injuries or loss of life. The economic impact of these failures is measured in hundreds of billions of dollars every year for the U.S.”&nbsp;</p>



<h2 id="h-unexpected-possibilities">Unexpected possibilities&nbsp;</h2>



<p>According to Boyce, although scientists have already created some self-healing materials (mostly plastics), a self-healing metal has been considered impossible until recently. “Cracks in metals were only ever expected to get bigger, not smaller. Even some of the basic equations we use to describe crack growth preclude the possibility of such healing processes,” he said.</p>



<p>However, the possibility of self-healing metals has already been theorized in 2013 in a <a href="https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.111.145501">study</a> led by Michael Demkowicz, who was at that time an assistant professor of Materials Science and Engineering at the <a href="https://www.mit.edu/">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a> (MIT), and is currently a full professor at Texas A&amp;M.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Based on computer simulations, Demkowicz argued that, under certain specific conditions, metals should be able to weld shut cracks formed by wear and tear.</p>



<h2 id="h-clear-evidence">Clear evidence</h2>



<p>Now, experts from Sandia inadvertently found clear evidence for this hypothesis, while evaluating how cracks formed and spread through a nanoscale piece of platinum by using a specialized electron microscope technique that could repeatedly pull on the ends of the metal 200 times per second.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Surprisingly, after about 40 minutes, the damage in one location suddenly reversed course, with one end of the crack fusing back together as if retracing its steps, leaving no trace of the previous injury. Afterwards, the crack started to regrow along a different direction.</p>



<p>Further research is needed to assess whether such self-healing processes could become practical tools in manufacturing.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“The extent to which these findings are generalizable will likely become a subject of extensive research. We show this happening in nanocrystalline metals in vacuum.&nbsp;But we don’t know if this can also be induced in conventional metals in air,” Boyce said.</p>



<p>“My hope is that this finding will encourage materials researchers to consider that, under the right circumstances, materials can do things we never expected,” Demkowicz concluded.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06223-0"><em>Nature</em></a><em>.</em></p>



<h2 id="h-more-about-self-healing-metals">More about self-healing metals</h2>



<p>Self-healing metals are an exciting area of research in the field of materials science. The term refers to metals that have the ability to heal themselves after being damaged or degraded.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This process typically involves the autonomous repair of damages such as cracks or corrosion that could potentially compromise the structural integrity of the metal.</p>



<p>To make self-healing metals, scientists generally introduce a mechanism that can respond to the initiation of damage. There are a couple of broad ways this can be done:</p>



<h3 id="h-microencapsulation">Microencapsulation</h3>



<p>Small capsules filled with a healing agent are dispersed throughout the metal. When a crack or damage occurs, it breaks open these capsules, releasing the healing agent. This can then react with the metal or with another agent to "heal" the crack, preventing it from spreading further.</p>



<h3 id="h-intrinsic-self-healing">Intrinsic self-healing</h3>



<p>Certain alloys have intrinsic self-healing capabilities, as they can form oxide layers that protect the underlying metal from further corrosion. This approach can be promoted by alloying elements, heat treatment, or careful control of the material microstructure to encourage beneficial phase transformations or other self-healing processes.</p>



<p>—-</p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:andrei.ionescu5891@gmail.com"><em>Andrei Ionescu</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com</a>.</p>

"Self-healing" metal discovery opens door for giant tech leap

A team of scientists from Sandia National Laboratories and Texas...

Silhouette,Of,A,Big,Mighty,Oak,Against,Blue,Moon"elements,Of

<p>In a rare astronomical event, August 2023 will offer stargazers the opportunity to see two supermoons, coupled with the appearance of an elusive blue <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earths-atmosphere-beyond-moon/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">moon</a>.</p>



<p>A supermoon takes place when a full moon's orbit brings it closest to our planet. As NASA explains, the moon's orbit around the Earth isn't perfectly circular but rather shaped like an elongated oval, or an ellipse. This causes the moon to oscillate between <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/julys-super-buck-moon-will-shine-bright-in-the-sky-tonight/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">closer and farther distances</a> from our home planet as it completes its orbital cycle.</p>



<p>The furthest point the moon travels from Earth is referred to as the apogee, where the moon sits an average distance of 253,000 miles away. Conversely, the point where the moon is closest to the Earth is known as the perigee, where the moon is roughly 226,000 miles from Earth.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 id="h-close-approach-causes-supermoons">Close approach causes supermoons</h2>



<p>It's at the perigee stage that a supermoon occurs, when the full moon aligns with the moon's closest approach to Earth. When observed from the Earth, supermoons tend to appear larger and brighter than a regular full moon, although the difference is slight.</p>



<p>This year's supermoon cycle is particularly special because the four occurrences are happening consecutively. The first of this year's supermoons appeared on July 3, and the final supermoon of this series will occur on September 29.</p>



<h2 id="h-what-is-a-blue-moon">What is a blue moon?</h2>



<p>The term blue moon does not refer to the moon's color but rather to its frequency. A blue moon is the name given to the second full moon that occurs within a single calendar month.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Because a full moon generally appears every 29 days, and as most months are longer than this, comprising 30 or 31 days, it's possible for two full moons to fall within the same month on occasion.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Blue moons are infrequent events that usually take place approximately every two and a half years. The most recent blue moon was visible on August 22, 2021.</p>



<p>This year, the month of August is set to play host to two full moons. Excitingly, both of these are also supermoons, according to the <a href="https://www.almanac.com/">Old Farmer's Almanac</a>.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 id="h-the-sturgeon-moon">The Sturgeon Moon&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The first of these, also known as the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sturgeon-moon-final-supermoon-of-2022-peaks-tonight/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Sturgeon Moon</a>, will occur on Tuesday, August 1, with the moon reaching its peak at 2:32 p.m.</p>



<p>The name "Sturgeon Moon" comes from some Native American groups, primarily those in the Great Lakes region of North America, who found that sturgeon were most abundantly caught during this month.</p>



<p>Sturgeons are prehistoric-looking fish that have been around for over 130 million years. Many species of this fish have developed globally, with some finding a habitat in the Great Lakes.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Different cultures and societies have different names for the full moons throughout the year. For example, for Algonquins, the August full moon is also referred to as the "Grain Moon" due to the prevalence of grains during this time.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Other names for the August full moon include the Green Corn Moon, the Barley Moon, or the Fruit Moon, often reflecting the various crops and foods that become ripe and ready to harvest during this time of year.</p>



<h2 id="h-closest-full-moon-this-year">Closest full moon this year</h2>



<p>August will wrap up with the appearance of a blue moon on Wednesday, August 30, reaching its peak at 9:36 p.m. This moon is not only significant for being the second full moon of the month (a blue moon), but is also classified as a supermoon.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This particular blue moon will be the closest full moon to Earth for the entire year, adding an extra layer of astronomical intrigue.</p>



<p>Overall, this August promises to be a magnificent time for astronomers and stargazers alike. For anyone planning to observe these lunar events, it's best to find a location away from city lights for the clearest view. Also, using a telescope or even a good pair of binoculars can enhance the experience.&nbsp;</p>



<p>For supermoons, since they rise at sunset, looking for a location where you can see the horizon clearly will help you get the best view.</p>



<h2>More about supermoons</h2>



<p>A supermoon is a natural phenomenon where the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tonights-super-moon-coincides-with-a-total-lunar-eclipse/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">full moon coincides with the moon's closest approach</a> to Earth in its elliptical orbit, a point known as perigee. The effect of this coincidence creates a visual spectacle, making the moon appear substantially larger and brighter than usual. </p>



<h3>Causes of a supermoon</h3>



<p>A supermoon event results from the unique alignment of the Earth, moon, and sun. The moon follows an elliptical orbit around the Earth, which means its distance from our planet changes throughout the month. </p>



<p>At its farthest point, known as apogee, the moon stands around 405,500 kilometers away. Conversely, at perigee, the moon's closest point to Earth, the distance decreases to approximately 363,300 kilometers.</p>



<p>When the moon reaches perigee at the same time as it becomes a full moon, the result is a supermoon. This precise alignment creates a slightly larger and brighter moon, with increases of up to 14% in apparent size and up to 30% in brightness compared to a micromoon, the term for a full moon at apogee.</p>



<h3>History and naming of the supermoon</h3>



<p>The term "supermoon" traces its roots back to astrology rather than astronomy. Astrologer Richard Nolle first coined the term in 1979 to refer to a new or full moon that occurs when the moon is within 90% of its closest approach to Earth. </p>



<p>However, astronomers prefer the term "perigee-syzygy" to describe this celestial alignment, where "syzygy" refers to the alignment of three celestial bodies, in this case, the sun, Earth, and moon.</p>



<h3>Cultural significance</h3>



<p>The occurrence of a supermoon carries significance in various cultures. Many indigenous cultures ascribe special meaning to supermoons, and their appearance often features in folklore and mythology. In modern times, supermoons tend to draw large numbers of spectators due to their increased brightness and size, offering unique opportunities for night-time photography and observation.</p>



<h3>Frequency and prediction of supermoons</h3>



<p>Supermoons are not particularly rare phenomena, occurring roughly three to four times per year. Their predictability stems from the consistent nature of the moon's orbit and the regularity of the lunar cycle, which spans 29.5 days from one full moon to the next. Scientists can accurately predict the occurrence of supermoons years in advance using mathematical models.</p>



<p>Not all supermoons are equal, though. The size and brightness of a supermoon can vary depending on the exact distance of the moon at perigee and the amount of light it reflects from the sun.</p>



<p>In summary supermoons are a fascinating celestial phenomenon rooted in the intricate dance of celestial mechanics. Their larger, brighter appearance compared to typical full moons has drawn interest from cultures worldwide and continues to captivate observers and photographers alike. </p>



<p>The predictable yet variable nature of supermoons invites ongoing observation and study, reinforcing the enduring allure of our celestial companion, the moon.</p>



<h2>More about blue moons</h2>



<p>A Blue Moon refers to an unusual occurrence within our lunar calendar, most commonly defined as the second full moon within a calendar month. Although the term "Blue Moon" suggests a change in color, a Blue Moon retains its normal whitish hue. This article will delve into the origin of the term, how it's calculated, its frequency, and cultural significance.</p>



<h3>Origin and definition of the blue moon</h3>



<p>The term "Blue Moon" dates back to at least the 16th century in English literature, initially symbolizing absurdity and improbability. In modern usage, the phrase stands for a relatively rare event, hence the saying, "once in a blue moon."</p>



<p>The widely accepted definition, indicating the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/blood-moon-lunar-eclipse/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">second full moon in a calendar month</a>, became popular following an error in an article in "Sky &amp; Telescope" magazine in 1946. </p>



<p>This definition stemmed from a misinterpretation of the Maine Farmer's Almanac, which originally defined a Blue Moon as the third full moon in a season that has four full moons instead of the usual three. Both definitions are in use today, but the former has more widespread acceptance.</p>



<h3>Calculation and frequency of blue moons</h3>



<p>Blue Moons appear based on the incongruity between our calendar system and the lunar cycle. The lunar cycle, the period from one full moon to the next, spans approximately 29.5 days, while most months have 30 or 31 days. This discrepancy allows for two full moons to occur within the same month.</p>



<p>Based on the more common definition, a Blue Moon can occur, on average, once every 2.5 to 3 years. In terms of seasonal Blue Moons, they occur roughly once every 2.5 years as well. The year 1999 famously had two Blue Moons: one in January and one in March, with no full moon in February.</p>



<h3>Cultural significance</h3>



<p>Despite no visible difference from regular full moons, Blue Moons hold cultural significance due to their rarity. They are often subjects of folklore, songs, and expressions symbolizing infrequent events or occurrences. The phrase "once in a blue moon" represents something that doesn't happen very often.</p>



<p>From a scientific standpoint, Blue Moons offer no specific value as they are a result of our calendar system rather than an astronomical event. Nevertheless, they provide an opportunity to engage the public in lunar observation and an appreciation for the rhythms of our natural world.</p>



<p>A Blue Moon, while not visually distinct, carries a unique charm due to its rarity and the myths that surround it. It is a reminder of the complex interplay between our calendar, celestial mechanics, and cultural imagination. Despite being a product of human time-keeping, the occurrence of a Blue Moon can prompt renewed interest in the night sky and the intriguing patterns that unfold in it.</p>



<p>—-</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com</a>.</p>

Two supermoons are coming to our skies in August, including a rare blue moon

In a rare astronomical event, August 2023 will offer stargazers...

<p>In the pursuit of a healthier population and a healthier planet, a new study points to a compelling correlation between diet sustainability and human <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/longevity-in-parrots-linked-to-brain-size-and-cognitive-ability/">longevity</a>. The research adds to a growing collection of evidence suggesting that planet-friendly foods offer a dual advantage for both personal health and the well-being of our environment.&nbsp;</p>



<p>According to the study, led by the <a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/">Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health</a>, individuals who adhere to more environmentally sustainable diets have a 25 percent lower mortality rate compared to those who consume less sustainable diets.</p>



<p>These planet-friendly foods include staples such as whole grains, fruits, non-starchy vegetables, nuts, and unsaturated oils. On the contrary, foods like eggs and red and processed meats could pose detrimental effects to both environmental sustainability and human health.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 id="h-environmentally-conscious-eating">Environmentally conscious eating</h2>



<p>The research implies that a shift towards more environmentally conscious eating habits could effectively lower one's risk of mortality from various causes. Cancer, heart disease, respiratory ailments, and neurodegenerative diseases are included in this list, among others.</p>



<p>“We proposed a new diet score that incorporates the best current scientific evidence of food effects on both health and the environment,” said Linh Bui, a PhD candidate in the Department of Nutrition at Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health. She noted that the findings confirmed their hypothesis that a direct link exists between a higher Planetary Health Diet score and a reduced risk of mortality.</p>



<p>Bui will share these groundbreaking results at <a href="https://nutrition.org/n23/">NUTRITION 2023</a>, the flagship annual convention of the <a href="https://nutrition.org/">American Society for Nutrition</a>, taking place from July 22–25 in Boston.</p>



<h2 id="h-planet-friendly-foods">Planet-friendly foods </h2>



<p>Current data highlights the potential health and environmental benefits associated with plant-based diets. They link with a diminished risk of chronic illnesses. </p>



<p>These include heart disease, colorectal cancer, diabetes, and stroke. At the same time, plant-based diets help mitigate detrimental environmental impacts including water use, land exploitation, nutrient pollution, and greenhouse gas emissions.</p>



<p>With their latest study, the research team sought to devise a simple, practical tool. The intention is to assist policymakers and public health professionals in strategizing initiatives for public health improvement. Concurrently, they hope to tackle the pressing issue of climate change.</p>



<p>“A sustainable dietary pattern should not only be healthy but also consistent within planetary boundaries for greenhouse gas emissions and other environmental parameters," said Bui.</p>



<h2 id="h-planetary-health-diet-index">Planetary Health Diet Index</h2>



<p>The research team developed the Planetary Health Diet Index (PHDI) after carefully reviewing existing research on the correlation between different food groups and health outcomes.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The index, built upon the EAT-Lancet reference diet, considers the environmental impacts of food production practices.&nbsp;</p>



<p>To determine the practical implications of their index, the researchers used it to analyze health outcomes in over 100,000 participants. The United States conducted two extensive cohort studies, and this was part of them. The data set included over 47,000 deaths during a follow-up period stretching from 1986-2018.</p>



<h2 id="h-what-the-researchers-learned">What the researchers learned&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The researchers discovered that the individuals in the highest quintile (or top one-fifth) for PHDI exhibited a 25% reduced risk of death from any cause when compared to those in the lowest quintile.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Higher PHDI scores were linked with a 15% reduced risk of death from cancer or cardiovascular diseases. They also tie to a 20% reduced risk of death from neurodegenerative disease. Finally, studies show a remarkable 50% lower risk of death from respiratory diseases.</p>



<h2 id="h-further-research-is-needed-on-planet-friendly-foods">Further research is needed&nbsp;on planet-friendly foods</h2>



<p>Despite these encouraging findings, Bui warned that the PHDI might not reflect the complex relationship between all food items and their connection to major diseases in all countries.&nbsp;</p>



<p>There might be barriers such as specific health conditions, religious restrictions, or variations in food accessibility due to socioeconomic status or food availability that could hinder some individuals' adherence to a sustainable diet. Future research could help explore and address these challenges.</p>



<p>“We hope that researchers can adapt this index to specific food cultures and validate how it is associated with chronic diseases and environmental impacts such as carbon footprint, water footprint, and land use in other populations," said Bui.</p>



<p>These findings open a new chapter in our understanding of the connection between diet and health. The study emphasizes the importance of considering the environmental implications of our food choices.</p>



<h2>More about sustainable foods</h2>



<p>Sustainable foods are those produced, processed, and distributed in ways that not only have low environmental impact, but also contribute to social justice and economic stability. </p>



<p>They support long-term environmental balance, community resilience, and human health. Here are some key components of sustainable food:</p>



<h3>Environmentally Friendly Production</h3>



<p>This means practices that reduce environmental harm. It involves managing and conserving water, maintaining healthy soil, minimizing air, water, and climate pollution, and promoting biodiversity. Techniques may include organic farming, permaculture, agroforestry, and regenerative agriculture, among others.</p>



<h3>Seasonal and Local</h3>



<p>Eating foods when they are in season and grown locally can reduce the carbon footprint associated with food production and transportation. It also contributes to local economies and community health.</p>



<h3>Minimally Processed</h3>



<p>Highly processed foods often require more energy to produce and package. In addition, they often contain less nutritional value than whole foods. Sustainable diets encourage the consumption of whole, minimally processed foods.</p>



<h3>Fair Trade and Fair Labor Practices</h3>



<p>Sustainable foods should be produced under conditions that support farm workers' rights and fair trade. This includes paying fair wages, providing good working conditions, and not exploiting labor.</p>



<h3>Reducing Food Waste</h3>



<p>A significant percentage of food is wasted globally. Sustainable food practices encourage reducing food waste through better food storage, creative use of leftovers, and composting organic waste.</p>



<h3>Animal Welfare</h3>



<p>In sustainable food systems, animals are treated humanely and are given a natural diet and environment where they can exhibit their natural behavior. This often results in higher quality and healthier animal products.</p>



<h3>Nutrition</h3>



<p>A sustainable diet also focuses on nutrition. It should provide all the necessary nutrients for healthy living. Foods that are nutritionally dense (i.e., high in nutrients and low in empty calories) are a key part of a sustainable diet.</p>



<h3>Plant-Based Diets</h3>



<p>Generally, plant-based diets are more sustainable than diets high in animal products because they use fewer resources and create fewer emissions. This doesn't necessarily mean vegan or vegetarian, but rather a diet higher in plant foods like vegetables, fruits, whole grains, legumes, seeds, and nuts.</p>



<h3>Biodiversity</h3>



<p>Consuming a variety of foods can be good for both personal health and the health of the planet. A diverse diet can support diverse ecosystems, which are generally more resilient to environmental changes.</p>



<p>Sustainable food systems also include the people who eat the food, so education, food culture, and community involvement are also key components. </p>



<p>They are often described as "short supply chains", where fewer steps between the producer and consumer can lead to less waste, fewer emissions, and a better connection between people and their food.</p>



<p>It's important to note that sustainable food systems require systemic change, not just individual action. This includes changes in government policy, agricultural subsidies, corporate practices, and global trade rules.</p>



<p>—--</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com</a>.</p>

Planet-friendly foods can reduce your risk of mortality by 25 percent

In the pursuit of a healthier population and a healthier...

<p>In Africa, the impacts of climate change are frequently experienced as extreme events such as floods or <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-has-made-droughts-20-times-more-likely/">droughts</a>. With the help of organizations such as the <a href="http://www.fews.net/">Famine Early Warning Systems Network</a> and the <a href="http://www.icpac.net/">IGAD Climate Prediction and Applications Center</a>, it has been possible to monitor and predict such climatic extremes, and provide early warnings of their agricultural impact in order to support humanitarian and resilience interventions in some of the world’s most insecure countries.&nbsp;</p>



<p>In a commentary published in the journal <a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2023EF003524"><em>Earth’s Future</em></a>, a team of scientists led by the <a href="https://www.chc.ucsb.edu/">Climate Hazard Center</a> (CHC) from the University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB) has recently reported that it is now possible to predict droughts leading to severe food insecurity in the Eastern Horn of Africa – a region comprised of Somalia, Ethiopia, and Kenya – months in advance. This allows for measures to be taken to help these countries’ farmers and pastoralists prepare for the food scarcity often caused by droughts.</p>



<h2 id="h-preparing-for-climate-extremes">Preparing for climate extremes</h2>



<p>For instance, the Climate Hazard Center predicted in 2020 that climate change interacting with a naturally occurring La Niña event would lead to sequential droughts in this region. While the Eastern Horn of Africa normally has two wet seasons each year (in the spring and fall), five of these rainy seasons failed to occur. Fortunately, CHC managed to anticipate these droughts eight months in advance, providing an opportunity to the <a href="https://www.usaid.gov/">U.S. Agency for International Development</a> (USAID) to assist millions of starving people with substantial funding.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The situation was quite different ten years earlier, when similar predictions went largely unheeded and led to the death of over 250,000 Somalis. However, as CHC director and lead author of the commentary Chris Funk argued, back then the group’s long-range weather prediction capabilities were still in their infancy and the experts were unable to accurately forecast rainfall deficits in this region.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“We made an accurate forecast, but we didn’t understand very well what was going on scientifically,” Funk said.&nbsp;“Now, following our&nbsp;<a href="https://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/science.368.6488.226?adobe_mc=MCMID%3D10648094294853287893153045921403687840%7CMCORGID%3D242B6472541199F70A4C98A6%2540AdobeOrg%7CTS%3D1689927787">success</a>&nbsp;in 2016/17, and extensive outreach efforts, the humanitarian relief community appreciates the value of our early warning systems.”</p>



<h2 id="h-actionable-information">Actionable information</h2>



<p>Over the past decade, the scientists have significantly increased their understanding of the broad and often distant mechanisms driving droughts in the Eastern Horn of Africa in order to create more accurate forecasts for this region. For instance, they found that increased rainfall around Indonesia, caused by anthropogenic rises in sea surface temperatures, often results in less moisture flowing to the East African coast during the rainy season, driving sequential droughts.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Now, with climate models able to predict extreme ocean conditions up to eight months in advance and weather forecasts that can make projections for 45 days, scientists can provide actionable information to officials to help local farmers anticipate and plan for upcoming droughts.</p>



<p>“To reduce the impacts of climate extremes, we need to look for opportunities. We need to pay attention to not just how climate is changing, but how these changes can support more effective predictions for droughts and for advantageous cropping conditions. As a community, we also need to foster communication about successful resilience strategies,” explained CHC Specialist and Operations Analyst Laura Harrison.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 id="h-early-warning-systems">Early warning systems</h2>



<p>According to Funk, although a better local understanding of the mechanisms leading to droughts and investments in early warning systems and adaptation measures could initially be costly, they are “relatively inexpensive when compared to post-impact, response-based alternatives such as humanitarian assistance and/or funding safety-net programs.”&nbsp;</p>



<p>Currently, the CHC is building on what they learned in East Africa to create predictions and feed partnerships in other parts of the world, such as Southern Africa, where they are collaborating with the <a href="http://www.zim.gov.zw/index.php/en/my-government/government-ministries/statutory-boards/434-meteorological-services-department-of-zimbabwe">Zimbabwe Meteorological Services Department</a> and the <a href="https://www.knowledgeimpactnetwork.org/">Knowledge Impact Network</a> to support the development of actionable climate services.</p>



<p>“Understanding that climate change makes extremes more frequent is really empowering because now we can try to anticipate those bad effects. Flooding still happens, drought still happens, people still get hurt, but we can try to reduce the harm,” Funk concluded.</p>



<h2 id="h-more-about-climate-extremes">More about climate extremes</h2>



<p>Climate extremes refer to unusual, severe or unseasonal weather events that are at the extreme end of the historical spectrum for a certain region. They can be related to a range of climatic variables such as temperature, precipitation, wind, and humidity.</p>



<h3 id="h-heatwaves">Heatwaves</h3>



<p>These are prolonged periods of excessively hot weather, which may be accompanied by high humidity, especially in oceanic climate countries. They are defined relative to the usual weather in the area and relative to normal temperatures for the season.</p>



<h3 id="h-droughts">Droughts</h3>



<p>Droughts are extended periods of deficient rainfall relative to the statistical multi-year average for a region. This deficiency results in water shortages for some activity, group, or environmental sector.</p>



<h3 id="h-extreme-cold">Extreme cold</h3>



<p>This refers to unusually cold temperatures that may last for an extended period. They can have detrimental impacts on human health, infrastructure, and ecosystems.</p>



<h3 id="h-heavy-rainfall-and-floods">Heavy rainfall and floods</h3>



<p>Heavy, intense rainfall can lead to flooding, especially in areas where the ground, rivers, or human-made channels can't cope with the volume of water.</p>



<h3 id="h-tropical-cyclones-hurricanes-and-typhoons">Tropical cyclones, hurricanes, and typhoons</h3>



<p>These are intense storm systems characterized by a large low-pressure center and numerous thunderstorms that produce strong winds and heavy rain.</p>



<h3 id="h-tornadoes">Tornadoes</h3>



<p>These are violent, dangerous, rotating columns of air that are in contact with both the surface of the earth and a cumulonimbus cloud or, in rare cases, the base of a cumulus cloud.</p>



<h3 id="h-hailstorms">Hailstorms</h3>



<p>These are characterized by the production of significant quantities of hailstones, which can cause damage to buildings, crops, and other infrastructure.</p>



<h3 id="h-wildfires">Wildfires</h3>



<p>Also known as forest fires, these are unplanned fires that rapidly spread across vegetation and forest areas.</p>



<p>Climate extremes are expected to become more common and severe due to climate change. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), extreme weather events are likely to increase in frequency and severity as global temperatures continue to rise, resulting in more severe and unpredictable impacts on ecosystems and human societies. These impacts include threats to human health, food security, water supply, and economic growth.</p>



<p>-—</p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:andrei.ionescu5891@gmail.com"><em>Andrei Ionescu</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com</a>.</p>

Early warning systems are increasingly accurate in predicting climate extremes

In Africa, the impacts of climate change are frequently experienced...

Deer,In,Past,And,Future,Forest,,Climate,Change,Crisis,,Global

<p>In a groundbreaking study published in <a href="https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/journal/cabir">CABI Reviews</a>, scientists have shed light on the multifaceted impact of climate change on animals, with cascading effects observable across several welfare domains. The domains identified are <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/breakthrough-in-nutrition-science-dna-barcoding-reveals-dietary-secrets/">nutrition</a>, environment, behavior, physical health, and mental health.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The comprehensive nature of the study highlights the urgency and complexity of the situation, prompting an imperative need to prioritize research aimed at preserving the welfare and longevity of a broad spectrum of animals - including those used for food, domestic pets, and species preserved in zoos and nature reserves.</p>



<p>The study underscores the risk faced by a diverse range of animals, including bats, zebrafish, stony creek frogs, koalas, African elephants, chickens, and dairy cows.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 id="h-assessing-the-direct-impacts">Assessing the direct impacts</h2>



<p>The review argues that while individual species may vary in their biological response to stress, the five-domain model can effectively serve as a tool for researchers to study and assess the direct and proximate impacts of climate change on animal species.</p>



<p>Dr Edward Narayan, lead author of the study and Senior Lecturer of Animal Science in the School of Agriculture and Food Science at The University of Queensland, Australia, emphasized urgency of the situation.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“While researchers have extensively examined the effects of climate change on animals, the direct correlation between climate change and animal welfare, particularly in the context of wild animals, remains relatively scarce in existing studies," said Dr. Narayan.</p>



<h2 id="h-a-broad-perspective-on-animal-welfare">A broad perspective on animal welfare</h2>



<p>The research group, dubbed "The Stress Lab," offers a broad perspective on climate change impacts by investigating a multitude of wildlife and domesticated animal examples across various countries and ecosystems.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"We hope that future researchers will apply the animal welfare domains to evaluate how climate change impacts on animals, and further research will pave the way to the protection of animals from the catastrophic impacts of climate change," said Dr. Narayan.</p>



<h2 id="h-animal-welfare-and-heat-stress">Animal welfare and heat stress</h2>



<p>The review sheds light on compelling research findings, illustrating the depth of climate change impacts on animal welfare. For instance, one study showed a 35% reduction in milk production due to heat stress in dairy cows, thereby affecting their lactation performance, immune function, and calf health.&nbsp;</p>



<p>However, researchers suggest mitigating strategies such as the installation of sunshades and sprinklers, along with careful monitoring of cows' activity and rumination time.</p>



<p>Heat stress also significantly impacts the welfare of broiler chickens. Exposing chickens to hot conditions for a span of four days has led to an observed increase in cases of necrosis, consequently impacting the quality of their life and meat.</p>



<p>Given that birds lack sweat glands and regulate temperature by panting, drinking more, and limiting activity, scientists argue that installing air conditioning units might be necessary to maintain optimal production temperatures.</p>



<h2 id="h-widespread-impacts">Widespread impacts</h2>



<p>The impact of climate change on animal welfare extends beyond livestock, impacting wildlife significantly. For instance, frequent and predictable droughts deplete water and vegetation, causing heat and nutritional stress in African elephants, which have significant daily food and water needs. This key contributor is causing the current surge in elephant mortality rates.</p>



<p>Moreover, increased temperatures resulting from climate change are driving marsupials such as koalas towards population decline. This will continue as long as the energy they need to maintain body temperature becomes scarcer due to dwindling food quality.</p>



<h2 id="h-domestic-pets">Domestic pets</h2>



<p>Climate change also spares no repercussions for domestic pets. The study observes that certain breeds of dogs are prone to heat stroke, and heat-related diseases are a leading cause of death in military working dogs. </p>



<p>Also, changes in weather conditions have an impact on the level of physical activity and consequently the health of dogs. In the UK, where nearly half the dog population is overweight, hot weather discourages dog owners from walking their dogs, with a reported 87% of owners exercising their dogs less during hot weather.</p>



<h2 id="h-further-consequences">Further consequences&nbsp;</h2>



<p>“As climate change drives more wild populations to ecological limitations, there will be potential welfare consequences and considerations to explore; for example, when vulnerable species would need to be transferred to new environments (e.g., captive breeding), should food and habitat become limiting resources," said Dr. Narayan.</p>



<p>"Likewise, production animals and other domesticated species will be impacted by the extreme environmental changes with consequences on each of the dimensions within the five domains of animal welfare.”</p>



<p>The revelations of this comprehensive study accentuate the looming challenges that climate change presents for animal welfare, propelling an urgent need for focused, multidisciplinary research to safeguard animal populations worldwide.</p>



<p>—-</p>



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Climate change poses a multi-faceted threat to animal welfare

In a groundbreaking study published in CABI Reviews, scientists have...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lHHxOej4QfE
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Researchers found a correlation between Alzheimer's disease and traffic pollution.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-invisible-threat-in-urban-air"><strong>Invisible threat in urban air</strong></h2>



<p>City dwellers face an unseen danger with every breath. New findings from Emory University researchers suggest that fine particulate matter from <a href="http://earth.com/news/traffic-related-air-pollution-might-increase-alzheimers-risk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">vehicle emissions may significantly elevate the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease</a>. The study examined brain tissue samples from 224 individuals who had confirmed diagnoses and volunteered their brains for scientific research.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-disturbing-connections-emerge"><strong>Disturbing connections emerge</strong></h2>



<p>Scientists analyzed neuritic plaques — protein clusters that characterize Alzheimer's — while mapping each participant's exposure to PM2.5 particles based on residential location and surrounding traffic density. The correlation proved more alarming than anticipated. Individuals experiencing higher pollution exposure showed nearly double the likelihood of elevated plaque accumulation in brain tissue.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-timing-matters"><strong>Timing matters</strong></h2>



<p>The research team discovered that pollution exposure during the final year before death demonstrated the strongest association with brain changes. This timeline suggests relatively rapid impacts from environmental toxins on neural health. The connection remained robust even after accounting for various demographic and health factors.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genetic-vulnerability-patterns"><strong>Genetic vulnerability patterns</strong></h2>



<p>Perhaps most concerning, people lacking the APOE gene—which naturally predisposes individuals to Alzheimer's — exhibited more than twice the susceptibility to pollution-related brain damage. Study author Dr. Anke Huels noted this indicates environmental elements like air contamination could trigger the disease in cases where hereditary factors don't explain.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-public-health-implications"><strong>Public health implications</strong></h2>



<p>These findings, published in <em><a href="https://www.neurology.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Neurology</a></em>, underscore the critical importance of air quality regulations in urban planning. The research suggests that implementing stricter emission controls and promoting alternative transportation could serve as powerful tools in Alzheimer's prevention.</p>



<p>As cities worldwide grapple with growing traffic congestion and aging populations, this study highlights an urgent need for comprehensive approaches to environmental health that protect both our lungs and our minds.</p>



<p>—–</p>



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<p>—–</p>

Traffic fumes may trigger Alzheimer's

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lHHxOej4QfE Researchers found a correlation between Alzheimer's disease and traffic...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that scientists never expected.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hidden-waters-beneath-ancient-craters">Hidden waters beneath ancient craters</h2>



<p>Scientists have made a startling discovery that challenges everything we thought we knew about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/saturn-moon-mimas-has-remarkably-young-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Saturn's moon Mimas</a>. Beneath the heavily cratered surface that earned it the nickname "Death Star" lies a global ocean that formed just 5 to 15 million years ago—a remarkably young age by cosmic standards.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cassini-data-reveals-orbital-secrets">Cassini data reveals orbital secrets</h2>



<p>The discovery, led by Dr. Valéry Lainey of the <a href="https://observatoiredeparis.psl.eu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Observatoire de Paris</a>, emerged from careful analysis of <a href="https://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>'s Cassini spacecraft data. By studying subtle irregularities in Mimas's orbit around Saturn, researchers detected the gravitational signature of liquid water hidden 20 to 30 kilometers beneath the moon's icy shell.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-an-unlikely-ocean-world">An unlikely ocean world</h2>



<p>At only 400 kilometers in diameter, Mimas seemed like the least likely candidate to harbor a subsurface ocean. Unlike other ocean moons such as Europa and Enceladus, which show clear surface signs of internal activity, Mimas displays no obvious hints of the liquid water beneath its ancient, crater-scarred exterior.</p>



<p>"Mimas is a small moon, and its heavily cratered surface gave no hint of the hidden ocean beneath," explained Dr. Nick Cooper from <a href="https://www.qmul.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Queen Mary University of London</a>, a study co-author.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-astrobiology">Implications for astrobiology</h2>



<p>The ocean's recent formation makes Mimas a prime target for studying how oceans develop and potentially support life. This discovery adds another member to the exclusive club of ocean worlds in our solar system, each offering unique insights into the conditions necessary for habitability.</p>



<p>The research, published in <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a></em> journal, demonstrates how advanced orbital analysis can reveal hidden features of celestial bodies, opening new possibilities for understanding ocean formation throughout the cosmos.</p>



<p>—–</p>



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<p>—–</p>

Scientists discover unexpected young ocean on Saturn's cratered moon Mimas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ 'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K0DuSr87SHY
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">57 million-year ice age mystery solved by Australian scientists.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-when-earth-became-a-frozen-wasteland">When Earth became a frozen wasteland</h2>



<p>Imagine Earth as a giant snowball, frozen solid from the North Pole to the equator. This wasn't the plot of a science fiction movie – it was our planet's reality 700 million years ago during an extreme ice age that has puzzled scientists for decades.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-discovery">The discovery</h2>



<p>Australian researchers from the <a href="https://www.sydney.edu.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Sydney</a> have finally cracked one of geology's greatest mysteries: what caused the Sturtian glaciation and why it persisted for an unprecedented 57 million years. This period occurred long before dinosaurs roamed the Earth, when no complex plants or multicellular animals existed.</p>



<p>Dr. Adriana Dutkiewicz, the study's lead author, describes a world completely unlike today's climate. "Imagine the Earth almost completely frozen over," she explained. "The planet was blanketed in ice from poles to equator, and temperatures plunged."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-combination-of-climate-factors">The combination of climate factors</h2>



<p>The research team discovered that this massive freeze resulted from a "double whammy" of geological events. First, plate tectonic activity reduced volcanic carbon dioxide emissions to historically low levels. Volcanic activity typically releases CO2 into the atmosphere, creating a greenhouse effect that keeps Earth warm.</p>



<p>Simultaneously, weathering of volcanic rocks in what is now Canada actively absorbed atmospheric CO2, further reducing greenhouse gas concentrations. When atmospheric carbon dioxide levels dropped below 200 parts per million – less than half of today's levels – glaciation engulfed the entire planet.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-climate-implications">Modern climate implications</h2>



<p>Published in the journal <em><a href="https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/geology" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geology</a></em>, this research provides crucial insights into Earth's climate system. While geological climate changes occur over millions of years, the study emphasizes that human-induced climate change is happening at a pace ten times faster than previously observed natural changes, highlighting the urgent need to understand our planet's delicate climate balance.</p>



<p>—–</p>



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<p>—–</p>

What caused the planet's longest ice age

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K0DuSr87SHY 57 million-year ice age mystery solved by Australian scientists....

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WXXGGiynIjs
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Greenland is not sinking. In fact, it is the opposite.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-contrasting-climate-response">A contrasting climate response</h2>



<p>Most coastal towns are <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sinking-land-will-intensify-the-effects-of-rising-sea-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">preparing for higher sea levels</a>, but <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/greenland-no-longer-has-to-worry-about-rising-sea-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Greenland presents</a> a different scenario during climate change. The ground there is rising at a remarkable rate. Over the past decade, some areas have lifted about 20 centimeters, which translates to roughly 2 meters per century. This rate significantly exceeds current projections for sea level rise.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-geological-rebound-process-through-climate-change">Geological rebound process through climate change</h2>



<p>The mechanism behind this phenomenon is straightforward. As the ice sheet melts, the immense weight is removed from the bedrock, causing the land to rebound upward. This process resembles the way compressed material springs back when pressure is released.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-monitoring-networks">Scientific monitoring networks</h2>



<p>Researchers at the <a href="https://www.dtu.dk/english/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Technical University of Denmark</a> are documenting this uplift using the GNET network, consisting of 61 GPS stations positioned around Greenland's coast. These sensors can detect movement with millimeter precision, providing detailed measurements of the ongoing changes.</p>



<p>The data reveal that current uplift rates exceed the gradual rebound occurring since the last ice age ended approximately 12,000 years ago. This acceleration corresponds directly with increased ice sheet melting rates.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-coastal-transformation">Coastal Transformation</h2>



<p>This uplift is actively reshaping Greenland's coastline. New islands and rocky formations, called "skerries," are emerging as previously submerged land surfaces rise above the water level. This represents a notable contrast to global concerns about rising seas.</p>



<p>The study, published in Geophysical Research Letters, demonstrates the varied regional impacts of climate change. While many locations face rising water levels, Greenland's bedrock is literally rising above the surrounding seas.</p>



<p>The full study was recently published in <em><a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2023GL104851" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geophysical Research Letters</a></em>.</p>



<p>—–</p>



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<p>—–</p>

Greenland's ground rises while coasts worldwide face higher seas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WXXGGiynIjs Greenland is not sinking. In fact, it is the...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DSM3EVeGHJU
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Companies like MindStudio help companies train their employees to implement the latest AI Agent building platform.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ai-agent-training-transforms-the-workplace-fear-factor-into-a-competitive-advantage">AI agent training transforms the workplace 'fear factor' into a competitive advantage</h2>



<p>Organizations that offer comprehensive artificial intelligence training to their workers find remarkable value that extends well beyond basic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mind-wandering-might-be-more-productive-than-you-think/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">productivity improvements</a>. Emerging research demonstrates that carefully crafted AI training programs <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ai-does-not-replace-human-creativity-but-enhances-it/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">enhance</a> corporate performance, lower operational costs, and dramatically improve employee psychological well-being by turning workplace uncertainty into professional empowerment.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-addressing-the-widespread-ai-anxiety-crisis-among-us">Addressing the widespread 'AI anxiety' crisis among us</h2>



<p>A staggering 53% of employees expressed concern that the use of AI tools to automate work tasks could make them appear disposable to their employers, according to <a href="https://www.microsoft.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Microsoft</a>'s 2024 workplace survey. Such pervasive worry about being substituted by machines has caused what researchers have termed "AI technostress" – a psychological state that can result in occupational burnout and poorer mental well-being.</p>



<p>Data published in <a href="https://www.nature.com/palcomms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Humanities and Social Sciences Communications</a> showed that belief in AI learning ability was a moderator in the link between technology adoption and work pressure, and higher confidence significantly lowered negative psychological responses. Workers provided ample training to become competent with AI software have significantly lower stress.</p>



<p>Companies like <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MindStudio</a> have platforms for building what are known as "AI Agents".  In essence, AI Agents are simply tools that employees can build for themselves or their teams quickly and inexpensively.   MindStudio will even train entire companies, from the CEO on down, at no cost. By letting MindStudio empower employees, companies avoid hiring more IT staff, buying more software, and implementing solutions to problems that do not exist.</p>



<p>MindStudio even has partners locally for companies, like <a href="http://www.dominnus.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dominnus</a> with offices in the Carolinas, California, and Denver, to help build AI Agents and support employees as they become resident AI experts for their organization.  The training provided by MindStudio is applicable across other AI Agent building platforms as well.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-productivity-through-focused-learning">Revolutionary productivity through focused learning</h2>



<p>Organizations that implement large-scale AI training programs achieve dramatic outcomes. Employees performed tasks significantly better when they utilized AI support compared to when they didn't, according to <a href="https://www.nngroup.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nielsen Norman Group</a> research findings. Their study documented productivity increases of 66% for a variety of professional tasks.</p>



<p>Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis research finds workers record 33% higher productivity in time working with generative AI tools. The benefit is equivalent to 5.4% of work time savings for AI users – around 2.2 hours per week for full-time workers.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-psychological-well-being-benefits-through-ai-competence">Psychological well-being benefits through AI competence</h2>



<p>The emotional transformation when employees are provided with proper technology training is a fundamental transformation from fear to professional confidence. A survey of 600 employees across industries, carried out by ScienceDirect, proved that AI capabilities strengthen work environment commitment and improve job satisfaction.</p>



<p>A <a href="https://www.lut.fi/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">LUT University</a> study discovered that AI adoption has no direct effect on workers' well-being but does so indirectly through working conditions like task optimization and safety protocols. Strategically deployed AI that involves correct training can actually increase workplace mental well-being.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-from-replacement-anxiety-to-partnership-confidence">From 'replacement anxiety' to 'partnership confidence'</h2>



<p>Although 35% of those interviewed in recent McKinsey studies were concerned about workforce displacement, firms with large-scale training initiatives witness such fears dissipate quickly. The World Economic Forum found that two out of three respondents believe AI competencies will enhance their career prospects and job marketability.</p>



<p>This shift from fear to trust has measurable implications for job satisfaction. Applied Sciences research indicates AI can create tailored wellness programs based on individual employee requirements.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-financial-benefits-of-increased-retention">Financial benefits of increased retention</h2>



<p>The mental health advantages of AI learning have a direct impact on organizational bottom lines in the form of a positive feedback cycle with high retention of employees. Recent ROI research validates that artificial intelligence learning has a beneficial impact on employee turnover and satisfaction levels.</p>



<p>PriceWaterhouseCoopers' research documents 20% to 30% improvements in productivity, market speed, and revenue in organizations that attempt systematic AI adoption through comprehensive training.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-advantages-of-ai-enabled-teams">Environmental advantages of AI-enabled teams</h2>



<p>AI training has unforeseen environmental benefits as it makes the work environment more efficient. According to a study in Scientific Reports, the carbon footprint in writing and illustrating work is significantly lower when AI performs it compared to humans. AI software produces 130 to 1,500 times less CO2 equivalent per page of text created than human authors.</p>



<p>In addition, AI-driven remote work functionality significantly reduces environmental impact. Research by Cornell University and Microsoft indicates that remote workers reduce greenhouse gas emissions by up to 54% by not commuting daily to offices. Hybrid workers working remotely two to four days a week can reduce their carbon footprint by 11% to 29%.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cumulative-organizational-advantages">Cumulative organizational advantages</h2>



<p>The compounding gains of better mental well-being, reduced turnover, increased productivity, and environmental benefits flow to enterprises from the pairing. McKinsey analysis estimates the long-term AI potential at $4.4 trillion in incremental productivity growth opportunity from business use cases.</p>



<p>As of now, 75% of knowledge workers globally utilize generative AI, mirroring widespread adoption patterns. Organizations that provide organized training and assistance see the most favorable results in productivity, worker satisfaction, and ecological sustainability.</p>



<p>The research overwhelmingly indicates that companies that invest in proper AI education, like that offered through <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MindStudio</a>, establish win-win scenarios where employees are both more empowered and less stressed, and companies enjoy the gains of increased productivity, reduced turnover, and improved mental health outcomes throughout their workforce.</p>



<p>For more on MindStudio's free AI training for companies, visit the website's of MindStudio and Dominnus from the links below.</p>



<p>The research was published across a variety of peer-reviewed journals, including <a href="https://www.nature.com/palcomms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Humanities and Social Sciences Communications</a>, <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/artificial-intelligence" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence</a>, and <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/journal/applsci">Applied Sciences</a>.</p>



<p id="block-9bd989d6-2fd3-4580-957f-6cacce134f08">-----</p>



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<p>MindStudio.AI: <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.mindstudio.ai</a></p>



<p>Dominnus: <a href="https://www.dominnus.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.dominnus.com</a></p>

AI agent training boosts mental health and profits

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DSM3EVeGHJU Companies like MindStudio help companies train their employees to...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0HDXqTGEmi4
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Scientists give plants superpowers against bacterial disease</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-natural-solution-to-disease-through-crop-modification">A natural solution to disease through crop modification.</h2>



<p>The agricultural industry stands at a crossroads between productivity and environmental responsibility, and crop modification often carries a negative connotation. While chemical pesticides have long been the go-to solution for crop protection, their harmful effects on ecosystems and human health have prompted scientists to seek alternatives. The recent breakthrough by <a href="https://www.southampton.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Southampton</a> researchers offers a promising path forward through the precise manipulation of plant-associated microbial communities.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-science-behind-microbial-partnerships">The science behind microbial partnerships</h2>



<p>Plants naturally harbor diverse ecosystems of bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms that function as biological allies. These microscopic partners contribute to disease resistance, nutrient absorption, and stress tolerance. However, until now, scientists lacked the tools to deliberately reshape these communities to enhance crop protection.</p>



<p>The Southampton team's approach centered on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/engineered-plant-microbiomes-the-future-of-crop-protection/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">modifying lignin biosynthesis genes in rice plants</a>. This strategic intervention altered the plant's metabolic output, creating conditions that favored beneficial bacterial populations while suppressing harmful ones. The result was a living defense system embedded within the plant itself.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-global-food-security">Implications for global food security</h2>



<p>The successful demonstration against Xanthomonas oryzae, the pathogen responsible for bacterial blight in rice, represents more than a laboratory achievement. Rice feeds nearly half the world's population, and bacterial blight causes devastating crop losses annually. Traditional control methods rely heavily on pesticides that contaminate soil and water systems.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-looking-beyond-disease-resistance">Looking Beyond Disease Resistance</h2>



<p>While disease protection represents the immediate application, the research framework opens doors to broader agricultural improvements. Future developments could engineer microbiomes to enhance nutrient uptake, reducing dependence on synthetic fertilizers. This dual benefit addresses both crop productivity and environmental sustainability.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-path-forward">The path forward</h2>



<p>As this technology advances from laboratory to field applications, it promises to reshape sustainable agriculture. The ability to program plants with their own biological defense systems could herald a new era where crops protect themselves naturally, reducing chemical inputs while maintaining yields necessary for global food security.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal&nbsp;<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-44335-3" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Nature Communications</em></a>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Revolutionizing agriculture through microbiome engineering

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0HDXqTGEmi4 Scientists give plants superpowers against bacterial disease A natural...

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Acid rain and a crisis solved.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-don-t-we-ever-hear-about-acid-rain-anymore-the-environmental-crisis-that-was-solved">Why don't we ever hear about "acid rain" anymore? The environmental crisis that was solved</h2>



<p>Remember the 1980s when acid rain dominated headlines? Dire warnings about rain eating buildings, killing fish, and destroying forests filled every news cycle. Then, almost like magic, acid rain vanished from public discourse. What happened? Did we actually solve one of the late 20th century's most pressing environmental challenges?</p>



<p>The answer might surprise you. Unlike many environmental issues that drag on indefinitely, acid rain represents one of modern history's most successful ecological recovery stories. It's a tale of science, politics, and technology working together to tackle what seemed impossible.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>What was acid rain?</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain isn't regular rain having a bad day – it's precipitation that became significantly more acidic due to air pollution. When power plants, factories, and vehicles burn fossil fuels, they release sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) into the atmosphere.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The science behind it</strong></h2>



<p>Think of acid rain as nature's chemistry experiment gone wrong. These compounds react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form sulfuric and nitric acids. When mixed with water vapor in clouds, they create precipitation with dangerously low pH levels.</p>



<p>While clean rain has a pH of about 5.6, acid rain could drop as low as 4.2 to 4.4 – roughly as acidic as tomato juice or coffee. According to US Geological Survey documentation, Scottish chemist Angus Smith first coined "acid rain" in 1872, but it didn't become a household phrase until the 1960s and 1970s when Swedish scientist Svante Odén documented its devastating effects on Scandinavian lakes and European forests.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The crisis at its peak</strong></h2>



<p>During the height of public concern, environmental damage was both widespread and visible. This wasn't some abstract future threat – people could see destruction happening in real-time.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Environmental devastation</strong></h2>



<p>The most dramatic impacts were impossible to ignore. Research documented by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation shows that in the Adirondack Mountains, more than 200 lakes became so acidic they couldn't support fish life. The Adirondack Council reports that 409 lakes once supported brook trout, but many lost their fish populations due to acid rain.</p>



<p>By 1976, when scientists cataloged all acidified lakes in the Adirondack Park, researchers found that half of the lakes over 2,000 feet above sea level had no fish, according to studies published in environmental journals. The acidification process worked like a slow-motion disaster. As acid rain fell into watersheds, it gradually lowered pH levels. Fish couldn't survive in acidic water, and their food sources died off too.</p>



<p>Trees at high elevations showed stress directly linked to acid rain. It weakened them by leaching nutrients and making them susceptible to disease. Historical records show Germany's Black Forest saw nearly half its trees damaged by the mid-1980s.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Economic impact</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain wasn't just environmental – it was expensive. Acidic precipitation corroded infrastructure, buildings, and monuments. Historic stone structures deteriorated at accelerated rates. Tourism suffered as lakes became fishless and forests declined. EPA economic analyses from the period documented repair costs mounting into billions annually.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The solution: government action and technology</strong></h2>



<p>Transformation from crisis to success required unprecedented cooperation between governments, industries, and environmental groups.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The Clean Air Act of 1990</strong></h2>



<p>The turning point came with the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, signed by President George H.W. Bush. This represented a fundamentally new approach to environmental regulation, as documented in EPA historical records.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Cap-and-trade success</strong></h2>



<p>Instead of mandating specific technologies, the 1990 amendments introduced something revolutionary: a cap-and-trade system for sulfur dioxide emissions. EPA program documentation shows this market-based approach set overall limits but allowed companies to trade emission allowances.</p>



<p>The genius was harnessing market forces to find cost-effective pollution reduction. Companies reducing emissions cheaply could sell excess allowances to those facing higher costs. Research published in environmental economics journals and EPA progress reports shows this resulted in dramatic SO2 reduction at a fraction of projected costs.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Technology advances</strong></h2>



<p>Policy provided the framework, but technology made reductions possible. Studies in atmospheric science journals document the widespread adoption of flue gas desulfurization systems ("scrubbers") that removed sulfur dioxide before it reached the atmosphere. By the 2000s, new installations could remove over 95% of SO2 emissions, according to EPA technical reports.</p>



<p>The push coincided with cleaner energy development. Natural gas produces fewer sulfur compounds than coal. Wind and solar, emerging in the 1990s, captured growing market share, reducing reliance on high-sulfur coal.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-we-don-t-hear-about-it-today"><strong>Why we don't hear about it today</strong></h2>



<p>Why did acid rain disappear from headlines? Simple: the problem was largely solved.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Success doesn't make news</strong></h2>



<p>There's an old journalism saying: "If it bleeds, it leads." Environmental success stories don't generate urgency like crisis reporting. Media attention shifted to other challenges: climate change, plastic pollution, and biodiversity loss. There's only so much environmental anxiety the public can absorb, and newer concerns replaced acid rain.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Mission accomplished</strong></h2>



<p>The primary reason is beautifully simple: interventions worked. EPA monitoring data shows sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990. Academic research published in environmental science journals confirms pH levels in formerly affected areas returned closer to normal. This represents one of history's most dramatic environmental recoveries. Studies by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation show fishless lakes now support healthy populations. Forests recovered, and building damage slowed dramatically.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-is-it-really-gone"><strong>Is it really gone?</strong></h2>



<p>The crisis is largely resolved, but monitoring data shows the problem isn't completely eliminated – it's managed to acceptable levels. Some areas still experience occasional events during high pollution periods. International environmental research indicates that rapidly industrializing Asian countries face similar problems to what we experienced decades ago, though they're implementing successful strategies.</p>



<p>EPA research shows nitrogen oxide emissions proved more challenging than sulfur dioxide, coming from vehicles and mobile sources. Climate science studies suggest changing weather patterns add complexity to how acid rain forms and falls.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>What this teaches us</strong></h2>



<p>The acid rain experience proves that seemingly intractable environmental problems can be solved with scientific understanding, political will, and technological innovation. Environmental monitoring data shows recovery speed was remarkable – within a decade, measurable improvements appeared in air quality and ecosystem health.</p>



<p>Success came from bipartisan support across party lines. Policy analysis studies show the market-based approach appealed to those preferring economic incentives while achieving environmental goals. This support created lasting policy surviving political changes.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Conclusion</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain's disappearance from public consciousness represents environmental science's greatest success stories. Through effective regulation, technological innovation, and international cooperation, we transformed an overwhelming crisis into a manageable challenge.</p>



<p>Today's silence isn't because we forgot – it's because we solved it. The 1990 Clean Air Act, combined with technology and energy market changes, reduced acid rain emissions over 90%, according to comprehensive EPA data analysis.</p>



<p>This success offers hope for current challenges. It proves complex problems can be solved when science, policy, and technology work together. As we face climate change and plastic pollution, acid rain reminds us that dramatic positive change is possible.</p>



<p>Next time someone asks whether environmental regulations work, remember acid rain. It's proof that sometimes, we get it right.</p>



<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>



<p><strong>Sources:</strong> <em>This article draws from EPA official documentation and progress reports, peer-reviewed research published in environmental and atmospheric science journals, historical data from the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation records, US Geological Survey publications, policy analysis studies, and environmental monitoring data collected over three decades.</em></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Frequently Asked Questions</strong></h2>



<p><strong>1. Is acid rain completely gone?</strong> No, but EPA monitoring shows it's reduced to manageable levels. US sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990, making acid rain much less severe than the 1980s crisis.</p>



<p><strong>2. How long did solving take?</strong> Environmental monitoring data shows significant improvements began within 5-10 years of 1990s emission controls. Full ecosystem recovery took longer – some areas need 20-30 years for complete recovery.</p>



<p><strong>3. What made the solution successful?</strong> Clear scientific understanding, visible damage motivating action, bipartisan support, available technology, and innovative market-based policies like cap-and-trade.</p>



<p><strong>4. Do other countries have acid rain problems?</strong> Yes, particularly rapidly industrializing Asian countries. However, international environmental research shows many implement similar successful control strategies.</p>



<p><strong>5. Could acid rain return?</strong> Potentially, if regulations weaken or we return to high-sulfur coal without controls, though effects would take years to become severe according to environmental projections.</p>



<p><strong>6. Can you recommend any teaching tools on the subject of "acid rain"?</strong> The United States Environmental Protection Agency produced a wonderful teacher's guide for ages 14 and under that you can find on the EPA website here: <a href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf</a></p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

The environmental problem we actually solved

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk Acid rain and a crisis solved. Why don't we...

Green,Ecoduct,Over,An,Empty,Highway,During,Sunset.

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https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU
</div></figure>



<p>A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that wildlife tunnels significantly reduce amphibian road mortality during seasonal migrations. </p>



<p>Frogs and salamanders often cross roads to reach breeding ponds each spring, but many are killed by vehicles. </p>



<p>Researchers from the <a href="https://www.uvm.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Vermont</a>, in collaboration with local citizens and the Vermont Agency of Natural Resources, installed two underpass tunnels in 2015. </p>



<p>Over a 12-year monitoring period, they observed an 80.2% reduction in amphibian deaths, and up to 94% for non-climbing species like salamanders. </p>



<p>The study used a before-after-control-impact design and documented more than 5,200 amphibians, highlighting the tunnels’ effectiveness even in nearby buffer zones.</p>



<p>Funded at $342,397 - far cheaper than wildlife crossings for large mammals - the project showcased the power of community-led conservation.</p>



<p>Local groups initiated the effort after observing mass amphibian deaths. Wildlife cameras later captured over 2,200 amphibians using a tunnel in just one spring, along with other species like raccoons and bobcats, indicating wider ecosystem benefits.</p>



<p>This marks the first peer-reviewed, long-term data set in the northeastern U.S. confirming amphibian-specific underpasses work. </p>



<p>The study urges transportation departments to incorporate these designs into road planning and highlights how community action, thoughtful infrastructure, and persistence can make a real difference for biodiversity.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the <em><a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1617138125000780" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal for Nature Conservation</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Wildlife tunnels save millions of amphibians

https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that...

<p>Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. </p>



<p>The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.</p>



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https://youtu.be/Ug657J67iEo?si=w96YjGMsg939LD_3
</div></figure>



<p>Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. </p>



<p>Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.</p>



<p>Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. </p>



<p>They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).</p>



<p>Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.</p>



<p>Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.</p>



<p>This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.</p>

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.</p>



<p>“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. </p>



<p>The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.</p>



<p>“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”</p>



<p>The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Designing crops that can beat the heat

[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Carl...

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes the first comprehensive estimate of carbon density in the Saharan, Sahel, and Sudanian zones of Africa. In an effort to measure the amount of carbon stored across these drylands, a team of scientists used high-resolution satellite images and artificial intelligence to map nearly 10 billion individual trees. </p>



<p>"The high spatial resolution (50 cm) combined with AI and field measurements used in this study is key to improving tree inventories in drylands," said Pierre Hiernaux, a French researcher working for NASA. "The ever-increasing availability of very high-resolution satellite imagery will make it possible to assess carbon pools and their dynamics at the individual tree level on a global scale."</p>



<p>"This study is exceptional because it is pioneering a type of approach that will revolutionize the monitoring of trees and forests on a global scale: in the short term, it will be possible to map the world's trees from the centre of the Amazon to our schoolyards," said <a href="https://www.inrae.fr/en">INRAE</a> researcher Jean-Pierre Wigneron.</p>



<p>"Many fields of application will become much more efficient and accurate, such as tracking carbon stocks, biodiversity, monitoring logging and protection against illegal forest degradation, in near real time.”</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Remote sensing will revolutionize the way we monitor trees

[sendtonews key="EjmSP20gQK-2593093-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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<p>Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.</p>



<p>According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."</p>



<p>Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;</p>



<p>ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. </p>



<p>Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> </em>Staff Writer </p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

[sendtonews key="uV9Lh2fQbV-1760058-12187" type="single"] Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s...

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> features a visual dataset of.methane emissions from wetlands across the globe. Atmospheric methane levels have reached record highs in recent years, and wetlands are a major source of these emissions.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Methane is an important greenhouse gas that contributes substantially to global warming. On a molecule by molecule basis, methane is much more efficient at trapping heat than carbon dioxide, the main driver of warming," says NASA.</p>



<p>"Though human activities, including agriculture, oil and natural gas production and use, and waste disposal, collectively contribute the majority of methane to the atmosphere, about a third of total methane emissions comes from wetlands."&nbsp;</p>



<p>According to NASA, understanding methane emissions from wetlands and other natural sources is critically important for scientists and policymakers who are working to combat climate change by reducing emissions from human activities.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: NASA Goddard</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Wetlands are a major source of methane emissions

[sendtonews key="f8fukm28Vz-2491833-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;</p>



<p>According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.</p>



<p>In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.</p>



<p>The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.</p>



<p>The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.</p>



<p>The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. </p>



<p>Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

[sendtonews key="0879czfG3k-1785905-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from NASA...

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes how record-breaking heat expressed itself around the world in 2022.</p>



<p>Scientists have determined that 2022 was the 5th warmest year since 1880. Furthermore, the last nine consecutive years have been the warmest on record.</p>



<p>From devastating floods and wildfires to natural disasters like Hurricane Ian, 2022 showed us yet again how a warming climate affects people across the globe.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"As we look back at 20:22 and years past, we see that each year we better understand the challenges we face and how important it is to meet them," says NASA.</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: NASA Goddard</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



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2022 illustrated the consequences of a warming climate

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<p>Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes Earth’s interconnected systems, and how this network is affected by rising temperatures.&nbsp;</p>



<p>During 2020, average global temperatures matched the hottest year on record. The hurricane season was also record-breaking, with many of the storms intensifying at extraordinary speeds. Hot water in the ocean is fuel for hurricanes. The satellite data shows that it's all one interconnected system showing how  Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected.</p>



<p>According to NASA, dust swept up from Northern Africa plays a major role in the formation of hurricanes, and is also a key source of fertilization in the Amazon rainforest. As a result of<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-wasting-disease-is-fueled-by-climate-change/"> climate</a> change, dust plumes are expected to decline, which will have an effect on vegetation far away.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Images from Earth-observing satellites show how the world’s plant life is affected by natural disasters, fires, and deforestation. Satellites also reveal how widespread changes in vegetation impact waterways,&nbsp; the climate, air quality. Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on the Earth. "Earth From Space" is a groundbreaking two-hour special that reveals a spectacular new space-based vision of our planet. </p>



<p><em>Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;</em></p>



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<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://welcome.miami.edu/">University of Miami</a> Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science explores how changes in water temperatures have affected tiger shark habitats and movements in the North Atlantic Ocean. The study reveals that rising temperatures have caused the sharks to shift toward the poles over the past 40 years.</p>



<p>“Tiger shark annual migrations have expanded poleward, paralleling rising water temperatures,” explained study lead author Neil Hammerschlag. “These results have consequences for tiger shark conservation, since shifts in their movements outside of marine protected areas may leave them more vulnerable to commercial fishing.”</p>



<p>The researchers analyzed nine years of tracking data from satellite-tagged tiger sharks, combined with four decades of conventional tag and recapture data provided by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Cooperative Shark Tagging Program.</p>



<p>The experts found that during the last decade of record heat, for every one-degree Celsius increase in water temperatures, tiger sharks migrated further poleward by over 400 kilometers. They also migrated two weeks earlier than usual to waters off the northeastern coast of the United States.</p>



<p>“Given their role as apex predators, these changes to tiger shark movements may alter predator-prey interactions, leading to ecological imbalances, and more frequent encounters with humans,” concluded Professor Hammerschlag.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science</em></p>



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<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Tiger sharks are shifting poleward as temperatures rise

Today’s Video of the Day from the University of Miami...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> is focused on the melt ponds that emerge during the spring and summer on the Greenland Ice Sheet, which is the largest ice mass in the northern hemisphere.</p>



<p>"Melt ponds are vast pools of open water that form on both sea ice and ice sheets and are visible as turquoise-blue pools of water in this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image," says ESA.</p>



<p>"When snow and ice melts atop glaciers, water flows in channels and streams and collects in depressions on the surface. These melt ponds can speed up the melting of the surrounding ice since they greatly reduce the ice’s ability to reflect sunlight."</p>



<p>"This can create a positive feedback where an increasing number of melt ponds absorb more heat which causes ice cover to melt even faster."</p>



<p>According to ESA, Greenland has been hit with a late-season heatwave that began in early September. This caused the type of melt event that usually occurs in the middle of summer.</p>



<p>"In a recent paper published in Nature Climate Change, scientists found that major sea-level rise from the melting of the Greenland ice cap is now ‘inevitable’ even if the burning of fossil fuels were to halt overnight," says ESA. "Using satellite observations of Greenland ice loss and ice cap from 2000 to 2019, the team found the losses will lead to a minimum rise of 27 cm regardless of climate change."</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;</em></p>



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<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Melt ponds on the Greenland Ice Sheet

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes how Earth is unique in our solar system for its ability to sustain liquid water on its surface. But now, the water cycle is shifting as the climate warms, and scientists must find ways to predict how these changes will affect water availability.</p>



<p>Overall, 96 percent of Earth's water is saltwater, and nearly all of freshwater is found in ice and groundwater. These sources of water are linked as it passes through solid, liquid and gas phases.</p>



<p>In a warmer climate, the water cycle will be transformed. It will be easier for water to evaporate and form clouds, and storms will become more frequent and intense. Some regions will get too much water, while others will be left without enough water. In addition, soil moisture will be lost - which threatens food security.</p>



<p>Scientists are using satellite data from over the last 40 years to track changes that are happening in the water cycle. This will ultimately help us prepare for extreme events and better manage our water resources, according to ESA.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: ESA</em></p>



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<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Tracking changes in Earth's water cycle

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Saturn,-,High,Resolution,3d,Images,Presents,Planets,Of,The

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard Space Flight Center</a> features images of Saturn from NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope. The photographs capture the start of the mysterious "spoke season" on Saturn - when unexplained features appear on its rings. </p>



<p>According to NASA, both the cause of the spokes and their seasonal variability have yet to be fully explained by planetary scientists.</p>



<p>"Like Earth, Saturn is tilted on its axis and therefore has four seasons, though because of Saturn's much larger orbit, each season lasts approximately seven Earth years. Equinox occurs when the rings are tilted edge-on to the Sun," explains NASA.</p>



<p>"The spokes disappear when it is near summer or winter solstice on Saturn. (When the Sun appears to reach either its highest or lowest latitude in the northern or southern hemisphere of a planet.) As the autumnal equinox of Saturn's northern hemisphere on May 6, 2025, draws near, the spokes are expected to become increasingly prominent and observable."</p>



<p>Experts believe that the spokes may be a product of the planet's variable magnetic field. When magnetic fields interact with solar wind, an electrically charged environment is created. This phenomenon is visible on Earth as the northern lights.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Scientists think that the smallest, dust-sized icy ring particles can become charged as well, which temporarily levitates those particles above the rest of the larger icy particles and boulders in the rings," says NASA.</p>



<p>The spokes were first observed in the early 1980s by NASA's Voyager mission. Depending on the angle of the rings, the spokes can appear dark or light.</p>



<p>"Thanks to Hubble's OPAL program, which is building an archive of data on the outer solar system planets, we will have longer dedicated time to study Saturn’s spokes this season than ever before," said NASA senior planetary scientist Amy Simon, head of the Hubble Outer Planet Atmospheres Legacy (OPAL) program.</p>



<p>"Despite years of excellent observations by the Cassini mission, the precise beginning and duration of the spoke season is still unpredictable, rather like predicting the first storm during hurricane season."</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Mysterious "spoke season" captured on Saturn

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