Natural,Environment,Climate-neutral,Long-term,Emissions,Strategy,Net,Zero,2050,Carbon

Balancing cleaner air with rising incomes is not a luxury question for developing countries. It is a real-world, and real-life, policy problem that shapes health, jobs, and the future of their cities.



A new <a href="https://www.worldscientific.com/doi/10.1142/S0217590825500304" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">study</a> lays out when zero emissions can go hand in hand with steady <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rising-temperatures-will-cut-world-gdp-by-a-staggering-40-percent-if-nothing-changes/">growth</a>, even when governments rely on foreign aid.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-zero-emissions-and-economic-growth">Zero emissions and economic growth</h2>



The work comes from <a href="https://tus.elsevierpure.com/en/persons/hideo-noda" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Hideo Noda</a> at the Tokyo University of Science (<a href="https://www.tus.ac.jp/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">TUS</a>) with coauthor Fengqi Fang, a Ph.D. candidate in Business Administration from the Graduate School of Business Administration at TUS. 



The team builds a simple but testable way to check if a country can hit zero net <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-trade-is-fueling-a-dangerous-rise-in-methane-emissions/">emissions</a> while its economy keeps expanding.



They also verify the model numerically using real world style parameters so it is not just a chalkboard exercise. 



The paper connects theory to a specific United Nations target on decoupling growth from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/limiting-global-warming-to-1-5c-is-almost-certainly-out-of-reach/">environmental damage</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-zero-emissions-models">Zero emissions models</h2>



First, the authors define a zero-emissions <a href="https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/net-zero-coalition" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">policy</a> as keeping net pollution at zero at every point in time, by matching abatement to emissions. That requires money, technology, and clear rules to assign who pays.



They run two versions of the economy. 



One is a public goods <a href="https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/stantcheva/files/lecture8.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">model</a> where government services like roads or schools lift private production for everyone at once, a standard growth <a href="https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/261726" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">model</a> introduced by Robert Barro in 1990. 



The second adds <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/where-will-climate-change-hit-hardest-global-index-reveals-vulnerability/">congestion</a>, where more people share the same public services so the boost per person shrinks.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-minimum-income-rule">Minimum income rule</h2>



The key test is whether gross domestic product (<a href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">GDP</a>) per capita rises above a minimum income threshold so a country can fully clean what it emits. 



The authors call this the kindergarten rule level of abatement, as in: “clean-up what you make dirty.”



"Following the Kindergarten rule means implementing zero emission technologies in either finite time or asymptotically," noted M. Scott Taylor and William Brock in their related <a href="https://www.nber.org/papers/w9597" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">study</a>. 



This frame anchors the new threshold concept for developing countries.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-aid-supports-clean-income-growth">Aid supports clean income growth</h2>



Many low income governments fund services with official development assistance (<a href="https://www.oecd.org/en/topics/policy-issues/official-development-assistance-oda.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ODA</a>), so the model lets outside aid pay for both cleaning and public services. 



That design reflects classic work showing how aid aimed at productive public services can shift long run growth.



In related <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0304387806000290" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">theory</a>, flexible labor and aid tied to public capital influence the path of output and welfare. The new paper extends this logic to pollution control that must be paid for every year.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-changing-income-threshold">Changing income threshold</h2>



The threshold depends on clean technology, population size, and how much aid is fixed to environmental <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/expanding-oil-and-gas-fields-threaten-global-climate-goals/">uses</a>. Better abatement technology lowers the income bar because each dollar of cleanup removes more pollution.



Population matters differently across the two models. In the public goods case, a larger labor force can raise growth because services scale with the economy, while in the congestion case that scale effect drops out as services get diluted.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-taxes-and-zero-emissions-targets">Taxes and zero emissions targets</h2>



The model also looks at tax policy, focusing on a labor income tax that finances services. 



There is a tax rate that maximizes the growth of income per person, and under both models governments can reach the needed income threshold in finite time if they choose that growth maximizing rate.



Public services that complement private capital are the link. When governments tax and spend on those services efficiently, private firms produce more and the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-action-economies-can-grow-while-cutting-emissions/">economy climbs</a> to the income level that makes full abatement feasible.



"Both models indicate that implementing the zero-emissions policy is compatible with sustainable economic growth," wrote Noda. 



They also show the kindergarten rule threshold is higher with congestion than without it, so crowding of public services slows the crossing.



"We call this threshold the kindergarten rule level of pollution abatement in terms of GDP per capita," wrote Noda. The result gives policymakers a clear income target, not just a slogan about decoupling.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-income-growth-and-sdgs">Income growth and SDGs</h2>



Target 8.4 of the Sustainable Development Goals (<a href="https://www.undp.org/sustainable-development-goals" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">SDGs</a>) asks countries to decouple growth from environmental degradation. 



The authors argue their framework helps explain when that is possible in practice, and how policy levers change the timing.



The UN defines the <a href="https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8.4" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">target</a> as improving resource efficiency and decoupling growth from environmental harm through 2030. The paper’s threshold view fits that mandate with a concrete yardstick.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-results-still-matter">Why results still matter</h2>



Earlier <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0959652621009112" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">work</a> in the same research stream focused on developed, innovation-driven economies and showed that zero emissions could be achieved alongside continued growth. 



That study examined whether sustained economic expansion could occur while also maintaining <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/a-net-zero-world-will-require-75-trillion-of-investment-and-1-billion-electric-cars/">zero net pollution emissions</a>.



The new paper shows the same compatibility can hold in aid dependent settings where innovation is not the main growth engine. 



That extension fills a real gap, because many low income countries face tighter fiscal and technological limits.



Build or buy cleaner technology so the threshold falls. Treat tied aid for environmental programs as a growth tool and not just a cost center.



Set tax policy to raise the growth rate of income per person, then sustain it long enough to pass the threshold. Guard against congestion by scaling services with population, so gains are not diluted.



The study is published in <a href="https://www.worldscientific.com/doi/10.1142/S0217590825500304" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Singapore Economic Review</a>.



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Net-zero emissions and rising income levels can both be achieved simultaneously

Balancing cleaner air with rising incomes is not a luxury question for developing countries. It is a real-world, and real-life, policy problem that shapes health, jobs, and the future of their cities. A new study lays out when zero emissions can go hand in hand with steady growth, even when governments rely on foreign aid. Zero emissions and economic growth The work comes from Hideo Noda at the Tokyo University of Science (TUS) with coauthor Fengqi Fang, a Ph.D. candidate in Business Administration from the Graduate School...

The ocean is teeming with life, much of it invisible to the human eye. Beneath the waves, countless microscopic organisms play essential roles in maintaining Earth's delicate balance. Among them, phytoplankton stand out as some of the most important. 



These tiny, plant-like organisms are responsible for producing nearly half of the oxygen we breathe, making them vital to life on the planet.



Beyond oxygen production, phytoplankton form the base of the marine food chain. Many ocean creatures, from small fish to massive whales, rely on them for survival. 



Phytoplankton also act as natural regulators of climate by absorbing vast amounts of carbon dioxide, helping to reduce the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-is-draining-nutrients-from-the-oceans-surface/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">effects of global warming</a>.



Despite their significance, much remains unknown about how individual phytoplankton function and react to environmental changes. Scientists have struggled to study them in detail due to the limitations of traditional research methods.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-studying-phytoplankton-and-ocean-health">Studying phytoplankton and ocean health</h2>



Understanding how phytoplankton convert sunlight into energy is crucial for monitoring ocean health and tracking climate change. 



However, studying these organisms presents unique difficulties. Most research methods either provide generalized information for entire populations, masking differences between individual cells, or offer only limited insights when focusing on single phytoplankton. 



This lack of precision has made it difficult to grasp how different species adapt to shifting environmental conditions.



Now, a team of researchers at <a href="https://en.huji.ac.il" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Hebrew University</a> of Jerusalem has developed a breakthrough method to study phytoplankton at an individual level. By measuring the light given off by each cell, they can determine how efficiently it absorbs and utilizes energy.



This technology could transform scientists' ability to monitor phytoplankton health and predict how they will respond to future climate changes. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-observing-individual-phytoplankton">Observing individual phytoplankton</h2>



Paul Harris, the lead researcher, explained the importance of this new technique.



“I look at how individual plankton react to changing conditions by looking at the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/light-detecting-molecules-guide-diatoms-through-turbulent-waters/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">light</a> that they dispose of - or in scientific terms I look at fluorescence lifetimes. Basically, it’s how the phytoplankton convert light to energy they can use later,” said Harris.



The system relies on a specially designed microscope that captures detailed images of phytoplankton as they travel through tiny channels. By analyzing the different colors of light emitted by each cell, experts can obtain valuable information about how efficiently the organism processes light for energy.



Focusing research on individual phytoplankton rather than entire groups will provide deeper insights into their unique adaptations in the ocean.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-species-specific-light-adaptations">Species-specific light adaptations</h2>



Harris and his team have already put their system to the test by studying three different types of phytoplankton. Their research has revealed that each <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/invisible-forest-of-phytoplankton-thrives-in-a-warming-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">species</a> adjusts to changing light conditions in its own way. 



Some phytoplankton behave like people who wear sunglasses on bright days, while others take a different approach, similar to someone choosing to wear a hat instead. These subtle differences in adaptation strategies highlight the complexity of phytoplankton behavior.



The ability to track these variations could prove invaluable in predicting how different species will respond to environmental stress. 



With climate change altering ocean temperatures and light levels, phytoplankton populations may shift dramatically in the coming decades. Understanding their responses now could help scientists anticipate changes in marine ecosystems before they occur.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-change-and-phytoplankton-behavior">Climate change and phytoplankton behavior</h2>



Phytoplankton play a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dust-from-africa-sparked-a-massive-phytoplankton-bloom/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">crucial role</a> in regulating Earth's climate. As global temperatures rise and ocean conditions shift, researchers are eager to understand how these microscopic organisms will react. 



"We need to understand how these phytoplankton respond in order to predict and observe what's happening in the oceans, especially with regard to climate change as oceans warm," said Harris. "We hope to give some insight into how species are going to change.”



Shifts in phytoplankton populations could have ripple effects throughout marine ecosystems. If certain species struggle to adapt, the creatures that depend on them for food may also face challenges.



On the other hand, some phytoplankton might thrive in warmer waters, potentially altering the balance of marine food webs. By gaining a clearer picture of how individual species respond to environmental shifts, scientists can better predict the future of ocean life.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-predicting-harmful-algal-blooms">Predicting harmful algal blooms</h2>



Beyond their role in climate regulation, phytoplankton populations also impact ocean ecosystems in more immediate ways. 



When certain species multiply too rapidly, they can form harmful algal blooms. These outbreaks release toxins that poison marine life and pose risks to humans who consume contaminated seafood.



Harris believes the new system could help predict and prevent such disasters. "We could use this tool to give advanced warning of algal blooms."



If researchers can identify early warning signs of harmful growth patterns, they may be able to alert coastal communities before a bloom becomes dangerous. This predictive ability could be especially useful as climate change alters ocean <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plankton-help-predict-ocean-biodiversity-losses/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">conditions</a>. 



Warmer waters and increased nutrient availability can trigger more frequent and intense algal blooms. By tracking how phytoplankton react to these changes, scientists might develop strategies to mitigate their harmful effects.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-of-phytoplankton-research">Future of phytoplankton research </h2>



The ability to distinguish between different phytoplankton species and analyze their energy use marks a significant step forward in marine research. 



This technique provides a clearer view of how phytoplankton populations contribute to ocean productivity and global carbon cycling. As scientists continue refining this method, they may uncover even more insights into the microscopic life that sustains marine ecosystems.



With the oceans undergoing rapid transformations, understanding phytoplankton has never been more important. Their survival influences the entire marine food chain and affects the air we breathe. 



By studying them at an individual level, researchers can piece together a more complete picture of ocean health and prepare for the challenges of a changing world.



The work will be presented at the <a href="https://www.biophysics.org/2025meeting/program/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">69th Biophysical Society Annual Meeting</a> in Los Angeles.



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Tracking tiny life: New tools for phytoplankton research

The ocean is teeming with life, much of it invisible...

For billions of years, Earth has been a planet without ice caps. Vast oceans, lush forests, and volcanic landscapes have dominated its surface. The ice-covered world we see today is an exception rather than the rule. 



According to a new study by the University of Leeds, the cool conditions that allowed <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/antarctic-ice-sheet-patterns-point-to-rapid-melting-risks/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ice</a> caps to form are rare in Earth's history.



Scientists have long wondered why Earth has spent most of its past in a "greenhouse" state, free from ice at the poles. In this study, the researchers found that our current climate resulted from a rare combination of multiple factors.



Without this lucky coincidence, Earth would have remained warm and ice-free, as it has been for most of its existence.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-earth-s-unusual-cold-state">Earth’s unusual cold state</h2>



Scientists have suggested several explanations over the years. Some believe that lower volcanic activity reduced the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere, leading to cooling. 



Others argue that forests played a role by absorbing more carbon from the air. Another idea points to chemical reactions between CO2 and certain rocks that removed carbon from the atmosphere.



These explanations made sense individually, but no single process seemed strong enough to push Earth into a long-lasting <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/antarctic-ice-sheet-past-present-and-future/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ice</a> age. That is where the new study introduced an innovative approach. 



To understand what caused the shift from a warm planet to an ice-covered one, the researchers examined past cold intervals.



The team used a long-term 3D climate model, developed at the <a href="https://www.leeds.ac.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Leeds</a>, to test all these processes together. This type of "Earth Evolution Model" had only recently become possible due to advances in computing power.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-factors-aligned-for-ice-caps">Climate factors aligned for ice caps</h2>



The results of the study were clear. No single factor caused Earth to become an ice-covered planet. Instead, a combination of processes had to occur at the same time. 



It was only through the right mix of reduced volcanic activity, increased carbon absorption, and specific land conditions that the planet cooled enough for ice caps to form.



Study lead author Dr. Andrew Meredith emphasized the significance of this finding.



“We now know that the reason we live on an Earth with ice caps - rather than an <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/drastic-warming-will-transform-the-arctic-beyond-recognition/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ice-free planet</a> - is due to a coincidental combination of very low rates of global volcanism, and highly dispersed continents with big mountains, which allow for lots of global rainfall and therefore amplify reactions that remove carbon from the atmosphere,” he said.



This means that Earth's current ice-covered state is not something that happens naturally or regularly. The planet’s usual condition is much warmer, with high levels of atmospheric CO2.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-natural-preference-for-warmth">A natural preference for warmth</h2>



The study also sheds light on how Earth avoids extreme glaciation. In the distant past, the planet experienced rare periods of complete ice coverage, known as "snowball Earth" events. 



These periods were devastating, with ice stretching across nearly all land and oceans. However, such events were extremely rare.



According to Dr. Meredith, the findings suggest that Earth's natural climate system works against extreme freezing.



“We think this general tendency towards a warm climate has helped prevent devastating 'snowball Earth' global glaciations, which have only occurred very rarely and have therefore helped life to continue to prosper,” he said.



This preference for warmth allowed life to thrive without being trapped in permanent <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/melting-ice-caps-changing-earths-rotation-need-negative-leap-second/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ice</a>. While temporary cooling events occurred, the overall trend favored a high-CO2 world with no ice caps.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-earth-s-ice-caps-may-not-return">Earth’s ice caps may not return </h2>



Professor Benjamin Mills, who supervised the project, pointed out the study’s relevance to modern climate discussions. He warned against assuming that Earth will naturally return to colder conditions, as some might hope.



“There is an important message, which is that we should not expect the Earth to always return to a cold state as it was in the pre-industrial age,” he said.



“Earth’s current ice-covered state is not typical for the planet’s history, but our current global society relies on it."



“We should do everything we can to preserve it, and we should be careful with assumptions that cold climates will return if we drive excessive warming before stopping emissions. Over its long history, the Earth likes it hot, but our human society does not.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenge-of-a-changing-climate">Challenge of a changing climate</h2>



The study highlights a difficult truth. While humans depend on a stable, ice-covered world, Earth itself does not. 



The conditions that allowed ice caps to form resulted from a rare set of circumstances that will not automatically repeat themselves. If human activity pushes global temperatures higher, we cannot rely on natural processes to bring them back down.



The research serves as a reminder that Earth's climate system is more fragile than it appears. A return to a warmer world may be the planet’s default state, but for human civilization, it would be a disaster. The findings emphasize the need to protect the current climate rather than assume it will correct itself.



As the planet faces rising temperatures, this study provides a crucial perspective. Earth has spent most of its existence without ice caps, and without action, it may return to that state far sooner than expected.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adm9798" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science Advances</a>.



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Earth’s ice caps may only exist because of unusual climate shifts

For billions of years, Earth has been a planet without...

For centuries, cocoa farming has been a lifeline for millions of smallholder farmers across the tropics. It is more than just an agricultural crop; it fuels a global chocolate industry valued at over USD 100 billion annually. 



From the lush plantations of Ghana and Brazil to the rainforests of Indonesia, cocoa remains central to both economic stability and cultural identity. However, as global demand rises, the industry faces an unprecedented challenge.



The need to produce more cocoa has driven the expansion of plantations and intensified farming methods. While this has boosted short-term yields, it has also placed immense pressure on biodiversity and long-term sustainability. 



Now, with climate change threatening production, researchers are urgently seeking solutions that balance <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cocoa-production-in-africa-is-under-extreme-climate-pressure/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">productivity</a> with ecological stability.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-change-and-cocoa">Climate change and cocoa</h2>



A new study led by the <a href="https://www.ox.ac.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Oxford</a>, in collaboration with institutions from China, Brazil, and Germany, highlights the looming risks that climate change poses to cocoa farming. 



Rising temperatures and shifting weather patterns could significantly impact yields, making it harder for farmers to maintain production. The research focused on three key cocoa-producing countries - Brazil, Ghana, and Indonesia - which together account for 33% of the world’s cocoa supply.



The findings revealed a concerning trend. In locations where temperatures had risen by up to 7 degrees Celsius, cocoa yields dropped between 20-31%. These losses demonstrate how vulnerable cocoa-producing regions are to climate change. 



If global temperatures continue to rise, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-discovery-will-help-climate-proof-chocolate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cocoa</a> farmers may face increasing challenges in maintaining both quality and quantity of production.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hidden-threat-to-cocoa-production">Hidden threat to cocoa production</h2>



While climate change presents a major threat, another key factor is limiting cocoa yields - pollination. Despite its importance, pollination has often been overlooked in discussions about improving cocoa productivity.



The study found that boosting pollination rates above current levels could <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/healthier-chocolate-created-by-using-the-entire-cocoa-fruit/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">increase yields</a> by 20%, revealing that many cocoa plantations are not reaching their full potential.



"Cocoa is pollinated by tiny insects such as midges and thrips, and it comes as quite a surprise that most of the time there simply isn’t enough pollination happening to produce the cocoa crop that is possible," noted Dr. Acheampong Atta-Boateng, a co-author of the study.



This lack of pollination is limiting productivity, yet the good news is that there are practical solutions available. Unlike large-scale plantation expansion, enhancing pollination does not require clearing forests or using excessive fertilizers. 



Instead, small changes in farm management can create the conditions needed for better pollination and healthier yields.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-strategies-for-cocoa-farming">Strategies for cocoa farming</h2>



The researchers identified several farming techniques that could both enhance pollination and help plantations adapt to climate change. 



Maintaining leaf litter and other understory biomass can support pollinator populations by providing them with shelter and breeding grounds. Preserving soil organic matter improves plantation health and reduces temperature fluctuations, which can make farms more resilient to climate extremes.



Another crucial approach is providing moderate shade. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cacao-trees-5000-year-odyssey-global-domestication/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cocoa trees</a> naturally thrive under a canopy of larger trees, which helps regulate temperature and moisture levels. When farms integrate shade trees into their design, they not only create better conditions for cocoa but also encourage the presence of pollinators.



Additionally, reducing agricultural chemical use plays a major role in supporting pollinators. Many pesticides and herbicides harm the small insects responsible for cocoa pollination. 



By limiting chemical applications and using natural pest control methods, farmers can create a healthier ecosystem where both cocoa plants and their pollinators flourish.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-call-for-sustainable-cocoa-farming">Call for sustainable cocoa farming</h2>



"This research shows that sustainable agricultural methods can significantly improve cocoa yields without farm expansion or intensification," noted Dr. Tonya Lander, the study's first author.



"By adopting biodiversity-centred, climate-resilient farming techniques, the cocoa sector can both increase production and safeguard farmers' livelihoods."



The research provides a roadmap for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/deadly-virus-threatens-global-chocolate-supply/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cocoa</a> farmers, industry leaders, and policymakers to rethink current farming practices. Instead of focusing solely on increasing land use, the industry must embrace biodiversity-friendly techniques that support both pollination and climate resilience.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-future-of-cocoa-farming">The future of cocoa farming</h2>



"The rising demand for cocoa and the short-term economic benefits to farmers has led to plantation expansion and ecological homogenization at the expense of biodiversity and vital ecosystem services, like pollination," noted Dr. Tom Wanger of <a href="https://en.westlake.edu.cn" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Westlake University</a>, China.



"This study highlights the long-term risks of this approach, and how pollination can be a solution that works alongside climate-resilient agricultural systems to achieve long-term, ecologically and financially sustainable solutions."



The message from researchers is clear. Sustainable cocoa farming is not just about preserving forests - it is about ensuring long-term productivity and economic stability for millions of farmers.



By implementing smarter farm management practices, cocoa growers can protect their crops from climate change while improving yields through better pollination.



The future of cocoa farming depends on science-driven solutions that prioritize both agricultural success and environmental responsibility. If the industry embraces these changes, it can continue to thrive without sacrificing the landscapes and ecosystems that make cocoa cultivation possible.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-025-02072-z" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Communications Earth &amp; Environment</a>.



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Sustainable farming could save the future of chocolate

For centuries, cocoa farming has been a lifeline for millions...

Forests have long been resilient, adapting to shifting climates over centuries. However, the pace of modern climate change presents an unprecedented challenge. Trees that have thrived in certain regions for generations now face rising temperatures, prolonged droughts, and increasing disturbances from wildfires and pests. 



Scientists have expected tree species to migrate naturally, shifting toward cooler and wetter areas to survive. Yet, a recent study from <a href="https://www.colostate.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Colorado State University</a> reveals a different reality - tree populations in the interior U.S. West are shrinking, but they are not expanding into new, more favorable territories.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-change-is-killing-trees">Climate change is killing trees</h2>



The study examined data from over 25,000 forest plots across the interior U.S. West. 



The researchers found that trees are struggling to regenerate in the hottest parts of their ranges, which aligns with expectations. However, the more alarming discovery is that they are not establishing themselves in cooler, wetter locations either.



Study lead author Katie Nigro emphasized the significance of this pattern, stating that trees play a crucial role in providing clean water, clean air, and essential habitat for wildlife. She noted that without intervention, some species may struggle to maintain their presence in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/planting-trees-in-the-wrong-place-can-make-cities-hotter/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">landscape</a>.



"If forest managers want to keep certain trees on the landscape, our study shows where they can still exist or where they might need help," said Nigro.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-change-outpaces-tree-adaptation">Climate change outpaces tree adaptation</h2>



For decades, ecologists have assumed that as warming temperatures push <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tree-crops-a-path-to-feeding-the-world-and-saving-the-planet/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">trees</a> out of certain areas, they will gradually expand into more suitable habitats. However, the study challenges this assumption by demonstrating that most species are not shifting as expected.



Shrinking ranges were observed in both undisturbed forests and those affected by wildfires, insect outbreaks, and disease. Researchers tested whether disturbances such as wildfires could clear the way for trees to establish themselves in cooler regions by removing competition. 



The expectation was that, with fewer adult <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/can-trees-protect-their-genetic-diversity-for-millions-of-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">trees</a> blocking sunlight and taking up resources, new seedlings could take root in more favorable microclimates. But the study found little evidence of such shifts occurring.



"Just like us and every species, trees can only function within a certain climatic tolerance, and different species have different climatic tolerances,” Nigro explained. “I thought we would find more shifts into cooler zones, especially in burned areas.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-forests-are-shrinking-faster-than-expected">Forests are shrinking faster than expected</h2>



The study, published in Nature Climate Change, provides a large-scale analysis of how trees are responding to changing conditions. The results highlight an overarching pattern - <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/resilient-trees-can-help-safeguard-cities-from-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">trees</a> are disappearing from the hottest, driest parts of their range, yet failing to gain ground along the cooler, wetter margins.



Nigro pointed out that some tree species, particularly slow-growing subalpine varieties, may need more time to establish themselves in new areas. 



However, she also warned that the rapid pace of climate change may be outstripping the ability of trees to adapt naturally. More localized studies will be necessary to determine which species can survive where and whether interventions will be needed.



"One of the potential issues is that we may get bigger and bigger mismatches between where trees are living and their ideal climate," Nigro said.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-physical-barriers-prevent-tree-migration">Physical barriers prevent tree migration</h2>



Even when trees attempt to shift their ranges, they face numerous obstacles. Climate change is not only altering temperatures but also increasing wildfire frequency and intensity. 



These disturbances can prevent regeneration by eliminating seed sources. Additionally, seeds trying to move upslope to cooler temperatures must overcome significant physical barriers.



“There's a lot of things that prevent a seed from moving uphill, including gravity,” said co-author Monique Rocca, an associate professor of ecosystem science and sustainability. “A lot of conditions need to be in place for a tree to be able to move to cooler, wetter sites.”



The study highlights how trees remain restricted to their current locations due to environmental and physical constraints. 



Rocca noted that understanding where trees are naturally persisting versus where they need human intervention is key to ensuring future forest sustainability.



“This study digs into some of the details of where trees are staying on the landscape on their own versus where we may need to intervene if our goal is to keep Western landscapes covered in trees,” she said.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tough-trees-survive-climate-shifts">Tough trees survive climate shifts</h2>



While most tree species struggle to expand their ranges, a few have managed to regenerate successfully. 



The researchers identified four species that continued to regenerate despite climate challenges, wildfires, and disease outbreaks. However, three of these species were relatively rare, making it difficult to assess their long-term adaptability.



One species, Gambel oak, proved particularly resilient due to its ability to resprout even after disturbances. Unlike other species that rely on seed dispersal for regeneration, Gambel oak can regrow from its root system, allowing it to survive in harsh <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/more-than-one-third-of-the-worlds-trees-face-extinction/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">environments</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-role-of-data-in-tracking-forest-change">Role of data in tracking forest change</h2>



The study used long-term data from the USDA Forest Service’s Forest Inventory and Analysis program, often referred to as the national “tree census.” This program continuously tracks tree growth and losses across the nation, providing invaluable insights into forest dynamics.



Study co-author Kristen Pelz highlighted the importance of the study’s findings.



"Dr. Nigro harnessed the power of our field-collected data to show how forests are changing across the interior West - not theoretically, but today," Pelz said.



By analyzing the leading and trailing edges of tree ranges, rather than just the overall average, the study offers a more detailed picture of how tree species are shifting. 



This information is particularly useful for land managers trying to make informed decisions about future forest conservation strategies.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-assisted-migration-as-a-possible-solution">Assisted migration as a possible solution</h2>



Since trees are not expanding into better-suited environments on their own, the study suggests that human intervention may be necessary. 



Assisted migration involves helping tree species move to more favorable climates by planting them in areas where they are more likely to thrive.



"This research can help land managers and foresters decide whether to hang on to trees in the hottest portions of their ranges for as long as possible or to transition to a more heat- and drought-tolerant system,” Nigro said. 



She noted that in some cases, assisted migration might involve using seeds from the same species but sourced from populations already adapted to warmer conditions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-changing-forest-landscape">A changing forest landscape</h2>



Nigro continues her work as a postdoctoral fellow with the Rocky Mountain Research Station, where she is studying which seeds from a single species have the highest survival potential in harsher climates. 



Meanwhile, her Ph.D. adviser, co-author Miranda Redmond, is conducting related research at UC Berkeley, focusing on how tree species are adapting to climate change.



“These efforts are becoming increasingly critical due to the rapid pace and scale of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/planting-too-many-trees-could-spoil-the-planet/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tree</a> die-offs from wildfires, drought, and other climate-driven disturbances, coupled with tree regeneration failures observed in many areas,” Redmond said.



As climate change reshapes the natural world, forests of the future may look quite different from those of today. Some tree species may disappear from certain landscapes, while others may need human intervention to persist.



"Planting likely will be required to keep trees on the landscape where they are most valued, and we may need to accept new ecosystems in areas that are inevitably going to change. Our future forests might look different and contain different trees than they do today," said Nigro.



The study makes it clear that trees alone may not be able to keep up with the rapid shifts in climate. Without intervention, some species could be lost, altering forest ecosystems in ways that could have lasting effects on wildlife, water resources, and air quality. 



The challenge now is determining the best strategies for ensuring forests remain a vital part of the Western landscape for generations to come.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-024-02235-4" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Climate Change</a>.



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Trees are losing the battle against climate change

Forests have long been resilient, adapting to shifting climates over...

Many find comfort in the familiar scents of pine, lavender, or citrus. However, introducing these fragrances indoors through scented candles, wax melts, air fresheners, or floor cleaners can have unexpected effects.



Scientists at Purdue University have discovered that these everyday products release nanoscale particles into the air. These particles are so small that they can reach deep into the lungs and potentially spread to other organs. 



Unlike the natural scents of a forest, these artificial fragrances interact with ozone inside buildings, creating invisible pollutants.



For years, indoor air pollution has received little attention. While people focus on smog, vehicle emissions, and industrial pollutants, they often assume their homes provide a safe escape. 



Yet, researchers now suggest that indoor environments may contain harmful airborne particles at levels comparable to outdoor pollution.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scented-products-transform-indoor-air">Scented products transform indoor air</h2>



Many people assume that air fresheners and scented cleaning products improve indoor air quality. 



These products give the illusion of freshness, masking <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/air-pollution-weakens-brain-function-and-focus-in-daily-tasks/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">odors</a> and filling the home with pleasant smells. However, their chemical makeup often leads to unexpected reactions once they enter the air.



Nanoparticles form when fragrance compounds interact with ozone. Ozone naturally enters buildings through ventilation systems, windows, and doors. Once inside, it reacts with volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from scented products, triggering chemical changes that result in new pollutants.



Nusrat Jung, an assistant professor in <a href="https://www.purdue.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Purdue</a>’s Lyles School of Civil and Construction Engineering, researches indoor air quality and the impact of household products. 



“A forest is a pristine environment, but if you’re using cleaning and aromatherapy products full of chemically manufactured scents to recreate a forest in your home, you’re actually creating a tremendous amount of indoor air pollution that you shouldn’t be breathing in,” said Jung.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-health-risks-of-nanoparticles">Health risks of nanoparticles</h2>



Unlike visible dust or smoke, nanoparticles are far too small to be seen with the naked eye. These tiny particles, measuring just a few nanometers in size, can easily bypass the body’s natural defenses. They penetrate deep into the respiratory system and may even spread to other organs.



Jung and fellow civil engineering professor Brandon Boor have conducted meticulous research on indoor air pollution. Their studies compare the formation of nanoparticles inside homes to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bioengineered-super-plant-acts-as-natural-indoor-air-purifier/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">atmospheric processes</a> that occur outdoors.



The team found that household products release nanoscale particles that are just as concerning as some outdoor pollutants.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-indoor-air-pollution">Indoor air pollution</h2>



“To understand how airborne particles form indoors, you need to measure the smallest nanoparticles - down to a single nanometer," said Professor Boor.



"At this scale, we can observe the earliest stages of new particle formation, where fragrances react with ozone to form tiny molecular clusters. These clusters then rapidly evolve, growing and transforming in the air around us.”



To track how these particles develop, Jung and Boor use a specialized research facility called the Purdue Zero Energy Design Guidance for Engineers (zEDGE) lab. This “tiny house lab” is a fully functioning residential space designed to monitor indoor air quality. 



Built in 2020, the lab is equipped with advanced sensors to measure how common household activities affect <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-air-quality-trends-revealed-in-new-images/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">air composition</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-indoor-scents-and-air-pollution">Indoor scents and air pollution </h2>



Jung and Boor’s research suggests that many everyday household products are not as safe as previously assumed. 



While their potential health effects require further study, the scientists have repeatedly found that fragranced products react with indoor air to form nanoparticles at high concentrations.



“Our research shows that fragranced products are not just passive sources of pleasant scents - they actively alter indoor air chemistry, leading to the formation of nanoparticles at concentrations that could have significant health implications,” Jung said.



These findings indicate that household air quality should be an essential consideration in building design and HVAC system operation. Many current ventilation systems do not adequately account for the nanoparticle pollution created by scented chemical products.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-surprising-impact-of-wax-melts">Surprising impact of wax melts</h2>



In one of their recent studies, Jung and Boor examined the pollution caused by scented wax melts. These products, often advertised as nontoxic because they do not burn like candles, were found to pollute indoor air just as much as traditional candles.



Wax melts contain high concentrations of fragrance oils, which release terpenes when warmed. Terpenes are the chemical compounds responsible for many natural scents, such as those found in citrus fruits and pine trees. However, when terpenes react with ozone indoors, they trigger the rapid formation of nanoparticles.



Despite lacking combustion, wax melts produce nanoparticle pollution comparable to burning candles. This discovery suggests that non-combustion sources of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/air-fryers-crowned-the-least-polluting-kitchen-appliance/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">indoor pollution</a> deserve more attention. 



Other fragranced chemical products, such as essential oil diffusers, disinfectants, and air fresheners, were also found to generate significant amounts of nanoscale particles.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cooking-and-indoor-pollution">Cooking and indoor pollution</h2>



While scented products are a major source of nanoparticle pollution, they are not the only contributors. Boor’s research also found that cooking, especially on gas stoves, releases large quantities of nanoparticles into the air.



Just one kilogram of cooking fuel releases 10 quadrillion particles smaller than three nanometers. This emission rate matches or even exceeds the pollution from internal combustion engine vehicles. 



A person cooking on a gas stove indoors could inhale 10 to 100 times more of these sub-3 nanometer particles than they would from standing on a busy city street.



Still, the levels of nanoparticles produced by scented chemical products rival or surpass those emitted from gas stoves and cars. Within just 20 minutes of exposure to scented products, between 100 billion and 10 trillion nanoparticles could be deposited in the respiratory system.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-indoor-air-gets-polluted">How indoor air gets polluted </h2>



To deepen their understanding of indoor air pollution, Jung and Boor are collaborating with industry partners. 



Their tiny house lab provides a more realistic testing environment than traditional chamber-based air quality studies. As a result, companies use the lab to test new air quality measurement instruments before bringing them to market.



“When companies see top-tier research coming out of Purdue, they want to be part of it,” Jung said. “And if they have an innovative product, they want experts to push it to its limits.”



One of the latest instruments tested in the lab is a particle size magnifier-scanning mobility particle sizer (PSMPS) developed by <a href="https://www.durag.com/en/grimm-aerosol-technik-4528.htm" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">GRIMM AEROSOL TECHNIK</a>, a DURAG GROUP company. This cutting-edge tool allows researchers to detect nanoparticles as small as a single nanometer as soon as they form.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-comparing-indoor-and-outdoor-air">Comparing indoor and outdoor air</h2>



Thanks to high-resolution data from the tiny house lab, Jung and Boor have been able to compare indoor and outdoor air pollution with unprecedented accuracy. 



Since indoor air pollution remains largely unregulated and understudied, these findings are critical for understanding how indoor environments impact health.



The researchers have also expanded their studies to include the effects of personal care routines on indoor air quality. Jung and her students discovered that common hair care products release significant amounts of cyclic volatile methyl siloxanes, a type of chemical that lingers in the air long after use. 



In a single hair care session at home, a person can inhale between 1 and 17 milligrams of these chemicals.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-of-indoor-air-quality-research">Future of indoor air quality research</h2>



Toxicologists will need to investigate how inhaling complex mixtures of volatile chemicals and nanoparticles affects human health. The researchers hope their findings will lead to improved monitoring, regulation, and control of scent-related indoor air pollution.



“Indoor air quality is often overlooked in the design and management of the buildings we live and work in, yet it has a direct impact on our health every day,” Boor said. 



“With data from the tiny house lab, we aim to bridge that gap - transforming fundamental research into real-world solutions for healthier indoor environments for everyone.”



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.estlett.4c00986" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Environmental Science &amp; Technology Letters</a>.



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Scented products release indoor air pollutants

Many find comfort in the familiar scents of pine, lavender,...

Conservation is widely seen as a noble effort to protect nature from human destruction. From rewilding landscapes to establishing nature reserves, these initiatives aim to preserve biodiversity and ecosystems. 



However, a growing body of research suggests that these well-intended efforts may have unintended consequences. Protecting one area can push harmful activities elsewhere, often to regions where biodiversity loss is even greater.



A team of conservation scientists and economists led by the <a href="https://www.cam.ac.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Cambridge</a> refers to this issue as a “biodiversity leak.”



When industrialized nations reclaim farmland or forests for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/people-must-reconnect-with-nature-now-to-save-biodiversity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nature</a>, they may unknowingly shift agriculture, logging, and other industries to more biodiverse regions. As a result, conservation gains in one country may cause greater environmental damage elsewhere.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenge-of-displaced-land-use">Challenge of displaced land use</h2>



Researchers from over a dozen institutions warn that rewilding farmland in countries with lower biodiversity could do more harm than good. Their findings suggest that reclaiming cropland in the UK for nature may be five times more damaging for global <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/un-report-calls-for-global-change-to-stop-biodiversity-loss/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">biodiversity</a> than the local benefits it provides. 



This is because agricultural production does not disappear when land is set aside for conservation. Instead, it moves elsewhere, often to places that are more ecologically significant.



While this issue has been recognized for decades, it remains largely overlooked in conservation policies. Even the UN’s Global Biodiversity Framework, which aims to conserve 30% of the world's land and seas, fails to address biodiversity leakage. 



The researchers argue that ignoring this displacement effect could undermine major conservation victories.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-conservation-efforts-and-biodiversity-policies">Conservation efforts and biodiversity policies</h2>



“As nations in temperate regions such as Europe conserve more land, the resulting shortfalls in food and wood production will have to be made up somewhere,” said Professor Andrew Balmford from the University of Cambridge’s Department of Zoology.



Professor Balmford noted that much of this production will shift to regions like Africa and South America. These areas often have weaker environmental regulations, making them more vulnerable to deforestation and habitat destruction.



Instead of reducing global environmental harm, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/changes-in-earths-biodiversity-can-be-tracked-from-space/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">conservation</a> in wealthier nations may push the burden onto regions with far greater ecological importance.



“The first thing we need to do is collectively acknowledge that these leaks exist. If protesting a logging concession in the US increases demand for pulp from the tropics, then we are unlikely to be helping biodiversity,” said Professor Brendan Fisher from the <a href="https://www.uvm.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Vermont</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-of-conservation-on-global-biodiversity">Impact of conservation on global biodiversity</h2>



While protected areas slow deforestation within their borders, they can drive forest loss elsewhere. Research has shown that when logging is restricted in one location, it often intensifies in another. 



A well-documented example occurred in the Pacific Northwest, where efforts to protect old-growth forests led to increased logging in other parts of North America.



Despite the significance of biodiversity leakage, many conservationists remain unaware of the issue. A survey of tropical <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-are-the-biggest-drivers-of-biodiversity-loss/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">conservation site</a> managers, conducted by the Cambridge research team, revealed that 37% had never heard of leakage. 



Less than half of the projects examined were actively trying to reduce displacement damage.



To better understand the global effects of conservation leakage, researchers applied real-world food production and biodiversity data to two hypothetical conservation projects. Their findings illustrate how conservation efforts in different regions can have widely varying outcomes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-strategies-must-consider-global-biodiversity">Strategies must consider global biodiversity </h2>



One scenario examined the impact of rewilding a large area of Brazilian soybean farms. The researchers found that this would push agricultural production to nations like Argentina and the United States. 



However, because Brazil is one of the most biodiverse regions on Earth, local conservation benefits would outweigh the negative effects of production displacement.



In contrast, a similar project in the UK would have the opposite effect. If UK farmland were reclaimed for nature, farming would likely be displaced to Australia, Germany, Italy, and Ukraine. 



Since these countries have more species than the UK, the resulting biodiversity loss could be five times greater than the local gains in British biodiversity. This demonstrates why conservation strategies must consider global biodiversity rather than focusing solely on national interests.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ways-to-minimize-biodiversity-leaks">Ways to minimize biodiversity leaks</h2>



Governments and conservation organizations must take biodiversity leakage seriously when designing environmental policies. 



Addressing this issue requires a shift in how conservation efforts are planned and executed. Researchers propose several strategies to minimize leakage and ensure that conservation benefits nature on a global scale.



One approach is to reduce demand for high-footprint commodities such as red meat, which drives deforestation and habitat destruction. If conservation projects work alongside industries to lower consumption of resource-intensive products, they can lessen the pressure to expand agricultural land into biodiverse regions.



Another strategy is to prioritize conservation efforts in areas with high biodiversity but limited food or timber production. 



For example, restoring abandoned tropical shrimp farms to mangroves could enhance biodiversity without displacing agricultural production. This approach ensures that conservation does not come at the cost of increased habitat destruction elsewhere.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-supporting-local-communities">Supporting local communities</h2>



Dr. Ben Balmford of the <a href="https://www.exeter.ac.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Exeter</a> stresses the importance of integrating conservation with sustainable production. 



“This issue demands far greater attention from a sector that seeks to shape how 30% of an ever hungrier and more connected planet is managed.”



Rather than simply protecting land, conservation efforts should work with local farmers and producers to maintain agricultural output while preserving biodiversity. 



By supporting sustainable practices, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-action-and-biodiversity-striking-the-right-balance/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">conservationists</a> can prevent production from shifting to more vulnerable regions. Examples include forest-friendly chocolate production and herding techniques that protect snow leopards while sustaining livestock farming.



When increasing local yields is not feasible, conservation initiatives could establish long-range partnerships with suppliers in the same markets. This would help maintain production levels while avoiding unnecessary displacement of agricultural activities.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-addressing-biodiversity-leaks">Addressing biodiversity leaks</h2>



Dr. Fiona Sanderson from the <a href="https://www.rspb.org.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Royal Society for the Protection of Birds</a> warned about the risks of ignoring this issue. “Without attention and action, there is a real risk that the biodiversity leak will undermine hard-won conservation victories.”



“At its worst, we could see some conservation actions cause net global harm by displacing production to regions which are much more significant for biodiversity,” noted Professor Balmford.



To make conservation truly effective, strategies must be designed with a global perspective. Protecting nature in one place should not come at the expense of greater destruction elsewhere. 



By recognizing biodiversity leakage and developing smarter conservation policies, the world can ensure that efforts to protect nature contribute to real, lasting environmental benefits.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adv8264" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science</a>.



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Biodiversity leaks: Conservation efforts may shift harm elsewhere

Conservation is widely seen as a noble effort to protect...

Tropical forests are among the most vibrant ecosystems on Earth. These dense and humid landscapes hold more than 60% of all known species, making them irreplaceable biodiversity storehouses. 



Despite covering less than one-tenth of the planet’s surface, they sustain an extraordinary number of plants, animals, and microorganisms.



However, this natural wealth faces unprecedented threats. Expanding agriculture, infrastructure, and industrial activities are rapidly transforming vast sections of tropical land. The loss of these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/people-must-reconnect-with-nature-now-to-save-biodiversity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">forests</a> is not just about trees; it is about the countless species that depend on them for survival. 



Among these are some of the world’s most endangered creatures, now pushed closer to extinction due to human encroachment.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-limits-of-protected-areas">Limits of protected areas</h2>



Conservation efforts have sought to curb this destruction through the establishment of protected areas. Governments and international organizations continue to create new reserves, hoping to slow the decline of species at risk. 



However, recent research published in PLOS Biology suggests that setting aside protected land may not be enough.



Professor Lydia Beaudrot of <a href="https://msu.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Michigan State University</a> contributed significantly to this study. As an ecologist in the Department of Integrative Biology, she leads research focused on the conservation of tropical mammals.



Beaudrot and her colleagues brought together an international team of scientists to assess the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/un-report-calls-for-global-change-to-stop-biodiversity-loss/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">effects of human activity</a> on mammal populations.



“We found that tropical forests near more people have fewer mammal species. It suggests that some species do not survive even when forests are protected, such as in national parks,” Beaudrot explained.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-human-presence-and-tropical-forests">Human presence and tropical forests</h2>



It is widely understood that deforestation and land conversion pose serious risks to wildlife. However, this study highlights another, more subtle danger - human presence itself.



Even when forests remain intact, the simple fact that people live nearby can disturb the delicate balance of life within these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/changes-in-earths-biodiversity-can-be-tracked-from-space/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ecosystems</a>.



The researchers described this effect as “anthropogenic extinction filtering.” This process shows that human activity outside protected areas reshapes the ecological communities within them. Hunting, noise pollution, and habitat disturbance all contribute to changes that make it difficult for certain species to survive.



To measure this phenomenon, the research team deployed over 2,000 camera traps across South America, Africa, and Asia. These devices captured an unparalleled dataset, offering insights into the biodiversity of tropical forests on a global scale.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-global-network-for-conservation-science">Global network for conservation science</h2>



The images collected came from a collaborative effort involving 17 research sites established under the Tropical Ecology Assessment and Monitoring Network. This organization brings together conservationists and scientists to study biodiversity in the most remote <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-action-and-biodiversity-striking-the-right-balance/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tropical regions</a>.



Ilaria Greco, a doctoral candidate at the University of Florence and the study’s lead author, took this collaboration a step further. 



She worked with an even broader network of international researchers, securing data not available through existing wildlife monitoring programs. This expansion resulted in the most comprehensive study of its kind, covering 37 tropical forest locations.



By analyzing long-term data on 239 mammal species, the researchers could compare how biodiversity changed in response to varying levels of human presence. The study examined forests ranging from vast, uninterrupted landscapes to fragmented patches surrounded by human settlements.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-additional-conservation-measures">Additional conservation measures</h2>



While protected areas remain essential, Beaudrot stressed that they cannot function as isolated islands. Additional conservation efforts, such as forest restoration, are necessary to provide a buffer between human activities and vulnerable wildlife populations.



To better understand the connection between human density and mammal survival, the researchers developed a model integrating remote-sensing data with information from trail cameras. This approach allowed them to visualize the extent of human influence on wildlife populations.



“Through a massive collaboration among many researchers, we used the largest dataset to date to test how habitat loss and human density affect tropical forest wildlife,” Beaudrot said.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-on-mammals-in-tropical-forests">Impact on mammals in tropical forests</h2>



The model predicted a direct correlation between human population density and biodiversity loss. It estimated that for every 16 humans living within a square kilometer of a protected area, mammal species could decrease by as much as one percent.



This finding highlights a major challenge: even where forests remain formally protected, external human activities influence the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/animal-tracking-is-crucial-for-preserving-biodiversity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">survival of species</a> within them. 



The lack of adequate buffer zones makes many of these conservation areas vulnerable to long-term biodiversity decline.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-danger-of-fragmented-tropical-forests">Danger of fragmented tropical forests</h2>



One of the most striking aspects of this research is its revelation about the edges of tropical forests. Nearly 70% of tropical forest habitats lie within one kilometer of a forest’s edge. This means that very few of these ecosystems remain untouched by human influence.



Mammal populations were also negatively affected by habitat loss occurring as far as 50 kilometers (31 miles) away from their core forested regions. Such extensive impact suggests that conservationists need to think beyond the immediate borders of protected areas.



“It is not just the protected area that matters for biodiversity conservation but also what is outside the protected area,” Beaudrot emphasized.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-new-depth-of-understanding">A new depth of understanding</h2>



“Until recently, we have not had high-quality data at a global scale to measure how people affect the number of mammal species and how widely they occur within tropical forests,” noted Beaudrot.



The study provides the most detailed picture yet of how human activity shapes biodiversity in tropical forests. The findings show that simply setting land aside for conservation is not enough. 



Without addressing external pressures, these areas may fail to protect the species they were designed to safeguard.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rethinking-conservation-strategies">Rethinking conservation strategies</h2>



Efforts like the United Nations’ Decade on Ecosystem Restoration and the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework aim to halt biodiversity loss. However, the study warns that these initiatives may not fully account for the complex ways human activities threaten tropical wildlife.



To create more effective conservation strategies, the researchers argue that efforts must extend beyond protected area borders. Reducing human impact outside conservation zones is crucial to maintaining biodiversity.



Restoring degraded land surrounding protected forests can help expand buffer zones, offering species a greater chance to survive. Rather than relying on isolated patches of land, conservationists may need to focus on connecting and expanding protected areas to create larger, continuous habitats.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-call-to-strengthen-protection">A call to strengthen protection</h2>



Greco, who led the project, now works as a postdoctoral researcher at the University of Florence under Francesco Rovero.



According to Greco, the study’s results suggest that “anthropogenic extinction filtering” is actively shaping mammal communities in tropical forests. 



She explained that human overpopulation has already driven the most sensitive species to local extinction. The species that remain in these landscapes now depend largely on habitat cover.



“The study warns that conservation of many mammals in tropical forests depends on mitigating the complex detrimental effects of anthropogenic pressures well beyond protected area borders," said Rovero.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-moving-forward-with-conservation">Moving forward with conservation</h2>



This research sheds light on the urgent need for a more comprehensive approach to biodiversity conservation. While protected areas remain a critical tool, they must be supported by broader land <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/green-walls-cool-cities-and-create-urban-habitats/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">management strategies</a>. 



Strengthening connections between conservation zones, restoring degraded land, and reducing human impact on surrounding landscapes will be key to protecting the world’s remaining tropical forests.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.3002976" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PLOS Biology</a>.



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Protected but not safe: Hidden threats to wildlife in tropical forests

Tropical forests are among the most vibrant ecosystems on Earth....

Could that fish dinner be messing with your body more than you realize? A study from the West Coast suggests it might be, showing that nearly all tested seafood contained cancer-linked <a href="https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/microplastics.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plastic</a> particles.&nbsp;



These tiny particles are smaller than a quarter of an inch. They weave their way into food, water, and even into the air, with questions lingering about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microplastics-are-widespread-in-the-seafood-we-eat/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">potential harm</a> to human health.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-almost-all-seafood-contains-plastic">Almost all seafood contains plastic</h2>



The newly released study was led by Dr. Susanne Brander at Oregon State University. The experts found that 99 percent of tested seafood samples had particles embedded in their edible tissues.



Scientists suspect these bits can slip past an organism’s digestive tract and lodge elsewhere.



“It’s very concerning that microfibers appear to move from the gut into other tissues, which has wide implications for other organisms, potentially including humans too,” said Dr. Brander. 



This finding raises important questions about whether certain species are more vulnerable to these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-discover-how-microplastics-accumulate-in-coral-reefs/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plastic invasions</a> than others.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-smaller-seafood-holds-more-plastic">Smaller seafood holds more plastic</h2>



Smaller fish and shellfish showed a noticeable tendency to harbor more particles than larger species. One prime example was pink shrimp, a popular choice in many seafood markets.



“We found that the smaller organisms that we sampled seem to be ingesting more anthropogenic, non-nutritious particles,” said Dr. Elise Granek from <a href="https://www.pdx.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Portland State University</a>.  



The word "anthropogenic" refers to environmental changes caused by human activities. The term highlights how everyday habits - like wearing synthetic clothes or tossing plastic packaging - are fueling <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hotspots-of-microplastic-pollution-found-in-the-north-sea/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">contamination</a> in marine habitats.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-navigating-health-risks-of-plastic-exposure">Navigating health risks of plastic exposure </h2>



Researchers <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/behavioral-neuroscience/articles/10.3389/fnbeh.2020.612624/full" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">caution</a> that there is no established safe level for plastic particles in food.



Some reports link such pollutants to potential organ inflammation and cellular stress, although more data is needed to clarify what truly happens inside human bodies over time.



In some cases, plastic bits can <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S014181302200410X?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bind</a> with toxins, adding another layer of potential risk. This possibility is especially concerning for people who consume seafood regularly and may accumulate more of these plastic materials.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-should-we-ditch-seafood">Should we ditch seafood?</h2>



Despite the unsettling picture, experts say there is no need to avoid eating fish altogether. They point out that plastic pollution has become so widespread, most foods and bottled beverages contain some degree of unwanted <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microplastic-pollution-is-everywhere-even-in-newborns-and-getting-worse/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">debris</a>.



“What we put out into the environment ends up back on our plates,” said Dr. Granek. In other words, cutting fish from your diet will not solve the broader problem because plastic finds its way into plenty of other products.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-practical-steps-to-reduce-exposure">Practical steps to reduce exposure</h2>



One effective way to reduce plastic contamination in seafood is by thoroughly rinsing it before cooking or consumption. 



Washing seafood under running water can help remove any surface particles that may have settled during processing or packaging. Additionally, seafood storage methods play a crucial role in limiting plastic exposure.



Instead of using plastic containers, which can shed tiny particles over time, opting for glass or paper-based storage materials can minimize contamination. 



Glass containers provide a non-reactive and reusable option, while paper-based materials are biodegradable and free from synthetic components.



Another strategy involves tackling fibers that can escape during laundry. Installing or advocating for specialized filters in washing machines could <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0043135420308253?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">catch</a> countless microscopic threads before they enter waterways.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cutting-pollution-off-at-the-source">Cutting pollution off at the source</h2>



Environmental advocates are urging policymakers to create better monitoring programs that check plastic levels in water and air. 



They emphasize the need for regular assessments to track pollution sources and understand how microplastics spread.



Others want stricter <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00467-022-05615-0" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">guidelines</a> on manufacturing, pushing for reduced plastic production and safer alternatives to minimize waste before it reaches the environment.



Experts note that preventing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microplastics-pose-a-greater-threat-to-some-ocean-animals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plastic contamination</a> at its source is the most effective solution. By cutting down on unnecessary plastic use and improving waste management, we can reduce pollution before it enters waterways.



Improved recycling programs, bans on certain plastics, and innovations in biodegradable materials could help curb pollution over time. Immediate action is crucial to prevent long-term damage to ecosystems and human health.



The study is published in <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/toxicology/articles/10.3389/ftox.2024.1469995/full" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Frontiers in Toxicology</a>.



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Plastic particles found in 99% of tested seafood samples

Could that fish dinner be messing with your body more...

Invasive species pose a threat to ecosystems worldwide. They disrupt native habitats, outcompete local species, and create long-term ecological challenges.



Scientists have struggled to predict where these species will spread next, as their movements are often unpredictable. This unpredictability makes it difficult for conservationists and policymakers to develop effective strategies to contain or prevent their spread.



The spotted tilapia is just one example of an invasive species that continuously moves into new environments. These alien species adapt quickly, making it hard for researchers to simulate their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/growing-threat-of-invasive-species-requires-immediate-action/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">movements</a>.



Traditional climate-based models provide some insights, but they often lack accuracy in forecasting future invasions. 



Researchers at the University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (<a href="https://ifas.ufl.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UF/IFAS</a>) set out to refine these predictions by taking a deeper look into what makes certain areas more susceptible to invasion.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-better-way-to-predict-invasive-species">Better way to predict invasive species</h2>



The scientists identified a missing piece in existing invasion models. They proposed an updated approach to environmental resistance (ER) modeling, which accounts for factors beyond just climate conditions. 



This new method provides a better understanding of why some areas are more vulnerable to invasions than others.



Environmental resistance measures how difficult it is for an invasive species to establish itself in a new habitat. One of the key factors influencing this difficulty is the similarity between the native species in a given area and those in an already invaded region. 



If a new location has native species that are similar to those in an invaded area, it is more likely to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-non-native-species-are-saving-themselves-from-extinction/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">experience an invasion</a>.



An invasive species is more likely to spread to areas where native species resemble those in already invaded regions.



This study focused on the eastern United States, a region heavily impacted by invasive species. Florida, for example, has more invasive vertebrates than any other state. Meanwhile, the Great Lakes region and the Northeast face significant challenges from invasive plants. 



Understanding the patterns of invasion in these regions helps researchers determine which factors play the most significant role in either allowing or preventing the spread of non-native species.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-testing-new-models-for-prediction">Testing new models for prediction</h2>



To refine ER modeling, the scientists considered several <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/some-species-are-pre-adapted-to-tolerate-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">environmental factors</a>. Traditional climate-based models assume that if an invasive species thrives in one location, it will do well in a similar climate elsewhere.



However, this approach has its limitations. It does not account for how quickly invasive species can adapt to new conditions or how existing ecosystems might resist their spread.



Yunpeng Liu is a postdoctoral researcher at UF/IFAS and lead author of the study.



“Most important, traditional modeling strategies do not predict invasion spread well if we do not know much about the suitable climates of the invasive species or we are not sure about their adaptation after they colonize into new habitats,” said Liu.



“What we came up with is an update to ER modeling that adds the necessary layer that has been missing.”



The researchers tested different versions of ER modeling, incorporating factors such as soil type and human activity. They simulated real-world invasion patterns and compared which models most accurately predicted the spread of invasive species. 



The results revealed that models based on native species similarity were the most effective in predicting invasions, outperforming those based on climate and other environmental factors.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-native-species-similarity-matters">Why native species similarity matters</h2>



One of the most important findings of the study was that native species similarity played a crucial role in predicting invasion spread. When native species in an area resemble those found in an already invaded region, the risk of invasion increases significantly.



“The ER model based on native species similarity was the best model for predicting current spread, not just for invasive plants but also a suite of invasive animals,” Liu explained.



This insight challenges previous assumptions that climate is the dominant factor in determining where invasive species will thrive. While climate remains important, the interaction between native and invasive species is often a stronger predictor of whether an invasion will succeed.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-change-impact-on-invasive-species">Climate change impact on invasive species</h2>



As temperatures shift due to climate change, ecosystems will experience transformations that could make them more or less vulnerable to invasion. 



Native species distributions will change, potentially increasing the similarity between previously distinct ecosystems. This could create new opportunities for invasive species to expand into areas where they previously could not survive.



“The findings suggest that native species groupings could become more similar in the future than what they are today, leading to an increase in the spread of most of the invasive species, especially for those who have already occupied a wide range of habitat,” Liu said.



Urban areas, particularly those near large cities in Florida, are likely to face the highest risk. As human activity alters natural landscapes and climate shifts continue, these regions may become hotspots for future invasions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-applications-and-conservation-efforts">Applications and conservation efforts </h2>



The findings of this study provide valuable insights for ecologists, land managers, and policymakers. Understanding the relationship between invasive species and native biodiversity allows experts to take proactive measures before an invasion occurs. 



Rather than relying solely on climate-based predictions, conservationists can now use ER modeling to identify areas at the highest risk of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cats-have-become-one-of-the-worlds-most-invasive-predators/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">invasion</a>.



One key takeaway from the research is the importance of preserving the unique composition of native species in different regions. If native species become too similar across different environments, it could create more opportunities for invasive species to spread. 



Conservation efforts should prioritize maintaining the diversity of native ecosystems to strengthen their natural resistance against invaders.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-progress-in-managing-invasive-species">Progress in managing invasive species</h2>



This study marks a significant advancement in predicting and managing invasive species. By refining ER modeling and focusing on species similarity, researchers have developed a more accurate tool for assessing invasion risk. 



This approach not only helps scientists better understand the spread of invasive species but also provides land managers with the knowledge needed to protect vulnerable ecosystems.



As invasive species continue to challenge native <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/invasive-plants-alter-the-soundscape-of-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">habitats</a>, innovative research like this plays a critical role in shaping conservation strategies. 



With a better understanding of how invasive species interact with their surroundings, experts can implement targeted solutions to safeguard biodiversity and maintain ecological balance.



The study is published in the <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jbi.15089" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of Biogeography</a>. 



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Why some places are prime targets for invasive species

Invasive species pose a threat to ecosystems worldwide. They disrupt...

Marine ecosystems rely on food webs that hinge on microscopic life. One creature in particular has drawn the attention of scientists because of its pivotal role in feeding relationships and ocean health.



Researchers have focused on <a href="https://oceana.org/marine-life/antarctic-krill/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Antarctic krill</a> as a critical link in food chains These small, shrimp-like <a href="https://www.britannica.com/animal/crustacean" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">crustaceans</a> underpin the survival of large marine animals like whales, penguins, and seals.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-observing-ocean-color">Observing ocean color</h2>



"Antarctic krill are the superheroes of the Southern Ocean. They are tiny, unsung heroes that sustain incredible marine life, but climate change and unsustainable fishing are putting them at risk," said <a href="https://www.arcticwwf.org/about/meet-the-team/downie/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Rod Downie</a>, chief polar adviser at the wildlife charity <a href="https://www.wwf.org.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">WWF-UK</a>.



A new project aims to track these creatures by looking at subtle shifts in how seawater absorbs light. Scientists from the <a href="https://www.strath.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Strathclyde</a>, the <a href="https://www.worldwildlife.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">WWF</a>, and the <a href="https://www.bas.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">British Antarctic Survey</a> are working on this approach to gather precise population data.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-light-absorption-studies">Light absorption studies</h2>



"We start with seawater, then we add in a krill and take a measurement [of how much light the water absorbs], then we add another krill and take another measurement." said <a href="https://pureportal.strath.ac.uk/en/persons/cait-mccarry-2" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dr Cait McCarry</a>, who recently returned from Antarctica.



Her team believes those patterns of light absorption can reveal approximate numbers of krill from satellite images. 



This method offers a way to observe vast stretches of the Southern Ocean without visiting them, or <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/invasive-lionfish-global-domination-mediterranean-sea-marine-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">disturbing marine life</a> in any way.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-considerations">Climate considerations</h2>



Many conservation specialists worry that global warming will impact sea temperatures and threaten the survival of krill populations. Some <a href="https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/topic/climate-change" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">experts</a> also question whether fishing pressures might weaken this vital link in the Antarctic ecosystem.



<a href="https://www.int-res.com/abstracts/meps/v362/p1-23" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Research</a> on rising ocean temperatures shows potential shifts in krill distribution, which may affect predator populations. 



Experts highlight the need for protective measures that balance commercial interests with protecting the ocean’s overall health.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-calls-for-protection">Calls for protection</h2>



"We urgently need to better manage the fishery and protect krill habitats within a network of marine protected areas. [This project could] give us a new tool to help monitor and safeguard this vital species," said Downie.



Krill also consume <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/Phytoplankton" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">microscopic algae</a> that absorb carbon during photosynthesis. This exchange between animals and plants helps keep greenhouse gases in check, although the shifting climate adds extra stress on both sides of the chain.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-whale-connections">Whale connections</h2>



Some of the largest marine mammals depend on krill for nutrition. In turn, their waste releases nutrients that support the growth of more microscopic algae, which creates a <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263782441_Whales_as_marine_ecosystem_engineers" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">productive cycle</a> that benefits the entire region.



Scientists see krill as a linchpin in that nutrient exchange. If krill populatioins decrease, whales, seabirds, and even commercial fisheries could feel the repercussions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-monitoring-from-afar">Monitoring from afar</h2>



Satellites help scientists capture changes across enormous swaths of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/lobsters-are-ditching-their-old-habitats-for-open-water/">open water</a>. These images pick up small differences in color that are linked to krill abundance, enabling large-scale observations that were once impossible.



This process avoids intrusive sampling and offers consistent coverage over time. Researchers hope it will streamline the way in which they record shifts in krill hotspots.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-merging-new-and-old-methods">Merging new and old methods</h2>



<a href="https://www.bas.ac.uk/project/krill-hotspots/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Vessel-based surveys</a> have traditionally counted krill, but these can be costly and weather-dependent. Combining ship data with satellite insights may provide a fuller picture for conservation strategies.



Teams are testing how effectively remote readings match direct measurements. Accurate mapping could shape decisions about sustainable fishing quotas in Antarctic waters.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-global-relevance">Global relevance</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/antarctic-krill-are-natures-unexpected-carbon-warriors/">Krill</a> might be small, but they are essential for the health of distant ecosystems that are connected by ocean currents. 



Scientists emphasize that changes in krill populations can have ripple effects that influence biodiversity in regions far beyond Antarctic waters.



Some nations rely on krill as a fishery product for animal feed and human supplements. Striking a balance between utilization and preservation is critical for long-term ecological stability.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-looking-ahead">Looking ahead</h2>



Satellite monitoring may become a core part of Antarctic management strategies in the years to come. Many experts anticipate that this technology will strengthen our grasp on the ocean’s hidden patterns and guide policy decisions.



Researchers remain optimistic that a better understanding of krill numbers will be obtained by tracking their populations from space. They hope that this will boost conservation outcomes for every creature in these chilly waters. This new research was detailed in press releases by the <a href="https://www.wwf.org.uk/press-release/krill-space-project-takes" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">WWF</a> and the <a href="https://www.strath.ac.uk/whystrathclyde/news/2025/krillmonitoring/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Strathclyde</a>.



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How satellites track Antarctic krill: Are these tiny ocean shrimp in danger?

Marine ecosystems rely on food webs that hinge on microscopic...

Micro- and nanoscale plastic particles can greatly increase how much toxic chemicals enter plants and human cells, according to two studies led by Rutgers University. The findings deepen concerns about plastic pollution.&nbsp;



The researchers discovered that these minute plastic particles, in combination with environmental pollutants, can intensify the uptake of poisons, heightening food safety risks.



One study, published in the journal <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2452074825000011?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NanoImpact</a>, showed that lettuce plants exposed to both nanoparticles of plastic and common pollutants - such as arsenic - absorbed significantly more toxins than when exposed to the pollutants alone.&nbsp;



A second study published in the journal <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2673-8929/4/1/4" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Microplastics</a> demonstrated a comparable effect in human intestinal tissue, signaling that these tiny plastics may be promoting more efficient transfer of both contaminants and plastics into our bodies.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-heightened-levels-of-plastics-and-toxins">Heightened levels of plastics and toxins</h2>



Together, these studies point to a potentially harmful cycle. As plastic degrades into micro- and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plants-could-help-remove-nanoplastics-from-the-environment/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nanoplastics</a>, it pollutes soil and water, enabling plants to absorb more dangerous substances.&nbsp;



Humans, consuming these plants, may then absorb heightened levels of toxins and plastic particles, posing elevated health risks.



Philip Demokritou is the director of the Nanoscience and Advanced Materials Center at the Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute at <a href="https://www.rutgers.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Rutgers University</a> and senior author on both papers.&nbsp;



“We’ve already put about 7 billion metric tons of plastics into the environment that keep breaking apart,” said Demokritou. "They pollute everything around us - the water we drink, the food we eat, the air we breathe.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-escalated-toxin-uptake-in-human-cells">Escalated toxin uptake in human cells</h2>



Using a simulated digestive system and lab-grown models of the human <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microplastics-migrate-from-the-gut-to-other-organs/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">small intestine</a>, the Rutgers researchers documented that nano-scale plastic particles increased the amount of arsenic absorbed by nearly sixfold compared to arsenic exposure alone.&nbsp;



The same phenomenon was observed with the commonly used pesticide boscalid.



Even more concerning, in the presence of these chemicals, the cells also took in considerably more plastic. Plastic particle uptake roughly doubled when toxins were present.



“We know nanoscale materials can bypass biological barriers,” said Demokritou. “The smaller the particles, the more they can bypass biological barriers in our bodies that protect us.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plastics-and-toxin-absorption-in-lettuce">Plastics and toxin absorption in lettuce</h2>



In a separate study on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/space-lettuce-nasas-plans-to-grow-nutritious-plants-on-mars/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lettuce</a>, scientists exposed the plants to two sizes of polystyrene plastic particles - 20 nanometers and 1,000 nanometers - along with arsenic and boscalid.&nbsp;



The researchers found that the smaller particles exerted the greatest influence, increasing arsenic levels in edible plant tissue nearly threefold compared to arsenic exposure alone.



These effects remained evident in both hydroponic systems and soil-based experiments. Using high-resolution imaging, the researchers verified that smaller plastic particles can travel from roots into the above-ground tissues of the plant, allowing them to accumulate in areas people typically eat.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plastics-keep-breaking-down">Plastics keep breaking down</h2>



Micro- and nanoplastic pollution arises mainly from the progressive degradation of larger plastic debris. According to Demokritou, stopping new plastic production won’t erase what is already out in the environment.



“Even if we stop today producing plastics or using plastics, we have plenty of plastic waste unfortunately out there,” Demokritou said.



Because these smaller particles seem to raise absorption levels of both toxins and plastics, food contamination from plastic pollution could persist indefinitely, with potential impacts on overall public health.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-directions-and-possible-solutions">Future directions and possible solutions</h2>



The team’s findings come from a broader <a href="https://www.usda.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">USDA</a>-funded project focused on ensuring food safety amid micro- and nanoplastic pollution. 



The researchers argue for heightened efforts to minimize further plastic waste while also searching for long-term resolutions.



“We need to stick with the ‘three-R’ waste hierarchy - reduce the use of plastics, reuse, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-recycling-day-creating-a-healthier-planet-for-all/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">recycle</a>,” Demokritou said. “For areas where you cannot apply these three Rs, like in agriculture where so much plastic is used for weed control and other things, use biodegradable plastics.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-substitutes-for-conventional-plastic">Substitutes for conventional plastic</h2>



To address pollution, the scientists are developing new <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/biodegradable-plastic-materials-do-not-biodegrade-in-the-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">biodegradable materials</a> as substitutes for conventional plastics. They are also refining techniques to detect and measure plastic contamination in food and water.&nbsp;



Still, Demokritou stressed that fully mitigating plastic pollution will require grappling with social, economic, and technological obstacles.



“It’s not that technically we cannot address some of these issues. But it will definitely be a challenge to retain all the benefits from this very useful material while reducing the harms that it does. There are social and economic obstacles related to plastic production and use to overcome,” Demokritou concluded.



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Plastics supercharge toxin absorption in plants and humans

Micro- and nanoscale plastic particles can greatly increase how much...

Throughout history, Earth has faced cataclysmic events that reshaped its climate and ecosystems. Some of these events were triggered by asteroid impacts, leaving long-lasting effects on both land and sea. 



Scientists continue to study these possibilities, not just to understand past extinctions but to prepare for potential future threats.



A recent study by researchers from the IBS Center for Climate Physics (<a href="https://ibsclimate.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ICCP</a>) at <a href="https://www.pusan.ac.kr/eng/Main.do" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Pusan National University</a> in South Korea explores what would happen if a medium-sized asteroid struck Earth.



Using advanced climate models, the research team simulated how such an <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nasa-asteroid-2024-yr4-has-a-chance-of-hitting-earth-in-2032/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">impact</a> could disrupt the atmosphere, weather patterns, and even global food security. 



The findings reveal a world drastically altered, with some life struggling to survive while other forms unexpectedly thrive.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-risk-of-an-asteroid-collision">Risk of an asteroid collision</h2>



Earth is surrounded by <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/key-ingredients-building-blocks-of-life-found-in-asteroid-bennu-dust-sample/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">countless objects</a> with relatively close orbits. Most pose no immediate threat, but some have collision probabilities that cannot be ignored.



One of the more notable objects is the asteroid Bennu, which measures about 500 meters in diameter. According to recent studies, there is a 1-in-2700 chance that Bennu could collide with Earth in September 2182.



To put that probability into perspective, it is similar to flipping a coin 11 times and getting the same outcome every time. 



While such a scenario remains unlikely, the potential consequences are severe enough to warrant scientific investigation.



If an asteroid of this size were to strike, the damage would go far beyond the initial impact zone, triggering worldwide disruptions that could last for years.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-simulating-an-asteroid-impact">Simulating an asteroid impact</h2>



To understand the potential consequences, researchers at <a href="https://ibsclimate.org" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ICCP</a> created an advanced climate model to simulate a medium-sized asteroid <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/two-large-asteroids-will-pass-near-earth-this-week/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">collision</a>. 



Their model assumed that an impact would release several hundred million tons of dust into the upper atmosphere. This dust would block sunlight, triggering a global cooling event similar to what happened after massive volcanic eruptions in Earth's past.



Unlike previous studies, which focused mainly on atmospheric and temperature changes, this research also examined the effects on terrestrial and marine ecosystems. 



The team wanted to determine how plant life, both on land and in the ocean, would respond to the sudden climate shift.



Using the IBS supercomputer Aleph, the researchers ran multiple scenarios, varying the amount of dust injected into the atmosphere. 



The results showed widespread disruption to climate, atmospheric chemistry, and global photosynthesis for at least three to four years after the impact.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-changes-due-to-asteroid-collision">Climate changes due to asteroid collision</h2>



The most extreme scenario revealed that solar dimming caused by dust would lead to a global surface cooling of up to 4°C. 



This drop in temperature would have a severe <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earths-recent-mini-moon-2024-pt5-seems-to-be-a-lost-fragment-of-our-real-moon/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">impact</a> on agriculture, making it harder for crops to grow in many parts of the world.



Rainfall would also decrease by around 15%, further worsening food production. In addition, the study predicted ozone depletion of about 32%, exposing life to harmful ultraviolet radiation.



While these changes would affect the entire planet, some regions would suffer more than others. Areas already prone to drought could experience even harsher conditions, while colder regions might see longer, more intense winters. 



The disruptions would make it difficult for many species, including humans, to adapt quickly.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-on-land-and-ocean-ecosystems">Impact on land and ocean ecosystems</h2>



Dr. Lan DAI, a postdoctoral research fellow at ICCP and lead author of the study, explained how these changes would affect ecosystems across the globe.



“The abrupt impact winter would provide unfavorable climate conditions for plants to grow, leading to an initial 20–30% reduction of photosynthesis in terrestrial and marine ecosystems. This would likely cause massive disruptions in global food security,” said Dr. Lan DAI.



While land plants would struggle with the sudden drop in temperature and reduced sunlight, the researchers found something surprising when they analyzed ocean plankton. 



Unlike their land-based counterparts, plankton displayed an entirely different response to the impact.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-surprising-recovery-in-the-ocean">Surprising recovery in the ocean</h2>



The computer models showed that while photosynthesis on land declined sharply, ocean plankton rebounded quickly. 



Within six months, plankton levels returned to normal, and in some cases, they even surpassed pre-impact levels.



This unexpected recovery was linked to the composition of the asteroid dust and its climate impact.



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/asteroid-impact-simulation_global-climate_plant-life_credit-IBS_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/asteroid-impact-simulation_global-climate_plant-life_credit-IBS_1s.webp" alt="Climatic and ecological responses to dust injections of 400 million tons from a Bennu-type asteroid impact. Spatial changes of surface temperature (upper left), total precipitation (upper right), percentage change of terrestrial net primary productivity (lower left) averaged over the first 24 months, and percentage change of marine net primary productivity (lower right) averaged from 10 to 38 months after the impact relative to the control simulation. Credit: Institute for Basic Science" class="wp-image-1959081"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Climatic and ecological responses to dust injections of 400 million tons from a Bennu-type asteroid impact. Spatial changes of surface temperature (upper left), total precipitation (upper right), percentage change of terrestrial net primary productivity (lower left) averaged over the first 24 months, and percentage change of marine net primary productivity (lower right) averaged from 10 to 38 months after the impact relative to the control simulation. Credit: Institute for Basic Science</figcaption></figure>



“We were able to track this unexpected response to the iron concentration in the dust,” said Professor Axel Timmermann, Director of the ICCP and co-author of the study.



Iron is a critical nutrient for algae, and in some parts of the ocean, natural iron levels are extremely low. When the asteroid struck, it released iron-rich dust into the atmosphere, which eventually settled into the ocean.



This sudden influx of iron created ideal conditions for algae growth, particularly in nutrient-depleted regions like the Southern Ocean and the eastern tropical Pacific. The result was an explosion of marine productivity, with algae blooms spreading across large ocean areas.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-boom-in-marine-life">Boom in marine life</h2>



The study found that silicate-rich algae, known as diatoms, benefited the most from the increased iron levels. 



These microscopic organisms form the base of the marine food chain, meaning their growth would attract higher levels of zooplankton, which feed on them. This process set off a chain reaction, boosting marine life at multiple levels.



“The simulated excessive phytoplankton and zooplankton blooms might be a blessing for the biosphere and may help alleviate emerging food insecurity related to the longer-lasting reduction in terrestrial productivity,” noted Dr. Lan DAI.



While terrestrial ecosystems would struggle for years after an <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nasa-test-simulation-shows-earth-not-prepared-prevent-large-asteroid-strike/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">asteroid impact</a>, the ocean might become a refuge for certain species. This unexpected benefit could help balance some of the food shortages caused by declining crop yields on land.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lessons-from-past-asteroid-strikes">Lessons from past asteroid strikes </h2>



Medium-sized asteroids have collided with Earth approximately every 100,000 to 200,000 years. These events have left permanent marks on the planet’s geological and biological history. 



Scientists believe that some of these impacts may have shaped human evolution by forcing early human populations to adapt to harsh environmental conditions.



“On average, medium-sized asteroids collide with Earth about every 100-200 thousand years. This means that our early human ancestors may have experienced some of these planet-shifting events before with potential impacts on human evolution and even our own genetic makeup,” said Professor Timmermann.



Studying these past events can help scientists understand how humanity might respond to a future impact. If a medium-sized asteroid were to strike again, modern technology and global cooperation could play a key role in minimizing its effects.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-asteroid-driven-climate-shifts-of-the-past">Asteroid-driven climate shifts of the past </h2>



The ICCP researchers plan to expand their study by simulating how early human populations might have responded to asteroid-driven climate shifts. 



Using agent-based computer models, they aim to recreate the survival strategies of ancient humans as they faced drastic environmental changes.



Understanding past events is crucial, but preparing for the future is just as important. While the chances of an asteroid collision remain low, having scientific models in place can help policymakers and researchers develop strategies to mitigate potential risks. 



From planetary defense initiatives to climate adaptation plans, the knowledge gained from these studies could one day prove vital for protecting life on Earth.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adq5399" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science Advances</a>.



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What would happen if a small asteroid hit Earth? Scientists have an idea

Throughout history, Earth has faced cataclysmic events that reshaped its...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WXXGGiynIjs
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Greenland is not sinking. In fact, it is the opposite.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-contrasting-climate-response">A contrasting climate response</h2>



Most coastal towns are <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sinking-land-will-intensify-the-effects-of-rising-sea-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">preparing for higher sea levels</a>, but <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/greenland-no-longer-has-to-worry-about-rising-sea-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Greenland presents</a> a different scenario during climate change. The ground there is rising at a remarkable rate. Over the past decade, some areas have lifted about 20 centimeters, which translates to roughly 2 meters per century. This rate significantly exceeds current projections for sea level rise.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-geological-rebound-process-through-climate-change">Geological rebound process through climate change</h2>



The mechanism behind this phenomenon is straightforward. As the ice sheet melts, the immense weight is removed from the bedrock, causing the land to rebound upward. This process resembles the way compressed material springs back when pressure is released.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-monitoring-networks">Scientific monitoring networks</h2>



Researchers at the <a href="https://www.dtu.dk/english/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Technical University of Denmark</a> are documenting this uplift using the GNET network, consisting of 61 GPS stations positioned around Greenland's coast. These sensors can detect movement with millimeter precision, providing detailed measurements of the ongoing changes.



The data reveal that current uplift rates exceed the gradual rebound occurring since the last ice age ended approximately 12,000 years ago. This acceleration corresponds directly with increased ice sheet melting rates.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-coastal-transformation">Coastal Transformation</h2>



This uplift is actively reshaping Greenland's coastline. New islands and rocky formations, called "skerries," are emerging as previously submerged land surfaces rise above the water level. This represents a notable contrast to global concerns about rising seas.



The study, published in Geophysical Research Letters, demonstrates the varied regional impacts of climate change. While many locations face rising water levels, Greenland's bedrock is literally rising above the surrounding seas.



The full study was recently published in <a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2023GL104851" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geophysical Research Letters</a>.



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Greenland's ground rises while coasts worldwide face higher seas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WXXGGiynIjs Greenland is not sinking. In fact, it is the...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DSM3EVeGHJU
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Companies like MindStudio help companies train their employees to implement the latest AI Agent building platform.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ai-agent-training-transforms-the-workplace-fear-factor-into-a-competitive-advantage">AI agent training transforms the workplace 'fear factor' into a competitive advantage</h2>



Organizations that offer comprehensive artificial intelligence training to their workers find remarkable value that extends well beyond basic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mind-wandering-might-be-more-productive-than-you-think/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">productivity improvements</a>. Emerging research demonstrates that carefully crafted AI training programs <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ai-does-not-replace-human-creativity-but-enhances-it/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">enhance</a> corporate performance, lower operational costs, and dramatically improve employee psychological well-being by turning workplace uncertainty into professional empowerment.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-addressing-the-widespread-ai-anxiety-crisis-among-us">Addressing the widespread 'AI anxiety' crisis among us</h2>



A staggering 53% of employees expressed concern that the use of AI tools to automate work tasks could make them appear disposable to their employers, according to <a href="https://www.microsoft.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Microsoft</a>'s 2024 workplace survey. Such pervasive worry about being substituted by machines has caused what researchers have termed "AI technostress" – a psychological state that can result in occupational burnout and poorer mental well-being.



Data published in <a href="https://www.nature.com/palcomms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Humanities and Social Sciences Communications</a> showed that belief in AI learning ability was a moderator in the link between technology adoption and work pressure, and higher confidence significantly lowered negative psychological responses. Workers provided ample training to become competent with AI software have significantly lower stress.



Companies like <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MindStudio</a> have platforms for building what are known as "AI Agents". In essence, AI Agents are simply tools that employees can build for themselves or their teams quickly and inexpensively. MindStudio will even train entire companies, from the CEO on down, at no cost. By letting MindStudio empower employees, companies avoid hiring more IT staff, buying more software, and implementing solutions to problems that do not exist.



MindStudio even has partners locally for companies, like <a href="http://www.dominnus.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dominnus</a> with offices in the Carolinas, California, and Denver, to help build AI Agents and support employees as they become resident AI experts for their organization. The training provided by MindStudio is applicable across other AI Agent building platforms as well.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-productivity-through-focused-learning">Revolutionary productivity through focused learning</h2>



Organizations that implement large-scale AI training programs achieve dramatic outcomes. Employees performed tasks significantly better when they utilized AI support compared to when they didn't, according to <a href="https://www.nngroup.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nielsen Norman Group</a> research findings. Their study documented productivity increases of 66% for a variety of professional tasks.



Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis research finds workers record 33% higher productivity in time working with generative AI tools. The benefit is equivalent to 5.4% of work time savings for AI users – around 2.2 hours per week for full-time workers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-psychological-well-being-benefits-through-ai-competence">Psychological well-being benefits through AI competence</h2>



The emotional transformation when employees are provided with proper technology training is a fundamental transformation from fear to professional confidence. A survey of 600 employees across industries, carried out by ScienceDirect, proved that AI capabilities strengthen work environment commitment and improve job satisfaction.



A <a href="https://www.lut.fi/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">LUT University</a> study discovered that AI adoption has no direct effect on workers' well-being but does so indirectly through working conditions like task optimization and safety protocols. Strategically deployed AI that involves correct training can actually increase workplace mental well-being.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-from-replacement-anxiety-to-partnership-confidence">From 'replacement anxiety' to 'partnership confidence'</h2>



Although 35% of those interviewed in recent McKinsey studies were concerned about workforce displacement, firms with large-scale training initiatives witness such fears dissipate quickly. The World Economic Forum found that two out of three respondents believe AI competencies will enhance their career prospects and job marketability.



This shift from fear to trust has measurable implications for job satisfaction. Applied Sciences research indicates AI can create tailored wellness programs based on individual employee requirements.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-financial-benefits-of-increased-retention">Financial benefits of increased retention</h2>



The mental health advantages of AI learning have a direct impact on organizational bottom lines in the form of a positive feedback cycle with high retention of employees. Recent ROI research validates that artificial intelligence learning has a beneficial impact on employee turnover and satisfaction levels.



PriceWaterhouseCoopers' research documents 20% to 30% improvements in productivity, market speed, and revenue in organizations that attempt systematic AI adoption through comprehensive training.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-advantages-of-ai-enabled-teams">Environmental advantages of AI-enabled teams</h2>



AI training has unforeseen environmental benefits as it makes the work environment more efficient. According to a study in Scientific Reports, the carbon footprint in writing and illustrating work is significantly lower when AI performs it compared to humans. AI software produces 130 to 1,500 times less CO2 equivalent per page of text created than human authors.



In addition, AI-driven remote work functionality significantly reduces environmental impact. Research by Cornell University and Microsoft indicates that remote workers reduce greenhouse gas emissions by up to 54% by not commuting daily to offices. Hybrid workers working remotely two to four days a week can reduce their carbon footprint by 11% to 29%.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cumulative-organizational-advantages">Cumulative organizational advantages</h2>



The compounding gains of better mental well-being, reduced turnover, increased productivity, and environmental benefits flow to enterprises from the pairing. McKinsey analysis estimates the long-term AI potential at $4.4 trillion in incremental productivity growth opportunity from business use cases.



As of now, 75% of knowledge workers globally utilize generative AI, mirroring widespread adoption patterns. Organizations that provide organized training and assistance see the most favorable results in productivity, worker satisfaction, and ecological sustainability.



The research overwhelmingly indicates that companies that invest in proper AI education, like that offered through <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MindStudio</a>, establish win-win scenarios where employees are both more empowered and less stressed, and companies enjoy the gains of increased productivity, reduced turnover, and improved mental health outcomes throughout their workforce.



For more on MindStudio's free AI training for companies, visit the website's of MindStudio and Dominnus from the links below.



The research was published across a variety of peer-reviewed journals, including <a href="https://www.nature.com/palcomms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Humanities and Social Sciences Communications</a>, <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/artificial-intelligence" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence</a>, and <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/journal/applsci">Applied Sciences</a>.



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MindStudio.AI: <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.mindstudio.ai</a>



Dominnus: <a href="https://www.dominnus.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.dominnus.com</a>

AI agent training boosts mental health and profits

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DSM3EVeGHJU Companies like MindStudio help companies train their employees to...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0HDXqTGEmi4
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Scientists give plants superpowers against bacterial disease</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-natural-solution-to-disease-through-crop-modification">A natural solution to disease through crop modification.</h2>



The agricultural industry stands at a crossroads between productivity and environmental responsibility, and crop modification often carries a negative connotation. While chemical pesticides have long been the go-to solution for crop protection, their harmful effects on ecosystems and human health have prompted scientists to seek alternatives. The recent breakthrough by <a href="https://www.southampton.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Southampton</a> researchers offers a promising path forward through the precise manipulation of plant-associated microbial communities.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-science-behind-microbial-partnerships">The science behind microbial partnerships</h2>



Plants naturally harbor diverse ecosystems of bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms that function as biological allies. These microscopic partners contribute to disease resistance, nutrient absorption, and stress tolerance. However, until now, scientists lacked the tools to deliberately reshape these communities to enhance crop protection.



The Southampton team's approach centered on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/engineered-plant-microbiomes-the-future-of-crop-protection/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">modifying lignin biosynthesis genes in rice plants</a>. This strategic intervention altered the plant's metabolic output, creating conditions that favored beneficial bacterial populations while suppressing harmful ones. The result was a living defense system embedded within the plant itself.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-global-food-security">Implications for global food security</h2>



The successful demonstration against Xanthomonas oryzae, the pathogen responsible for bacterial blight in rice, represents more than a laboratory achievement. Rice feeds nearly half the world's population, and bacterial blight causes devastating crop losses annually. Traditional control methods rely heavily on pesticides that contaminate soil and water systems.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-looking-beyond-disease-resistance">Looking Beyond Disease Resistance</h2>



While disease protection represents the immediate application, the research framework opens doors to broader agricultural improvements. Future developments could engineer microbiomes to enhance nutrient uptake, reducing dependence on synthetic fertilizers. This dual benefit addresses both crop productivity and environmental sustainability.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-path-forward">The path forward</h2>



As this technology advances from laboratory to field applications, it promises to reshape sustainable agriculture. The ability to program plants with their own biological defense systems could herald a new era where crops protect themselves naturally, reducing chemical inputs while maintaining yields necessary for global food security.



The study is published in the journal&nbsp;<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-44335-3" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Communications</a>.



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Revolutionizing agriculture through microbiome engineering

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0HDXqTGEmi4 Scientists give plants superpowers against bacterial disease A natural...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Acid rain and a crisis solved.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-don-t-we-ever-hear-about-acid-rain-anymore-the-environmental-crisis-that-was-solved">Why don't we ever hear about "acid rain" anymore? The environmental crisis that was solved</h2>



Remember the 1980s when acid rain dominated headlines? Dire warnings about rain eating buildings, killing fish, and destroying forests filled every news cycle. Then, almost like magic, acid rain vanished from public discourse. What happened? Did we actually solve one of the late 20th century's most pressing environmental challenges?



The answer might surprise you. Unlike many environmental issues that drag on indefinitely, acid rain represents one of modern history's most successful ecological recovery stories. It's a tale of science, politics, and technology working together to tackle what seemed impossible.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What was acid rain?</h2>



Acid rain isn't regular rain having a bad day – it's precipitation that became significantly more acidic due to air pollution. When power plants, factories, and vehicles burn fossil fuels, they release sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) into the atmosphere.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The science behind it</h2>



Think of acid rain as nature's chemistry experiment gone wrong. These compounds react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form sulfuric and nitric acids. When mixed with water vapor in clouds, they create precipitation with dangerously low pH levels.



While clean rain has a pH of about 5.6, acid rain could drop as low as 4.2 to 4.4 – roughly as acidic as tomato juice or coffee. According to US Geological Survey documentation, Scottish chemist Angus Smith first coined "acid rain" in 1872, but it didn't become a household phrase until the 1960s and 1970s when Swedish scientist Svante Odén documented its devastating effects on Scandinavian lakes and European forests.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The crisis at its peak</h2>



During the height of public concern, environmental damage was both widespread and visible. This wasn't some abstract future threat – people could see destruction happening in real-time.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Environmental devastation</h2>



The most dramatic impacts were impossible to ignore. Research documented by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation shows that in the Adirondack Mountains, more than 200 lakes became so acidic they couldn't support fish life. The Adirondack Council reports that 409 lakes once supported brook trout, but many lost their fish populations due to acid rain.



By 1976, when scientists cataloged all acidified lakes in the Adirondack Park, researchers found that half of the lakes over 2,000 feet above sea level had no fish, according to studies published in environmental journals. The acidification process worked like a slow-motion disaster. As acid rain fell into watersheds, it gradually lowered pH levels. Fish couldn't survive in acidic water, and their food sources died off too.



Trees at high elevations showed stress directly linked to acid rain. It weakened them by leaching nutrients and making them susceptible to disease. Historical records show Germany's Black Forest saw nearly half its trees damaged by the mid-1980s.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Economic impact</h2>



Acid rain wasn't just environmental – it was expensive. Acidic precipitation corroded infrastructure, buildings, and monuments. Historic stone structures deteriorated at accelerated rates. Tourism suffered as lakes became fishless and forests declined. EPA economic analyses from the period documented repair costs mounting into billions annually.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The solution: government action and technology</h2>



Transformation from crisis to success required unprecedented cooperation between governments, industries, and environmental groups.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The Clean Air Act of 1990</h2>



The turning point came with the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, signed by President George H.W. Bush. This represented a fundamentally new approach to environmental regulation, as documented in EPA historical records.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Cap-and-trade success</h2>



Instead of mandating specific technologies, the 1990 amendments introduced something revolutionary: a cap-and-trade system for sulfur dioxide emissions. EPA program documentation shows this market-based approach set overall limits but allowed companies to trade emission allowances.



The genius was harnessing market forces to find cost-effective pollution reduction. Companies reducing emissions cheaply could sell excess allowances to those facing higher costs. Research published in environmental economics journals and EPA progress reports shows this resulted in dramatic SO2 reduction at a fraction of projected costs.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Technology advances</h2>



Policy provided the framework, but technology made reductions possible. Studies in atmospheric science journals document the widespread adoption of flue gas desulfurization systems ("scrubbers") that removed sulfur dioxide before it reached the atmosphere. By the 2000s, new installations could remove over 95% of SO2 emissions, according to EPA technical reports.



The push coincided with cleaner energy development. Natural gas produces fewer sulfur compounds than coal. Wind and solar, emerging in the 1990s, captured growing market share, reducing reliance on high-sulfur coal.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-we-don-t-hear-about-it-today">Why we don't hear about it today</h2>



Why did acid rain disappear from headlines? Simple: the problem was largely solved.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Success doesn't make news</h2>



There's an old journalism saying: "If it bleeds, it leads." Environmental success stories don't generate urgency like crisis reporting. Media attention shifted to other challenges: climate change, plastic pollution, and biodiversity loss. There's only so much environmental anxiety the public can absorb, and newer concerns replaced acid rain.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Mission accomplished</h2>



The primary reason is beautifully simple: interventions worked. EPA monitoring data shows sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990. Academic research published in environmental science journals confirms pH levels in formerly affected areas returned closer to normal. This represents one of history's most dramatic environmental recoveries. Studies by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation show fishless lakes now support healthy populations. Forests recovered, and building damage slowed dramatically.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-is-it-really-gone">Is it really gone?</h2>



The crisis is largely resolved, but monitoring data shows the problem isn't completely eliminated – it's managed to acceptable levels. Some areas still experience occasional events during high pollution periods. International environmental research indicates that rapidly industrializing Asian countries face similar problems to what we experienced decades ago, though they're implementing successful strategies.



EPA research shows nitrogen oxide emissions proved more challenging than sulfur dioxide, coming from vehicles and mobile sources. Climate science studies suggest changing weather patterns add complexity to how acid rain forms and falls.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What this teaches us</h2>



The acid rain experience proves that seemingly intractable environmental problems can be solved with scientific understanding, political will, and technological innovation. Environmental monitoring data shows recovery speed was remarkable – within a decade, measurable improvements appeared in air quality and ecosystem health.



Success came from bipartisan support across party lines. Policy analysis studies show the market-based approach appealed to those preferring economic incentives while achieving environmental goals. This support created lasting policy surviving political changes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Conclusion</h2>



Acid rain's disappearance from public consciousness represents environmental science's greatest success stories. Through effective regulation, technological innovation, and international cooperation, we transformed an overwhelming crisis into a manageable challenge.



Today's silence isn't because we forgot – it's because we solved it. The 1990 Clean Air Act, combined with technology and energy market changes, reduced acid rain emissions over 90%, according to comprehensive EPA data analysis.



This success offers hope for current challenges. It proves complex problems can be solved when science, policy, and technology work together. As we face climate change and plastic pollution, acid rain reminds us that dramatic positive change is possible.



Next time someone asks whether environmental regulations work, remember acid rain. It's proof that sometimes, we get it right.



<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>



Sources: This article draws from EPA official documentation and progress reports, peer-reviewed research published in environmental and atmospheric science journals, historical data from the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation records, US Geological Survey publications, policy analysis studies, and environmental monitoring data collected over three decades.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Frequently Asked Questions</h2>



1. Is acid rain completely gone? No, but EPA monitoring shows it's reduced to manageable levels. US sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990, making acid rain much less severe than the 1980s crisis.



2. How long did solving take? Environmental monitoring data shows significant improvements began within 5-10 years of 1990s emission controls. Full ecosystem recovery took longer – some areas need 20-30 years for complete recovery.



3. What made the solution successful? Clear scientific understanding, visible damage motivating action, bipartisan support, available technology, and innovative market-based policies like cap-and-trade.



4. Do other countries have acid rain problems? Yes, particularly rapidly industrializing Asian countries. However, international environmental research shows many implement similar successful control strategies.



5. Could acid rain return? Potentially, if regulations weaken or we return to high-sulfur coal without controls, though effects would take years to become severe according to environmental projections.



6. Can you recommend any teaching tools on the subject of "acid rain"? The United States Environmental Protection Agency produced a wonderful teacher's guide for ages 14 and under that you can find on the EPA website here: <a href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf</a>



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The environmental problem we actually solved

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk Acid rain and a crisis solved. Why don't we...

Green,Ecoduct,Over,An,Empty,Highway,During,Sunset.

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A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that wildlife tunnels significantly reduce amphibian road mortality during seasonal migrations. 



Frogs and salamanders often cross roads to reach breeding ponds each spring, but many are killed by vehicles. 



Researchers from the <a href="https://www.uvm.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Vermont</a>, in collaboration with local citizens and the Vermont Agency of Natural Resources, installed two underpass tunnels in 2015. 



Over a 12-year monitoring period, they observed an 80.2% reduction in amphibian deaths, and up to 94% for non-climbing species like salamanders. 



The study used a before-after-control-impact design and documented more than 5,200 amphibians, highlighting the tunnels’ effectiveness even in nearby buffer zones.



Funded at $342,397 - far cheaper than wildlife crossings for large mammals - the project showcased the power of community-led conservation.



Local groups initiated the effort after observing mass amphibian deaths. Wildlife cameras later captured over 2,200 amphibians using a tunnel in just one spring, along with other species like raccoons and bobcats, indicating wider ecosystem benefits.



This marks the first peer-reviewed, long-term data set in the northeastern U.S. confirming amphibian-specific underpasses work. 



The study urges transportation departments to incorporate these designs into road planning and highlights how community action, thoughtful infrastructure, and persistence can make a real difference for biodiversity.



The full study was published in the <a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1617138125000780" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal for Nature Conservation</a>.



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Wildlife tunnels save millions of amphibians

https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that...

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. 



The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.



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Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. 



Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.



Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. 



They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).



Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.



Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.



This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.



“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. 



The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.



“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;



“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”



The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;



The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.



Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Designing crops that can beat the heat

[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Carl...

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes the first comprehensive estimate of carbon density in the Saharan, Sahel, and Sudanian zones of Africa. In an effort to measure the amount of carbon stored across these drylands, a team of scientists used high-resolution satellite images and artificial intelligence to map nearly 10 billion individual trees. 



"The high spatial resolution (50 cm) combined with AI and field measurements used in this study is key to improving tree inventories in drylands," said Pierre Hiernaux, a French researcher working for NASA. "The ever-increasing availability of very high-resolution satellite imagery will make it possible to assess carbon pools and their dynamics at the individual tree level on a global scale."



"This study is exceptional because it is pioneering a type of approach that will revolutionize the monitoring of trees and forests on a global scale: in the short term, it will be possible to map the world's trees from the centre of the Amazon to our schoolyards," said <a href="https://www.inrae.fr/en">INRAE</a> researcher Jean-Pierre Wigneron.



"Many fields of application will become much more efficient and accurate, such as tracking carbon stocks, biodiversity, monitoring logging and protection against illegal forest degradation, in near real time.”



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Remote sensing will revolutionize the way we monitor trees

[sendtonews key="EjmSP20gQK-2593093-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.



According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."



Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;



ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. 



Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 



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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

[sendtonews key="uV9Lh2fQbV-1760058-12187" type="single"] Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s...

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> features a visual dataset of.methane emissions from wetlands across the globe. Atmospheric methane levels have reached record highs in recent years, and wetlands are a major source of these emissions.&nbsp;



"Methane is an important greenhouse gas that contributes substantially to global warming. On a molecule by molecule basis, methane is much more efficient at trapping heat than carbon dioxide, the main driver of warming," says NASA.



"Though human activities, including agriculture, oil and natural gas production and use, and waste disposal, collectively contribute the majority of methane to the atmosphere, about a third of total methane emissions comes from wetlands."&nbsp;



According to NASA, understanding methane emissions from wetlands and other natural sources is critically important for scientists and policymakers who are working to combat climate change by reducing emissions from human activities.



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Wetlands are a major source of methane emissions

[sendtonews key="f8fukm28Vz-2491833-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

[sendtonews key="0879czfG3k-1785905-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from NASA...

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes how record-breaking heat expressed itself around the world in 2022.



Scientists have determined that 2022 was the 5th warmest year since 1880. Furthermore, the last nine consecutive years have been the warmest on record.



From devastating floods and wildfires to natural disasters like Hurricane Ian, 2022 showed us yet again how a warming climate affects people across the globe.&nbsp;



"As we look back at 20:22 and years past, we see that each year we better understand the challenges we face and how important it is to meet them," says NASA.



Video/ Image Credit: NASA Goddard



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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2022 illustrated the consequences of a warming climate

[sendtonews key="3UUsNkFOuS-2487333-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes Earth’s interconnected systems, and how this network is affected by rising temperatures.&nbsp;



During 2020, average global temperatures matched the hottest year on record. The hurricane season was also record-breaking, with many of the storms intensifying at extraordinary speeds. Hot water in the ocean is fuel for hurricanes. The satellite data shows that it's all one interconnected system showing how Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected.



According to NASA, dust swept up from Northern Africa plays a major role in the formation of hurricanes, and is also a key source of fertilization in the Amazon rainforest. As a result of<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-wasting-disease-is-fueled-by-climate-change/"> climate</a> change, dust plumes are expected to decline, which will have an effect on vegetation far away.&nbsp;



Images from Earth-observing satellites show how the world’s plant life is affected by natural disasters, fires, and deforestation. Satellites also reveal how widespread changes in vegetation impact waterways,&nbsp; the climate, air quality. Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on the Earth. "Earth From Space" is a groundbreaking two-hour special that reveals a spectacular new space-based vision of our planet. 



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected

[sendtonews key="JbW4VsY53O-1632195-12187" type="single"] Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected...

Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://welcome.miami.edu/">University of Miami</a> Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science explores how changes in water temperatures have affected tiger shark habitats and movements in the North Atlantic Ocean. The study reveals that rising temperatures have caused the sharks to shift toward the poles over the past 40 years.



“Tiger shark annual migrations have expanded poleward, paralleling rising water temperatures,” explained study lead author Neil Hammerschlag. “These results have consequences for tiger shark conservation, since shifts in their movements outside of marine protected areas may leave them more vulnerable to commercial fishing.”



The researchers analyzed nine years of tracking data from satellite-tagged tiger sharks, combined with four decades of conventional tag and recapture data provided by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Cooperative Shark Tagging Program.



The experts found that during the last decade of record heat, for every one-degree Celsius increase in water temperatures, tiger sharks migrated further poleward by over 400 kilometers. They also migrated two weeks earlier than usual to waters off the northeastern coast of the United States.



“Given their role as apex predators, these changes to tiger shark movements may alter predator-prey interactions, leading to ecological imbalances, and more frequent encounters with humans,” concluded Professor Hammerschlag.



Video Credit: University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Tiger sharks are shifting poleward as temperatures rise

Today’s Video of the Day from the University of Miami...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> is focused on the melt ponds that emerge during the spring and summer on the Greenland Ice Sheet, which is the largest ice mass in the northern hemisphere.



"Melt ponds are vast pools of open water that form on both sea ice and ice sheets and are visible as turquoise-blue pools of water in this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image," says ESA.



"When snow and ice melts atop glaciers, water flows in channels and streams and collects in depressions on the surface. These melt ponds can speed up the melting of the surrounding ice since they greatly reduce the ice’s ability to reflect sunlight."



"This can create a positive feedback where an increasing number of melt ponds absorb more heat which causes ice cover to melt even faster."



According to ESA, Greenland has been hit with a late-season heatwave that began in early September. This caused the type of melt event that usually occurs in the middle of summer.



"In a recent paper published in Nature Climate Change, scientists found that major sea-level rise from the melting of the Greenland ice cap is now ‘inevitable’ even if the burning of fossil fuels were to halt overnight," says ESA. "Using satellite observations of Greenland ice loss and ice cap from 2000 to 2019, the team found the losses will lead to a minimum rise of 27 cm regardless of climate change."



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Melt ponds on the Greenland Ice Sheet

[sendtonews key="qARzJPSabQ-2270617-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes how Earth is unique in our solar system for its ability to sustain liquid water on its surface. But now, the water cycle is shifting as the climate warms, and scientists must find ways to predict how these changes will affect water availability.



Overall, 96 percent of Earth's water is saltwater, and nearly all of freshwater is found in ice and groundwater. These sources of water are linked as it passes through solid, liquid and gas phases.



In a warmer climate, the water cycle will be transformed. It will be easier for water to evaporate and form clouds, and storms will become more frequent and intense. Some regions will get too much water, while others will be left without enough water. In addition, soil moisture will be lost - which threatens food security.



Scientists are using satellite data from over the last 40 years to track changes that are happening in the water cycle. This will ultimately help us prepare for extreme events and better manage our water resources, according to ESA.



Video Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Tracking changes in Earth's water cycle

[sendtonews key="fxH3eJHEkQ-2010196-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard Space Flight Center</a> features images of Saturn from NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope. The photographs capture the start of the mysterious "spoke season" on Saturn - when unexplained features appear on its rings. 



According to NASA, both the cause of the spokes and their seasonal variability have yet to be fully explained by planetary scientists.



"Like Earth, Saturn is tilted on its axis and therefore has four seasons, though because of Saturn's much larger orbit, each season lasts approximately seven Earth years. Equinox occurs when the rings are tilted edge-on to the Sun," explains NASA.



"The spokes disappear when it is near summer or winter solstice on Saturn. (When the Sun appears to reach either its highest or lowest latitude in the northern or southern hemisphere of a planet.) As the autumnal equinox of Saturn's northern hemisphere on May 6, 2025, draws near, the spokes are expected to become increasingly prominent and observable."



Experts believe that the spokes may be a product of the planet's variable magnetic field. When magnetic fields interact with solar wind, an electrically charged environment is created. This phenomenon is visible on Earth as the northern lights.&nbsp;



"Scientists think that the smallest, dust-sized icy ring particles can become charged as well, which temporarily levitates those particles above the rest of the larger icy particles and boulders in the rings," says NASA.



The spokes were first observed in the early 1980s by NASA's Voyager mission. Depending on the angle of the rings, the spokes can appear dark or light.



"Thanks to Hubble's OPAL program, which is building an archive of data on the outer solar system planets, we will have longer dedicated time to study Saturn’s spokes this season than ever before," said NASA senior planetary scientist Amy Simon, head of the Hubble Outer Planet Atmospheres Legacy (OPAL) program.



"Despite years of excellent observations by the Cassini mission, the precise beginning and duration of the spoke season is still unpredictable, rather like predicting the first storm during hurricane season."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Mysterious "spoke season" captured on Saturn

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="http://www.ntu.edu.sg/">NTU Singapore</a> reveals that some plants can remove toxic heavy metals from soil.&nbsp;



The researchers analyzed samples of various tropical plant species to test for levels of heavy metals and metalloids. The study showed that there are existing plants with high levels of these contaminants, which means that these species are great candidates for drawing pollutants out of the soil.&nbsp;



Among the plants examined in the study, 12 species had accumulated several types of heavy metals and metalloids. These plants are widely available, including species that are native to Singapore.



“In a small nation like Singapore, land may be repurposed to support new development plans, so it is important that we have a green and sustainable way to remediate land that is contaminated," said Professor Lam Yeng Ming.



"We set out to uncover how to better make use of tropical plants to do phytoremediation and through advanced characterization techniques, we showed how some of these tropical plant species can be an environmentally friendly and literally a 'green' way to remove contaminants in soil."&nbsp;



"Phytoremediation also has benefits of cost effectiveness, simplicity of management, aesthetic advantages, and long-term applicability and sustainability. The strategy prevents erosion and metal leaching by stabilizing or accumulating heavy metals, so that helps reduce the risk of contaminant spread.”



Video Credit: NTU Singapore



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Plants help remove heavy metals from contaminated soil

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes why herbicides are not as effective in killing weeds anymore. In the 20th century, chemical companies developed thousands of herbicides. The most commonly used herbicide was glyphosate, which was introduced in 1974.



Over the past few decades, dozens of species of weeds have evolved resistance to glyphosate. Depending on the site of action, the part of the plant that an herbicide interacts with, weeds may even be resistant to herbicides that have not been developed yet.&nbsp;



With increasing resistance to glyphosate and other herbicides, weeds are - once again - becoming a major concern for farmers.&nbsp;



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Weeds are becoming increasingly resistant to herbicides

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/">NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a> (JPL) describes a dust storm on Mars that was nearly twice the size of the United States. As the storm covered the southern hemisphere of the planet, some of NASA’s explorers had to delay their normal activities.



NASA’s Insight lander put itself in a "safe mode" for 11 days to conserve battery power because solar power was disrupted by the dust. The Ingenuity Mars Helicopter postponed flights until conditions improved.



"A fleet of NASA orbiters monitor Martian dust storms like this one and serve as lifelines to Earth by relaying data from the rovers and lander on the ground back to the team. This includes the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, MAVEN, and Odyssey," reports JPL.



"Dust storms like this recent one start close to the ground and are spread by wind as they rise – warming the cold Martian atmosphere."



The images in the video were captured by NASA’s Curiosity as the dust rolled in. A fleet of orbiters monitored the dust storm from above, relaying data from Mars’ explorers back to scientists on Earth.



Video &amp; Image Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/ASU/MSSS



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

NASA monitors giant dust storms on Mars

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