Natural,Environment,Climate-neutral,Long-term,Emissions,Strategy,Net,Zero,2050,Carbon

Balancing cleaner air with rising incomes is not a luxury question for developing countries. It is a real-world, and real-life, policy problem that shapes health, jobs, and the future of their cities.



A new <a href="https://www.worldscientific.com/doi/10.1142/S0217590825500304" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">study</a> lays out when zero emissions can go hand in hand with steady <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rising-temperatures-will-cut-world-gdp-by-a-staggering-40-percent-if-nothing-changes/">growth</a>, even when governments rely on foreign aid.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-zero-emissions-and-economic-growth">Zero emissions and economic growth</h2>



The work comes from <a href="https://tus.elsevierpure.com/en/persons/hideo-noda" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Hideo Noda</a> at the Tokyo University of Science (<a href="https://www.tus.ac.jp/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">TUS</a>) with coauthor Fengqi Fang, a Ph.D. candidate in Business Administration from the Graduate School of Business Administration at TUS. 



The team builds a simple but testable way to check if a country can hit zero net <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-trade-is-fueling-a-dangerous-rise-in-methane-emissions/">emissions</a> while its economy keeps expanding.



They also verify the model numerically using real world style parameters so it is not just a chalkboard exercise. 



The paper connects theory to a specific United Nations target on decoupling growth from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/limiting-global-warming-to-1-5c-is-almost-certainly-out-of-reach/">environmental damage</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-zero-emissions-models">Zero emissions models</h2>



First, the authors define a zero-emissions <a href="https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/net-zero-coalition" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">policy</a> as keeping net pollution at zero at every point in time, by matching abatement to emissions. That requires money, technology, and clear rules to assign who pays.



They run two versions of the economy. 



One is a public goods <a href="https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/stantcheva/files/lecture8.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">model</a> where government services like roads or schools lift private production for everyone at once, a standard growth <a href="https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/261726" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">model</a> introduced by Robert Barro in 1990. 



The second adds <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/where-will-climate-change-hit-hardest-global-index-reveals-vulnerability/">congestion</a>, where more people share the same public services so the boost per person shrinks.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-minimum-income-rule">Minimum income rule</h2>



The key test is whether gross domestic product (<a href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">GDP</a>) per capita rises above a minimum income threshold so a country can fully clean what it emits. 



The authors call this the kindergarten rule level of abatement, as in: “clean-up what you make dirty.”



"Following the Kindergarten rule means implementing zero emission technologies in either finite time or asymptotically," noted M. Scott Taylor and William Brock in their related <a href="https://www.nber.org/papers/w9597" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">study</a>. 



This frame anchors the new threshold concept for developing countries.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-aid-supports-clean-income-growth">Aid supports clean income growth</h2>



Many low income governments fund services with official development assistance (<a href="https://www.oecd.org/en/topics/policy-issues/official-development-assistance-oda.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ODA</a>), so the model lets outside aid pay for both cleaning and public services. 



That design reflects classic work showing how aid aimed at productive public services can shift long run growth.



In related <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0304387806000290" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">theory</a>, flexible labor and aid tied to public capital influence the path of output and welfare. The new paper extends this logic to pollution control that must be paid for every year.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-changing-income-threshold">Changing income threshold</h2>



The threshold depends on clean technology, population size, and how much aid is fixed to environmental <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/expanding-oil-and-gas-fields-threaten-global-climate-goals/">uses</a>. Better abatement technology lowers the income bar because each dollar of cleanup removes more pollution.



Population matters differently across the two models. In the public goods case, a larger labor force can raise growth because services scale with the economy, while in the congestion case that scale effect drops out as services get diluted.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-taxes-and-zero-emissions-targets">Taxes and zero emissions targets</h2>



The model also looks at tax policy, focusing on a labor income tax that finances services. 



There is a tax rate that maximizes the growth of income per person, and under both models governments can reach the needed income threshold in finite time if they choose that growth maximizing rate.



Public services that complement private capital are the link. When governments tax and spend on those services efficiently, private firms produce more and the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-action-economies-can-grow-while-cutting-emissions/">economy climbs</a> to the income level that makes full abatement feasible.



"Both models indicate that implementing the zero-emissions policy is compatible with sustainable economic growth," wrote Noda. 



They also show the kindergarten rule threshold is higher with congestion than without it, so crowding of public services slows the crossing.



"We call this threshold the kindergarten rule level of pollution abatement in terms of GDP per capita," wrote Noda. The result gives policymakers a clear income target, not just a slogan about decoupling.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-income-growth-and-sdgs">Income growth and SDGs</h2>



Target 8.4 of the Sustainable Development Goals (<a href="https://www.undp.org/sustainable-development-goals" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">SDGs</a>) asks countries to decouple growth from environmental degradation. 



The authors argue their framework helps explain when that is possible in practice, and how policy levers change the timing.



The UN defines the <a href="https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8.4" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">target</a> as improving resource efficiency and decoupling growth from environmental harm through 2030. The paper’s threshold view fits that mandate with a concrete yardstick.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-results-still-matter">Why results still matter</h2>



Earlier <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0959652621009112" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">work</a> in the same research stream focused on developed, innovation-driven economies and showed that zero emissions could be achieved alongside continued growth. 



That study examined whether sustained economic expansion could occur while also maintaining <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/a-net-zero-world-will-require-75-trillion-of-investment-and-1-billion-electric-cars/">zero net pollution emissions</a>.



The new paper shows the same compatibility can hold in aid dependent settings where innovation is not the main growth engine. 



That extension fills a real gap, because many low income countries face tighter fiscal and technological limits.



Build or buy cleaner technology so the threshold falls. Treat tied aid for environmental programs as a growth tool and not just a cost center.



Set tax policy to raise the growth rate of income per person, then sustain it long enough to pass the threshold. Guard against congestion by scaling services with population, so gains are not diluted.



The study is published in <a href="https://www.worldscientific.com/doi/10.1142/S0217590825500304" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Singapore Economic Review</a>.



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Net-zero emissions and rising income levels can both be achieved simultaneously

Balancing cleaner air with rising incomes is not a luxury question for developing countries. It is a real-world, and real-life, policy problem that shapes health, jobs, and the future of their cities. A new study lays out when zero emissions can go hand in hand with steady growth, even when governments rely on foreign aid. Zero emissions and economic growth The work comes from Hideo Noda at the Tokyo University of Science (TUS) with coauthor Fengqi Fang, a Ph.D. candidate in Business Administration from the Graduate School...

Complex organisms, thousands of times smaller than a grain of sand, have the power to shape entire ecosystems and influence the Earth's climate. 



A recent study by researchers from Arizona State University (ASU) and the National University of the Peruvian Amazon reveals the existence of an unknown family of microbes thriving in the waterlogged, low-oxygen peatlands of Peru’s northwestern Amazon rainforest.



These tiny organisms play a crucial role in the carbon cycle, with the ability to either stabilize carbon for long-term storage or release it into the atmosphere as greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide and methane.



The findings highlight the vital function of tropical peatlands as one of the world’s most significant carbon storage systems. The microbes within these ecosystems determine whether the peatlands remain vast carbon reservoirs or become sources of emissions that accelerate climate change. 



With human activity and climate shifts threatening their stability, the need to protect these delicate ecosystems has never been greater.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-peatland-microbes-and-carbon-regulation">Peatland microbes and carbon regulation</h2>



Peatlands act as massive <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-warming-is-accelerating-beyond-control-as-co2-levels-rise/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">carbon</a> vaults, storing immense amounts of organic material that has accumulated over thousands of years. This process occurs because the waterlogged conditions slow down decomposition, allowing peat to build up over time. 



In the Amazonian peatlands, newly discovered microbes belonging to the ancient Bathyarchaeia group regulate this process by breaking down carbon compounds. Their metabolic flexibility allows them to survive in extreme environments, including oxygen-poor conditions.



These microbes perform a dual function. Under stable conditions, they help store carbon, keeping it locked away in the peat and reducing the risks associated with climate change. 



However, environmental shifts, such as drought and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-extremes-in-2024-what-have-we-learned/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">rising temperatures</a>, can activate these microbes in ways that lead to increased greenhouse gas emissions. If peatlands dry out or are disturbed, these organisms accelerate the release of stored carbon into the atmosphere, contributing to global warming.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fragile-balance-of-the-amazon-peatlands">Fragile balance of the Amazon peatlands</h2>



The microbes identified in the study are found in the&nbsp;Pastaza-Marañón Foreland Basin, one of the most extensive peatland regions in the northwestern Amazon rainforest of Peru. 



Spanning approximately&nbsp;100,000 square kilometers, this area contains vast stretches of flooded rainforest and swamps underlain by ancient peat. These peatlands store around&nbsp;3.1 billion tons of carbon, roughly double the carbon held in all the world’s forests combined.



Despite their immense importance, these peatlands face increasing threats from climate change and human activity. Shifts in rainfall patterns and rising temperatures can dry out the peat, changing the microbial activity and turning these carbon sinks into carbon sources. 



Deforestation, mining, and land-use changes further disrupt the natural equilibrium, accelerating the release of carbon dioxide and methane into the atmosphere.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-microbes-in-amazon-peatland">Significance of microbes in Amazon peatland</h2>



"The microbial universe of the Amazon peatlands is vast in space and time, has been hidden by their remote locations, and has been severely under-studied in their local and global contributions," said Hinsby Cadillo Quiroz, corresponding author of the study and researcher at <a href="https://www.asu.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ASU</a>’s Biodesign Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology.



“Our work is finding incredible organisms adapted to this <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-added-41-extra-days-of-dangerous-heat-in-2024/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">environment</a>, and several of them provide unique and important services - from carbon stabilization or recycling to carbon monoxide detoxification and others."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-climate-connection">The climate connection</h2>



For centuries, tropical peatlands have functioned as reliable carbon sinks, absorbing more carbon than they release. However, they are now at risk of becoming net carbon emitters due to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/2024-confirmed-as-earths-hottest-year-in-recorded-history/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">rising global temperatures</a> and changes in precipitation. 



When peatlands dry out, microbial activity shifts, leading to&nbsp;an increase in methane and carbon dioxide emissions. This process could drastically alter global carbon cycles and intensify climate change.



According to the study, continued human-caused disruptions could result in the release of 500 million tons of carbon by the end of the century - an amount equivalent to 5% of the world’s annual fossil fuel emissions. Such an outcome would significantly amplify global warming and accelerate environmental changes worldwide.



The researchers emphasize the urgent need for sustainable land management strategies to prevent these carbon-rich ecosystems from turning into major emission sources. Preventing deforestation, reducing drainage projects, and limiting mining activities in peatlands are crucial steps in preserving their role in climate regulation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-microbial-contributions-to-climate">Microbial contributions to climate</h2>



The discovery of these highly adaptable microbes provides new insights into how life persists in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/we-are-in-a-race-against-time-to-save-our-food-supply-from-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">extreme environments</a> and how microorganisms influence global climate systems. 



These microbes consume carbon monoxide, a gas toxic to most life forms, and use it for energy, effectively reducing carbon toxicity in their surroundings. 



By breaking down organic carbon, the microbes generate hydrogen and carbon dioxide - which is then used by other microbes to produce methane. This interconnected microbial network plays a pivotal role in regulating the ecosystem’s overall carbon balance.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-microbes-survive-in-amazon-peatland">How microbes survive in Amazon peatland</h2>



One of the most remarkable aspects of these microbes is their ability to survive in fluctuating oxygen levels. The Amazon rainforest undergoes seasonal shifts in water levels, creating an environment where oxygen availability changes throughout the year. 



These microbes have adapted to thrive under both oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor conditions, ensuring their survival in the dynamic Amazonian ecosystem.



However, as climate change alters rainfall patterns and human activities increase disturbances, the balance maintained by these microbes is at risk. 



Tracking shifts in temperature, precipitation, and ecosystem dynamics will be essential for predicting the future impact of microbial activity on climate stability.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-path-forward-for-conservation">Path forward for conservation</h2>



As scientists uncover the microbial universe of Amazonian peatlands, they highlight the urgent need for conservation efforts. Protecting these ecosystems requires&nbsp;a combination of research, sustainable land management, and local engagement&nbsp;to ensure their long-term stability. 



The study demonstrates that the smallest organisms can have an outsized impact on global systems. When it comes to conservation, we must consider not only visible landscapes but also the microscopic life forms that sustain them.



This research, supported by the&nbsp;National Science Foundation, represents a significant step forward in understanding the crucial role of tropical peatlands in the global carbon cycle. As climate change continues to reshape our planet, the hidden ecosystems of the Amazon may hold key lessons for mitigating future environmental challenges.



Cadillo-Quiroz and his team plan to apply their findings to&nbsp;tropical peatland restoration. By deepening our understanding of microbial processes, they hope to develop strategies that enhance carbon sequestration and protect these vulnerable ecosystems from further degradation.



“Working to understand microbes and ecosystems in the lush and magnificent Amazon rainforest is the honor of my life, which I aim to use in the protection of this region in the fight against climate change,” said Cadillo-Quiroz.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/spectrum.00387-24" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Microbiology Spectrum</a>.



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Tiny microbes in Amazon peatlands help balance the global climate

Complex organisms, thousands of times smaller than a grain of...

Hand,Of,Robot,Touching,On,Big,Data,Network,Connection,,Science

Anyone who thinks booking a commercial flight is the only way to rack up carbon emissions should take a closer look at the monthly output of popular AI chatbots like ChatGPT. 



Recent data indicate that the emissions associated with these tools could raise eyebrows among those who care about shrinking our collective environmental footprint.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-high-carbon-footprint-of-chatgpt">High carbon footprint of ChatGPT</h2>



According to a study by <a href="https://www.knownhost.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">KnownHost</a>, the use of <a href="https://openai.com/index/chatgpt/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ChatGPT</a> produces more than 260,930 kilograms (573,000 pounds of carbon dioxide (CO2) each month. That figure is <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-shocking-reality-of-website-emissions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">linked to high traffic</a> from its more than 164 million monthly users.



Although it emits only 1.59 grams of CO2 per page view, that efficiency is offset by soaring popularity.&nbsp;



The study also points out that ChatGPT’s carbon impact is equivalent to 260 flights from New York City to London in the same timeframe, offering a stark reminder that digital services leave a mark on the environment.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-chatgpt-isn-t-the-only-carbon-abuser">ChatGPT isn't the only carbon abuser</h2>



Other AI platforms show less total monthly <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earths-carbon-sinks-are-being-pushed-to-their-limits/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CO2</a>, but they emit more per individual pageview. Rytr’s output stands at 10.1 grams (0,35 ounces) CO2 per pageview, while Spellbook comes in at 6.5 grams (0.23 ounces) per pageview.



Even though their overall usage is smaller, the carbon cost per interaction is higher than ChatGPT’s. Some might see ChatGPT’s lower rate per pageview as a bright spot, but its heavy traffic means emissions still climb significantly.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-data-centers-consume-massive-energy">Data centers consume massive energy</h2>



Data centers host these AI tools and, according to the 2024 United States Data Center Energy Usage <a href="https://eta-publications.lbl.gov/sites/default/files/2024-12/lbnl-2024-united-states-data-center-energy-usage-report.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Report</a> from Berkeley Lab, they consumed more than double the energy in 2023 than they did in 2017.&nbsp;



“Electricity consumption of US data centers is currently growing at an accelerating rate,” stated the authors of the report. These massive facilities keep servers cool and operational around the clock, leading to constant energy draw.



The International Energy Agency’s Electricity 2024 <a href="https://www.iea.org/reports/electricity-2024" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">report</a> notes that newer technologies - like advanced AI and cryptocurrency - could double energy use by next year. One-third of that rise is expected to be traced back to data centers.



This trend reveals how widespread digital services can become major contributors to global <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-warming-is-accelerating-beyond-control-as-co2-levels-rise/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">energy consumption</a>.



“As innovation continues into 2025, balancing environmental sustainability will need to become a core focus for tech companies and the users of their tools alike,” said Daniel Pearson, CEO of KnownHost. The statement suggests a need for shared responsibility.



Developers can shift toward greener solutions, and users may opt for options that cut power use.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-governments-push-for-greener-ai">Governments push for greener AI</h2>



The Biden administration has responded with an executive order that addresses the future of AI and data centers. It urges the transition to cleaner power, given that a third of the world’s data centers are in the United States.



The announcement coincides with news of the <a href="https://openai.com/index/announcing-the-stargate-project/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Stargate AI project</a>, a $500 billion data center initiative led by OpenAI in partnership with Oracle and SoftBank, which President Trump described as “a resounding declaration of confidence in America’s potential.” 



However, the project has sparked a feud between Elon Musk, a Trump advisor, and OpenAI CEO Sam Altman over the transparency and feasibility of the investment.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cutting-ai-carbon-emissions">Cutting AI carbon emissions</h2>



Some AI tools already push down their energy load by optimizing code and trimming unnecessary processes. Meanwhile, data centers explore better cooling methods, such as liquid cooling and more efficient airflow designs, to cut overall energy consumption.



Renewables like solar or wind power also help lower fossil fuel reliance. Tech companies that concentrate on reducing emissions in hardware and software may find themselves at a competitive advantage, especially as the public eye shifts to climate impact.



AI applications are here to stay, and so is the energy they consume. While ChatGPT’s popularity puts it in the spotlight, other AI tools also contribute to rising energy demands.



Striking a balance between progress and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/met-office-2024-co2-levels-will-surpass-the-point-of-no-return/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sustainability</a> will require a combined effort from developers, policymakers, and everyday users. Improving efficiency not only benefits the planet but also ensures that these digital services stay reliable.



The study was published by <a href="https://www.knownhost.com/blog/carbon-footprint-of-ai-tools/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">KnownHost</a>.



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ChatGPT's carbon footprint is astronomical and not sustainable

Anyone who thinks booking a commercial flight is the only...

Biodiversity is at the heart of our planet's resilience, yet as the world grapples with climate change and seeks effective strategies to reduce carbon emissions, the journey toward environmental sustainability proves to be more complex than it seems. 



While planting forests and harnessing biofuels are key elements of this global remediation effort, a new study suggests that these well-intentioned actions may come with unintended consequences for the very ecosystems they aim to protect.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-mitigation-versus-biodiversity-loss">Climate mitigation versus biodiversity loss</h2>



The delicate balance between mitigating climate change and preserving biodiversity demands a more nuanced approach to ensure long-term ecological harmony.



The research was conducted by an international team of experts, including Evelyn Beaury, assistant cursor at the New York Botanical Garden (<a href="https://www.nybg.org" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NYBG</a>).



In their report, the researchers present compelling data on the potential impact of large-scale, plant-based strategies, or land-based mitigation strategies (LBMS).



"As efforts to address <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cities-are-largely-unprepared-for-the-effects-of-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a> accelerate, it is urgent to ensure that in deploying LBMS we do not inadvertently imperil biodiversity," noted the researchers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-complex-effects-of-climate-mitigation-strategies">Complex effects of climate mitigation strategies</h2>



Plant-based strategies have become a staple in numerous net-zero emissions plans, spanning millions of acres across the globe. Common strategies include <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/success-story-reforestation-has-helped-keep-the-eastern-us-relatively-cool/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">reforestation</a>, afforestation, and bioenergy cropping.



While the potential of these strategies in combating climate change is undeniable, their effects on biodiversity have been complex, multi-faceted, and hard to predict. This latest research represents a breakthrough in the understanding of these impacts.



Led by a team from Princeton University's <a href="https://environment.princeton.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">High Meadows Environmental Institute</a>, the study has unraveled the potential biodiversity implications of land-based climate change mitigation efforts.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unanticipated-impacts-on-animal-species">Unanticipated impacts on animal species</h2>



The researchers modeled the impacts of the three mitigation strategies on more than 14,000 <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/un-report-highlights-urgent-need-to-protect-migratory-species/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">animal species</a> globally. The species ranged in size from animals smaller than a mouse to those larger than a moose.



The findings highlight the complexities and potential pitfalls in using plant-based mitigation strategies to meet climate targets.



"Plant-based mitigation strategies do not have the same effect on the climate or on biodiversity everywhere they are deployed. Our research suggests that we cannot assume plant-based solutions always indirectly reduce the biodiversity crisis," noted Dr. Beaury.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-biodiversity-challenges-in-climate-efforts">Biodiversity challenges in climate efforts</h2>



While reforestation has proven to be a beneficial strategy that enhances local habitats and contributes to climate mitigation, the study’s findings on afforestation and bioenergy cropping paint a more concerning picture.



Transforming natural <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humans-are-the-scariest-predators-in-the-african-savannah/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">savannahs</a> and grasslands into forests, as well as replacing biodiverse meadows with bioenergy crops, may offer climate benefits but come at a significant cost. 



The researchers found that these efforts lead to immediate habitat loss - negatively impacting a wide range of species from grouse to elk, and even iconic species like ostriches and lions.



The study revealed that the loss of habitat from afforestation and bioenergy plantations would far outweigh their potential contribution to mitigating climate change.



"Reforestation is an obvious ‘win-win’ for biodiversity," said Dr. Beaury, an ecologist and biogeographer specializing in invasive plants. "Restoring lost forests provides habitat while also reducing the impacts of climate change."



This pivotal study offers critical insights that can guide policymakers, conservationists, and the global community in making informed decisions. 



As efforts to create a greener planet accelerate, it becomes evident that these initiatives must be carefully balanced to preserve the richness and diversity of our natural world.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-striking-a-balance-for-the-future">Striking a balance for the future</h2>



The findings of this study highlight the urgent need for a balanced approach to climate mitigation - one that integrates both climate action and biodiversity conservation.



Policymakers and conservationists must work together and design strategies, taking into consideration ecological complexities so that unintended consequences are avoided.



Adaptive land management, regional assessments, and stakeholder engagement could be critical elements in ensuring that mitigation efforts lead to long-term sustainability without threatening <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/springs-are-crucial-habitats-that-are-overlooked-in-conservation-efforts/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">critical habitats</a>.



This calls for a holistic approach that recognizes the connectivity of ecosystem and climate solutions.



In other words, by emphasizing the combination of restoration strategies that are tailored to specific landscapes and ecological needs, humans can achieve climate targets while protecting the intricate web of life that sustains the planet.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adm9485" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science</a>.



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Climate mitigation strategies may be endangering biodiversity

Biodiversity is at the heart of our planet's resilience, yet...

Record ocean heat has taken a devastating toll on one of the world’s greatest natural wonders, with coral bleaching on Australia’s Great Barrier Reef reaching “catastrophic” levels, a new study has found.&nbsp;



More than 50% of affected corals monitored near an island in the reef’s south were killed last year during the most severe and widespread bleaching to ever hit the area, according to a team of Australian scientists.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-factors-leading-to-coral-bleaching">Factors leading to coral bleaching</h2>



In 2024, the reef experienced its worst summer on record. Soaring ocean temperatures shattered previous highs, causing the reef’s seventh mass <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-worlds-largest-coral-bleaching-event-is-now-underway/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bleaching</a> event.&nbsp;



Corals are bleached white when marine heat waves put corals under stress, causing them to expel algae from their tissue, draining their color. This damaging process ultimately weakens the corals, leaving them vulnerable to disease and potential death.



The underlying cause is the ongoing combustion of planet-heating fossil fuels, which is driving global temperatures upward.&nbsp;



Coral damage was further accelerated last year by the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/coral-reefs-in-some-parts-of-the-world-actually-benefit-from-warming-el-nino-events/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">El Niño</a> weather pattern, known for raising ocean temperatures in this region. As a result, reef areas that had never endured such intense heat came under severe strain.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-extensive-coral-mortality-and-disease">Extensive coral mortality and disease</h2>



Scientists from the <a href="https://www.sydney.edu.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Sydney</a> tracked 462 coral colonies at One Tree Island over five months, beginning in early February when the heat wave was at its peak.&nbsp;



By May, 370 of these colonies had bleached; by July, more than half of the bleached corals were gone. Some coral species suffered mortality rates of up to 95%, with researchers observing “colony collapse,” a phenomenon in which the coral skeleton detaches from the reef and disintegrates.



The Goniopora species encountered additional damage, contracting black band disease that invades the corals’ tissues and often proves fatal.



“Our findings underscore the urgent need for action to protect coral reefs, which are not only biodiversity hotspots but also crucial for food security and coastal protection,” said lead author Maria Byrne from the University of Sydney’s School of Life and Environmental Sciences.



Byrne noted that the region studied is in a remote, protected area of the reef, far from tourist and industrial influences. However, the reef, “despite its protected status, was not immune to the extreme heat stress that triggered this catastrophic bleaching event,” she said.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-great-barrier-reef-under-threat">Great Barrier Reef under threat</h2>



Spanning nearly 133,000 square miles (345,000 square kilometers), the Great Barrier Reef is the world’s largest coral reef system, hosting over 1,500 species of fish and more than 400 types of hard corals. Its significant contribution to Australia’s economy, mainly through tourism, underscores its global importance and the urgency of protective measures.



Nevertheless, recent bleaching episodes illustrate a troubling trend of more frequent and intense heat waves, making it increasingly difficult for corals to recover. 



The study’s authors warn that mass bleaching has become “a biennial event,” which “reinforces the need for urgent global action now to adhere to ambitious climate and reduced emissions targets.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-spreads-to-previously-unaffected-areas">Impact spreads to previously unaffected areas</h2>



The latest bleaching event also hit parts of the reef previously spared from mass bleaching, indicating that the crisis is extending into new territories. Even coral species once deemed resilient have exhibited signs of disease and elevated mortality rates.



“Seeing the impacts on a reef that has largely avoided mass bleaching until now is devastating,” said marine scientist and co-author Shawna Foo. “The high rates of mortality and disease, particularly in such a remote and pristine area, highlight the severity of the situation.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-climate-emergency-for-coral-reefs">A climate emergency for coral reefs</h2>



Severe bleaching events have occurred on the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/great-barrier-reef-is-on-the-brink-of-extinction/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Great Barrier Reef</a> in 1998, 2002, 2016, 2017, 2020, and 2022. The 2022 episode was particularly concerning, as it coincided with a La Niña event - El Niño’s cooler counterpart - raising further doubts about the reef’s resilience to future climate extremes.



The new findings underscore the fragile condition of the reef and the urgent necessity to curb <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fossil-carbon-emissions-hit-a-record-high-in-2023/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fossil fuel emissions</a> that contribute to global warming.&nbsp;



With bleaching now seemingly inevitable in many locations, the survival of coral reefs hinges on global efforts to limit temperature rises, offering hope that the reef’s vibrant ecosystems can still be preserved for future generations.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://aslopubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/lol2.10456" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Limnology and Oceanography Letters</a>.



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Coral bleaching has reached "catastrophic" levels on the Great Barrier Reef

Record ocean heat has taken a devastating toll on one...

A species of free-living coral, Cycloseris cyclolites, defies traditional coral behavior by actively migrating toward light using a movement strategy reminiscent of jellyfish.



A new study from Queensland University of Technology (<a href="https://www.qut.edu.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">QUT</a>) sheds light on the coral’s sophisticated navigation and mobility mechanisms, with implications for understanding its survival strategies amid changing environmental conditions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-free-living-corals-that-migrate">Free-living corals that migrate</h2>



Unlike <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/isolated-coral-reefs-survive-with-the-help-of-their-local-network/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">most corals</a> that remain anchored to the reef substrate, Cycloseris cyclolites is a solitary, free-living mushroom coral capable of migrating in search of better habitats. 



Dr. Brett Lewis, the lead author from QUT’s School of Atmospheric and Earth Sciences and the <a href="https://gbrrestoration.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Reef Restoration and Adaptation Program</a>, emphasized the unique lifestyle of these mobile corals.



“Not all corals are attached to the substrate; some are solitary and free-living, allowing them to migrate into preferred habitats,” Lewis explained. 



Despite their remarkable behavior, the mechanisms underlying their movement and navigation have largely remained a mystery - until now.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-migration-strategy-of-corals">Migration strategy of corals</h2>



Using high-resolution time-lapse imaging, the research team discovered that Cycloseris cyclolites moves through a process called pulsed inflation. 



This mechanism involves rhythmic inflating and deflating of the coral’s tissue, propelling it forward in a manner strikingly similar to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/jellyfish-more-than-just-a-snack-for-predatory-fish/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">jellyfish</a> locomotion.



“Our findings suggest that pulsed inflation is not just a survival strategy but a critical mechanism for migration and navigation,” Lewis noted.



This movement enables the coral to perform several essential functions, including righting itself when flipped upside down, expelling sediment that might bury it during storms, and migrating toward optimal environmental conditions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-corals-move-to-optimal-depths-nbsp">Corals move to optimal depths&nbsp;</h2>



One of the study’s key findings was the coral’s strong preference for blue light. When exposed to various light sources, 86.7% of the corals migrated toward blue light, compared to only 20% for white light. 



This behavior aligns with the coral’s preference for deeper water habitats, where blue wavelengths dominate.



“The ability of Cycloseris cyclolites to move towards specific light sources is a fascinating parallel to other marine species like jellyfish, which suggests they are more neurologically sophisticated than previously thought,” Lewis said.



This light sensitivity likely helps the corals navigate to optimal depths, where conditions are better suited for survival, reproduction, and dispersal.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sgnificance-of-coral-migration">Sgnificance of coral migration</h2>



The discovery of such advanced mobility and light sensitivity in Cycloseris cyclolites offers new insights into the evolution of nervous systems.&nbsp;



The study draws parallels between the coral’s behavior and the movement strategies of jellyfish, a key evolutionary point in the development of centralized <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/octopus-arms-function-with-unparalleled-precision/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nervous systems</a>, which humans also possess.



But the findings aren’t just an evolutionary curiosity - they carry important ecological implications. 



By understanding how these migratory corals navigate their environment, scientists can better predict how they might adapt to the escalating challenges posed by <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/coral-reefs-may-not-adapt-quickly-enough-to-survive-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-coral-reefs-and-climate-change-the-basics">Coral reefs and climate change - the basics</h2>



As ocean temperatures rise, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-coral-reefs-deeper-zones-currently-safe-warming-waters/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">corals become stressed</a> and expel the tiny algae that give them their vibrant colors and provide them with essential nutrients. 



This process, known as coral bleaching, leaves the corals pale and weak, making it harder for them to survive and grow. 



Without these algae, the entire <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/healthy-coral-transplants-could-revolutionize-reef-restoration/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">reef ecosystem</a> struggles, affecting countless <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fish-diversity-has-changed-dramatically-on-the-great-barrier-reef/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marine species</a> that rely on the reefs for shelter and food.



On top of the warming waters, ocean acidification is another major threat corals are facing. 



Increased levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere are being absorbed by the oceans, lowering the pH levels and making it harder for corals to build their calcium carbonate skeletons. 



This not only slows their growth but also makes them more vulnerable to erosion and breakage from storms.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-corals-migrate-to-survive">Corals migrate to survive</h2>



As sea surface temperatures rise and other climate-driven changes impact coral habitats, the ability of Cycloseris cyclolites to migrate toward more favorable conditions could be crucial.&nbsp;



By moving to deeper waters dominated by blue wavelengths, these corals may escape the warming and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/60-percent-global-coral-reefs-face-bleaching-rising-temperatures/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bleaching</a> events that devastate many other reef species.



“Understanding their movement strategies could help scientists predict how migratory corals might resist, survive, or adapt to changes in environmental conditions,” Lewis explained. “With these climate-driven factors increasing, the faster the migration, the higher the chance of survival.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-coral-climate-change-and-the-future">Coral, climate change, and the future</h2>



This research highlights the remarkable adaptability of Cycloseris cyclolites, offering a new perspective on coral resilience and survival.&nbsp;



As climate change continues to threaten coral reefs worldwide, these insights provide a foundation for further studies on coral behavior and potential conservation strategies.&nbsp;



By unraveling the mechanisms that allow corals to thrive in dynamic and challenging environments, scientists hope to uncover new ways to protect these vital marine ecosystems.



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0315623" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PLOS One</a>.



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Corals that walk and migrate? Fascinating climate change survival strategy discovered

A species of free-living coral, Cycloseris cyclolites, defies traditional coral...

Imagine a future where one of the biggest pollutants of our environment, the production of ammonia, is no longer a headache. Instead, the Earth itself could become a productive partner in generating this chemical. All it takes is the use of Earth's natural forces and heat.



In an unexpected twist of events, a scientific breakthrough at the globally renowned Massachusetts Institute of Technology (<a href="https://www.mit.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MIT</a>), points in this very direction.



The ground-breaking study was motivated by a mysterious natural phenomenon observed in Mali, West Africa, in the 1980s.



Locals came across a well that was gushing with hydrogen gas, an oddity that scientists attributed to a water-rock chemical reaction beneath Earth's surface.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-green-shift-in-the-fertilizer-industry">Green shift in the fertilizer industry</h2>



“It was an ‘aha’ moment,” shared senior author Iwnetim Abate of MIT. "We may be able to use Earth as a factory, harnessing its heat and pressure to produce valuable <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/decline-in-ozone-depleting-chemicals-is-an-encouraging-trend/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">chemicals</a> like ammonia in a cleaner manner."



Ammonia's importance cannot be overstated. It is a key ingredient in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/carbon-emissions-from-fertilizers-could-be-cut-by-80-percent/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fertilizers</a> and potentially a clean fuel source. However, its current production methods are far from energy-efficient or green. 



Today's industrial ammonia production is a significant consumer of global energy and a major emitter of CO2. In fact, for every ton of ammonia produced, there's a release of around 2.4 tons of CO2.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-traditional-ammonia-production">Traditional ammonia production</h2>



For over a century, the production of ammonia has been dominated by the Haber-Bosch process, an energy-intensive method that relies heavily on the use of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/air-pollution-from-fossil-fuels-kills-5-million-people-each-year/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fossil fuels</a>.



This conventional approach operates at high temperatures and pressures, consumes vast amounts of natural gas and contributes significantly to greenhouse gas emissions.



Despite its efficiency in meeting global fertilizer demands, the process is far from sustainable. 



As industries face mounting pressure to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/small-changes-in-diet-can-greatly-reduce-your-carbon-footprint/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">reduce their carbon footprints</a>, the search for greener alternatives has intensified. 



Scientists and engineers are now exploring innovative methods that utilize Earth's natural processes to revolutionize ammonia production, offering a path toward cleaner, more efficient solutions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-finding-the-solution-under-our-feet">Finding the solution under our feet</h2>



With sustainability in their sights, the research team at MIT set out to test this idea of an "Earth factory." They constructed an environment that replicated the conditions beneath Earth's surface.



Iron-rich minerals were exposed to nitrogen-laced water, which ignited a chemical reaction that transformed the rock and gave rise to what they termed "geological ammonia."



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/ammonia-fertilizer_new-green-process_illustration_MIT_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/ammonia-fertilizer_new-green-process_illustration_MIT_1s.webp" alt="Researchers cooked up a new recipe—without any energy input or CO2 emission—for generating ammonia, a key chemical for the agriculture industry, by mixing nitrogen-laced water with iron-rich rocks. Credit: Yifan Gao and Iwnetim Abate" class="wp-image-1957605"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Researchers cooked up a new recipe - without any energy input or CO2 emission - for generating ammonia, a key chemical for the agriculture industry, by mixing nitrogen-laced water with iron-rich rocks. Credit: Yifan Gao and Iwnetim Abate</figcaption></figure>



Remarkably, the process didn't require any additional energy input, and there were no CO2 emissions. To top it all, the entire process even took place under ambient conditions!



To replicate real-world conditions, the team replaced synthetic mineral with olivine, a naturally iron-laden rock. They optimized the process further by introducing a copper catalyst and elevating the heat to 300°C.



In just 21 hours, they managed to produce about 1.8 kg of ammonia per ton of olivine, demonstrating the method's feasibility and sustainability.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-does-green-ammonia-production-matter">Why does green ammonia production matter?</h2>



"These rocks are all over the world, so the method could be adapted very widely across the globe," enthused Abate.



However, he acknowledged that implementation would come with its own set of challenges, including drilling into iron-rich rocks deep within the Earth and dealing with the complexities of the rocks' interactions with gases and liquids.



On the economic front, geological ammonia production is encouraging. The cost is around $0.55 per kilogram, roughly equivalent to the price of conventional methods. 



But the game-changer is the potential to address environmental crises like CO2 production and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/staggering-amount-of-wastewater-impacts-coastal-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wastewater pollution</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nature-life-and-ammonia">Nature, life, and ammonia</h2>



Yifan Gao of MIT, the first author of the study, postulated a win-win strategy. 



"Nitrogen sources are considered as pollution in wastewater, and removing them costs money and energy," he explained.



The team suggested turning this problem on its head by using wastewater to produce ammonia. This perspective could potentially add an additional profit of $3.82 per kilogram of ammonia formed.



"Ammonia is pretty important for life. The only other natural way that ammonia is produced on Earth is when lightning strikes nitrogen gas," commented senior author Ju Li.



"That’s why the geological production of ammonia is quite interesting when you think about where life came from,” Li concluded.



This initiative by the scientists at MIT highlights the innovative solutions that can arise when we look towards nature for inspiration.



With every small step, we move closer to a future where sustainable chemical production is not just a dream but a reality.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2542435124005415" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Joule</a>.



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New green tech produces ammonia fertilizer using Earth's natural forces

Imagine a future where one of the biggest pollutants of...

Marine protected areas are proving to be a game-changer in boosting "catch-per-unit-of-fishing-effort" without harming marine ecosystems.



Large-scale marine protected areas (LSMPAs), such as Revillagigedo in Mexico, are leading the way.



These vast conservation zones, many of which have been established recently, could hold the key to safeguarding migratory species while potentially enhancing fisheries' success rates beyond their borders.



This promising development was recently highlighted in a scientific study published in the journal Science.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-age-of-conservation-a-win-win-for-all">The age of conservation: A win-win for all</h2>



The study presented several real-world instances where LSMPAs dramatically increased <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-hidden-consequences-of-catch-and-release-sport-fishing/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">catch rates</a> outside of their boundaries.



The research findings showed an average jump of 12 to 18 percent in the fishing productivity of waters near protected areas. These "spillover benefits" seemed to be consistent across various tuna species.



The spillover effect ranged from 2 to 11 percent, and it was particularly beneficial for bigeye tuna.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-spillover-benefits-get-stronger-over-time">Spillover benefits get stronger over time</h2>



Nations prioritizing conservation efforts are reportedly reaping the highest economic benefits.



For instance, nearly all of the spillover benefits derived from the Revillagigedo protected area in Mexican waters were directed towards Mexican <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dark-fleets-hidden-industrial-fishing-activity-exposed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fishing</a> vessels.



Study co-author Juan Carlos Villaseñor-Derbez is an assistant professor at the <a href="https://www.earth.miami.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Miami</a> Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric, and Earth Science. He also serves as a core faculty member at the Frost Institute for Data Science and Computing.



"We found that the spillover benefits, measured as the change in catch rates, are strongest just outside the boundaries of these MPAs and get stronger over time. The effects were strongest for the MPAs that were heavily fished prior to protection and are now well-enforced,” explained Villaseñor-Derbez.



The findings highlight the growing importance of well-managed marine protected areas in balancing conservation and economic interests. These areas can offer a promising blueprint for sustainable fisheries worldwide.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-marine-protected-areas-and-tuna-stocks">Marine protected areas and tuna stocks</h2>



Understanding the links between LSMPAs, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bluefin-tuna-a-sushi-delicacy-will-likely-be-extinct-within-50-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tuna</a> stocks, and fisheries becomes crucial when we consider global targets such as protecting 30 percent of the world’s ocean area by 2030.



The study is also relevant in the context of the United Nations' Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction Agreement, which aims to safeguard biodiversity in international waters.



The researchers evaluated data from 9 LSMPAs across the Pacific and Indian oceans.



An intriguing feature of this study was the creation of a global tuna catch database that was developed solely from publicly available data. This hasn't been feasible during earlier investigations into large-scale MPA impacts.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-expansion-of-large-scale-marine-protected-areas">Expansion of large-scale marine protected areas</h2>



In 2004, the world had a single large-scale MPA - the Galápagos Marine Reserve in Ecuador.



Fast forward two decades, and we now have over 20 such <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-marine-protected-areas-boost-human-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">protected spaces</a>, including the Papahānaumokuākea in the Northwest Hawaiian Islands. Most of these conservation zones coexist with tuna fisheries.



This proliferation of LSMPAs enables us to test their impact on the populations of important tuna species like ahi and skipjack that underpin a global industry valued at over $40 billion.



One striking revelation from the study was a 10% increase in bigeye tuna catch rates near the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument, the world’s largest no-fishing zone.



Ultimately, large-scale marine protected areas seem to be ushering in an era of sustainable fishing, where conservation and higher catch rates go hand in hand.



This serves as a reflection of the power of balanced coexistence - a perfect example of the harmony we can achieve when we respect nature's boundaries while fulfilling our needs.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenges-and-future-prospects">Challenges and future prospects </h2>



While large-scale marine protected areas (LSMPAs) offer promising solutions for balancing conservation and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bleaching-effect-coral-loss-threatens-fisheries-and-livelihoods/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fisheries</a>, their long-term success hinges on several critical factors. 



Effective enforcement, adequate funding, and international cooperation are essential to ensure these protected zones achieve their intended goals. 



Without proper surveillance and compliance, illegal fishing activities could undermine the progress made in enhancing tuna stocks and preserving biodiversity.



Another challenge lies in balancing the needs of local communities that rely on fishing for their livelihoods. 



Although spillover benefits from LSMPAs have shown positive trends, the transition period before these benefits materialize can be challenging for communities that depend on immediate access to fishing grounds. 



Policies are needed to support sustainable fishing practices while providing economic alternatives during the adjustment period.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sustainable-ocean-management">Sustainable ocean management </h2>



Looking ahead, expanding LSMPAs to meet global conservation targets will require strategic planning and collaboration. 



Advances in satellite monitoring and data-driven fisheries management could enhance the effectiveness of these protected areas, ensuring both ecological and economic gains. 



If implemented effectively, LSMPAs could serve as a cornerstone of sustainable ocean management, enhancing resilience in marine ecosystems amid climate change and increasing human pressures.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adn1146" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science</a>.



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Marine protected areas have 'spillover benefits' protecting life well beyond their boundaries

Marine protected areas are proving to be a game-changer in...

West Greenland is renowned for its blue lakes that supply drinking water and help sequester atmospheric carbon.&nbsp;



However, following two months of record heat and heavy rainfall in fall 2022, researchers discovered that an estimated 7,500 of these lakes turned brown, began emitting carbon, and suffered a decline in water quality.&nbsp;



This dramatic change, reported in a study published in the <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2413855122" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a> (PNAS), underscores how extreme climate events can push <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/arctic-lakes-produce-less-methane-than-previously-thought/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Arctic lakes</a> past critical tipping points.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unprecedented-changes-in-a-short-time">Unprecedented changes in a short time</h2>



Led by Fulbright Distinguished Arctic Scholar Jasmine Saros of the <a href="https://climatechange.umaine.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Maine Climate Change Institute</a>, an international team investigated the rapid transformation of these lakes. 



By July 2023, less than a year after the extreme fall weather, the physical, chemical, and biological properties of the lakes had undergone widespread alterations - changes that would normally unfold over centuries.



“The magnitude of this and the rate of change were unprecedented,” said Saros, who also serves as a professor of paleolimnology and lake ecology at UMaine.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-climate-extremes-affected-greenland-lakes">How climate extremes affected Greenland lakes</h2>



Greenland typically sees snowfall in the fall, but record temperatures turned precipitation into rain. This shift, combined with the heat, caused <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/permafrost-is-no-longer-permanent-arctic-communities-in-danger/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">permafrost</a> - frozen soil rich in organic carbon and minerals - to thaw. 



As rainwater washed through the thawing ground, it carried an abundance of carbon, iron, magnesium, and other elements into the lakes, turning their waters brown.



The influx of dissolved organic carbon and nutrients fueled bacterial growth, affecting the lakes’ taste, odor, and color. Increased metals in the water raised health concerns as well.



“The increased dissolved organic material can interact with drinking water treatment processes to produce chlorination byproducts called trihalomethanes, which may be carcinogenic,” Saros explained.



Such changes not only impact water quality but also have broader implications for local communities relying on these lakes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-disrupted-ecosystems-and-the-carbon-cycle">Disrupted ecosystems and the carbon cycle</h2>



As the lakes turned brown, water transparency declined, reducing light penetration and altering <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plankton-at-risk-global-warming-threatens-the-oceans-lifeline/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plankton</a> dynamics. Reduced light hindered phytoplankton that normally absorb carbon dioxide through photosynthesis, while organisms that break down organic matter increased. 



This shift transformed the lakes from carbon sinks into significant sources of carbon dioxide, with emissions rising by 350%.



“Because the lakes turned so brown, it reduced the light coming into the system, which tends to favor organisms that use organic carbon pathways instead of photosynthesis,” Saros said.



This change in plankton behavior and carbon cycling has major ramifications for the Arctic carbon budget and local biodiversity.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-role-of-atmospheric-rivers">The role of atmospheric rivers</h2>



The researchers pinpointed <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/atmospheric-rivers-will-become-more-intense-as-temperatures-rise/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">atmospheric rivers</a> - long, narrow streams of water vapor - as the likely cause of the extreme weather. These phenomena brought record-breaking heat and rainfall to the region. 



The <a href="https://www.noaa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a> (NOAA) predicts that atmospheric rivers will become much more frequent in Greenland and other parts of the world by the end of the century, potentially leading to more events like those of fall 2022.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-will-the-lakes-of-greenland-recover">Will the lakes of Greenland recover?</h2>



The abrupt transformation raises pressing questions about recovery: Will the lakes return to their former blue state, or will changes persist?&nbsp;



“It was such an overwhelming climate force that drove all the lakes to respond in the same way. When it comes to recovery, will it be the same across lakes or different?” Saros pondered.



Ongoing monitoring and additional research are crucial. The team’s work relied on long-term observations, including annual water sampling and year-round remote sensors, which allowed them to capture the rapid changes caused by the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-extremes-in-2024-what-have-we-learned/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">extreme climate event</a>.



“Our study demonstrates the power of long-term observation. I’ve been working in this area since 2013, and have worked on many projects here. But in the background, my colleagues and I have been trying to maintain a consistent data set of observations,” Saros said.&nbsp;



“That’s how we were able to capture and quantify the effects of this extreme climate event.”&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research-on-greenland-lakes">Future research on Greenland lakes</h2>



The study was made possible through extensive collaboration among researchers from UMaine, NOAA, and various international institutions, as well as contributions from numerous PhD students.&nbsp;



This collective effort has provided valuable insights into how extreme weather events can drastically alter lake ecosystems and carbon dynamics.



As atmospheric rivers become more frequent, understanding their impact on Arctic lakes like those in West Greenland is essential.&nbsp;



Further research into how these lakes recover and how similar events affect other regions will help scientists develop strategies to mitigate and adapt to the impacts of climate change.



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Thousands of lakes in Greenland have crossed a tipping point from which they can't recover

West Greenland is renowned for its blue lakes that supply...

A study led by Tel Aviv University has revealed alarming insights into how microplastic particles are transformed within marine ecosystems, posing new challenges to the health of the ocean’s food web.&nbsp;



The research highlights how filter-feeding marine organisms alter the behavior and composition of microplastics, creating unforeseen risks for marine environments.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-investigating-microplastic-pollution">Investigating microplastic pollution</h2>



While previous research has documented the dangers of marine animals ingesting <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microplastics-are-steadily-increasing-in-freshwater-environments/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">microplastics</a>, this study goes a step further, exploring how these particles change after passing through the digestive systems of filter feeders.&nbsp;



Conducted by PhD student Eden Harel, Professor Noa Shenkar, and Professor Ines Zucker from <a href="https://english.tau.ac.il/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Tel Aviv University</a>, the study focused on ascidians - marine animals that efficiently filter tiny particles from water.&nbsp;



The findings reveal how the interaction between filter feeders and microplastics contributes to the spread and transformation of these particles.



“We aimed to examine whether and how plastic changes after passing through the digestive system of a marine organism and how this process affects the presence of plastic and its availability to other organisms,” Shenkar explained.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-filter-feeders-transform-microplastics">How filter feeders transform microplastics</h2>



Using a controlled laboratory experiment, the researchers simulated seawater environments containing ascidians and introduced two types of microplastic particles.



These particles included polystyrene (PS), a common conventional plastic, and polylactic acid (PLA), a biodegradable bioplastic marketed as environmentally friendly. The team monitored the filtration, digestion, and excretion processes over 48 hours.



The results showed stark differences between the two types of plastic. Ascidians removed 90% of polystyrene particles from the water within two hours, but these particles were reintroduced to the water after 48 hours following digestion.



Polylactic acid particles, on the other hand, decreased significantly in concentration and remained at low levels. Larger PLA particles appeared to break down during digestion - likely returning to the water as smaller, undetectable nanoparticles.



These findings reveal that while some microplastics persist in their original form, others may fragment into smaller particles, potentially amplifying their environmental impact.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plastic-disguised-as-organic-matter">Plastic disguised as organic matter</h2>



To understand the changes microplastics undergo during digestion, the team used Raman spectroscopy to analyze particles excreted by the ascidians.&nbsp;



The analysis revealed a surprising transformation: the plastic particles were no longer identifiable as plastics. Instead, they appeared to be organic matter due to a fecal coating acquired in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/healthy-humans-have-shockingly-different-digestive-systems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">digestive system</a>.



“Our findings revealed that microplastic particles are excreted from the ascidian’s digestive system coated with a fecal layer, and it is likely that the marine environment also identifies these particles as this organic material,” Harel said.



This transformation increases the likelihood of these particles being ingested by other marine animals that feed on feces, further embedding microplastics into the food web.&nbsp;



The fecal coating also facilitates bacterial colonization and the adhesion of pollutants like heavy metals and residual organic compounds, such as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/antibiotic-resistance-could-cause-a-health-crisis-globally/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">antibiotics</a>, making these particles even more hazardous.



According to Zucker, plastic particles undergo many transformations in the environment, from weathering to digestive processes, turning them into carriers of pollutants and diseases within the food web.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impacts-of-microplastics-on-feces">Impacts of microplastics on feces</h2>



In addition to examining how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/early-jawless-fish-rhinopteraspis-dunensis-filter-feeders/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">filter feeders</a> transform microplastics, the study explored how these particles affect the physical properties of feces - a vital nutrient source for many marine organisms. Feces containing microplastics displayed significant changes in behavior.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rapid-sinking">Rapid sinking</h3>



Unlike normal feces, which sink slowly and provide sustenance to organisms along their descent, feces containing microplastics sank rapidly to the seafloor. This deprives marine organisms in the water column of a crucial food source.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-localized-accumulation">Localized accumulation</h3>



The faster sinking caused feces and microplastics to accumulate on the seafloor near the filter feeders, instead of dispersing evenly. 



This buildup can lead to increased carbon and nitrogen levels, fostering algal blooms that disrupt marine ecosystems.



“This accumulation can increase carbon and nitrogen levels on the seafloor and trigger algal blooms, representing another critical impact of microplastics on the balance of the marine food web,” Harel explained.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-complexity-of-microplastic-pollution-nbsp">Complexity of microplastic pollution&nbsp;</h2>



The study highlights the complexity of microplastic pollution, showing that the problem goes far beyond the particles themselves. 



Their transformation through biological processes and environmental exposure creates unexpected and far-reaching consequences.



“The most alarming conclusion is that the microplastic problem is far more complex than initially thought,” said the researchers.&nbsp;



“Plastic pollution in the marine environment has many unexpected dimensions, and its complexities continue to grow. Sometimes, neither we nor the environment can even recognize it as plastic.”



The findings emphasize the urgent need for better technologies and strategies to mitigate the spread and impact of microplastics.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-addressing-the-microplastics-crisis">Addressing the microplastics crisis</h2>



As microplastic pollution continues to infiltrate marine ecosystems in unpredictable ways, this study reveals just how urgent the issue has become. 



With microplastics transforming into carriers of pollutants, altering the balance of marine food webs, and contributing to environmental degradation, addressing this crisis is essential.



“As time goes on, plastic continues to harm more and more marine ecosystems,” the researchers concluded. “It is our duty to develop new technologies to mitigate this dangerous phenomenon.”



This research provides a crucial step toward understanding the hidden dimensions of microplastic pollution and calls for global action to protect marine life and the delicate ecosystems that sustain it.



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These creatures eat, excrete, and transform microplastics into a much bigger threat

A study led by Tel Aviv University has revealed alarming...

Five million years ago, one of the most spectacular events in Earth's history unfolded as a massive flood refilled the Mediterranean Sea. This wasn't a typical flood - it was a colossal surge of water that transformed a vast salt desert into the blue waters we know today.



The Zanclean Megaflood, a massive influx of water, ended the Messinian Salinity Crisis, a period during which the Mediterranean Sea had largely evaporated, leaving behind vast salt flats. 



This transformative flood, occurring between 5.97 and 5.33 million years ago, refilled the basin in a dramatic and rapid event, challenging long-held scientific theories.



An international team of researchers, including scientists from the University of Southampton, has now identified a series of geological features in Southeast Sicily that point to the reality of this megaflood. 



The findings offer the most detailed and convincing evidence yet of one of the largest floods in Earth's history.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-end-of-the-messinian-salinity-crisis">End of the Messinian Salinity Crisis</h2>



Before the Zanclean Megaflood, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-mediterranean-nearly-lost-all-of-its-water-6-million-years-ago/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mediterranean</a> was unrecognizable compared to today. During the Messinian Salinity Crisis, the Mediterranean Sea became isolated from the Atlantic Ocean. 



Without a constant influx of water, it began to evaporate under the intense heat, leaving behind thick salt deposits and transforming the region into an arid wasteland. The loss of water reshaped the entire landscape, creating vast salt plains and deep canyons.



For years, scientists believed that the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/young-whales-epic-voyage-exposes-perils-of-the-mediterranean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mediterranean</a> refilled gradually over approximately 10,000 years. This view suggested that small, sustained breaches in natural barriers allowed water to trickle back into the basin, slowly restoring the sea. 



However, in 2009, researchers discovered an erosion channel stretching from the Gulf of Cadiz to the Alboran Sea. This discovery suggested that the refilling was not a slow process but rather a single, massive flood event lasting between two and sixteen years.



The latest research, published in the journal&nbsp;Communications Earth &amp; Environment, provides further confirmation that the refilling of the Mediterranean was anything but gradual. Instead, it was a catastrophic event of unimaginable scale, reshaping the Mediterranean landscape in a matter of years.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-massive-flood-in-the-mediterranean">Massive flood in the Mediterranean</h2>



“The Zanclean megaflood was an awe-inspiring natural phenomenon, with discharge rates and flow velocities dwarfing any other known floods in Earth’s history. Our research provides the most compelling evidence yet of this extraordinary event,” noted Dr. Aaron Micallef, lead author of the study and a researcher at the <a href="https://www.mbari.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute</a>.



To understand just how enormous this flood was, researchers estimate that it had a discharge rate of between 68 and 100 Sverdrups (Sv), with one Sv equal to one million cubic meters of water per second. 



By comparison, the combined discharge of all modern rivers on Earth is approximately one Sverdrup. This means the Zanclean Megaflood involved an amount of water far exceeding anything seen in recorded history.



The force of this flood was enough to carve deep channels, erode solid rock formations, and transport vast amounts of sediment across the region. Scientists now believe that this event fundamentally altered the geography of the Mediterranean, leaving behind geological scars that persist to this day.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-flood-clues-beneath-the-mediterranean">Flood clues beneath the Mediterranean</h2>



To uncover the full impact of the Zanclean Megaflood, researchers examined over 300 streamlined ridges across the Sicily Sill, a submerged land bridge that once divided the Mediterranean’s western and eastern basins. These ridges provide clear evidence of large-scale, turbulent water flow.



"The morphology of these ridges is compatible with erosion by large-scale, turbulent water flow with a predominantly north easterly direction, explained study co-author Professor Paul Carling of the <a href="https://www.southampton.ac.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Southampton</a>.



"They reveal the immense power of the Zanclean Megaflood and how it reshaped the landscape, leaving lasting imprints on the geological record."



By studying these ridges, scientists found that they were topped with a layer of rocky debris. This debris consisted of material eroded from the ridge flanks and surrounding regions, indicating it had been deposited suddenly and with immense force. 



Importantly, this sediment layer aligns with the transition from the Messinian to the Zanclean period, providing further confirmation that the flood occurred at this critical juncture.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-role-of-w-shaped-channel">Role of W-shaped channel</h2>



A crucial piece of evidence came from seismic reflection data, a technique that uses sound waves to create images of subsurface geological formations. This method revealed a previously unknown “W-shaped channel” on the continental shelf east of the Sicily Sill.



This channel, carved deep into the seabed, appears to have played a vital role in directing floodwaters toward the Noto Canyon, a deep underwater valley in the eastern <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-invasive-crustacean-species-discovered-in-the-mediterranean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mediterranean</a>. 



The shape and location of the channel suggest it functioned like a giant funnel, helping to transport the enormous volume of water into the deeper sections of the sea.



Computer models developed by the research team simulated the likely behavior of the floodwaters. The results showed that as the flood progressed, water flow intensified, reaching speeds of up to 32 meters per second (72 miles per hour). 



This powerful current deepened channels, eroded rock formations, and transported sediment over vast distances.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lasting-impact-of-the-megaflood">Lasting impact of the megaflood</h2>



Dr. Micallef highlights the significance of these findings, not just for understanding the Mediterranean’s past but for studying large-scale floods on Earth and other planets.



"These findings not only shed light on a critical moment in Earth’s geological history but also demonstrate the persistence of landforms over five million years. It opens the door to further research along the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/record-ocean-warming-in-2024-is-a-warning-for-our-planet/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mediterranean margins</a>."



The research highlights the long-lasting impact of the Zanclean Megaflood. Even millions of years later, its effects remain visible in the Mediterranean’s underwater topography. 



Understanding how such catastrophic floods shape landscapes can provide valuable insights into similar events that may have occurred on Mars or other planetary bodies.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-chapter-in-earth-s-history">New chapter in Earth’s history</h2>



The Zanclean Megaflood is now recognized as one of the most significant flooding events in Earth’s history. 



This research, supported by the <a href="https://www.nationalgeographic.org/society/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">National Geographic Society</a>, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, and the David and Lucile Packard Foundation, redefines how scientists understand the Mediterranean’s transformation.



By combining geological surveys, numerical modeling, and seismic imaging, researchers have reconstructed a detailed picture of this catastrophic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/40-percent-of-earths-land-has-became-permanently-drier/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">event</a>. 



The findings challenge previous assumptions and open new avenues for exploring past megafloods and their role in shaping the planet.



The study is published in&nbsp;<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-024-01972-w" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Communications Earth &amp; Environment</a>&nbsp;and is available online.



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Massive flood refilled an empty Mediterranean Sea millions of years ago

Five million years ago, one of the most spectacular events...

Climate patterns in the Arctic have been shifting in ways that many researchers find concerning, and thawing permafrost now stands out as a major issue in these far-northern regions.



Permafrost is ground that has been frozen for at least two years, and often for centuries or millennia. The frozen ground underpins roads, buildings, and other infrastructure, supporting entire communities. If this foundation disappears too quickly, about three million people could be in harm’s way.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-permafrost-is-melting-faster-than-ever">Permafrost is melting faster than ever</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/permafrost-is-becoming-a-source-of-global-warming/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Permafrost</a> extends across large parts of Alaska, Canada, Greenland, Russia, and Nordic countries. As global temperatures climb, this soil is warming faster than predicted in the past.&nbsp;



There is now growing <a href="https://www.ipcc.ch/srocc/chapter/chapter-3-2/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">concern</a> about the release of carbon dioxide and methane, which contribute to heat-trapping greenhouse effects in Earth's atmosphere.



Beyond this, <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-024-01883-w" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">new research</a> indicates that local economies and health systems in Arctic communities may also be at risk.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-millions-at-risk-from-melting-permafrost">Millions at risk from melting permafrost </h2>



Study co-director Susanna Gartler, an anthropologist at the <a href="https://www.univie.ac.at/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Vienna</a>, has been working with an international team of experts to investigate how melting permafrost could alter daily life in the Arctic.&nbsp;



This project involved engineers, physicists, environmental scientists, social scientists, and health experts from the University of Vienna, the <a href="https://www.dtu.dk/english/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Danish Technical University</a>, and <a href="https://www.umu.se/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Umea University</a>.



The research, conducted between 2017 and 2023, focused on four <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/thawing-permafrost-may-release-billions-of-tons-of-carbon-by-2100/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Arctic</a> regions: Longyearbyen (Svalbard, Norway), Avannaata (Greenland), the Beaufort Sea region with the Mackenzie River Delta (Canada), and the Bulunskiy district of the Sakha Republic (Russia).



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-infrastructure-is-feeling-the-heat">Infrastructure is feeling the heat</h2>



One of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/arctic-wildfires-will-drastically-intensify-as-permafrost-thaws/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">central hazards</a> identified by the team is the potential failure of buildings, roads, and other structures that were not built to handle shifting ground. The once-stable frozen ground is weakening, leading to cracked foundations in coastal and river areas.&nbsp;



“I have a camp by the river. This summer, a large piece of land next to my cabin broke off and plunged into the river. It’s scary,” said one resident. Some deltas have lost entire swaths of land in a single night, increasing the burden on local communities.



Thawing ground does more than rattle building foundations. It can also disrupt transit routes used for delivering food, medical equipment, and other goods. Snow-covered roads that used to be passable throughout winter might now become muddy quagmires, limiting access to certain villages for months.&nbsp;



Airstrips that rely on solid ground may also sink, forcing planes to divert. In areas that are dependent on seasonal hunting and fishing, even the simplest supply run could become a major hurdle.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-concerns-over-water-and-food">Concerns over water and food</h2>



Residents in some communities, such as Longyearbyen, are concerned about water shortages and contamination. 



The <a href="https://www.nve.no/om-nve/nves-listefoerte-kulturminner/dammer/isdammen/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Isdammen dam</a>, constructed on Arctic permafrost, faces the risk of collapse as the ground continues to thaw. Residents fear that contamination from new ground movements could seep into the drinking supply.&nbsp;



In parts of Canada, fishing and hunting cabins are harder to access when the ground changes, which complicates food availability. Mudslides, known as thaw slumps, can appear at random.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-contaminants-and-infectious-agents">Contaminants and infectious agents </h2>



Researchers warn that thawing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/arctic-warming-permafrost-melt-devastating-role-accelerating-global-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Arctic</a> permafrost can expose contaminants and infectious agents that have been locked away in cold storage. Oil and gas waste, once buried deep, could now potentially leak into local waterways. 



Decades ago, many industries assumed the soil would stay frozen indefinitely, so disposal pits were left in the ground. Similar worries apply to certain bacterial or viral pathogens that could awaken as temperatures rise.&nbsp;



This heightened exposure to potential diseases highlights the pressure on health infrastructures in remote Arctic towns and settlements.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-addressing-permafrost-collapse-in-the-arctic">Addressing permafrost collapse in the Arctic</h2>



Scientists involved in the <a href="https://nunataryuk.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nunataryuk project </a>have flagged multiple issues for policymakers to tackle. They emphasize the need for immediate local adaptation - from stabilizing roads to designing new water and waste systems. 



Ongoing work, such as the follow-up initiative called <a href="https://illuq.eu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ILLUQ</a>, is exploring links between permafrost loss, community well-being, and environmental pollution.&nbsp;



The hope is that with improved knowledge, small communities will have more tools to prepare for sudden changes, and larger governments will reconsider how to manage industrial operations, food security programs, and long-term infrastructure planning in these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rapid-permafrost-thaw-in-alaska-threatens-global-climate-balance/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">vulnerable areas</a>.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-024-01883-w" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Communications Earth and Environment</a>.



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Permafrost is no longer permanent: Arctic communities in danger

Climate patterns in the Arctic have been shifting in ways...

A recent study led by researchers at Cornell University has revealed that smaller fish species offer significant advantages for both public health and environmental conservation.&nbsp;



Conducted in the Amazon River, the study highlights that smaller fish are more nutritious, contain lower levels of mercury, and are less vulnerable to overfishing compared to larger species. 



These findings, published in the journal <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2024.12.010" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">One Earth</a>, have global implications for biodiversity preservation and food security.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-holistic-approach-to-fish-consumption">A holistic approach to fish consumption</h2>



The study, titled “Accessible, Low-mercury and Nutritious Fish Provide Win-Wins for Conservation and Public Health,” was authored by a team of <a href="https://www.cornell.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cornell</a> researchers in collaboration with colleagues from <a href="https://www.brooklyn.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Brooklyn College</a> and the <a href="https://www.wcs.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Wildlife Conservation Society</a>.&nbsp;



The research moves beyond traditional siloed assessments of fish consumption, which typically focus on either nutritional value or environmental impact.



“Fish can provide a nutritious source of food at lower environmental cost than other animal-sourced foods, but fish can also potentially expose consumers to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mercury-emissions-from-human-activities-are-declining/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mercury</a> contamination, and overexploitation of oceans and rivers harms biodiversity,” said lead author Sebastian Heilpern, a postdoctoral fellow in Cornell’s College of Veterinary Medicine.&nbsp;



“Often, these risks versus benefits are looked at in siloes, but we wanted to look at them holistically.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-small-fish-species-are-most-beneficial">Small fish species are most beneficial</h2>



The research team analyzed 59 fish species in the Amazon River, examining their nutritional value, mercury content, price, and abundance.&nbsp;



The results showed that smaller, more common fish species tend to be more nutritious, lower in mercury, and less expensive than their larger counterparts. These fish also pose a lower risk of overfishing due to their faster reproduction cycles.



Larger <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fish-are-getting-smaller-as-waters-temperatures-rise/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fish</a> species, by contrast, accumulate more mercury as they live longer and consume mercury-contaminated prey. This issue is particularly severe in the Amazon, where poorly regulated gold mining introduces mercury into waterways. 



The bioaccumulation of mercury in species like goliath catfish is a pressing concern, especially as these fish are often culturally prized and preferred for their size and ease of preparation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-environmental-toll-of-large-fish">The environmental toll of large fish</h2>



Globally, the preference for larger fish species such as tuna and salmon comes with significant ecological costs.&nbsp;



Many large fish take long migratory routes, which are increasingly disrupted by human activities such as dam construction and habitat fragmentation. These disruptions jeopardize their reproduction and make these species more vulnerable to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/overfishing-and-habitat-degradation-have-devastated-marine-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">overfishing</a>.



In addition to their ecological fragility, larger fish contribute less to sustainable nutrition. Smaller fish, with their shorter lifespans and faster growth cycles, are richer in essential micronutrients like iron and zinc, which are crucial for human health.&nbsp;



According to Heilpern, these nutrients are linked to cell metabolism and growth, underscoring the nutritional superiority of smaller species.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lessons-beyond-the-amazon">Lessons beyond the Amazon</h2>



While the study focused on the Amazon River - a region with unparalleled biodiversity, hosting roughly 2,500 fish species - its findings are relevant on a global scale.&nbsp;



The challenges faced by larger fish species in the Amazon mirror those encountered by marine species worldwide. Human activities and climate change continue to strain <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pesticides-travel-far-and-wide-endangering-aquatic-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">aquatic ecosystems</a>, making it increasingly important to prioritize sustainable food sources.



“Though humans tend to prize larger fish species, for cultural reasons and easier preparation, globally, larger fish have higher mercury levels and are more vulnerable to human pressures,” Heilpern noted.&nbsp;



By shifting focus to smaller species, communities can reduce ecological pressures while improving public health outcomes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-advantages-of-small-fish-species">Advantages of small fish species</h2>



The researchers advocate for a shift in public health messaging to emphasize the benefits of consuming smaller fish. Such messaging should integrate the nutritional, environmental, and economic advantages of smaller fish species, promoting a more holistic approach to sustainable diets.



“Human food systems are a huge driver of biodiversity loss in the environment. At the same time, biodiversity in our food systems sustains the nourishment that humanity depends upon,” Heilpern explained.



This interconnectedness between food systems and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/effective-conservation-efforts-key-to-saving-biodiversity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">biodiversity</a> calls for solutions that benefit both human health and ecological systems.&nbsp;



By educating consumers on the facts, policymakers can support healthier, more sustainable food choices while alleviating pressure on vulnerable species.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-sustainable-path-forward">A sustainable path forward</h2>



As global fish populations face mounting challenges from overfishing, pollution, and climate change, the insights from this study offer a clear path toward sustainability.&nbsp;



Smaller fish species, with their nutritional richness and resilience, represent a practical solution for meeting the growing demand for food without exacerbating environmental damage.&nbsp;



By embracing this shift in focus, humanity can work toward a more balanced relationship with aquatic ecosystems, ensuring both biodiversity and public health are preserved for future generations.



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Small fish species are the 'big catch' of the future

A recent study led by researchers at Cornell University has...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that scientists never expected.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hidden-waters-beneath-ancient-craters">Hidden waters beneath ancient craters</h2>



Scientists have made a startling discovery that challenges everything we thought we knew about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/saturn-moon-mimas-has-remarkably-young-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Saturn's moon Mimas</a>. Beneath the heavily cratered surface that earned it the nickname "Death Star" lies a global ocean that formed just 5 to 15 million years ago—a remarkably young age by cosmic standards.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cassini-data-reveals-orbital-secrets">Cassini data reveals orbital secrets</h2>



The discovery, led by Dr. Valéry Lainey of the <a href="https://observatoiredeparis.psl.eu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Observatoire de Paris</a>, emerged from careful analysis of <a href="https://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>'s Cassini spacecraft data. By studying subtle irregularities in Mimas's orbit around Saturn, researchers detected the gravitational signature of liquid water hidden 20 to 30 kilometers beneath the moon's icy shell.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-an-unlikely-ocean-world">An unlikely ocean world</h2>



At only 400 kilometers in diameter, Mimas seemed like the least likely candidate to harbor a subsurface ocean. Unlike other ocean moons such as Europa and Enceladus, which show clear surface signs of internal activity, Mimas displays no obvious hints of the liquid water beneath its ancient, crater-scarred exterior.



"Mimas is a small moon, and its heavily cratered surface gave no hint of the hidden ocean beneath," explained Dr. Nick Cooper from <a href="https://www.qmul.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Queen Mary University of London</a>, a study co-author.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-astrobiology">Implications for astrobiology</h2>



The ocean's recent formation makes Mimas a prime target for studying how oceans develop and potentially support life. This discovery adds another member to the exclusive club of ocean worlds in our solar system, each offering unique insights into the conditions necessary for habitability.



The research, published in <a href="https://www.nature.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a> journal, demonstrates how advanced orbital analysis can reveal hidden features of celestial bodies, opening new possibilities for understanding ocean formation throughout the cosmos.



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Scientists discover unexpected young ocean on Saturn's cratered moon Mimas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ 'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K0DuSr87SHY
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">57 million-year ice age mystery solved by Australian scientists.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-when-earth-became-a-frozen-wasteland">When Earth became a frozen wasteland</h2>



Imagine Earth as a giant snowball, frozen solid from the North Pole to the equator. This wasn't the plot of a science fiction movie – it was our planet's reality 700 million years ago during an extreme ice age that has puzzled scientists for decades.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-discovery">The discovery</h2>



Australian researchers from the <a href="https://www.sydney.edu.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Sydney</a> have finally cracked one of geology's greatest mysteries: what caused the Sturtian glaciation and why it persisted for an unprecedented 57 million years. This period occurred long before dinosaurs roamed the Earth, when no complex plants or multicellular animals existed.



Dr. Adriana Dutkiewicz, the study's lead author, describes a world completely unlike today's climate. "Imagine the Earth almost completely frozen over," she explained. "The planet was blanketed in ice from poles to equator, and temperatures plunged."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-combination-of-climate-factors">The combination of climate factors</h2>



The research team discovered that this massive freeze resulted from a "double whammy" of geological events. First, plate tectonic activity reduced volcanic carbon dioxide emissions to historically low levels. Volcanic activity typically releases CO2 into the atmosphere, creating a greenhouse effect that keeps Earth warm.



Simultaneously, weathering of volcanic rocks in what is now Canada actively absorbed atmospheric CO2, further reducing greenhouse gas concentrations. When atmospheric carbon dioxide levels dropped below 200 parts per million – less than half of today's levels – glaciation engulfed the entire planet.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-climate-implications">Modern climate implications</h2>



Published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/geology" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geology</a>, this research provides crucial insights into Earth's climate system. While geological climate changes occur over millions of years, the study emphasizes that human-induced climate change is happening at a pace ten times faster than previously observed natural changes, highlighting the urgent need to understand our planet's delicate climate balance.



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What caused the planet's longest ice age

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K0DuSr87SHY 57 million-year ice age mystery solved by Australian scientists....

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WXXGGiynIjs
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Greenland is not sinking. In fact, it is the opposite.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-contrasting-climate-response">A contrasting climate response</h2>



Most coastal towns are <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sinking-land-will-intensify-the-effects-of-rising-sea-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">preparing for higher sea levels</a>, but <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/greenland-no-longer-has-to-worry-about-rising-sea-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Greenland presents</a> a different scenario during climate change. The ground there is rising at a remarkable rate. Over the past decade, some areas have lifted about 20 centimeters, which translates to roughly 2 meters per century. This rate significantly exceeds current projections for sea level rise.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-geological-rebound-process-through-climate-change">Geological rebound process through climate change</h2>



The mechanism behind this phenomenon is straightforward. As the ice sheet melts, the immense weight is removed from the bedrock, causing the land to rebound upward. This process resembles the way compressed material springs back when pressure is released.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-monitoring-networks">Scientific monitoring networks</h2>



Researchers at the <a href="https://www.dtu.dk/english/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Technical University of Denmark</a> are documenting this uplift using the GNET network, consisting of 61 GPS stations positioned around Greenland's coast. These sensors can detect movement with millimeter precision, providing detailed measurements of the ongoing changes.



The data reveal that current uplift rates exceed the gradual rebound occurring since the last ice age ended approximately 12,000 years ago. This acceleration corresponds directly with increased ice sheet melting rates.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-coastal-transformation">Coastal Transformation</h2>



This uplift is actively reshaping Greenland's coastline. New islands and rocky formations, called "skerries," are emerging as previously submerged land surfaces rise above the water level. This represents a notable contrast to global concerns about rising seas.



The study, published in Geophysical Research Letters, demonstrates the varied regional impacts of climate change. While many locations face rising water levels, Greenland's bedrock is literally rising above the surrounding seas.



The full study was recently published in <a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2023GL104851" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geophysical Research Letters</a>.



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Greenland's ground rises while coasts worldwide face higher seas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WXXGGiynIjs Greenland is not sinking. In fact, it is the...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DSM3EVeGHJU
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Companies like MindStudio help companies train their employees to implement the latest AI Agent building platform.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ai-agent-training-transforms-the-workplace-fear-factor-into-a-competitive-advantage">AI agent training transforms the workplace 'fear factor' into a competitive advantage</h2>



Organizations that offer comprehensive artificial intelligence training to their workers find remarkable value that extends well beyond basic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mind-wandering-might-be-more-productive-than-you-think/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">productivity improvements</a>. Emerging research demonstrates that carefully crafted AI training programs <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ai-does-not-replace-human-creativity-but-enhances-it/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">enhance</a> corporate performance, lower operational costs, and dramatically improve employee psychological well-being by turning workplace uncertainty into professional empowerment.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-addressing-the-widespread-ai-anxiety-crisis-among-us">Addressing the widespread 'AI anxiety' crisis among us</h2>



A staggering 53% of employees expressed concern that the use of AI tools to automate work tasks could make them appear disposable to their employers, according to <a href="https://www.microsoft.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Microsoft</a>'s 2024 workplace survey. Such pervasive worry about being substituted by machines has caused what researchers have termed "AI technostress" – a psychological state that can result in occupational burnout and poorer mental well-being.



Data published in <a href="https://www.nature.com/palcomms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Humanities and Social Sciences Communications</a> showed that belief in AI learning ability was a moderator in the link between technology adoption and work pressure, and higher confidence significantly lowered negative psychological responses. Workers provided ample training to become competent with AI software have significantly lower stress.



Companies like <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MindStudio</a> have platforms for building what are known as "AI Agents". In essence, AI Agents are simply tools that employees can build for themselves or their teams quickly and inexpensively. MindStudio will even train entire companies, from the CEO on down, at no cost. By letting MindStudio empower employees, companies avoid hiring more IT staff, buying more software, and implementing solutions to problems that do not exist.



MindStudio even has partners locally for companies, like <a href="http://www.dominnus.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dominnus</a> with offices in the Carolinas, California, and Denver, to help build AI Agents and support employees as they become resident AI experts for their organization. The training provided by MindStudio is applicable across other AI Agent building platforms as well.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-productivity-through-focused-learning">Revolutionary productivity through focused learning</h2>



Organizations that implement large-scale AI training programs achieve dramatic outcomes. Employees performed tasks significantly better when they utilized AI support compared to when they didn't, according to <a href="https://www.nngroup.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nielsen Norman Group</a> research findings. Their study documented productivity increases of 66% for a variety of professional tasks.



Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis research finds workers record 33% higher productivity in time working with generative AI tools. The benefit is equivalent to 5.4% of work time savings for AI users – around 2.2 hours per week for full-time workers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-psychological-well-being-benefits-through-ai-competence">Psychological well-being benefits through AI competence</h2>



The emotional transformation when employees are provided with proper technology training is a fundamental transformation from fear to professional confidence. A survey of 600 employees across industries, carried out by ScienceDirect, proved that AI capabilities strengthen work environment commitment and improve job satisfaction.



A <a href="https://www.lut.fi/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">LUT University</a> study discovered that AI adoption has no direct effect on workers' well-being but does so indirectly through working conditions like task optimization and safety protocols. Strategically deployed AI that involves correct training can actually increase workplace mental well-being.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-from-replacement-anxiety-to-partnership-confidence">From 'replacement anxiety' to 'partnership confidence'</h2>



Although 35% of those interviewed in recent McKinsey studies were concerned about workforce displacement, firms with large-scale training initiatives witness such fears dissipate quickly. The World Economic Forum found that two out of three respondents believe AI competencies will enhance their career prospects and job marketability.



This shift from fear to trust has measurable implications for job satisfaction. Applied Sciences research indicates AI can create tailored wellness programs based on individual employee requirements.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-financial-benefits-of-increased-retention">Financial benefits of increased retention</h2>



The mental health advantages of AI learning have a direct impact on organizational bottom lines in the form of a positive feedback cycle with high retention of employees. Recent ROI research validates that artificial intelligence learning has a beneficial impact on employee turnover and satisfaction levels.



PriceWaterhouseCoopers' research documents 20% to 30% improvements in productivity, market speed, and revenue in organizations that attempt systematic AI adoption through comprehensive training.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-advantages-of-ai-enabled-teams">Environmental advantages of AI-enabled teams</h2>



AI training has unforeseen environmental benefits as it makes the work environment more efficient. According to a study in Scientific Reports, the carbon footprint in writing and illustrating work is significantly lower when AI performs it compared to humans. AI software produces 130 to 1,500 times less CO2 equivalent per page of text created than human authors.



In addition, AI-driven remote work functionality significantly reduces environmental impact. Research by Cornell University and Microsoft indicates that remote workers reduce greenhouse gas emissions by up to 54% by not commuting daily to offices. Hybrid workers working remotely two to four days a week can reduce their carbon footprint by 11% to 29%.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cumulative-organizational-advantages">Cumulative organizational advantages</h2>



The compounding gains of better mental well-being, reduced turnover, increased productivity, and environmental benefits flow to enterprises from the pairing. McKinsey analysis estimates the long-term AI potential at $4.4 trillion in incremental productivity growth opportunity from business use cases.



As of now, 75% of knowledge workers globally utilize generative AI, mirroring widespread adoption patterns. Organizations that provide organized training and assistance see the most favorable results in productivity, worker satisfaction, and ecological sustainability.



The research overwhelmingly indicates that companies that invest in proper AI education, like that offered through <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MindStudio</a>, establish win-win scenarios where employees are both more empowered and less stressed, and companies enjoy the gains of increased productivity, reduced turnover, and improved mental health outcomes throughout their workforce.



For more on MindStudio's free AI training for companies, visit the website's of MindStudio and Dominnus from the links below.



The research was published across a variety of peer-reviewed journals, including <a href="https://www.nature.com/palcomms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Humanities and Social Sciences Communications</a>, <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/artificial-intelligence" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence</a>, and <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/journal/applsci">Applied Sciences</a>.



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MindStudio.AI: <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.mindstudio.ai</a>



Dominnus: <a href="https://www.dominnus.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.dominnus.com</a>

AI agent training boosts mental health and profits

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DSM3EVeGHJU Companies like MindStudio help companies train their employees to...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0HDXqTGEmi4
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Scientists give plants superpowers against bacterial disease</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-natural-solution-to-disease-through-crop-modification">A natural solution to disease through crop modification.</h2>



The agricultural industry stands at a crossroads between productivity and environmental responsibility, and crop modification often carries a negative connotation. While chemical pesticides have long been the go-to solution for crop protection, their harmful effects on ecosystems and human health have prompted scientists to seek alternatives. The recent breakthrough by <a href="https://www.southampton.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Southampton</a> researchers offers a promising path forward through the precise manipulation of plant-associated microbial communities.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-science-behind-microbial-partnerships">The science behind microbial partnerships</h2>



Plants naturally harbor diverse ecosystems of bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms that function as biological allies. These microscopic partners contribute to disease resistance, nutrient absorption, and stress tolerance. However, until now, scientists lacked the tools to deliberately reshape these communities to enhance crop protection.



The Southampton team's approach centered on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/engineered-plant-microbiomes-the-future-of-crop-protection/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">modifying lignin biosynthesis genes in rice plants</a>. This strategic intervention altered the plant's metabolic output, creating conditions that favored beneficial bacterial populations while suppressing harmful ones. The result was a living defense system embedded within the plant itself.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-global-food-security">Implications for global food security</h2>



The successful demonstration against Xanthomonas oryzae, the pathogen responsible for bacterial blight in rice, represents more than a laboratory achievement. Rice feeds nearly half the world's population, and bacterial blight causes devastating crop losses annually. Traditional control methods rely heavily on pesticides that contaminate soil and water systems.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-looking-beyond-disease-resistance">Looking Beyond Disease Resistance</h2>



While disease protection represents the immediate application, the research framework opens doors to broader agricultural improvements. Future developments could engineer microbiomes to enhance nutrient uptake, reducing dependence on synthetic fertilizers. This dual benefit addresses both crop productivity and environmental sustainability.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-path-forward">The path forward</h2>



As this technology advances from laboratory to field applications, it promises to reshape sustainable agriculture. The ability to program plants with their own biological defense systems could herald a new era where crops protect themselves naturally, reducing chemical inputs while maintaining yields necessary for global food security.



The study is published in the journal&nbsp;<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-44335-3" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Communications</a>.



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Revolutionizing agriculture through microbiome engineering

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0HDXqTGEmi4 Scientists give plants superpowers against bacterial disease A natural...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Acid rain and a crisis solved.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-don-t-we-ever-hear-about-acid-rain-anymore-the-environmental-crisis-that-was-solved">Why don't we ever hear about "acid rain" anymore? The environmental crisis that was solved</h2>



Remember the 1980s when acid rain dominated headlines? Dire warnings about rain eating buildings, killing fish, and destroying forests filled every news cycle. Then, almost like magic, acid rain vanished from public discourse. What happened? Did we actually solve one of the late 20th century's most pressing environmental challenges?



The answer might surprise you. Unlike many environmental issues that drag on indefinitely, acid rain represents one of modern history's most successful ecological recovery stories. It's a tale of science, politics, and technology working together to tackle what seemed impossible.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What was acid rain?</h2>



Acid rain isn't regular rain having a bad day – it's precipitation that became significantly more acidic due to air pollution. When power plants, factories, and vehicles burn fossil fuels, they release sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) into the atmosphere.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The science behind it</h2>



Think of acid rain as nature's chemistry experiment gone wrong. These compounds react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form sulfuric and nitric acids. When mixed with water vapor in clouds, they create precipitation with dangerously low pH levels.



While clean rain has a pH of about 5.6, acid rain could drop as low as 4.2 to 4.4 – roughly as acidic as tomato juice or coffee. According to US Geological Survey documentation, Scottish chemist Angus Smith first coined "acid rain" in 1872, but it didn't become a household phrase until the 1960s and 1970s when Swedish scientist Svante Odén documented its devastating effects on Scandinavian lakes and European forests.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The crisis at its peak</h2>



During the height of public concern, environmental damage was both widespread and visible. This wasn't some abstract future threat – people could see destruction happening in real-time.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Environmental devastation</h2>



The most dramatic impacts were impossible to ignore. Research documented by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation shows that in the Adirondack Mountains, more than 200 lakes became so acidic they couldn't support fish life. The Adirondack Council reports that 409 lakes once supported brook trout, but many lost their fish populations due to acid rain.



By 1976, when scientists cataloged all acidified lakes in the Adirondack Park, researchers found that half of the lakes over 2,000 feet above sea level had no fish, according to studies published in environmental journals. The acidification process worked like a slow-motion disaster. As acid rain fell into watersheds, it gradually lowered pH levels. Fish couldn't survive in acidic water, and their food sources died off too.



Trees at high elevations showed stress directly linked to acid rain. It weakened them by leaching nutrients and making them susceptible to disease. Historical records show Germany's Black Forest saw nearly half its trees damaged by the mid-1980s.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Economic impact</h2>



Acid rain wasn't just environmental – it was expensive. Acidic precipitation corroded infrastructure, buildings, and monuments. Historic stone structures deteriorated at accelerated rates. Tourism suffered as lakes became fishless and forests declined. EPA economic analyses from the period documented repair costs mounting into billions annually.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The solution: government action and technology</h2>



Transformation from crisis to success required unprecedented cooperation between governments, industries, and environmental groups.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The Clean Air Act of 1990</h2>



The turning point came with the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, signed by President George H.W. Bush. This represented a fundamentally new approach to environmental regulation, as documented in EPA historical records.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Cap-and-trade success</h2>



Instead of mandating specific technologies, the 1990 amendments introduced something revolutionary: a cap-and-trade system for sulfur dioxide emissions. EPA program documentation shows this market-based approach set overall limits but allowed companies to trade emission allowances.



The genius was harnessing market forces to find cost-effective pollution reduction. Companies reducing emissions cheaply could sell excess allowances to those facing higher costs. Research published in environmental economics journals and EPA progress reports shows this resulted in dramatic SO2 reduction at a fraction of projected costs.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Technology advances</h2>



Policy provided the framework, but technology made reductions possible. Studies in atmospheric science journals document the widespread adoption of flue gas desulfurization systems ("scrubbers") that removed sulfur dioxide before it reached the atmosphere. By the 2000s, new installations could remove over 95% of SO2 emissions, according to EPA technical reports.



The push coincided with cleaner energy development. Natural gas produces fewer sulfur compounds than coal. Wind and solar, emerging in the 1990s, captured growing market share, reducing reliance on high-sulfur coal.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-we-don-t-hear-about-it-today">Why we don't hear about it today</h2>



Why did acid rain disappear from headlines? Simple: the problem was largely solved.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Success doesn't make news</h2>



There's an old journalism saying: "If it bleeds, it leads." Environmental success stories don't generate urgency like crisis reporting. Media attention shifted to other challenges: climate change, plastic pollution, and biodiversity loss. There's only so much environmental anxiety the public can absorb, and newer concerns replaced acid rain.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Mission accomplished</h2>



The primary reason is beautifully simple: interventions worked. EPA monitoring data shows sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990. Academic research published in environmental science journals confirms pH levels in formerly affected areas returned closer to normal. This represents one of history's most dramatic environmental recoveries. Studies by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation show fishless lakes now support healthy populations. Forests recovered, and building damage slowed dramatically.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-is-it-really-gone">Is it really gone?</h2>



The crisis is largely resolved, but monitoring data shows the problem isn't completely eliminated – it's managed to acceptable levels. Some areas still experience occasional events during high pollution periods. International environmental research indicates that rapidly industrializing Asian countries face similar problems to what we experienced decades ago, though they're implementing successful strategies.



EPA research shows nitrogen oxide emissions proved more challenging than sulfur dioxide, coming from vehicles and mobile sources. Climate science studies suggest changing weather patterns add complexity to how acid rain forms and falls.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What this teaches us</h2>



The acid rain experience proves that seemingly intractable environmental problems can be solved with scientific understanding, political will, and technological innovation. Environmental monitoring data shows recovery speed was remarkable – within a decade, measurable improvements appeared in air quality and ecosystem health.



Success came from bipartisan support across party lines. Policy analysis studies show the market-based approach appealed to those preferring economic incentives while achieving environmental goals. This support created lasting policy surviving political changes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Conclusion</h2>



Acid rain's disappearance from public consciousness represents environmental science's greatest success stories. Through effective regulation, technological innovation, and international cooperation, we transformed an overwhelming crisis into a manageable challenge.



Today's silence isn't because we forgot – it's because we solved it. The 1990 Clean Air Act, combined with technology and energy market changes, reduced acid rain emissions over 90%, according to comprehensive EPA data analysis.



This success offers hope for current challenges. It proves complex problems can be solved when science, policy, and technology work together. As we face climate change and plastic pollution, acid rain reminds us that dramatic positive change is possible.



Next time someone asks whether environmental regulations work, remember acid rain. It's proof that sometimes, we get it right.



<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>



Sources: This article draws from EPA official documentation and progress reports, peer-reviewed research published in environmental and atmospheric science journals, historical data from the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation records, US Geological Survey publications, policy analysis studies, and environmental monitoring data collected over three decades.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Frequently Asked Questions</h2>



1. Is acid rain completely gone? No, but EPA monitoring shows it's reduced to manageable levels. US sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990, making acid rain much less severe than the 1980s crisis.



2. How long did solving take? Environmental monitoring data shows significant improvements began within 5-10 years of 1990s emission controls. Full ecosystem recovery took longer – some areas need 20-30 years for complete recovery.



3. What made the solution successful? Clear scientific understanding, visible damage motivating action, bipartisan support, available technology, and innovative market-based policies like cap-and-trade.



4. Do other countries have acid rain problems? Yes, particularly rapidly industrializing Asian countries. However, international environmental research shows many implement similar successful control strategies.



5. Could acid rain return? Potentially, if regulations weaken or we return to high-sulfur coal without controls, though effects would take years to become severe according to environmental projections.



6. Can you recommend any teaching tools on the subject of "acid rain"? The United States Environmental Protection Agency produced a wonderful teacher's guide for ages 14 and under that you can find on the EPA website here: <a href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf</a>



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The environmental problem we actually solved

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk Acid rain and a crisis solved. Why don't we...

Green,Ecoduct,Over,An,Empty,Highway,During,Sunset.

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A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that wildlife tunnels significantly reduce amphibian road mortality during seasonal migrations. 



Frogs and salamanders often cross roads to reach breeding ponds each spring, but many are killed by vehicles. 



Researchers from the <a href="https://www.uvm.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Vermont</a>, in collaboration with local citizens and the Vermont Agency of Natural Resources, installed two underpass tunnels in 2015. 



Over a 12-year monitoring period, they observed an 80.2% reduction in amphibian deaths, and up to 94% for non-climbing species like salamanders. 



The study used a before-after-control-impact design and documented more than 5,200 amphibians, highlighting the tunnels’ effectiveness even in nearby buffer zones.



Funded at $342,397 - far cheaper than wildlife crossings for large mammals - the project showcased the power of community-led conservation.



Local groups initiated the effort after observing mass amphibian deaths. Wildlife cameras later captured over 2,200 amphibians using a tunnel in just one spring, along with other species like raccoons and bobcats, indicating wider ecosystem benefits.



This marks the first peer-reviewed, long-term data set in the northeastern U.S. confirming amphibian-specific underpasses work. 



The study urges transportation departments to incorporate these designs into road planning and highlights how community action, thoughtful infrastructure, and persistence can make a real difference for biodiversity.



The full study was published in the <a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1617138125000780" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal for Nature Conservation</a>.



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Wildlife tunnels save millions of amphibians

https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that...

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. 



The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.



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Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. 



Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.



Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. 



They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).



Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.



Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.



This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.



“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. 



The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.



“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;



“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”



The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;



The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.



Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Designing crops that can beat the heat

[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Carl...

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes the first comprehensive estimate of carbon density in the Saharan, Sahel, and Sudanian zones of Africa. In an effort to measure the amount of carbon stored across these drylands, a team of scientists used high-resolution satellite images and artificial intelligence to map nearly 10 billion individual trees. 



"The high spatial resolution (50 cm) combined with AI and field measurements used in this study is key to improving tree inventories in drylands," said Pierre Hiernaux, a French researcher working for NASA. "The ever-increasing availability of very high-resolution satellite imagery will make it possible to assess carbon pools and their dynamics at the individual tree level on a global scale."



"This study is exceptional because it is pioneering a type of approach that will revolutionize the monitoring of trees and forests on a global scale: in the short term, it will be possible to map the world's trees from the centre of the Amazon to our schoolyards," said <a href="https://www.inrae.fr/en">INRAE</a> researcher Jean-Pierre Wigneron.



"Many fields of application will become much more efficient and accurate, such as tracking carbon stocks, biodiversity, monitoring logging and protection against illegal forest degradation, in near real time.”



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Remote sensing will revolutionize the way we monitor trees

[sendtonews key="EjmSP20gQK-2593093-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.



According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."



Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;



ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. 



Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 



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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> features a visual dataset of.methane emissions from wetlands across the globe. Atmospheric methane levels have reached record highs in recent years, and wetlands are a major source of these emissions.&nbsp;



"Methane is an important greenhouse gas that contributes substantially to global warming. On a molecule by molecule basis, methane is much more efficient at trapping heat than carbon dioxide, the main driver of warming," says NASA.



"Though human activities, including agriculture, oil and natural gas production and use, and waste disposal, collectively contribute the majority of methane to the atmosphere, about a third of total methane emissions comes from wetlands."&nbsp;



According to NASA, understanding methane emissions from wetlands and other natural sources is critically important for scientists and policymakers who are working to combat climate change by reducing emissions from human activities.



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Wetlands are a major source of methane emissions

[sendtonews key="f8fukm28Vz-2491833-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

[sendtonews key="0879czfG3k-1785905-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from NASA...

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes how record-breaking heat expressed itself around the world in 2022.



Scientists have determined that 2022 was the 5th warmest year since 1880. Furthermore, the last nine consecutive years have been the warmest on record.



From devastating floods and wildfires to natural disasters like Hurricane Ian, 2022 showed us yet again how a warming climate affects people across the globe.&nbsp;



"As we look back at 20:22 and years past, we see that each year we better understand the challenges we face and how important it is to meet them," says NASA.



Video/ Image Credit: NASA Goddard



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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2022 illustrated the consequences of a warming climate

[sendtonews key="3UUsNkFOuS-2487333-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes Earth’s interconnected systems, and how this network is affected by rising temperatures.&nbsp;



During 2020, average global temperatures matched the hottest year on record. The hurricane season was also record-breaking, with many of the storms intensifying at extraordinary speeds. Hot water in the ocean is fuel for hurricanes. The satellite data shows that it's all one interconnected system showing how Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected.



According to NASA, dust swept up from Northern Africa plays a major role in the formation of hurricanes, and is also a key source of fertilization in the Amazon rainforest. As a result of<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-wasting-disease-is-fueled-by-climate-change/"> climate</a> change, dust plumes are expected to decline, which will have an effect on vegetation far away.&nbsp;



Images from Earth-observing satellites show how the world’s plant life is affected by natural disasters, fires, and deforestation. Satellites also reveal how widespread changes in vegetation impact waterways,&nbsp; the climate, air quality. Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on the Earth. "Earth From Space" is a groundbreaking two-hour special that reveals a spectacular new space-based vision of our planet. 



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected

[sendtonews key="JbW4VsY53O-1632195-12187" type="single"] Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected...

Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://welcome.miami.edu/">University of Miami</a> Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science explores how changes in water temperatures have affected tiger shark habitats and movements in the North Atlantic Ocean. The study reveals that rising temperatures have caused the sharks to shift toward the poles over the past 40 years.



“Tiger shark annual migrations have expanded poleward, paralleling rising water temperatures,” explained study lead author Neil Hammerschlag. “These results have consequences for tiger shark conservation, since shifts in their movements outside of marine protected areas may leave them more vulnerable to commercial fishing.”



The researchers analyzed nine years of tracking data from satellite-tagged tiger sharks, combined with four decades of conventional tag and recapture data provided by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Cooperative Shark Tagging Program.



The experts found that during the last decade of record heat, for every one-degree Celsius increase in water temperatures, tiger sharks migrated further poleward by over 400 kilometers. They also migrated two weeks earlier than usual to waters off the northeastern coast of the United States.



“Given their role as apex predators, these changes to tiger shark movements may alter predator-prey interactions, leading to ecological imbalances, and more frequent encounters with humans,” concluded Professor Hammerschlag.



Video Credit: University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Tiger sharks are shifting poleward as temperatures rise

Today’s Video of the Day from the University of Miami...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> is focused on the melt ponds that emerge during the spring and summer on the Greenland Ice Sheet, which is the largest ice mass in the northern hemisphere.



"Melt ponds are vast pools of open water that form on both sea ice and ice sheets and are visible as turquoise-blue pools of water in this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image," says ESA.



"When snow and ice melts atop glaciers, water flows in channels and streams and collects in depressions on the surface. These melt ponds can speed up the melting of the surrounding ice since they greatly reduce the ice’s ability to reflect sunlight."



"This can create a positive feedback where an increasing number of melt ponds absorb more heat which causes ice cover to melt even faster."



According to ESA, Greenland has been hit with a late-season heatwave that began in early September. This caused the type of melt event that usually occurs in the middle of summer.



"In a recent paper published in Nature Climate Change, scientists found that major sea-level rise from the melting of the Greenland ice cap is now ‘inevitable’ even if the burning of fossil fuels were to halt overnight," says ESA. "Using satellite observations of Greenland ice loss and ice cap from 2000 to 2019, the team found the losses will lead to a minimum rise of 27 cm regardless of climate change."



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Melt ponds on the Greenland Ice Sheet

[sendtonews key="qARzJPSabQ-2270617-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes how Earth is unique in our solar system for its ability to sustain liquid water on its surface. But now, the water cycle is shifting as the climate warms, and scientists must find ways to predict how these changes will affect water availability.



Overall, 96 percent of Earth's water is saltwater, and nearly all of freshwater is found in ice and groundwater. These sources of water are linked as it passes through solid, liquid and gas phases.



In a warmer climate, the water cycle will be transformed. It will be easier for water to evaporate and form clouds, and storms will become more frequent and intense. Some regions will get too much water, while others will be left without enough water. In addition, soil moisture will be lost - which threatens food security.



Scientists are using satellite data from over the last 40 years to track changes that are happening in the water cycle. This will ultimately help us prepare for extreme events and better manage our water resources, according to ESA.



Video Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Tracking changes in Earth's water cycle

[sendtonews key="fxH3eJHEkQ-2010196-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

Saturn,-,High,Resolution,3d,Images,Presents,Planets,Of,The

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard Space Flight Center</a> features images of Saturn from NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope. The photographs capture the start of the mysterious "spoke season" on Saturn - when unexplained features appear on its rings. 



According to NASA, both the cause of the spokes and their seasonal variability have yet to be fully explained by planetary scientists.



"Like Earth, Saturn is tilted on its axis and therefore has four seasons, though because of Saturn's much larger orbit, each season lasts approximately seven Earth years. Equinox occurs when the rings are tilted edge-on to the Sun," explains NASA.



"The spokes disappear when it is near summer or winter solstice on Saturn. (When the Sun appears to reach either its highest or lowest latitude in the northern or southern hemisphere of a planet.) As the autumnal equinox of Saturn's northern hemisphere on May 6, 2025, draws near, the spokes are expected to become increasingly prominent and observable."



Experts believe that the spokes may be a product of the planet's variable magnetic field. When magnetic fields interact with solar wind, an electrically charged environment is created. This phenomenon is visible on Earth as the northern lights.&nbsp;



"Scientists think that the smallest, dust-sized icy ring particles can become charged as well, which temporarily levitates those particles above the rest of the larger icy particles and boulders in the rings," says NASA.



The spokes were first observed in the early 1980s by NASA's Voyager mission. Depending on the angle of the rings, the spokes can appear dark or light.



"Thanks to Hubble's OPAL program, which is building an archive of data on the outer solar system planets, we will have longer dedicated time to study Saturn’s spokes this season than ever before," said NASA senior planetary scientist Amy Simon, head of the Hubble Outer Planet Atmospheres Legacy (OPAL) program.



"Despite years of excellent observations by the Cassini mission, the precise beginning and duration of the spoke season is still unpredictable, rather like predicting the first storm during hurricane season."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Mysterious "spoke season" captured on Saturn

[sendtonews key="Ccjk8KEMzv-2550719-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

Closeup,Of,Fresh,Green,The,Napier,Bush,Grass,As,Animal

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="http://www.ntu.edu.sg/">NTU Singapore</a> reveals that some plants can remove toxic heavy metals from soil.&nbsp;



The researchers analyzed samples of various tropical plant species to test for levels of heavy metals and metalloids. The study showed that there are existing plants with high levels of these contaminants, which means that these species are great candidates for drawing pollutants out of the soil.&nbsp;



Among the plants examined in the study, 12 species had accumulated several types of heavy metals and metalloids. These plants are widely available, including species that are native to Singapore.



“In a small nation like Singapore, land may be repurposed to support new development plans, so it is important that we have a green and sustainable way to remediate land that is contaminated," said Professor Lam Yeng Ming.



"We set out to uncover how to better make use of tropical plants to do phytoremediation and through advanced characterization techniques, we showed how some of these tropical plant species can be an environmentally friendly and literally a 'green' way to remove contaminants in soil."&nbsp;



"Phytoremediation also has benefits of cost effectiveness, simplicity of management, aesthetic advantages, and long-term applicability and sustainability. The strategy prevents erosion and metal leaching by stabilizing or accumulating heavy metals, so that helps reduce the risk of contaminant spread.”



Video Credit: NTU Singapore



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Plants help remove heavy metals from contaminated soil

[sendtonews key="6SdlLLbt0t-1988946-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from NTU...

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