Natural,Environment,Climate-neutral,Long-term,Emissions,Strategy,Net,Zero,2050,Carbon

Balancing cleaner air with rising incomes is not a luxury question for developing countries. It is a real-world, and real-life, policy problem that shapes health, jobs, and the future of their cities.



A new <a href="https://www.worldscientific.com/doi/10.1142/S0217590825500304" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">study</a> lays out when zero emissions can go hand in hand with steady <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rising-temperatures-will-cut-world-gdp-by-a-staggering-40-percent-if-nothing-changes/">growth</a>, even when governments rely on foreign aid.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-zero-emissions-and-economic-growth">Zero emissions and economic growth</h2>



The work comes from <a href="https://tus.elsevierpure.com/en/persons/hideo-noda" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Hideo Noda</a> at the Tokyo University of Science (<a href="https://www.tus.ac.jp/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">TUS</a>) with coauthor Fengqi Fang, a Ph.D. candidate in Business Administration from the Graduate School of Business Administration at TUS. 



The team builds a simple but testable way to check if a country can hit zero net <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-trade-is-fueling-a-dangerous-rise-in-methane-emissions/">emissions</a> while its economy keeps expanding.



They also verify the model numerically using real world style parameters so it is not just a chalkboard exercise. 



The paper connects theory to a specific United Nations target on decoupling growth from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/limiting-global-warming-to-1-5c-is-almost-certainly-out-of-reach/">environmental damage</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-zero-emissions-models">Zero emissions models</h2>



First, the authors define a zero-emissions <a href="https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/net-zero-coalition" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">policy</a> as keeping net pollution at zero at every point in time, by matching abatement to emissions. That requires money, technology, and clear rules to assign who pays.



They run two versions of the economy. 



One is a public goods <a href="https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/stantcheva/files/lecture8.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">model</a> where government services like roads or schools lift private production for everyone at once, a standard growth <a href="https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/261726" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">model</a> introduced by Robert Barro in 1990. 



The second adds <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/where-will-climate-change-hit-hardest-global-index-reveals-vulnerability/">congestion</a>, where more people share the same public services so the boost per person shrinks.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-minimum-income-rule">Minimum income rule</h2>



The key test is whether gross domestic product (<a href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">GDP</a>) per capita rises above a minimum income threshold so a country can fully clean what it emits. 



The authors call this the kindergarten rule level of abatement, as in: “clean-up what you make dirty.”



"Following the Kindergarten rule means implementing zero emission technologies in either finite time or asymptotically," noted M. Scott Taylor and William Brock in their related <a href="https://www.nber.org/papers/w9597" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">study</a>. 



This frame anchors the new threshold concept for developing countries.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-aid-supports-clean-income-growth">Aid supports clean income growth</h2>



Many low income governments fund services with official development assistance (<a href="https://www.oecd.org/en/topics/policy-issues/official-development-assistance-oda.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ODA</a>), so the model lets outside aid pay for both cleaning and public services. 



That design reflects classic work showing how aid aimed at productive public services can shift long run growth.



In related <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0304387806000290" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">theory</a>, flexible labor and aid tied to public capital influence the path of output and welfare. The new paper extends this logic to pollution control that must be paid for every year.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-changing-income-threshold">Changing income threshold</h2>



The threshold depends on clean technology, population size, and how much aid is fixed to environmental <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/expanding-oil-and-gas-fields-threaten-global-climate-goals/">uses</a>. Better abatement technology lowers the income bar because each dollar of cleanup removes more pollution.



Population matters differently across the two models. In the public goods case, a larger labor force can raise growth because services scale with the economy, while in the congestion case that scale effect drops out as services get diluted.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-taxes-and-zero-emissions-targets">Taxes and zero emissions targets</h2>



The model also looks at tax policy, focusing on a labor income tax that finances services. 



There is a tax rate that maximizes the growth of income per person, and under both models governments can reach the needed income threshold in finite time if they choose that growth maximizing rate.



Public services that complement private capital are the link. When governments tax and spend on those services efficiently, private firms produce more and the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-action-economies-can-grow-while-cutting-emissions/">economy climbs</a> to the income level that makes full abatement feasible.



"Both models indicate that implementing the zero-emissions policy is compatible with sustainable economic growth," wrote Noda. 



They also show the kindergarten rule threshold is higher with congestion than without it, so crowding of public services slows the crossing.



"We call this threshold the kindergarten rule level of pollution abatement in terms of GDP per capita," wrote Noda. The result gives policymakers a clear income target, not just a slogan about decoupling.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-income-growth-and-sdgs">Income growth and SDGs</h2>



Target 8.4 of the Sustainable Development Goals (<a href="https://www.undp.org/sustainable-development-goals" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">SDGs</a>) asks countries to decouple growth from environmental degradation. 



The authors argue their framework helps explain when that is possible in practice, and how policy levers change the timing.



The UN defines the <a href="https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8.4" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">target</a> as improving resource efficiency and decoupling growth from environmental harm through 2030. The paper’s threshold view fits that mandate with a concrete yardstick.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-results-still-matter">Why results still matter</h2>



Earlier <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0959652621009112" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">work</a> in the same research stream focused on developed, innovation-driven economies and showed that zero emissions could be achieved alongside continued growth. 



That study examined whether sustained economic expansion could occur while also maintaining <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/a-net-zero-world-will-require-75-trillion-of-investment-and-1-billion-electric-cars/">zero net pollution emissions</a>.



The new paper shows the same compatibility can hold in aid dependent settings where innovation is not the main growth engine. 



That extension fills a real gap, because many low income countries face tighter fiscal and technological limits.



Build or buy cleaner technology so the threshold falls. Treat tied aid for environmental programs as a growth tool and not just a cost center.



Set tax policy to raise the growth rate of income per person, then sustain it long enough to pass the threshold. Guard against congestion by scaling services with population, so gains are not diluted.



The study is published in <a href="https://www.worldscientific.com/doi/10.1142/S0217590825500304" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Singapore Economic Review</a>.



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Net-zero emissions and rising income levels can both be achieved simultaneously

Balancing cleaner air with rising incomes is not a luxury question for developing countries. It is a real-world, and real-life, policy problem that shapes health, jobs, and the future of their cities. A new study lays out when zero emissions can go hand in hand with steady growth, even when governments rely on foreign aid. Zero emissions and economic growth The work comes from Hideo Noda at the Tokyo University of Science (TUS) with coauthor Fengqi Fang, a Ph.D. candidate in Business Administration from the Graduate School...

The ocean absorbs up to a third of the world's man-made carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. However, this carbon absorption comes at a cost, as it leads to the acidification of seawater.



To combat this issue, scientists are exploring ways to increase the alkalinity of seawater, so it can absorb more CO2 without becoming increasingly acidic. 



Professor Ulf Riebesell’s group at the GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, Kiel plays a critical role in this research.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-is-ocean-alkalinity-enhancement">What is ocean alkalinity enhancement?</h2>



Ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) involves adding alkaline substances to seawater to increase its capacity to absorb CO2. This process also helps counteract the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ocean-acidification-is-spreading-into-deeper-waters/">acidification</a> effects caused by anthropogenic CO2 emissions.



Alkaline substances, such as limestone, olivine, and various carbonates can dissolve in seawater and neutralize acidity, thereby enabling greater CO2 sequestration. The approach mimics natural processes where minerals are weathered and transported to oceans over geological timescales.



Different methods are being explored to implement OAE effectively. These include distributing finely ground minerals across large ocean areas or directly injecting alkaline solutions into seawater. The efficiency of OAE depends on factors like ocean currents, water temperature, and the types of minerals used. 



Some forms of ocean alkalinity enhancement might also enhance the growth of marine organisms, such as phytoplankton, which play a role in the biological carbon pump by sequestering CO2 in deeper ocean layers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-adjusting-seawater-chemistry-with-alkaline-water">Adjusting seawater chemistry with alkaline water</h2>



The researchers tested the efficiency of CO2-equilibrated OAE, a moderate approach that adjusts seawater chemistry by using alkaline water that is pre-saturated with CO2.



This method ensures carbon dioxide removal (CDR) before releasing the treated water back into the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/a-weaker-ocean-will-release-more-carbon-into-the-atmosphere/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ocean</a>. 



To simulate real-world conditions, the team used KOSMOS mesocosms (Kiel Off-Shore Mesocosms for Ocean Simulations). These large test tubes, which are submerged directly into the ocean, isolated eight cubic meters of water for this controlled study.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-achieving-ocean-alkalinity">Achieving ocean alkalinity </h2>



Different concentrations of sodium carbonate and bicarbonate were added to achieve varying levels of alkalinity, ranging from what occurs in natural conditions to a level that is double what is found in seawater.



Over a 33-day period, the team monitored the responses of zooplankton by examining metrics such as biomass, diversity, production, and fatty acid composition.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-response-of-marine-communities">Response of marine communities</h2>



The results were encouraging. Plankton communities remained stable, and zooplankton tolerated the moderate chemical changes associated with CO2-equilibrated OAE.



While the nutritional quality of particulate matter - the primary food source for zooplankton - showed potential deterioration, it did not significantly impact these marine consumers.



The researchers attributed this resilience to the oligotrophic (nutrient-poor) conditions of the subtropical waters, which may have buffered the zooplankton’s responses.



"Our study shows that the increase in alkalinity has minor impacts on the zooplankton and that the food web as a whole remains stable," said Nicolás Sánchez, Ph.D. student and first author of the study.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-potential-in-climate-protection">Potential in climate protection</h2>



Ocean alkalinity enhancement holds promise as a powerful tool in the fight against climate change. 



By enhancing the ocean’s capacity to absorb CO2 without increasing acidity, OAE could play a vital role in buffering global warming.



It could bridge the gap during the transition to renewable energy, mitigate emissions from hard-to-decarbonize industries, and facilitate the safe removal of historical carbon emissions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-further-research-is-needed">Further research is needed</h2>



However, significant gaps in knowledge remain. The study, which was conducted in the nutrient-poor subtropical waters, provides a promising start but its findings cannot be generalized to all <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/co2-declared-ocean-pollutant-international-court-ruling/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marine ecosystems</a>.



"Our experiment has shown that CO2-equilibrated OAE does not have a lasting impact on zooplankton and the food web in the nutrient-poor subtropical area we studied," said Sánchez.



"But this does not say anything about how it will affect other marine environments, nor about the safety of other, technically more feasible forms of OAE that cause greater changes to seawater chemistry."



The <a href="https://www.geomar.de/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">GEOMAR</a> researchers stress the need for extensive investigations across diverse ecosystems and with various OAE approaches. These studies will be essential to develop a responsible framework for the application of alkalinity enhancement. 



"Our study is a promising first step towards defining a responsible framework for the application of alkalinity enhancement," Sánchez concludes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ocean-alkalinity-as-a-climate-solution">Ocean alkalinity as a climate solution</h2>



While ocean alkalinity enhancement shows significant potential as a climate mitigation strategy, its implementation requires cautious, science-backed approaches.



This initial experiment demonstrates that moderate OAE interventions can be ecologically safe in specific conditions, but broader studies are crucial to address global <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/oceans-hidden-skin-could-protect-us-from-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marine variability</a>.



By advancing research on OAE and understanding its implications, scientists can help ensure that this innovative approach becomes a safe and effective tool in the global effort to combat climate change.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.ado0264" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science Advances</a>.



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Ocean alkalinity may safely boost the carbon storage capacity of seawater

The ocean absorbs up to a third of the world's...

We are all exposed to glyphosate, a chemical found in many herbicides. Glyphosate is widely used in crop farming to reduce the presence of unwanted weeds. 



Previous research has shown that this toxin can cross into brain tissue, but the effects have not been well studied.



New research on mice has revealed that even minimal levels of glyphosate are associated with cognitive changes in brain function. 



The study sheds light on the potential risks&nbsp;this pervasive chemical&nbsp;may pose&nbsp;to brain health at a time when dementia and Alzheimer's disease are affecting more and more people.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-herbicides-the-basics">Understanding herbicides -- the basics</h2>



Herbicides are chemicals designed to kill weeds and other unwanted plants, making them a staple tool for farmers, gardeners, and landscapers alike. 



There are different types of herbicides, each targeting specific kinds of weeds. Some are broad-spectrum, wiping out a wide range of plants, while others are selective, focusing on particular species without harming the crops. 



This versatility makes herbicides incredibly useful for maintaining gardens and agricultural fields efficiently.



However, herbicides aren’t without their downsides. Overusing or misusing these chemicals can lead to environmental issues, such as harming beneficial insects, contaminating water sources, and reducing biodiversity. 



Additionally, some weeds can develop resistance to herbicides, making them harder to control over time.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-herbicides-and-brain-health">Herbicides and brain health</h2>



The research, conducted by <a href="https://www.asu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Arizona State University</a> in collaboration with the Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen),&nbsp;uncovers some&nbsp;alarming effects of glyphosate on brain health.



Mice that were exposed to the herbicide developed troubling symptoms of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/even-mild-inflammation-can-majorly-damage-the-brain/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">brain inflammation</a>,&nbsp;a condition linked to the early stages of neurodegenerative diseases.



"Our work contributes to the growing literature that highlights the brain's vulnerability to glyphosate,” said Ramon Velasquez, one of the researchers.



The study also revealed that these symptoms and signs of distress persisted long after exposure to the toxin ended, indicating the herbicide’s long-lasting impact on brain health.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rising-prevalence-of-cognitive-decline">Rising prevalence of cognitive decline </h2>



The research team conducted experiments over 13 weeks, followed by a six-month recovery period. 



Even at low doses, close to what is considered acceptable for humans, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/glyphosate-disrupts-brood-care-in-bumblebees/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">glyphosate</a> caused significant harm in mice.



This included a persistent increase in inflammatory markers in the brain and blood, which remained elevated long after the exposure had ceased.



"Our goal is to identify environmental factors that contribute to the rising prevalence of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ultra-processed-foods-directly-linked-cognitive-decline-stroke-risk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cognitive decline</a> and neurodegenerative diseases in our society,” explained Velasquez. 



“By unveiling such factors, we can develop strategies to minimize exposures, ultimately improving the quality of life for the growing aging population.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-herbicide-byproduct-in-brain-tissue">Herbicide byproduct in brain tissue</h2>



Additionally, the researchers found that a glyphosate byproduct, namely aminomethylphosphonic acid, accumulated in brain tissue, further raising concerns about the herbicide’s long-term safety.



Glyphosate exposure in the mice was also&nbsp;associated&nbsp;with&nbsp;premature death, and anxiety-like behaviors, symptoms that were present long after&nbsp;the end of the recovery period.



"Given the increasing incidence of cognitive decline in the aging population, particularly in rural communities where exposure to glyphosate is more common due to large-scale farming, there is an urgent need for more basic research on the effects of this herbicide,” Velasquez emphasized.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-an-unseen-battle-in-the-fields">An unseen battle in the fields</h2>



The Centers for Disease Research have emphasized the&nbsp;higher&nbsp;risks&nbsp;of glyphosate exposure associated with agricultural workers, farm laborers, and landscapers.



Apart&nbsp;from&nbsp;occupational exposure, the residues in&nbsp;foods and the widespread environmental presence pose risks to the general population.



"My hope is that our work drives further investigation into the effects of glyphosate exposure, which may lead to a reevaluation of its long-term safety and perhaps spark discussion about other prevalent toxins in our environment that may affect the brain,” said Samantha K. Bartholomew, first author of the study.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-glyphosate-friend-or-foe">Glyphosate: Friend or foe?</h2>



Glyphosate is one of the most widely used herbicides in the world, famous for its role in controlling weeds in agricultural fields, gardens, and even urban areas. 



You might know it by its brand name, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/weed-killer-roundup-causes-convulsions-in-animals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Roundup</a>, which farmers and gardeners spray to keep unwanted plants from stealing nutrients and space from their crops. 



Glyphosate works by targeting a specific enzyme that plants need to grow, effectively shutting down their ability to thrive. 



This makes it a go-to solution for many looking to maintain tidy landscapes or boost agricultural productivity without having to manually pull weeds all day.



While it is deemed safe by the <a href="https://www.epa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EPA</a>, the International Agency for Research on Cancer has classified glyphosate as “possibly <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/are-we-breathing-cancer-causing-chemicals-in-our-cars/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">carcinogenic</a> to humans.” Studies, including this one, continue to question its overall safety.



Building on prior research, this study strengthens the evidence linking glyphosate exposure to an increased risk of neurodegenerative disorders. 



“These findings highlight that many chemicals we regularly encounter, previously considered safe, may pose potential health risks. However, further research is needed to fully assess the public health impact and identify safer alternatives,” said Patrick Pirrotte, associate professor with TGen and senior author of the paper.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reevaluating-herbicides-and-public-health">Reevaluating herbicides and public health</h2>



As glyphosate use continues to grow, particularly in large-scale farming, the study emphasizes the urgent need for stricter monitoring, further research, and potential reevaluation of the herbicide’s long-term safety.



The brain’s ability to heal may be formidable under certain circumstances, but exposure to harmful chemicals like glyphosate reveals vulnerabilities that cannot be ignored.



Addressing these risks proactively could play a critical role in reducing the incidence of cognitive decline and neurodegenerative diseases in future generations. 



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://jneuroinflammation.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12974-024-03290-6" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of Neuroinflammation</a>.



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Common weed-killing herbicide linked to brain issues and cognitive decline

We are all exposed to glyphosate, a chemical found in...

Antarctic sea ice has long been a focal point in the evolving landscape of our world’s climate. The Southern Ocean, which encircles the icy landmass of Antarctica, remained an enigma for decades.



Despite rising global temperatures, the maximum winter sea ice cover in this region either stayed constant or increased slightly from the late 1970s through to 2015.



However, the waves of change reached these icy waters in 2016. A sequence of years with dwindling sea ice coverage culminated in a record low in 2023. 



By September 2024, the most recent winter peak, the ice cover hovered close to that record low.



What follows is a captivating deep-dive into Antarctic sea ice, as researchers from the <a href="https://www.washington.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Washington</a> unravel the mystery behind this precipitous decline in the Southern Ocean.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-antarctic-sea-ice-mystery">The Antarctic sea ice mystery</h2>



So, what exactly led to the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/antarctic-sea-ice-extent-hit-a-record-low-this-month/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">record low sea ice cover in 2023</a> - an event so severe that it was over five standard deviations away from the average?



The researchers found that the culprits were warming Southern Ocean conditions and changes in wind patterns months prior.



The winter ice area was 2.2 million square kilometers (849,424 square miles) less than the average, which equates approximately to a chunk twelve times the size of Washington State. 



To put it into perspective, ice lost would cover Texas three times over.



The goal of the research is to enhance sea ice coverage forecasts in the region of the South Pole. 



The predictions could provide valuable insights into future sea ice loss, allowing for improvements in regional and global weather and climate models.



"Since 2015, total Antarctic sea ice area has dramatically declined. We show that winter Antarctic sea ice has significant predictability at six- to nine-month lead times," noted study lead author Zac Espinosa.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-culprits-wind-and-ocean-temperatures">The culprits: Wind and ocean temperatures</h2>



Using a global climate model, the research team explored how different factors affect the Southern Ocean’s sea ice. 



These factors include air and ocean temperatures, as well as longer-term weather patterns such as El Niño and La Niña.



However, the team discovered that the 2023 <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/el-nino-event-may-push-earth-towards-its-hottest-year-ever/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">El Niño</a> played a less important role in this phenomenon than previously assumed. 



Instead, a pattern of regional winds explained almost 70% of the record-low winter sea ice cover in 2023.



These winds caused ocean mixing that pulled deep warm waters to the surface, thus hindering sea ice growth.



"It's interesting that, despite how unusual the winter sea ice conditions were in 2023 and again in 2024, our results show they were remarkably predictable over 6 months in advance," said study co-author Edward Blanchard-Wrigglesworth.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-forecasting-future-sea-ice-loss">Forecasting future sea ice loss</h2>



The ripple effect of these discoveries extends beyond solving an Antarctic mystery. 



Antarctic sea ice plays a critical role in influencing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-reveals-the-oceans-hidden-influence-on-global-weather-patterns/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">global weather patterns</a>, reflecting sunlight, and interacting with ocean currents in the Southern Hemisphere. 



Not to mention, it’s vital for marine and coastal ecosystems.



"Our success at predicting these major sea ice loss events so far in advance demonstrates our understanding of the mechanism that caused them. Our model and methods are geared up to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/artificial-intelligence-can-predict-the-future-of-arctic-sea-ice/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">predict future sea ice loss</a> events," said co-author Cecilia Bitz, reflecting on the significance of these findings.



With summer approaching in the Southern Hemisphere, the current extent of Antarctic sea ice remains close to a record low. 



But now, with this research, we are better equipped to understand, predict, and prepare for these events.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-global-implications-of-sea-ice-decline">Global implications of sea ice decline</h2>



The implications of this dramatic loss of Antarctic sea ice extend far beyond the icy waters of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-southern-ocean-plays-a-major-role-in-capturing-co2/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Southern Ocean</a>. 



This vast, frozen expanse acts as a reflective barrier that bounces sunlight back into space and regulates Earth's temperature.



As sea ice retreats, more sunlight is absorbed by the darker ocean waters that are left exposed, which accelerates global warming and disrupts climate patterns.



Antarctic sea ice also plays a vital role in ocean circulation. Its seasonal freeze and melt drive the formation of cold, salty water that sinks to the ocean's depths, fueling the global conveyor belt of ocean currents. 



A reduction in sea ice could disrupt this balance, potentially altering weather systems worldwide and affecting marine ecosystems that are dependent on nutrient cycling.



The ripple effects of sea ice loss also extend to wildlife. Species like emperor penguins and seals depend on stable ice for breeding, resting, and hunting. 



As their habitats shrink, these iconic animals face unprecedented challenges - highlighting the urgency of understanding and mitigating sea ice decline.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-024-01772-2" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Communications Earth &amp; Environment</a>.



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Shrinking sea ice: What record lows tell us about the future

Antarctic sea ice has long been a focal point in...

Beyond,The,Deserts:,Saudi,Arabia's,Remarkable,Landscapes

Amid a vast landscape of sun-scorched sand and earth, where deserts reign supreme and water remains scarce, lies a kingdom taking bold strides towards a greener future. 



This is Saudi Arabia, a nation synonymous with boundless deserts and rich oil reserves, that is now investing heavily in green technology to breathe life into its arid lands.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-restoring-degraded-desert-land">Restoring degraded desert land</h2>



The capital city, Riyadh, recently hosted the <a href="https://www.unccd.int/cop16" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">United Nations COP16 conference</a> that focused on drought and desertification.



Because this scenario is all too familiar in the Kingdom, its officials have committed to restoring an impressive 40 million hectares of degraded desert land.



This audacious goal demonstrates Saudi Arabia's movement towards environmental sustainability, but it remains intertwined with its history as a defender and producer of oil. 



The country's green initiatives are discordantly set against its continued investment in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/star-studded-lineup-to-join-march-to-end-fossil-fuels-this-week/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fossil fuels</a>, which raises the question of whether these green efforts hold sufficient climate solution merit.



According to a 2023 report issued by PwC, Saudi Arabia contributes a staggering 75% of the Middle East's investment in global climate technology startups. 



However, this green investment leans heavily towards energy, with a plan to inject $363 million into climate-friendly energy solutions.



This figure dwarfs the relatively meager amount put into food, agriculture, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/unsustainable-land-use-food-supply/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">land-use</a> innovations - areas that are critical for addressing the Kingdom’s water scarcity and ensuring sustainable development.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-harnessing-microorganisms-a-solution-in-the-sand">Harnessing microorganisms: A solution in the sand</h2>



In a sprawling complex, nestled in the desert north of Jeddah, a promising new project is underway.



The focus is on utilizing microorganisms to lessen the energy expense of treating <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/un-report-wastewater-is-a-hidden-solution-to-the-climate-crisis/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wastewater</a>.



At the helm of this innovative endeavor is Peiying Hong, an environmental science and engineering scholar from the <a href="https://www.kaust.edu.sa/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">King Abdullah University of Science and Technology</a>.



Hong explains that the process capitalizes on microorganisms to convert carbon into methane gas, which powers the facility while purifying wastewater.



The end result is nutrient-rich water that can nurture life in a desert, supporting the production of livestock feed and combating desertification.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-turning-desert-sand-into-soil">Turning desert sand into soil</h2>



Access to a sustainable water source could be a game-changer for Saudi Arabia, a nation that grapples with severe <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-drought-has-caused-crisis-levels-of-food-and-water-scarcity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">water scarcity</a>.



As part of its Middle East Green Initiative, the Kingdom plans to plant a staggering 10 billion trees and rehabilitate over 74 million hectares of land. For this ambitious plan to succeed, effective water and soil management are key.



At the same university, Himanshu Mishra, who is an environmental science and engineering expert, offers another innovative solution. His team believes they have created a product capable of transforming Saudi's desert sand into cultivable land.



Their secret weapon? Carbon-enriched compost derived from an abundant local resource – chicken manure.



This advanced compost, which retains vital nutrients and water while enhancing microbial biodiversity, is already turning arid soils into verdant landscapes.



Moreover, Saudi Arabia could potentially export this carbonated topsoil along with the supporting technology, which would broaden the scope of their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earth-day-initiative-forest-restoration/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">green initiatives</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-funding-green-tech-the-challenge-ahead">Funding green tech: The challenge ahead</h2>



Though rife with potential, scaling such endeavors requires substantial financial backing and political support. 



"We really need venture funding and investment to demonstrate their effectiveness on a large scale," noted Hong.



Indeed, securing funding for green tech startups isn't a walk in the park. It's "extremely hard," said John Robinson, an investor and partner at Mazarine Ventures. Despite the challenges, some promising startups manage to attract private investors.



As the world's leading exporter of crude oil, Saudi Arabia's fervent defense of this resource casts a shadow over its green ambitions.



In the face of it all, the Kingdom continues to invest in technologies like carbon capture and hydrogen production as part of its touted "circular carbon economy."



 Critics argue this is merely greenwashing, aimed at perpetuating fossil fuel investments.



The Saudi Green Initiative isn't without its detractors. In May 2024, the European Center for Democracy and Human Rights (ECDHR) claimed that this initiative masked Saudi's ongoing fossil fuel reliance and disregard for environmental justice. 



In response, Riyadh defends its actions as being integral to its energy security.



As Saudi Arabia ventures into its green future, balancing oil production with environmental conservation will be its greatest challenge. 



Yet, the Kingdom's bold strides show a promising commitment towards a greener world.



Details of the study are <a href="https://www.kaust.edu.sa/en/news/reusing-saudi-arabia-s-precious-water-resources">presented in a report</a> by the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology.



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Saudi Arabia is turning arid desert sand into lush blooming soil

Amid a vast landscape of sun-scorched sand and earth, where...

Northern,Lights,Aurora.,Aurora,Borealis.,A,Wonderful,Night,With,Northern

In the last few years, observers have noticed unusual streaks of mauve and white lights called Steve, along with a glowing green feature known as the picket fence, appearing near the usual displays of auroras.



The more familiar auroras, with their greens, reds, and purples, have long been attributed to energized particles from the solar wind interacting with Earth’s upper atmosphere. But these new features raise fresh questions.



The mystery of the beautiful lights called "Steve" and the picket fence first came to light in 2018, when scientists realized that their properties differ sharply from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/auroras-southern-united-states-this-week-huge-solar-storm/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">normal auroras</a>. 



After a time, many wondered if these lights might share the same origins as the classic auroras, or if they might arise from a different set of conditions. 



Claire Gasque, a graduate student in physics at the <a href="https://www.berkeley.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of California, Berkeley</a>, has stepped up to propose a new explanation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-closer-look-at-the-steve-lights">A closer look at the Steve lights</h2>



The night sky often offers surprises, and sometimes these surprises challenge long-standing thinking and call for detailed study. 



Gasque, working at the Space Sciences Laboratory (<a href="https://www.ssl.berkeley.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">SSL</a>) at Berkeley, suggests that a separate physical process could be responsible for these unusual lights. 



She argues that the time has come to question old assumptions and look for new answers.



“This would upend our modeling of what creates light and the energy in the aurora in some cases,” Gasque said. “It’s really cool, one of the biggest mysteries in space physics right now.”



Gasque believes that a <a href="https://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a> mission to send a rocket into an aurora would help confirm her ideas. 



With the sun’s activity ramping up in its <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/northern-lights-activity-will-intensify-over-the-next-18-months/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">11-year cycle</a>, this might be a good moment to catch rare phenomena and learn something new in the process.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-mechanism-is-making-the-sky-glow">New mechanism is making the sky glow</h2>



The idea of launching rockets to measure electric and magnetic fields inside these glowing events has gained momentum. 



Gasque thinks that electric fields parallel to <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/earths-magnetic-field-origin-structure-and-impact-on-humanity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth’s magnetic field</a> might be creating the picket fence colors. 



Traditional auroras come from charged particles streaming down from space and energizing oxygen and nitrogen molecules, producing familiar colors. 



But Steve’s purple or mauve tones do not match the pattern, and the picket fence appears in latitudes where auroras typically do not form. Gasque sees this as a sign that something else is going on.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-electrons-in-the-atmosphere">Electrons in the atmosphere</h2>



Gasque’s research shows that a parallel electric field of about 100 millivolts per meter at an altitude of about 110 km could energize electrons enough to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/steve-phenomenon-not-aurora-has-dawn-side-twin-swarm-satellites-discovery/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">produce the observed colors</a>. 



She also points out that this region has special conditions, like reduced plasma density and more neutral atoms. This environment might allow the field to do its work without shorting out.



“If you look at the spectrum of the picket fence, it’s much more green than you would expect. And there’s none of the blue that’s coming from the ionization of nitrogen,” Gasque said. 



“What that’s telling us is that there’s only a specific energy range of electrons that can create those colors, and they can’t be coming from way out in space down into the atmosphere, because those particles have too much energy.” 



Instead, she said, “the light from the picket fence is being created by particles that have to be energized right there in space by a parallel electric field, which is a completely different mechanism than any of the aurora that we’ve studied or known before.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-steve-lights-get-a-new-layer-of-complexity">Steve lights get a new layer of complexity</h2>



<a href="https://www.ssl.berkeley.edu/full-directory/name/brian-harding/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Brian Harding</a>, an assistant research physicist at SSL and a co-author on Gasque’s work, appreciates the significance of these findings. 



“The really interesting thing about Claire’s paper is that we’ve known for a couple of years now that the Steve spectrum is telling us there’s some very strange physics going on," Harding enthused.



"We just didn’t know what it was. Claire’s paper showed that parallel electric fields are capable of explaining this strange spectrum.”



The team plans to set their sights first on something called the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/auroras-are-a-visual-warning-of-shocks-to-earths-magnetic-field/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">enhanced aurora</a>, which is basically this bright layer that’s embedded in the normal aurora. 



"The colors are similar to the picket fence in that there’s not as much blue in them, and there’s more green from oxygen and red from nitrogen," Gasque explained. 



"The hypothesis is that these are also created by parallel electric fields, but they are a lot more common than the picket fence."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nasa-we-need-your-help">NASA, we need your help</h2>



They have submitted a proposal to NASA for a sounding rocket campaign that, if selected, would launch from Alaska. 



The team aims to fly a rocket through that enhanced layer to actually measure those parallel electric fields for the first time, and also send one higher to distinguish the conditions from those that cause the auroras.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-s-next-for-the-steve-lights">What's next for the Steve lights?</h2>



Gasque credits cooperation with experts focused on different parts of the atmosphere for making progress. 



She hopes that a successful campaign will pave the way for a direct measurement of Steve and the picket fence themselves. 



The plan is to learn how these electric fields form and what they mean for the transfer of energy between Earth and space. Harding expects future work to break new ground in understanding these electric fields. 



“It’s fair to say that there’s going to be a lot of study in the future about how those electric fields got there, what waves they are or aren’t associated with, and what that means for the larger energy transfer between <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/geomagnetic-storms-are-influenced-by-earths-atmosphere/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth’s atmosphere</a> and space,” Harding concluded. 



“We really don’t know. Claire’s paper is the first step in the chain of that understanding.”



If NASA gives the green light, the team could start making these measurements very soon. As the solar cycle moves forward, new opportunities will arise to see these phenomena again. 



Gasque’s work suggests that Steve and the picket fence are something else entirely, reshaping how scientists look at lights in the night sky and the processes that power them.



The full study is published in the journal <a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2023GL106073" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geophysical Research Letters</a>.



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Sky lights called "Steve" are challenging what we know about auroras

In the last few years, observers have noticed unusual streaks...

Freshwater fish populations near the poles are outperforming their equatorial counterparts due to climate change. 



Warming temperatures are creating new habitats at the poleward edges of their ranges, enabling large-bodied migratory species such as Atlantic salmon to thrive.



In a recent study, researchers from the University of Bristol analyzed a dataset that included over 10,000 time series and more than 600 freshwater fish species. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-are-fish-responding-to-climate-change">How are fish responding to climate change?</h2>



The research highlights a crucial aspect of how animals are responding to climate change, which has driven broad-scale distribution shifts in marine and terrestrial species. 



However, the responses of freshwater species have remained less explored.



"Understanding how the population abundance of freshwater species has responded climatic warming over recent decades is important for predicting how they are likely to be impacted by future conditions," wrote the study authors. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-driven-shift-in-fish-habitats">Climate-driven shift in fish habitats</h2>



"A common <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earths-oceans-seas-lakes-are-losing-their-ability-to-support-most-types-of-fish/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">biological response</a> to climatic warming in marine and terrestrial habitats is that populations are increasing at the poleward side of species ranges, as new environments are generated, and populations are declining at the equatorward side of species ranges, as conditions become too warm," explained study co-author Professor Martin Genner.



Using a multicontinental database, the researchers linked riverine fish population abundance data from 1958 to 2019 with temperature records. 



The results showed that across sampled locations, water temperatures increased by an average of 0.21 °C (0.38 °F) per decade. This warming aligns with population trends predicted by climate models, particularly in longer time series spanning over 30 years.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-species-benefiting-from-warming-waters">Species benefiting from warming waters</h2>



The study found that fish species with specific traits - larger body sizes, higher trophic levels, river-to-sea migratory behaviors, and widespread distributions - exhibited population growth in response to a warming climate.



Examples include brown trout, European perch, and northern pike. These positive trends were more pronounced in cooler, higher-altitude environments, where warming temperatures create favorable conditions.



"These findings indicate that projected future warming will likely lead to widespread shifts in riverine community structure, including abundance declines at the trailing edge of species distributions," noted Professor Genner.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-looking-beyond-climate-change">Looking beyond climate change</h2>



While climate change is a significant factor, the researchers aim to assess its relative importance compared to other stressors, such as pollution, habitat modification, and fisheries. Understanding these interactions could be key to developing effective conservation strategies.



"Our study has shown how warming waters are impacting freshwater river fishes, that are both rich in biodiversity and are traditionally important to cultures across the world," said Professor Genner.



"We hope that shining a light on how climate change can affect freshwater fishes will lead to positive actions to enable their conservation and sustainable use."



Professor Genner added that we need to learn more about how the impacts of climate change can be lessened through conservation strategies, such as habitat restoration.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-protecting-ecosystems-from-climate-change">Protecting ecosystems from climate change</h2>



This research highlights the urgency of addressing climate change’s effects on freshwater fish and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/aquaculture-impacts-wild-fish-much-more-than-we-thought/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marine ecosystems</a>. 



By identifying species and regions most vulnerable to warming, policymakers and conservationists can prioritize actions to preserve biodiversity and maintain the cultural and ecological roles of freshwater fish. 



Habitat restoration and sustainable management practices may play a critical role in mitigating the impacts of a warming world on these vital ecosystems.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-polar-freshwater-fish">Polar freshwater fish</h2>



Polar freshwater fish are uniquely adapted to survive in some of the harshest <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ai-illuminates-fish-interactions-in-coral-reefs/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">aquatic environments</a> on Earth.



Species like Arctic char, whitefish, and grayling thrive in cold waters, often below 4°C, where oxygen levels remain high and competition is relatively low compared to temperate zones. These fish exhibit specialized physiological traits, such as antifreeze proteins in their blood, which prevent ice crystals from forming and damaging their tissues.



In addition to their physiological adaptations, many polar freshwater fish display behavioral traits that enhance survival. 



For instance, Arctic char can switch between freshwater and saltwater habitats seasonally, optimizing food availability and breeding success. These migratory behaviors also make them key indicators of ecosystem health, as their movements are closely tied to water temperature and ice cover.



Moreover, polar regions often host fewer species compared to more temperate zones, but these ecosystems are vital for global biodiversity. 



The limited number of species creates a fragile food web, where climate-driven changes in fish populations can have cascading effects on predators like birds and mammals, as well as on human communities that rely on these fish for sustenance and cultural practices.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2410355121" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a>.



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Climate change is pushing freshwater fish toward the poles

Freshwater fish populations near the poles are outperforming their equatorial...

The deep Arctic Ocean holds vast reserves of oil and natural gas, along with valuable rare earth elements and metals.



With climate change accelerating the melting of ice, these resources are becoming increasingly accessible. Mining in the Arctic will present significant economic opportunities but will also pose major ecological risks.



A recent study published in the journal Elementa highlights the urgent need to protect this sensitive ecosystem as human activity in the region intensifies.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-deep-arctic-and-its-untapped-resources">The deep Arctic and its untapped resources </h2>



According to estimates, the deep <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/first-ice-free-day-in-the-arctic-may-arrive-in-2027/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Arctic</a> Ocean could contain up to 13% of the world’s undiscovered oil reserves and 30% of its natural gas reserves.



Additionally, the region offers a wealth of rare earth elements and metals essential for building modern technologies. 



The potential economic benefits of these resources have drawn increasing political and commercial attention, further fueled by the opening of new shipping routes and increased <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/arctic-warming-permafrost-melt-devastating-role-accelerating-global-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Arctic</a> tourism.



"Climate change and the melting of sea ice are increasingly facilitating the exploration of the Arctic Ocean, but this also entails major ecological risks," warned Dr. Angelika Brandt from the <a href="https://www.senckenberg.de/en/institutes/senckenberg-research-institute-natural-history-museum-frankfurt/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Senckenberg Research Institute</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-diverse-and-little-known-habitats">Diverse and little-known habitats</h2>



The Arctic Ocean’s deep-sea habitats host a remarkable variety of life forms, many of which remain poorly studied. 



An international team of researchers analyzed 75,404 datasets covering 2,637 deep-sea species. The findings highlight the need for more intensive research and international collaboration to fill existing knowledge gaps.



"Although we have made considerable progress in understanding the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/air-pollution-alters-the-atmosphere-in-the-remote-arctic/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Arctic</a> ecosystem with the aid of new technologies and infrastructures, there are still major gaps in our knowledge of the deep-sea communities living on the sea floor - as clearly demonstrated by our new study," said Dr. Brandt.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-characteristics-of-the-arctic">Characteristics of the Arctic</h2>



The researchers examined data from freely accessible databases, non-digitized scientific literature, and information facilities, focusing on samples from areas north of 66 degrees latitude and deeper than 500 meters. Their analysis revealed the following findings.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-biodiversity">Biodiversity</h3>



The phylum Arthropoda - that includes isopods and copepods - had the most individual records (21,405). Other prevalent groups included annelids, sponges, and mollusks, with the latter showing the greatest species richness.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unique-species-in-deep-arctic-ocean">Unique species in deep Arctic Ocean</h3>



The brittle star&nbsp;Ophiocten gracilis&nbsp;was found at depths exceeding 1,000 meters during a Polarstern expedition between the North Atlantic and the Arctic Ocean.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-geomorphological-diversity">Geomorphological diversity</h3>



The Arctic features diverse geological structures such as submarine canyons, continental slopes, seamounts, and biologically generated formations like cold-water coral reefs.



"Not only did we comprehensively digitize important deep-sea data and publish it in freely accessible databases, but we also collected, checked, and comprehensively analyzed new deep-sea data. This enabled us to show that, contrary to popular belief, the Arctic Ocean actually has a very rich diversity of organisms," explained Dr. Hanieh Saeedi.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-gaps-in-data-from-the-deep-arctic">Gaps in data from the deep Arctic</h2>



Despite these advances, significant gaps in knowledge persist, particularly regarding benthic biodiversity in the central Arctic’s deep basins. The study’s habitat maps link faunal groups to specific geomorphological areas, identifying regions with limited data.



"The intergenerational collaboration within the framework of the UN Ocean Decade and the international cooperation with deep-sea experts and the AWI were crucial for this study," stated Dr. Saskia Brix, highlighting the importance of collaboration.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-protecting-the-arctic-ecosystem-from-mining">Protecting the Arctic ecosystem from mining</h2>



The Arctic deep sea is far from the lifeless environment early explorers imagined. However, intensified international cooperation and active monitoring of environmental parameters and faunal compositions are critical. 



"This is the only way for us to better understand the structure and function of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/arctic-industrialization-how-will-it-impact-delicate-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Arctic ecosystem</a> and to ensure that measures are taken to preserve this unique ecosystem, which is of such importance to the northern hemisphere," said Dr. Brix.



"Especially in view of the increasing economic and political interests, the lack of data on benthic biodiversity - particularly in the deep basins of the central Arctic Ocean - poses a significant problem for robust management and conservation measures," noted Dr. Saeedi.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-arctic-mining-and-conservation-measures">Arctic mining and conservation measures </h2>



The untapped resources of the Arctic Ocean offer undeniable economic opportunities, but the stakes for its fragile ecosystem are immense.



As global interest in the region grows, prioritizing ecological preservation through research, international collaboration, and robust conservation policies becomes ever more critical. 



Only by understanding the Arctic’s deep-sea biodiversity can humanity ensure that economic ambitions do not come at the expense of this vital and unique environment.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://online.ucpress.edu/elementa/article/12/1/00140/203384/The-emerging-picture-of-a-diverse-deep-Arctic" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Elementa</a>.



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Mining the Arctic seabed threatens fragile ecosystems

The deep Arctic Ocean holds vast reserves of oil and...

Weather shapes our daily lives, influencing decisions about safety, travel, and work. As climate change drives more extreme events, accurate forecasts become indispensable. However, predicting weather patterns beyond the next few days remains challenging.



Probabilistic ensemble forecasts have emerged as an essential prediction tool, offering a range of possible scenarios to inform decisions. Now, a new AI model, GenCast, aims to redefine weather forecasting with unmatched precision and speed.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-makes-gencast-unique">What makes GenCast unique?</h2>



Developed by researchers and recently featured in the journal&nbsp;Nature, GenCast is a high-resolution AI ensemble model that is capable of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/winter-of-extremes-how-will-la-nina-affect-weather-in-the-u-s/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">forecasting weather</a> for up to 15 days ahead.



Compared to the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts’ (ECMWF) ENS system, GenCast consistently delivers more accurate predictions. 



The model is not only faster but also highly reliable in predicting both daily <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/winter-of-extremes-how-will-la-nina-affect-weather-in-the-u-s/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">weather patterns</a> and extreme events like cyclones and heat waves.



GenCast represents a significant leap from its predecessor - a deterministic model that offered a single best estimate. Instead, GenCast uses an ensemble of 50 or more predictions, each representing a potential weather trajectory.



This approach provides a nuanced view of possible outcomes that is crucial for effective decision-making.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-leap-in-ai-technology">Leap in AI technology</h2>



GenCast utilizes diffusion models, a type of generative AI previously used in creating images, videos, and music. Adapted for Earth’s spherical geometry, the model accurately simulates complex <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/auroras-and-severe-solar-storms-will-continue-through-tomorrow/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">weather patterns</a>. 



Researchers trained GenCast using four decades of historical data from ECMWF’s ERA5 archive, which includes variables such as temperature, wind speed, and pressure at multiple altitudes.



The result is a model with an unparalleled understanding of global weather dynamics.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-performance-benchmarks-of-gencast">Performance benchmarks of GenCast</h2>



The researchers evaluated GenCast using data from 2019, testing it on 1,320 combinations of variables and lead times. 



GenCast outperformed the ENS in 97.2% of these cases and excelled in 99.8% of scenarios at lead times beyond 36 hours. These results demonstrate GenCast’s superior skill in predicting both standard weather conditions and extreme events.



For example, in forecasting extreme heat or high winds, GenCast consistently provided higher economic value. Its ensemble <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rapid-surge-in-global-warming-may-have-an-unexpected-source/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">forecasts</a> balance confidence and uncertainty, offering actionable insights for scenarios like cyclone paths. 



One striking example was Typhoon Hagibis. Seven days before landfall, GenCast forecasted a wide range of possible paths, which narrowed into a precise and accurate cluster as the storm approached Japan.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-efficiency-and-scalability">Efficiency and scalability</h2>



GenCast’s efficiency is another standout feature. While traditional models require hours on supercomputers, GenCast generates a 15-day forecast in just eight minutes using a single Google Cloud TPU v5. 



This speed and scalability make it an ideal tool for real-time applications and broader accessibility.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-applications-beyond-weather">Applications beyond weather</h2>



The potential applications of GenCast extend far beyond weather forecasting. Accurate predictions of extreme <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/satellite-data-could-revolutionize-weather-forecasts/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">weather</a> risks can save lives, prevent damage, and reduce costs. 



For instance, improved forecasts of tropical cyclones enable better disaster preparedness, while enhanced wind power predictions can boost renewable energy reliability. 



GenCast’s precision in forecasting renewable energy outputs gives it immense societal value.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-collaboration-and-open-access">Collaboration and open access</h2>



Google emphasizes collaboration and transparency by making GenCast’s code and weights openly available. This initiative aims to accelerate research and innovation in weather forecasting and climate science. 



The model’s real-time and historical forecasts will soon be accessible to researchers, meteorologists, and industries.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-integration-with-google-s-ecosystem">Integration with Google’s ecosystem</h2>



The AI model complements Google’s suite of AI-based weather models, including NeuralGCM, SEEDS, and flood prediction systems. 



These models already enhance user experiences on platforms like Google Search and Maps. By combining AI and traditional meteorology, Google aims to refine forecasts and address challenges posed by climate change.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-prospects-of-gencast">Future prospects of GenCast</h2>



Looking ahead, GenCast’s impact could extend to sectors like food security and disaster response. Partnerships with renewable energy companies and organizations focused on humanitarian efforts offer opportunities for significant societal benefits. 



As GenCast continues to evolve, it exemplifies how AI can bridge the gap between data and actionable insights, thereby addressing critical challenges in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/noaa-severe-solar-storm-expected-to-reach-earth-tomorrow-october-10-2024/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">weather</a> prediction and beyond.



GenCast stands at the forefront of a new era in weather forecasting that merges advanced AI with traditional methods to serve society better in a changing climate.



The paper is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-08252-9" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a>.



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GenCast: New AI model is redefining weather forecasting

Weather shapes our daily lives, influencing decisions about safety, travel,...

Even as catastrophic floods and storms intensify in parts of the world, more than three-quarters of Earth’s land has become permanently drier in recent decades, according to a stark new analysis released by UN scientists.&nbsp;



Released by the <a href="https://www.unccd.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UN Convention to Combat Desertification</a>, the report reveals that about 77.6% of Earth’s land experienced drier conditions over the three decades leading up to 2020 compared to the previous 30-year period.



Over the same three decades, drylands expanded by about 4.3 million km² - an area nearly a third larger than India - and now encompass 40.6% of all land on Earth, excluding Antarctica.&nbsp;



Within this timeframe, some 7.6% of global <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/land-degradation-severely-threatens-planetary-boundaries/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lands</a> - an area larger than Canada - surpassed aridity thresholds. Most transitioned from humid landscapes to drylands, setting off profound repercussions for agriculture, ecosystems, and the communities that depend on them.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-high-emissions-scenarios-and-dryland-expansion">High-emissions scenarios and dryland expansion</h2>



The report warns that if the world does not curb <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/greenhouse-gas-emissions-reach-another-all-time-high/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">greenhouse gas emissions</a>, an additional 3% of today’s humid areas could become drylands by the end of this century.&nbsp;



Under high emissions scenarios, drylands are projected to spread across regions including the Midwestern United States, central Mexico, northern Venezuela, north-eastern Brazil, south-eastern Argentina, the entire Mediterranean region, the Black Sea coast, large parts of southern Africa, and southern Australia.



The study, titled The Global Threat of Drying Lands: Regional and Global Aridity Trends and Future Projections, was presented at the <a href="https://www.unccdcop16.org/?lang=en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">16th UNCCD conference (COP16)</a> in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.



This was the largest UN land conference to date and the first in the Middle East - a region profoundly affected by aridity’s impacts.&nbsp;



“This analysis finally dispels an uncertainty that has long surrounded global drying trends,” said Ibrahim Thiaw, UNCCD Executive Secretary. “For the first time, the aridity crisis has been documented with scientific clarity, revealing an existential threat affecting billions around the globe.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-change-and-drier-land">Climate change and drier land</h2>



According to the UNCCD Science-Policy Interface, which authored the report, human-caused <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/indisputable-evidence-of-human-caused-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a> is the primary driver of this shift.&nbsp;



Emissions from electricity generation, transportation, industry, and land-use changes are heating the planet and altering rainfall patterns, evaporation rates, and plant life - conditions that underpin increasing aridity.



Data from global aridity indexes, which monitor long-term environmental shifts, reveal extensive drying trends.&nbsp;



Areas most affected include almost all of Europe (95.9% of its land), parts of the western United States, Brazil, parts of Asia (notably eastern Asia), and central Africa.&nbsp;



Meanwhile, less than a quarter of the planet’s land (22.4%) became wetter, with some positive trends observed in the central United States, Angola’s Atlantic coast, and parts of Southeast Asia.&nbsp;



Overall, drylands are expanding globally, pushing ecosystems and societies into life-threatening challenges.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-growing-impacts-on-human-communities">Growing impacts on human communities</h2>



The report identifies South Sudan and Tanzania as countries with the largest percentage of land turning into drylands, and China as having the greatest total area shifting from non-drylands into drylands.&nbsp;



As of 2020, 2.3 billion people - well over a quarter of the global population - live in these expanding drylands. Aridity-related land degradation, known as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/oases-grow-by-human-effort-but-face-threats-from-desertification/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">desertification</a>, poses a dire threat to human well-being and ecological stability.



The future could be even more bleak without action. Under worst-case emissions scenarios, up to five billion people might inhabit drylands by the century’s end. Such a scenario would mean depleted soils, scarce water resources, and collapsing ecosystems for large swaths of humanity.



Forced migration, already visible in some of the world’s driest regions, is one of the most immediate consequences. As land becomes inhospitable and farming fails, families and communities often have no choice but to relocate, intensifying social and political challenges globally.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cascading-effects-of-drier-land">Cascading effects of drier land</h2>



The cascading effects of rising aridity extend well beyond agriculture and water scarcity.&nbsp;



The report warns that one-fifth of all land could undergo abrupt ecosystem transformations - forests turning into grasslands and other dramatic changes - leading to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-predict-how-and-when-humans-and-mammals-will-face-extinction/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">extinctions</a> among many of the world’s plant and animal species.&nbsp;



Aridity also drives a host of other problems, from declining GDP (notably in Africa) to intensifying wildfires and even public health crises, especially for children and women.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-global-drying-trend-nbsp">The global drying trend&nbsp;</h2>



Addressing the threat of aridity demands more than just acknowledging the science - it requires concerted policy action and comprehensive adaptation measures.&nbsp;



The report calls for improving aridity monitoring and integrating these metrics into drought monitoring systems, incentivizing sustainable land use, investing in water-efficient technologies, and building resilience in vulnerable communities.&nbsp;



The experts also emphasize the need for international frameworks and collaboration, emphasizing that human rights, social justice, and responsible governance must guide this collective effort.



In essence, the global drying trend forces a new narrative: as we confront climate change, we must recognize the irreversible transformation of once-fertile lands into dry regions.&nbsp;



Successfully adapting to this reality will determine whether we can secure a sustainable and equitable future in a world defined increasingly by the absence of water and the presence of ever-expanding drylands.



The full report can be found <a href="https://www.unccd.int/resources/reports/global-threat-drying-lands-regional-and-global-aridity-trends-and-future" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">here</a>.



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40 percent of Earth's land has became permanently drier 

Even as catastrophic floods and storms intensify in parts of...

As the Earth gets warmer, the assumption that elderly individuals have the highest risk of succumbing to heat is being challenged.



The findings from a recent study in Mexico show a contrasting reality: three-quarters of heat-related mortalities are happening among individuals who are under the age of 35, with a significant proportion being between 18 and 35.



This is an unexpected outcome, considering this age group is thought to be most resilient to heat.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mortality-rates-and-wet-bulb-temperatures">Mortality rates and wet-bulb temperatures</h2>



Jeffrey Shrader is a key expert behind the study, which was conducted by researchers from the Center for Environmental Economics and Policy affiliated with <a href="https://www.climate.columbia.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Columbia University's Climate School</a>.



“It's a surprise. These are physiologically the most robust people in the population. I would love to know why this is so,” said Shrader.



Mexico, with its comprehensive geographical data on both daily temperatures and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hot-nights-could-increase-the-mortality-rate-by-60-percent/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mortality</a>, proved to be an ideal place for this exploratory study.



The researchers scrutinized the correlation between excessive mortality rates and wet-bulb temperatures - a scale measuring the amplified effects of heat when combined with humidity.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-young-adults-and-heat-related-deaths">Young adults and heat-related deaths </h2>



According to the analysis, Mexico averaged around 3,300 <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/more-than-70000-deaths-in-europe-were-heat-related-in-2022/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">heat-related deaths</a> each year from 1998 to 2019. 



A shocking third of these deaths were observed among 18 to 35-year-olds, a figure that is wildly disproportionate to the representation of this age group in the population size.



Infants and children under 5 were found to be highly vulnerable as well. On the other hand, people aged 50 to 70 suffered the least heat-related mortality.



“We project, as the climate warms, heat-related deaths are going to go up, and the young will suffer the most,” explained R. Daniel Bressler, the study's co-lead author and a Ph.D. candidate in Columbia's Sustainable Development Program.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-factors-that-influence-heat-vulnerability">Factors that influence heat vulnerability</h2>



Several factors could be contributing to this unexpected trend. Young adults are more likely to be engaged in outdoor labor, such as farming and construction, which may expose them to dehydration and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/feeling-the-heat-rising-temperatures-push-the-limits-of-the-human-body/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">heat stroke</a>.



This vulnerability is also applicable to indoor manufacturing in spaces that lack air conditioning. 



The researchers highlighted that younger, less experienced workers face greater heat risks due to their low position and strenuous work. Participation in rigorous outdoor sports was another risk factor linked to young adults.



The susceptibility of infants and small children may be attributed to the fact that their smaller bodies absorb heat more quickly and their underdeveloped sweat glands limit their ability to cool off.



The still-developing immune systems of these children also put them at risk to illnesses that are more prevalent in humid heat.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-surprising-heat-mortality-trends">Surprising heat mortality trends</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-temperature-threshold-can-the-human-body-handle/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Wet bulb temperatures</a>, often converted into Fahrenheit "real-feel" heat indexes by the media, play a crucial role in understanding this mortality pattern.



Young people experience the least mortality at wet-bulb temperatures around 13o C (71o F with 40% humidity).



However, the researchers found that the highest number of deaths occurred at somewhat lower wet-bulb temperatures, primarily due to the higher frequency of these temperatures - which expose more people to harmful conditions.



The experts also found a surprising trend in the among older adults, who mainly died not from heat but from modest cold.



Elderly individuals have lower core temperatures that make them sensitive to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/antarctica-shattered-extreme-cold-records-during-global-heat-wave/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cold</a> and they consequently stay indoors, increasing their exposure to infectious diseases.



Although global warming receives extensive attention, cold weather is currently the leading cause of temperature-related death globally, including in Mexico.



However, the proportion of heat-related deaths has been steadily increasing since 2000, and this trend is likely to persist.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-global-implications-of-rising-temperatures">Global implications of rising temperatures</h2>



The implications of the research extend far beyond Mexico, shedding light on a global issue with potentially devastating consequences.



Countries in Africa and Asia that are predominantly hotter, poorer, and with youth that engage in manual labor could see massive heat-related mortality rates in the future.



The researchers plan to validate their findings by extending the research to other countries, including the United States and Brazil. The goal is to gain a deeper understanding of this alarming trend.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adq3367" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science Advances</a>.



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Rising heat is disproportionately killing young adults

As the Earth gets warmer, the assumption that elderly individuals...

Winter brings about a heartwarming urge to make our homes cozy and festive, with the help of delightful home fragrances. 



Gingerbread, cinnamon, and pine-scented candles, as well as frankincense and myrrh diffusers, are often used to set the Christmas mood.



It's no wonder the UK home fragrance market recently skyrocketed, earning a staggering $685.5 million in revenue in 2023. 



However, one could not help but question - are these fragrant products affecting the air quality in our homes? How do they impact our health?



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fragrances-mask-more-than-odors">Fragrances mask more than odors</h2>



In an effort to mask unpleasant odors and uplift the ambiance of our homes, we turn to items like scented <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scented-candles-toxic-particles/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">candles</a>, air fresheners, and incense sticks. But contrary to their purpose, they do not eliminate harmful <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/gas-stoves-create-dangerous-levels-of-indoor-pollution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">indoor pollutants</a>.



A recently published <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2950362024000559" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">study</a> reveals that some of these fragrance products could potentially compromise the freshness of the air we breathe.



The research was focused on Irish homes post-energy retrofits. The results showed that home fragrances - combined with smoking and blocked wall vents - detrimentally affect indoor air quality.



Furthermore, our indoor exposure to air pollutants worsens when scented candles are used in rooms with closed windows and blocked vents.



The fine particle concentration can spike up to 15 times beyond the limits set by the World Health Organization, taking considerable time to return to standard levels in poorly ventilated areas.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-trapped-in-a-vortex-of-chemicals">Trapped in a vortex of chemicals</h2>



Burning candles or incense sticks results in a complex mix of chemicals and particulate matter. They produce toxic gases like carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and oxides of nitrogen.



Home fragrances also emit harmful <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/common-household-products-expose-people-to-dangerous-chemicals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">volatile organic compounds</a> (VOCs), with particulate matter that can cause coughing, sneezing, and irritation of the eyes, nose, throat, and lungs.



Prolonged exposure heightens the risk of serious health conditions like heart disease, lung cancer, and chronic bronchitis. It may also exacerbate existing conditions such as asthma.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-navigating-through-the-scented-maze">Navigating through the scented maze</h2>



According to the researchers, scented candles likely produce more fine particulate matter compared to unscented ones. Nitrogen oxides, the primary gaseous pollutant from scented candles, can harm our lungs and airways.



In the U.S. and the EU, manufacturers do not have to disclose all of the ingredients used in scented candles. Research suggests that the U.S. discloses less than 10% of home fragrance ingredients to the public.



Air fresheners have been linked to adverse health impacts such as migraines, asthma attacks, and dermatitis. 



Additionally, home fragrance products could emit cancer-causing organic compounds like benzene, phthalates, and formaldehyde. 



A decline in cognitive function has been linked to short-term candle smoke exposure and to long-term incense smoke exposure.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-home-fragrances-and-indoor-air-quality">Home fragrances and indoor air quality</h2>



The incense sticks produce about four times as much particulate matter as cigarettes when equal weights are burned. In non-smoking households, candle usage might be a significant source of particulate matter pollution. 



Aerosol air fresheners introduce fine and ultrafine particles into the home air, alongside a range of VOCs.



Similarly, a candle's flickering flame emits larger particles and increases black carbon emissions, further affecting indoor air quality.



Using scented candles or air fresheners in small spaces like bathrooms or bedrooms exposes us to higher concentrations of the generated pollutants, boosting health risks. 



In poorly ventilated areas, pollutants like formaldehyde can reach levels causing upper airway irritation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-natural-fragrances-a-misleading-safety-tag">Natural fragrances: A misleading safety tag</h2>



Many consumers opt for home fragrances made with natural ingredients to avoid <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/4200-harmful-plastic-chemicals-hidden-in-everyday-objects/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">harmful chemicals</a>, but even these can release significant levels of pollution when burned. 



As the popularity of home fragrances grows, further research is needed to fully understand their long-term impacts on air quality and health.



The adverse effects of chronic exposure may only become apparent after many years.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-safe-use-of-home-fragrances">Safe use of home fragrances </h2>



For home fragrance enthusiasts, there are safer ways to enjoy these products. Try using them in larger spaces like the living room, and ensure windows are open. 



Check to make sure your home vents are unblocked, especially in rooms where you plan to burn scented candles. 



It's worth noting that most smoke from candles is released when the flame is extinguished. To play it safe, always snuff out candles outdoors.



In&nbsp;a world&nbsp;that&nbsp;is filled with&nbsp;home fragrances, it is highly important to understand their impacts on indoor air quality.



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Home fragrances impact indoor air quality, and the health risks are alarming

Winter brings about a heartwarming urge to make our homes...

When you think about tropical landscapes, the first image that springs to mind is probably of picturesque, sun-drenched beaches adorned with coconut palms. 



For centuries, these trees have been interwoven with human lives and cultures across the Pacific Ocean. The coconut palm is commonly referred to as the "Tree of Life."



Recent research, however, has highlighted the profound impact that centuries of colonial plantation farming have had on these iconic trees – transforming them from symbols of life to mere cash crops for the production of coconut oil.



A research team from <a href="https://www.ucsb.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UC Santa Barbara</a> and The Nature Conservancy has created the first comprehensive map of the uncharted footprint of coconut palm agriculture, scattered across Pacific atolls.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-coconut-palms-and-sustainability-challenges">Coconut palms and sustainability challenges </h2>



Michael Burnett, the lead author of the study, emphasized the importance of the research. "Coconut oil used to be essential to atoll economies, but today most coconut palm plantations are abandoned and overgrown."



The research findings raise urgent concerns: over half of the tree cover on these low islands is now taken up by coconut palms, leaving formerly widespread native broadleaf trees only small portions of their natural range.



The implications of these changes are far-reaching. According to Burnett, the replacement of broadleaf forests with coconut monocrops has been linked to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/groundwater-depletion-is-accelerating-but-it-is-not-inevitable/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">groundwater depletion</a>, declining seabird populations, and adverse impacts on adjacent coral reefs.



The research suggests an urgent need to understand and confront the sustainability challenges posed by these monocultures for Pacific atoll communities.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unprecedented-rate-of-deforestation">Unprecedented rate of deforestation</h2>



The rate of deforestation linked to coconut palm monocultures surpasses the relative rate associated with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tree-islands-can-counteract-biodiversity-loss-in-oil-palm-plantations/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">oil palm</a> production in other parts of the world.



For instance, while 10.8% of Borneo's land had been converted to oil palm monocrops by 2015, coconut palms now cover a staggering 58.3% of the total forested area of the mapped atolls.



Furthermore, the paper reveals that 51.2% of these coconut canopies are remnants of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/forests-in-oil-palm-plantations-are-key-to-conservation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plantation agriculture</a>, indicative of drastic ecological changes. 



Despite many plantations being abandoned in recent decades, coconut palms still outcompete native broadleaf trees for canopy area.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-an-opportunity-for-ecosystem-restoration">An opportunity for ecosystem restoration </h2>



Study co-author Alex Wegmann, lead scientist for the Nature Conservancy’s Island Resilience Strategy, noted that this situation presents opportunities.



“As the world comes to terms with tradeoffs associated with converting primary forest to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/abandoned-croplands-could-boost-food-security-and-climate-mitigation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">croplands</a>, we should not ignore atoll forests and the opportunity to recover these dynamic, resilient systems," said Wegmann.



The paper suggests that coconut plantations could be used for ecosystem restoration while striking the balance between cultural heritage and environmental stewardship. 



Elizabeth Terk is the Micronesia conservation director for The Nature Conservancy. She pointed out that restoring abandoned copra plantations on atolls to native forests offer invaluable ecological benefits, such as biodiversity recovery and climate resilience. 



"Striking a balance between cultural heritage and environmental stewardship is essential for a sustainable future. Mapping the extent of copra plantations on atolls is a crucial step for informed decision-making," said Terk. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-converting-abandoned-coconut-plantations">Converting abandoned coconut plantations </h2>



The paper’s vegetation maps provide a valuable tool for Pacific atoll communities, helping them to visualize the state of their forests. 



Initiatives like converting abandoned coconut plantations to native forests and restoring seabird colonies could be promising ways to confront the accelerating impacts of climate change.



"These maps are part of a growing body of science exploring the numerous opportunities for conservation and resilience on atolls. We hope they will help atoll communities chart their own futures in an era of global change," concluded Burnett. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-local-communities-and-sustainable-solutions">Local communities and sustainable solutions</h2>



The path to restoring Pacific atoll ecosystems requires the active involvement of local communities. These islands have long-standing cultural and economic ties to coconut palms, making collaboration essential for creating sustainable solutions.



Community-led initiatives, such as agroforestry practices that integrate coconut palms with native species, could provide a balanced approach to land use.



Educational programs can also play a crucial role, helping residents understand the ecological impacts of monocultures and the benefits of restoring native <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/changes-in-vegetation-are-a-key-driver-of-global-temperatures/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">vegetation</a>. 



By involving local leaders and incorporating traditional ecological knowledge, restoration projects can be tailored to align with cultural values while addressing environmental challenges. 



Empowering these communities can lead to solutions that are both practical and enduring, building resilience in the face of global environmental change.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/ad8c66" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Environmental Research Letters</a>.



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Coconut palms threaten Pacific island ecosystems

When you think about tropical landscapes, the first image that...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lHHxOej4QfE
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Researchers found a correlation between Alzheimer's disease and traffic pollution.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-invisible-threat-in-urban-air">Invisible threat in urban air</h2>



City dwellers face an unseen danger with every breath. New findings from Emory University researchers suggest that fine particulate matter from <a href="http://earth.com/news/traffic-related-air-pollution-might-increase-alzheimers-risk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">vehicle emissions may significantly elevate the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease</a>. The study examined brain tissue samples from 224 individuals who had confirmed diagnoses and volunteered their brains for scientific research.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-disturbing-connections-emerge">Disturbing connections emerge</h2>



Scientists analyzed neuritic plaques — protein clusters that characterize Alzheimer's — while mapping each participant's exposure to PM2.5 particles based on residential location and surrounding traffic density. The correlation proved more alarming than anticipated. Individuals experiencing higher pollution exposure showed nearly double the likelihood of elevated plaque accumulation in brain tissue.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-timing-matters">Timing matters</h2>



The research team discovered that pollution exposure during the final year before death demonstrated the strongest association with brain changes. This timeline suggests relatively rapid impacts from environmental toxins on neural health. The connection remained robust even after accounting for various demographic and health factors.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genetic-vulnerability-patterns">Genetic vulnerability patterns</h2>



Perhaps most concerning, people lacking the APOE gene—which naturally predisposes individuals to Alzheimer's — exhibited more than twice the susceptibility to pollution-related brain damage. Study author Dr. Anke Huels noted this indicates environmental elements like air contamination could trigger the disease in cases where hereditary factors don't explain.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-public-health-implications">Public health implications</h2>



These findings, published in <a href="https://www.neurology.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Neurology</a>, underscore the critical importance of air quality regulations in urban planning. The research suggests that implementing stricter emission controls and promoting alternative transportation could serve as powerful tools in Alzheimer's prevention.



As cities worldwide grapple with growing traffic congestion and aging populations, this study highlights an urgent need for comprehensive approaches to environmental health that protect both our lungs and our minds.



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Traffic fumes may trigger Alzheimer's

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lHHxOej4QfE Researchers found a correlation between Alzheimer's disease and traffic...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that scientists never expected.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hidden-waters-beneath-ancient-craters">Hidden waters beneath ancient craters</h2>



Scientists have made a startling discovery that challenges everything we thought we knew about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/saturn-moon-mimas-has-remarkably-young-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Saturn's moon Mimas</a>. Beneath the heavily cratered surface that earned it the nickname "Death Star" lies a global ocean that formed just 5 to 15 million years ago—a remarkably young age by cosmic standards.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cassini-data-reveals-orbital-secrets">Cassini data reveals orbital secrets</h2>



The discovery, led by Dr. Valéry Lainey of the <a href="https://observatoiredeparis.psl.eu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Observatoire de Paris</a>, emerged from careful analysis of <a href="https://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>'s Cassini spacecraft data. By studying subtle irregularities in Mimas's orbit around Saturn, researchers detected the gravitational signature of liquid water hidden 20 to 30 kilometers beneath the moon's icy shell.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-an-unlikely-ocean-world">An unlikely ocean world</h2>



At only 400 kilometers in diameter, Mimas seemed like the least likely candidate to harbor a subsurface ocean. Unlike other ocean moons such as Europa and Enceladus, which show clear surface signs of internal activity, Mimas displays no obvious hints of the liquid water beneath its ancient, crater-scarred exterior.



"Mimas is a small moon, and its heavily cratered surface gave no hint of the hidden ocean beneath," explained Dr. Nick Cooper from <a href="https://www.qmul.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Queen Mary University of London</a>, a study co-author.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-astrobiology">Implications for astrobiology</h2>



The ocean's recent formation makes Mimas a prime target for studying how oceans develop and potentially support life. This discovery adds another member to the exclusive club of ocean worlds in our solar system, each offering unique insights into the conditions necessary for habitability.



The research, published in <a href="https://www.nature.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a> journal, demonstrates how advanced orbital analysis can reveal hidden features of celestial bodies, opening new possibilities for understanding ocean formation throughout the cosmos.



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Scientists discover unexpected young ocean on Saturn's cratered moon Mimas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ 'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K0DuSr87SHY
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">57 million-year ice age mystery solved by Australian scientists.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-when-earth-became-a-frozen-wasteland">When Earth became a frozen wasteland</h2>



Imagine Earth as a giant snowball, frozen solid from the North Pole to the equator. This wasn't the plot of a science fiction movie – it was our planet's reality 700 million years ago during an extreme ice age that has puzzled scientists for decades.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-discovery">The discovery</h2>



Australian researchers from the <a href="https://www.sydney.edu.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Sydney</a> have finally cracked one of geology's greatest mysteries: what caused the Sturtian glaciation and why it persisted for an unprecedented 57 million years. This period occurred long before dinosaurs roamed the Earth, when no complex plants or multicellular animals existed.



Dr. Adriana Dutkiewicz, the study's lead author, describes a world completely unlike today's climate. "Imagine the Earth almost completely frozen over," she explained. "The planet was blanketed in ice from poles to equator, and temperatures plunged."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-combination-of-climate-factors">The combination of climate factors</h2>



The research team discovered that this massive freeze resulted from a "double whammy" of geological events. First, plate tectonic activity reduced volcanic carbon dioxide emissions to historically low levels. Volcanic activity typically releases CO2 into the atmosphere, creating a greenhouse effect that keeps Earth warm.



Simultaneously, weathering of volcanic rocks in what is now Canada actively absorbed atmospheric CO2, further reducing greenhouse gas concentrations. When atmospheric carbon dioxide levels dropped below 200 parts per million – less than half of today's levels – glaciation engulfed the entire planet.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-climate-implications">Modern climate implications</h2>



Published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/geology" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geology</a>, this research provides crucial insights into Earth's climate system. While geological climate changes occur over millions of years, the study emphasizes that human-induced climate change is happening at a pace ten times faster than previously observed natural changes, highlighting the urgent need to understand our planet's delicate climate balance.



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What caused the planet's longest ice age

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K0DuSr87SHY 57 million-year ice age mystery solved by Australian scientists....

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WXXGGiynIjs
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Greenland is not sinking. In fact, it is the opposite.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-contrasting-climate-response">A contrasting climate response</h2>



Most coastal towns are <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sinking-land-will-intensify-the-effects-of-rising-sea-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">preparing for higher sea levels</a>, but <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/greenland-no-longer-has-to-worry-about-rising-sea-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Greenland presents</a> a different scenario during climate change. The ground there is rising at a remarkable rate. Over the past decade, some areas have lifted about 20 centimeters, which translates to roughly 2 meters per century. This rate significantly exceeds current projections for sea level rise.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-geological-rebound-process-through-climate-change">Geological rebound process through climate change</h2>



The mechanism behind this phenomenon is straightforward. As the ice sheet melts, the immense weight is removed from the bedrock, causing the land to rebound upward. This process resembles the way compressed material springs back when pressure is released.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-monitoring-networks">Scientific monitoring networks</h2>



Researchers at the <a href="https://www.dtu.dk/english/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Technical University of Denmark</a> are documenting this uplift using the GNET network, consisting of 61 GPS stations positioned around Greenland's coast. These sensors can detect movement with millimeter precision, providing detailed measurements of the ongoing changes.



The data reveal that current uplift rates exceed the gradual rebound occurring since the last ice age ended approximately 12,000 years ago. This acceleration corresponds directly with increased ice sheet melting rates.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-coastal-transformation">Coastal Transformation</h2>



This uplift is actively reshaping Greenland's coastline. New islands and rocky formations, called "skerries," are emerging as previously submerged land surfaces rise above the water level. This represents a notable contrast to global concerns about rising seas.



The study, published in Geophysical Research Letters, demonstrates the varied regional impacts of climate change. While many locations face rising water levels, Greenland's bedrock is literally rising above the surrounding seas.



The full study was recently published in <a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2023GL104851" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geophysical Research Letters</a>.



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Greenland's ground rises while coasts worldwide face higher seas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WXXGGiynIjs Greenland is not sinking. In fact, it is the...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DSM3EVeGHJU
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Companies like MindStudio help companies train their employees to implement the latest AI Agent building platform.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ai-agent-training-transforms-the-workplace-fear-factor-into-a-competitive-advantage">AI agent training transforms the workplace 'fear factor' into a competitive advantage</h2>



Organizations that offer comprehensive artificial intelligence training to their workers find remarkable value that extends well beyond basic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mind-wandering-might-be-more-productive-than-you-think/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">productivity improvements</a>. Emerging research demonstrates that carefully crafted AI training programs <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ai-does-not-replace-human-creativity-but-enhances-it/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">enhance</a> corporate performance, lower operational costs, and dramatically improve employee psychological well-being by turning workplace uncertainty into professional empowerment.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-addressing-the-widespread-ai-anxiety-crisis-among-us">Addressing the widespread 'AI anxiety' crisis among us</h2>



A staggering 53% of employees expressed concern that the use of AI tools to automate work tasks could make them appear disposable to their employers, according to <a href="https://www.microsoft.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Microsoft</a>'s 2024 workplace survey. Such pervasive worry about being substituted by machines has caused what researchers have termed "AI technostress" – a psychological state that can result in occupational burnout and poorer mental well-being.



Data published in <a href="https://www.nature.com/palcomms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Humanities and Social Sciences Communications</a> showed that belief in AI learning ability was a moderator in the link between technology adoption and work pressure, and higher confidence significantly lowered negative psychological responses. Workers provided ample training to become competent with AI software have significantly lower stress.



Companies like <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MindStudio</a> have platforms for building what are known as "AI Agents". In essence, AI Agents are simply tools that employees can build for themselves or their teams quickly and inexpensively. MindStudio will even train entire companies, from the CEO on down, at no cost. By letting MindStudio empower employees, companies avoid hiring more IT staff, buying more software, and implementing solutions to problems that do not exist.



MindStudio even has partners locally for companies, like <a href="http://www.dominnus.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dominnus</a> with offices in the Carolinas, California, and Denver, to help build AI Agents and support employees as they become resident AI experts for their organization. The training provided by MindStudio is applicable across other AI Agent building platforms as well.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-productivity-through-focused-learning">Revolutionary productivity through focused learning</h2>



Organizations that implement large-scale AI training programs achieve dramatic outcomes. Employees performed tasks significantly better when they utilized AI support compared to when they didn't, according to <a href="https://www.nngroup.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nielsen Norman Group</a> research findings. Their study documented productivity increases of 66% for a variety of professional tasks.



Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis research finds workers record 33% higher productivity in time working with generative AI tools. The benefit is equivalent to 5.4% of work time savings for AI users – around 2.2 hours per week for full-time workers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-psychological-well-being-benefits-through-ai-competence">Psychological well-being benefits through AI competence</h2>



The emotional transformation when employees are provided with proper technology training is a fundamental transformation from fear to professional confidence. A survey of 600 employees across industries, carried out by ScienceDirect, proved that AI capabilities strengthen work environment commitment and improve job satisfaction.



A <a href="https://www.lut.fi/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">LUT University</a> study discovered that AI adoption has no direct effect on workers' well-being but does so indirectly through working conditions like task optimization and safety protocols. Strategically deployed AI that involves correct training can actually increase workplace mental well-being.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-from-replacement-anxiety-to-partnership-confidence">From 'replacement anxiety' to 'partnership confidence'</h2>



Although 35% of those interviewed in recent McKinsey studies were concerned about workforce displacement, firms with large-scale training initiatives witness such fears dissipate quickly. The World Economic Forum found that two out of three respondents believe AI competencies will enhance their career prospects and job marketability.



This shift from fear to trust has measurable implications for job satisfaction. Applied Sciences research indicates AI can create tailored wellness programs based on individual employee requirements.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-financial-benefits-of-increased-retention">Financial benefits of increased retention</h2>



The mental health advantages of AI learning have a direct impact on organizational bottom lines in the form of a positive feedback cycle with high retention of employees. Recent ROI research validates that artificial intelligence learning has a beneficial impact on employee turnover and satisfaction levels.



PriceWaterhouseCoopers' research documents 20% to 30% improvements in productivity, market speed, and revenue in organizations that attempt systematic AI adoption through comprehensive training.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-advantages-of-ai-enabled-teams">Environmental advantages of AI-enabled teams</h2>



AI training has unforeseen environmental benefits as it makes the work environment more efficient. According to a study in Scientific Reports, the carbon footprint in writing and illustrating work is significantly lower when AI performs it compared to humans. AI software produces 130 to 1,500 times less CO2 equivalent per page of text created than human authors.



In addition, AI-driven remote work functionality significantly reduces environmental impact. Research by Cornell University and Microsoft indicates that remote workers reduce greenhouse gas emissions by up to 54% by not commuting daily to offices. Hybrid workers working remotely two to four days a week can reduce their carbon footprint by 11% to 29%.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cumulative-organizational-advantages">Cumulative organizational advantages</h2>



The compounding gains of better mental well-being, reduced turnover, increased productivity, and environmental benefits flow to enterprises from the pairing. McKinsey analysis estimates the long-term AI potential at $4.4 trillion in incremental productivity growth opportunity from business use cases.



As of now, 75% of knowledge workers globally utilize generative AI, mirroring widespread adoption patterns. Organizations that provide organized training and assistance see the most favorable results in productivity, worker satisfaction, and ecological sustainability.



The research overwhelmingly indicates that companies that invest in proper AI education, like that offered through <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MindStudio</a>, establish win-win scenarios where employees are both more empowered and less stressed, and companies enjoy the gains of increased productivity, reduced turnover, and improved mental health outcomes throughout their workforce.



For more on MindStudio's free AI training for companies, visit the website's of MindStudio and Dominnus from the links below.



The research was published across a variety of peer-reviewed journals, including <a href="https://www.nature.com/palcomms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Humanities and Social Sciences Communications</a>, <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/artificial-intelligence" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence</a>, and <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/journal/applsci">Applied Sciences</a>.



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MindStudio.AI: <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.mindstudio.ai</a>



Dominnus: <a href="https://www.dominnus.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.dominnus.com</a>

AI agent training boosts mental health and profits

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DSM3EVeGHJU Companies like MindStudio help companies train their employees to...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0HDXqTGEmi4
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Scientists give plants superpowers against bacterial disease</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-natural-solution-to-disease-through-crop-modification">A natural solution to disease through crop modification.</h2>



The agricultural industry stands at a crossroads between productivity and environmental responsibility, and crop modification often carries a negative connotation. While chemical pesticides have long been the go-to solution for crop protection, their harmful effects on ecosystems and human health have prompted scientists to seek alternatives. The recent breakthrough by <a href="https://www.southampton.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Southampton</a> researchers offers a promising path forward through the precise manipulation of plant-associated microbial communities.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-science-behind-microbial-partnerships">The science behind microbial partnerships</h2>



Plants naturally harbor diverse ecosystems of bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms that function as biological allies. These microscopic partners contribute to disease resistance, nutrient absorption, and stress tolerance. However, until now, scientists lacked the tools to deliberately reshape these communities to enhance crop protection.



The Southampton team's approach centered on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/engineered-plant-microbiomes-the-future-of-crop-protection/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">modifying lignin biosynthesis genes in rice plants</a>. This strategic intervention altered the plant's metabolic output, creating conditions that favored beneficial bacterial populations while suppressing harmful ones. The result was a living defense system embedded within the plant itself.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-global-food-security">Implications for global food security</h2>



The successful demonstration against Xanthomonas oryzae, the pathogen responsible for bacterial blight in rice, represents more than a laboratory achievement. Rice feeds nearly half the world's population, and bacterial blight causes devastating crop losses annually. Traditional control methods rely heavily on pesticides that contaminate soil and water systems.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-looking-beyond-disease-resistance">Looking Beyond Disease Resistance</h2>



While disease protection represents the immediate application, the research framework opens doors to broader agricultural improvements. Future developments could engineer microbiomes to enhance nutrient uptake, reducing dependence on synthetic fertilizers. This dual benefit addresses both crop productivity and environmental sustainability.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-path-forward">The path forward</h2>



As this technology advances from laboratory to field applications, it promises to reshape sustainable agriculture. The ability to program plants with their own biological defense systems could herald a new era where crops protect themselves naturally, reducing chemical inputs while maintaining yields necessary for global food security.



The study is published in the journal&nbsp;<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-44335-3" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Communications</a>.



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Revolutionizing agriculture through microbiome engineering

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0HDXqTGEmi4 Scientists give plants superpowers against bacterial disease A natural...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Acid rain and a crisis solved.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-don-t-we-ever-hear-about-acid-rain-anymore-the-environmental-crisis-that-was-solved">Why don't we ever hear about "acid rain" anymore? The environmental crisis that was solved</h2>



Remember the 1980s when acid rain dominated headlines? Dire warnings about rain eating buildings, killing fish, and destroying forests filled every news cycle. Then, almost like magic, acid rain vanished from public discourse. What happened? Did we actually solve one of the late 20th century's most pressing environmental challenges?



The answer might surprise you. Unlike many environmental issues that drag on indefinitely, acid rain represents one of modern history's most successful ecological recovery stories. It's a tale of science, politics, and technology working together to tackle what seemed impossible.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What was acid rain?</h2>



Acid rain isn't regular rain having a bad day – it's precipitation that became significantly more acidic due to air pollution. When power plants, factories, and vehicles burn fossil fuels, they release sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) into the atmosphere.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The science behind it</h2>



Think of acid rain as nature's chemistry experiment gone wrong. These compounds react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form sulfuric and nitric acids. When mixed with water vapor in clouds, they create precipitation with dangerously low pH levels.



While clean rain has a pH of about 5.6, acid rain could drop as low as 4.2 to 4.4 – roughly as acidic as tomato juice or coffee. According to US Geological Survey documentation, Scottish chemist Angus Smith first coined "acid rain" in 1872, but it didn't become a household phrase until the 1960s and 1970s when Swedish scientist Svante Odén documented its devastating effects on Scandinavian lakes and European forests.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The crisis at its peak</h2>



During the height of public concern, environmental damage was both widespread and visible. This wasn't some abstract future threat – people could see destruction happening in real-time.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Environmental devastation</h2>



The most dramatic impacts were impossible to ignore. Research documented by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation shows that in the Adirondack Mountains, more than 200 lakes became so acidic they couldn't support fish life. The Adirondack Council reports that 409 lakes once supported brook trout, but many lost their fish populations due to acid rain.



By 1976, when scientists cataloged all acidified lakes in the Adirondack Park, researchers found that half of the lakes over 2,000 feet above sea level had no fish, according to studies published in environmental journals. The acidification process worked like a slow-motion disaster. As acid rain fell into watersheds, it gradually lowered pH levels. Fish couldn't survive in acidic water, and their food sources died off too.



Trees at high elevations showed stress directly linked to acid rain. It weakened them by leaching nutrients and making them susceptible to disease. Historical records show Germany's Black Forest saw nearly half its trees damaged by the mid-1980s.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Economic impact</h2>



Acid rain wasn't just environmental – it was expensive. Acidic precipitation corroded infrastructure, buildings, and monuments. Historic stone structures deteriorated at accelerated rates. Tourism suffered as lakes became fishless and forests declined. EPA economic analyses from the period documented repair costs mounting into billions annually.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The solution: government action and technology</h2>



Transformation from crisis to success required unprecedented cooperation between governments, industries, and environmental groups.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The Clean Air Act of 1990</h2>



The turning point came with the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, signed by President George H.W. Bush. This represented a fundamentally new approach to environmental regulation, as documented in EPA historical records.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Cap-and-trade success</h2>



Instead of mandating specific technologies, the 1990 amendments introduced something revolutionary: a cap-and-trade system for sulfur dioxide emissions. EPA program documentation shows this market-based approach set overall limits but allowed companies to trade emission allowances.



The genius was harnessing market forces to find cost-effective pollution reduction. Companies reducing emissions cheaply could sell excess allowances to those facing higher costs. Research published in environmental economics journals and EPA progress reports shows this resulted in dramatic SO2 reduction at a fraction of projected costs.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Technology advances</h2>



Policy provided the framework, but technology made reductions possible. Studies in atmospheric science journals document the widespread adoption of flue gas desulfurization systems ("scrubbers") that removed sulfur dioxide before it reached the atmosphere. By the 2000s, new installations could remove over 95% of SO2 emissions, according to EPA technical reports.



The push coincided with cleaner energy development. Natural gas produces fewer sulfur compounds than coal. Wind and solar, emerging in the 1990s, captured growing market share, reducing reliance on high-sulfur coal.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-we-don-t-hear-about-it-today">Why we don't hear about it today</h2>



Why did acid rain disappear from headlines? Simple: the problem was largely solved.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Success doesn't make news</h2>



There's an old journalism saying: "If it bleeds, it leads." Environmental success stories don't generate urgency like crisis reporting. Media attention shifted to other challenges: climate change, plastic pollution, and biodiversity loss. There's only so much environmental anxiety the public can absorb, and newer concerns replaced acid rain.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Mission accomplished</h2>



The primary reason is beautifully simple: interventions worked. EPA monitoring data shows sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990. Academic research published in environmental science journals confirms pH levels in formerly affected areas returned closer to normal. This represents one of history's most dramatic environmental recoveries. Studies by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation show fishless lakes now support healthy populations. Forests recovered, and building damage slowed dramatically.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-is-it-really-gone">Is it really gone?</h2>



The crisis is largely resolved, but monitoring data shows the problem isn't completely eliminated – it's managed to acceptable levels. Some areas still experience occasional events during high pollution periods. International environmental research indicates that rapidly industrializing Asian countries face similar problems to what we experienced decades ago, though they're implementing successful strategies.



EPA research shows nitrogen oxide emissions proved more challenging than sulfur dioxide, coming from vehicles and mobile sources. Climate science studies suggest changing weather patterns add complexity to how acid rain forms and falls.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What this teaches us</h2>



The acid rain experience proves that seemingly intractable environmental problems can be solved with scientific understanding, political will, and technological innovation. Environmental monitoring data shows recovery speed was remarkable – within a decade, measurable improvements appeared in air quality and ecosystem health.



Success came from bipartisan support across party lines. Policy analysis studies show the market-based approach appealed to those preferring economic incentives while achieving environmental goals. This support created lasting policy surviving political changes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Conclusion</h2>



Acid rain's disappearance from public consciousness represents environmental science's greatest success stories. Through effective regulation, technological innovation, and international cooperation, we transformed an overwhelming crisis into a manageable challenge.



Today's silence isn't because we forgot – it's because we solved it. The 1990 Clean Air Act, combined with technology and energy market changes, reduced acid rain emissions over 90%, according to comprehensive EPA data analysis.



This success offers hope for current challenges. It proves complex problems can be solved when science, policy, and technology work together. As we face climate change and plastic pollution, acid rain reminds us that dramatic positive change is possible.



Next time someone asks whether environmental regulations work, remember acid rain. It's proof that sometimes, we get it right.



<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>



Sources: This article draws from EPA official documentation and progress reports, peer-reviewed research published in environmental and atmospheric science journals, historical data from the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation records, US Geological Survey publications, policy analysis studies, and environmental monitoring data collected over three decades.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Frequently Asked Questions</h2>



1. Is acid rain completely gone? No, but EPA monitoring shows it's reduced to manageable levels. US sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990, making acid rain much less severe than the 1980s crisis.



2. How long did solving take? Environmental monitoring data shows significant improvements began within 5-10 years of 1990s emission controls. Full ecosystem recovery took longer – some areas need 20-30 years for complete recovery.



3. What made the solution successful? Clear scientific understanding, visible damage motivating action, bipartisan support, available technology, and innovative market-based policies like cap-and-trade.



4. Do other countries have acid rain problems? Yes, particularly rapidly industrializing Asian countries. However, international environmental research shows many implement similar successful control strategies.



5. Could acid rain return? Potentially, if regulations weaken or we return to high-sulfur coal without controls, though effects would take years to become severe according to environmental projections.



6. Can you recommend any teaching tools on the subject of "acid rain"? The United States Environmental Protection Agency produced a wonderful teacher's guide for ages 14 and under that you can find on the EPA website here: <a href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf</a>



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The environmental problem we actually solved

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk Acid rain and a crisis solved. Why don't we...

Green,Ecoduct,Over,An,Empty,Highway,During,Sunset.

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A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that wildlife tunnels significantly reduce amphibian road mortality during seasonal migrations. 



Frogs and salamanders often cross roads to reach breeding ponds each spring, but many are killed by vehicles. 



Researchers from the <a href="https://www.uvm.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Vermont</a>, in collaboration with local citizens and the Vermont Agency of Natural Resources, installed two underpass tunnels in 2015. 



Over a 12-year monitoring period, they observed an 80.2% reduction in amphibian deaths, and up to 94% for non-climbing species like salamanders. 



The study used a before-after-control-impact design and documented more than 5,200 amphibians, highlighting the tunnels’ effectiveness even in nearby buffer zones.



Funded at $342,397 - far cheaper than wildlife crossings for large mammals - the project showcased the power of community-led conservation.



Local groups initiated the effort after observing mass amphibian deaths. Wildlife cameras later captured over 2,200 amphibians using a tunnel in just one spring, along with other species like raccoons and bobcats, indicating wider ecosystem benefits.



This marks the first peer-reviewed, long-term data set in the northeastern U.S. confirming amphibian-specific underpasses work. 



The study urges transportation departments to incorporate these designs into road planning and highlights how community action, thoughtful infrastructure, and persistence can make a real difference for biodiversity.



The full study was published in the <a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1617138125000780" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal for Nature Conservation</a>.



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Wildlife tunnels save millions of amphibians

https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that...

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. 



The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.



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Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. 



Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.



Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. 



They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).



Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.



Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.



This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.



“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. 



The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.



“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;



“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”



The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;



The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.



Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Designing crops that can beat the heat

[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Carl...

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes the first comprehensive estimate of carbon density in the Saharan, Sahel, and Sudanian zones of Africa. In an effort to measure the amount of carbon stored across these drylands, a team of scientists used high-resolution satellite images and artificial intelligence to map nearly 10 billion individual trees. 



"The high spatial resolution (50 cm) combined with AI and field measurements used in this study is key to improving tree inventories in drylands," said Pierre Hiernaux, a French researcher working for NASA. "The ever-increasing availability of very high-resolution satellite imagery will make it possible to assess carbon pools and their dynamics at the individual tree level on a global scale."



"This study is exceptional because it is pioneering a type of approach that will revolutionize the monitoring of trees and forests on a global scale: in the short term, it will be possible to map the world's trees from the centre of the Amazon to our schoolyards," said <a href="https://www.inrae.fr/en">INRAE</a> researcher Jean-Pierre Wigneron.



"Many fields of application will become much more efficient and accurate, such as tracking carbon stocks, biodiversity, monitoring logging and protection against illegal forest degradation, in near real time.”



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Remote sensing will revolutionize the way we monitor trees

[sendtonews key="EjmSP20gQK-2593093-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.



According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."



Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;



ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. 



Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;



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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> features a visual dataset of.methane emissions from wetlands across the globe. Atmospheric methane levels have reached record highs in recent years, and wetlands are a major source of these emissions.&nbsp;



"Methane is an important greenhouse gas that contributes substantially to global warming. On a molecule by molecule basis, methane is much more efficient at trapping heat than carbon dioxide, the main driver of warming," says NASA.



"Though human activities, including agriculture, oil and natural gas production and use, and waste disposal, collectively contribute the majority of methane to the atmosphere, about a third of total methane emissions comes from wetlands."&nbsp;



According to NASA, understanding methane emissions from wetlands and other natural sources is critically important for scientists and policymakers who are working to combat climate change by reducing emissions from human activities.



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Wetlands are a major source of methane emissions

[sendtonews key="f8fukm28Vz-2491833-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

[sendtonews key="0879czfG3k-1785905-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from NASA...

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes how record-breaking heat expressed itself around the world in 2022.



Scientists have determined that 2022 was the 5th warmest year since 1880. Furthermore, the last nine consecutive years have been the warmest on record.



From devastating floods and wildfires to natural disasters like Hurricane Ian, 2022 showed us yet again how a warming climate affects people across the globe.&nbsp;



"As we look back at 20:22 and years past, we see that each year we better understand the challenges we face and how important it is to meet them," says NASA.



Video/ Image Credit: NASA Goddard



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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2022 illustrated the consequences of a warming climate

[sendtonews key="3UUsNkFOuS-2487333-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes Earth’s interconnected systems, and how this network is affected by rising temperatures.&nbsp;



During 2020, average global temperatures matched the hottest year on record. The hurricane season was also record-breaking, with many of the storms intensifying at extraordinary speeds. Hot water in the ocean is fuel for hurricanes. The satellite data shows that it's all one interconnected system showing how Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected.



According to NASA, dust swept up from Northern Africa plays a major role in the formation of hurricanes, and is also a key source of fertilization in the Amazon rainforest. As a result of<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-wasting-disease-is-fueled-by-climate-change/"> climate</a> change, dust plumes are expected to decline, which will have an effect on vegetation far away.&nbsp;



Images from Earth-observing satellites show how the world’s plant life is affected by natural disasters, fires, and deforestation. Satellites also reveal how widespread changes in vegetation impact waterways,&nbsp; the climate, air quality. Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on the Earth. "Earth From Space" is a groundbreaking two-hour special that reveals a spectacular new space-based vision of our planet. 



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected

[sendtonews key="JbW4VsY53O-1632195-12187" type="single"] Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected...

Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://welcome.miami.edu/">University of Miami</a> Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science explores how changes in water temperatures have affected tiger shark habitats and movements in the North Atlantic Ocean. The study reveals that rising temperatures have caused the sharks to shift toward the poles over the past 40 years.



“Tiger shark annual migrations have expanded poleward, paralleling rising water temperatures,” explained study lead author Neil Hammerschlag. “These results have consequences for tiger shark conservation, since shifts in their movements outside of marine protected areas may leave them more vulnerable to commercial fishing.”



The researchers analyzed nine years of tracking data from satellite-tagged tiger sharks, combined with four decades of conventional tag and recapture data provided by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Cooperative Shark Tagging Program.



The experts found that during the last decade of record heat, for every one-degree Celsius increase in water temperatures, tiger sharks migrated further poleward by over 400 kilometers. They also migrated two weeks earlier than usual to waters off the northeastern coast of the United States.



“Given their role as apex predators, these changes to tiger shark movements may alter predator-prey interactions, leading to ecological imbalances, and more frequent encounters with humans,” concluded Professor Hammerschlag.



Video Credit: University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Tiger sharks are shifting poleward as temperatures rise

Today’s Video of the Day from the University of Miami...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> is focused on the melt ponds that emerge during the spring and summer on the Greenland Ice Sheet, which is the largest ice mass in the northern hemisphere.



"Melt ponds are vast pools of open water that form on both sea ice and ice sheets and are visible as turquoise-blue pools of water in this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image," says ESA.



"When snow and ice melts atop glaciers, water flows in channels and streams and collects in depressions on the surface. These melt ponds can speed up the melting of the surrounding ice since they greatly reduce the ice’s ability to reflect sunlight."



"This can create a positive feedback where an increasing number of melt ponds absorb more heat which causes ice cover to melt even faster."



According to ESA, Greenland has been hit with a late-season heatwave that began in early September. This caused the type of melt event that usually occurs in the middle of summer.



"In a recent paper published in Nature Climate Change, scientists found that major sea-level rise from the melting of the Greenland ice cap is now ‘inevitable’ even if the burning of fossil fuels were to halt overnight," says ESA. "Using satellite observations of Greenland ice loss and ice cap from 2000 to 2019, the team found the losses will lead to a minimum rise of 27 cm regardless of climate change."



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Melt ponds on the Greenland Ice Sheet

[sendtonews key="qARzJPSabQ-2270617-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes how Earth is unique in our solar system for its ability to sustain liquid water on its surface. But now, the water cycle is shifting as the climate warms, and scientists must find ways to predict how these changes will affect water availability.



Overall, 96 percent of Earth's water is saltwater, and nearly all of freshwater is found in ice and groundwater. These sources of water are linked as it passes through solid, liquid and gas phases.



In a warmer climate, the water cycle will be transformed. It will be easier for water to evaporate and form clouds, and storms will become more frequent and intense. Some regions will get too much water, while others will be left without enough water. In addition, soil moisture will be lost - which threatens food security.



Scientists are using satellite data from over the last 40 years to track changes that are happening in the water cycle. This will ultimately help us prepare for extreme events and better manage our water resources, according to ESA.



Video Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Tracking changes in Earth's water cycle

[sendtonews key="fxH3eJHEkQ-2010196-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

Saturn,-,High,Resolution,3d,Images,Presents,Planets,Of,The

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard Space Flight Center</a> features images of Saturn from NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope. The photographs capture the start of the mysterious "spoke season" on Saturn - when unexplained features appear on its rings. 



According to NASA, both the cause of the spokes and their seasonal variability have yet to be fully explained by planetary scientists.



"Like Earth, Saturn is tilted on its axis and therefore has four seasons, though because of Saturn's much larger orbit, each season lasts approximately seven Earth years. Equinox occurs when the rings are tilted edge-on to the Sun," explains NASA.



"The spokes disappear when it is near summer or winter solstice on Saturn. (When the Sun appears to reach either its highest or lowest latitude in the northern or southern hemisphere of a planet.) As the autumnal equinox of Saturn's northern hemisphere on May 6, 2025, draws near, the spokes are expected to become increasingly prominent and observable."



Experts believe that the spokes may be a product of the planet's variable magnetic field. When magnetic fields interact with solar wind, an electrically charged environment is created. This phenomenon is visible on Earth as the northern lights.&nbsp;



"Scientists think that the smallest, dust-sized icy ring particles can become charged as well, which temporarily levitates those particles above the rest of the larger icy particles and boulders in the rings," says NASA.



The spokes were first observed in the early 1980s by NASA's Voyager mission. Depending on the angle of the rings, the spokes can appear dark or light.



"Thanks to Hubble's OPAL program, which is building an archive of data on the outer solar system planets, we will have longer dedicated time to study Saturn’s spokes this season than ever before," said NASA senior planetary scientist Amy Simon, head of the Hubble Outer Planet Atmospheres Legacy (OPAL) program.



"Despite years of excellent observations by the Cassini mission, the precise beginning and duration of the spoke season is still unpredictable, rather like predicting the first storm during hurricane season."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Mysterious "spoke season" captured on Saturn

[sendtonews key="Ccjk8KEMzv-2550719-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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