A nationally representative, wearables-based study has tracked Americans who said they did not do structured exercise. It found that short energy bursts - a median of just 1.1 minutes per day of brief, vigorous effort - was linked with a lower risk of death over roughly seven years.



The pattern was simple. People who racked up about five or six energy bursts per day, each usually around 10 seconds and all under one minute, tended to fare better than those who did none.



This work was led by Emmanuel Stamatakis at the <a href="https://www.sydney.edu.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Sydney</a>. The team focused on vigorous activity, meaning effort that makes breathing hard and raises heart rate clearly for short spans.



Researchers looked at death from any cause. The curve of benefit rose quickly at low amounts, then flattened, which means the biggest change showed up when going from zero to a little. 



That is important for people who find it hard to schedule <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/exercise-can-slow-aging-right-down-to-your-dna/">workouts</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-the-study-was-done">How the study was done</h2>



The sample came from <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NHANES</a> (the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey), a long-running U.S. program that links health records with device-measured movement. 



Participants wore a wrist accelerometer - a sensor that records motion dozens of times per second - for about a week.



The authors studied what they call Vigorous Intermittent Lifestyle Physical Activity (<a href="https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaoncology/fullarticle/2807734" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">VILPA</a>). 



That is the short, sharp effort that happens during normal life, like a very fast walk uphill, a quick run to catch a bus, or carrying heavy items up stairs.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-short-energy-bursts-mean">What short energy bursts mean</h2>



Two findings stood out. First, daily time VILPA showed a near-linear link with lower risk, and the median of 1.1 minutes per day corresponded to a hazard ratio of about 0.61 in models that accounted for many other factors. 



Second, doing roughly five to six short bursts per day captured most of the observed benefit in this group.



“VILPA is a bit like applying the principles of High <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/exercise-feels-better-when-its-matched-to-your-personality/">Intensity</a> Interval Training to your everyday life," Stamatakis explained. 



"We need to further investigate this link through robust trials, but it appears that VILPA may be a promising, cost free recommendation for lowering cancer risk in people who find structured exercise difficult or unappealing."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-comparing-with-other-studies">Comparing with other studies</h2>



Earlier U.K. Biobank <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-022-02100-x" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">research</a> reported that a sample median of 4.4 minutes per day of VILPA was associated with noticeably lower risks of all cause, cardiovascular, and cancer mortality. 



The U.S. study’s median dose is smaller, which may reflect differences in age, fitness, or baseline activity.



Cancer findings from the U.K. Biobank add useful context. 



A 2023 <a href="https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaoncology/fullarticle/2807734" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">analysis</a> of non-exercisers found that about 4.5 minutes per day of VILPA was linked to lower incident cancer risk, with the steepest gains when moving from none to a little.



A hazard ratio compares rates of an outcome between groups over time. Values below 1.0 indicate a lower rate in the more active group, values above 1.0 indicate a higher rate, and the confidence interval shows the range of uncertainty.



These numbers do not prove that short energy bursts caused the lower risk. They show a strong association after adjusting for many measured factors, which is informative for public health while we wait for further trials.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-energy-bursts-and-health">Energy bursts and health</h2>



Only about one quarter of U.S. adults meet both aerobic and strength targets, notes a CDC <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db443.htm" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">report</a>. 



Finding health linked to very short, vigorous effort embedded in daily life could help reach people who are not hitting those goals.



The signal shows up at low doses. That matters because many people cite time, cost, or access as barriers to regular exercise.



The U.S. cohort’s median VILPA time was just over a minute per day, and the median burst count was about five per day. 



Most bursts lasted around 10 seconds, which aligns with the way people actually move when life gets busy.



The dose-response curve rose quickly at first, then flattened around eight bursts per day in this dataset. That pattern supports the idea that small, repeatable effort may offer a meaningful step up from doing none.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-energy-bursts-and-future-health">Energy bursts and future health</h2>



Wearable sensors let scientists capture movement in 10-second windows, which makes it possible to study these micro patterns. That is a big advance over older surveys that missed very short efforts.



Future trials need to test whether nudging VILPA upward changes health markers directly. Those tests could use prompts during chores, commuting, or short work breaks.



This was an observational analysis, so unmeasured differences could still explain part of the link. People who feel better might move more, and some health risks are hard to measure perfectly at baseline.



Device limits matter too. Wrist sensors can misread certain tasks, and any single week of tracking may not reflect a person’s full year of movement.



Public health groups already say that all <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/one-form-of-exercise-is-shown-to-improve-sleep-the-most-according-to-studies/">movement</a> counts. VILPA adds a sharp, practical edge to that message by focusing on brief, intense efforts that do not require special gear or set times.



If ongoing work shows cause and effect, simple cues could help people add a handful of short energy bursts to tasks they already do. 



That kind of shift would be especially useful for those who do not visit gyms or prefer not to schedule workouts.



The study is published in <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.05.25333017v1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">medRxiv</a>.



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Just one minute of this exercise every day can literally add years to your life, says a new study

A nationally representative, wearables-based study has tracked Americans who said they did not do structured exercise. It found that short energy bursts - a median of just 1.1 minutes per day of brief, vigorous effort - was linked with a lower risk of death over roughly seven years. The pattern was simple. People who racked up about five or six energy bursts per day, each usually around 10 seconds and all under one minute, tended to fare better than those who did none. This work was led...

Fenugreek, known scientifically as Trigonella foenum-graecum, has long been valued for its dense nutritional content. 



It contains a notable amount of protein, fiber, and magnesium that can help meet daily needs without complicated meal planning. Many traditions have used these seeds for their subtle taste and nourishing properties.



<a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8976-5004" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Muhammad H. Alu’datt</a>, lead author of a recent study on fenugreek and its impact on human health, noted that fenugreek offers a unique combination of macronutrients and minerals that support daily health. 



The researchers highlighted that the seeds are especially rich in protein, magnesium, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tiny-chia-seed-packs-a-powerful-nutrient-punch/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">soluble fiber</a>, which can aid in muscle maintenance, blood sugar control, and digestion.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-early-uses-of-fenugreek-seeds">Early uses of fenugreek seeds</h2>



Fenugreek’s history crosses <a href="https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/trigonella-foenum-graecum/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">multiple cultures</a>. Some groups enjoy it as a cooking spice, while others appreciate its practical uses in daily life. 



Today, its popularity is growing because newer <a href="https://www.foodandnutritionjournal.org/volume12number1/glycemic-index-lowering-effects-of-defatted-fenugreek-seed-flakes-fenuflakestm-on-some-indian-food-preparations-a-randomized-controlled-clinical-study/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">findings</a> suggest these seeds might promote healthy muscle upkeep. One reason is the protein content, which helps maintain tissues vital for movement or exercise recovery.



A steady <a href="https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Magnesium-HealthProfessional/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">magnesium</a> intake is just as important for anyone trying to stay active. Fenugreek seeds offer this mineral in amounts that make it easier to reach the recommended daily target. 



Researchers have associated magnesium with basic metabolic reactions and muscle relaxation. This connection means that those who include fenugreek in their diets might notice fewer nagging muscle strains during busy weeks.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fenugreek-packs-a-nutritional-punch">Fenugreek packs a nutritional punch </h2>



Fenugreek has more than protein and magnesium. The first mention of <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology/galactomannan" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galactomannan</a> in fenugreek highlights the presence of a type of soluble fiber. 



This component seems to support a balanced digestive system by regulating intestinal movement.



Experts say the seeds also provide additional minerals, like iron and potassium, though <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/magnesium-threonate-is-best-supplement-for-improving-brain-health-says-neurologist/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">magnesium</a> often takes the spotlight for its role in muscle control.



Some find fenugreek seeds a bit chewy and slightly aromatic, especially when lightly crushed. Toasting them in a dry pan helps soften their sharper notes. 



People who prefer milder textures can soak them overnight and blend them into dips for an easy way to boost daily protein.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-muscle-support-and-normal-digestion">Muscle support and normal digestion</h2>



A balanced diet with plenty of protein often supports muscle tissue. Fenugreek participates as an excellent plant-based source that contains amino acids, which may aid in muscle repair. 



Those dealing with a hectic schedule can <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hemp-seeds-could-be-a-game-changer-as-an-alternative-protein-source/">toss </a>these seeds into rice dishes or soups. Substituting other condiments with crushed fenugreek seeds may enhance taste and add a nutrient advantage.



Fiber in fenugreek seeds also promotes satiety, which can help manage portion sizes. Combined with water, certain components in these seeds expand and encourage a feeling of comfortable fullness. 



A calmer digestive experience often follows, because fiber is <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/endocrinology/articles/10.3389/fendo.2022.906690/full" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">linked</a> to a steady glycemic response as well.



The result is more stable energy, which comes in handy for maintaining an active routine.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-everyday-pointers-for-using-fenugreek">Everyday pointers for using fenugreek</h2>



Ground fenugreek powder goes well with marinades or rubs on lean meat. It can also flavor vegetarian stews, giving them a subtle, savory edge. 



Some prefer a cooled fenugreek “<a href="https://fullleafteacompany.com/pages/what-is-fenugreek-tea-history-benefits-more?srsltid=AfmBOopmdXsVkS1d6fw4b7tTWDF-z15ud4uWYDuOdHXPFxNPH_ZWKWgt" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tea</a>,” steeped briefly to highlight its mild, nutty essence. Others go for fenugreek sprouts in salads or sandwiches, which add an extra crunch packed with vitamins.



Alu’datt and colleagues emphasized that moderate daily intake of fenugreek can contribute to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/klotho-s-kl-protein-discovered-boosts-lifespan-muscle-brain-power-with-one-dose/">muscle</a> support and digestion. 



They recommended consistent use in small amounts, but cautioned that guidance from a health professional is essential before introducing new ingredients into a regular diet.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nursing-mothers-and-fenugreek-seeds">Nursing mothers and fenugreek seeds</h2>



Fenugreek may also help women during breastfeeding. In a clinical trial with 78 nursing mothers, those who consumed fenugreek seed tea reported increased milk supply. 



Babies in that group showed improved growth in weight, length, and head circumference compared to those in the control group.



This seed may also play a role in blood sugar balance. Another recent <a href="https://www.foodandnutritionjournal.org/volume12number1/glycemic-index-lowering-effects-of-defatted-fenugreek-seed-flakes-fenuflakestm-on-some-indian-food-preparations-a-randomized-controlled-clinical-study/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">study</a> involving 62 people with type 2 diabetes showed that taking fenugreek powder twice daily for two months led to reduced blood glucose and body mass index. 



Researchers believe this effect comes from the seed’s high <a href="https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/002136.htm" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">soluble fiber</a>, which can slow sugar absorption and blunt post-meal spikes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-improves-well-being">Improves well-being</h2>



Frequent bloating or other digestive troubles motivate many individuals to look for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plant-based-foods-promote-weight-loss-regardless-of-processing/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plant foods</a> that are less burdensome. Fenugreek’s soluble fiber might soothe common issues. 



It can support the <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/87559120600586315" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">microbiota</a> that line the gut, which may encourage both nutrient absorption and comfort after meals.



Many simply appreciate how fenugreek offers variety in the kitchen. Livening up everyday staples with an extra layer of flavor encourages healthy eating. 



The seeds might also suit those exploring legume-based diets, since fenugreek belongs to the same family as lentils and beans.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sensible-measures-and-professional-advice">Sensible measures and professional advice</h2>



Healthy adults often do well with moderate amounts of fenugreek, but cautious steps are wise for some. If individuals have special conditions, it’s good to speak with a dietitian or physician before altering meals. 



Most find no problems when integrating fenugreek into a varied diet. A steady intake of these seeds can <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/archaeologists-find-hallucinogenic-seeds-in-ancient-bones-black-henbane/">complement</a> a plan that includes quality proteins, vegetables, and fruits.



Athletes and those who train regularly sometimes find fenugreek beneficial due to its <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/this-high-protein-fruit-prunes-strengthens-muscles-and-bones-in-people-over-45/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">high protein</a> content. It’s considered a simple way to refuel muscles without an abrupt shift in meal routines. 



Adding water-rich vegetables with fenugreek seeds can also enhance hydration, which is valuable during intense exercise.



The study is published in the <a href="https://ift.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1750-3841.16970" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of Food Science</a>.



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This seed is rich in protein, magnesium, and helps grow muscle mass

Fenugreek, known scientifically as Trigonella foenum-graecum, has long been valued...

Does free will stand up to the unpredictability of quantum physics? Some scientists believe that new experiments could resolve whether our choices are truly our own or shaped by hidden rules of nature.



In a recent study, researchers proposed a method to explore whether we have complete <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/if-ai-has-free-will-whos-responsible-when-things-go-wrong/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">choice</a> in quantum scenarios or only partial control. 



According to Adán Cabello of the <a href="https://ics-seville.org/university-of-seville/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Seville</a>, personal opinions are irrelevant. He emphasized that only what can be proven through math and experiments truly matters.



Cabello worked alongside Ravishankar Ramanathan and Carlos Vieira at <a href="https://repository.hku.hk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The University of Hong Kong</a> to investigate how freedom of choice holds up in entangled settings.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-quantum-physics-challenges-free-will">Quantum physics challenges "free will"</h2>



Our sense of autonomy has always been tied to deep questions about mind and matter. <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/physics-and-astronomy/quantum-nonlocality" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Non-locality</a> is a feature in quantum science that shows how measurements on pairs of <a href="https://scienceexchange.caltech.edu/topics/quantum-science-explained/entanglement" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">entangled particles</a> can stay in sync even if they’re separated by large distances.



One way to explore this is by testing <a href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/bell-theorem/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Bell’s inequality</a>, a measure that has often signaled that quantum effects can’t be explained by classical rules alone.



Teams have tested special arrangements to see if hidden factors control how experimental devices operate, limiting free <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humans-do-not-have-free-will-stanford-scientist-robert-sapolsky/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">will</a>. 



Still, such investigations need to rule out any shortcuts by which signals or instructions might leak into the process.



“This is done now,” said <a href="https://www.unige.ch/gap/qic/gisin/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nicolas Gisin</a> at the <a href="https://www.unige.ch/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Geneva</a> in Switzerland. He was referring to repeated efforts showing that quantum correlations violate classical predictions in a robust way.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-free-will-vs-religion">Free will vs. religion</h2>



Cabello suggests that if partial free will is ruled out, it may affect how some believers view the tension between an all-knowing deity and the human capacity to choose. 



The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/highlighting-scientific-consensus-on-climate-change-shifts-beliefs/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">conflict</a> arises from the idea that limited control might reconcile divine foreknowledge with moral accountability, yet a strict test could shake that view.



Some theologians draw on centuries of discourse about free will, divine omniscience, and moral responsibility. 



Scholars examining these issues say that scientific data might not provide all the answers but could encourage fresh thinking on how much choice we actually have.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-quantum-tech-depends-on-true-free-will">Quantum tech depends on true free will</h2>



Beyond religious or philosophical questions, practical developments may follow. 



<a href="https://www.technologyreview.com/2019/02/14/103409/what-is-quantum-communications/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Quantum communication</a> relies on outcomes that cannot be prearranged or influenced by outside signals, so verifying that measurements are truly independent bolsters security and randomness in these technologies.



Supercomputers built on quantum principles also depend on genuine <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/why-some-people-believe-conspiracy-theories/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">unpredictability</a> to carry out tasks that surpass classical methods. 



If hidden constraints existed, engineers would need new ways to certify the reliability of quantum-based devices.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-this-matters-beyond-the-lab">Why this matters beyond the lab</h2>



The findings could reshape how scientists design future experiments in physics and beyond. 



If even partial restrictions on freedom can be ruled out, then researchers may need to rethink how they simulate natural processes, including those used in artificial intelligence or brain modeling.



These insights might also influence how we approach ethics and responsibility in systems that learn or evolve. 



If machines ever operate under constraints similar to those in quantum systems, understanding where limits lie, whether in data, decisions, or control, becomes essential for trust and accountability.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-quantum-laws-might-shape-free-will">Quantum laws might shape free will</h2>



Psychologists and neuroscientists may soon draw on this research to revisit <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/our-decisions-are-shaped-by-optimistic-and-pessimistic-neurons/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">how decisions are formed</a> in the brain. 



If parts of human choice are influenced by deep physical rules, models of cognition might need to reflect a tighter relationship between physics and psychology.



Social sciences could also feel the impact. Ideas about agency, blame, and motivation often assume people can always act freely. 



But if some actions are subtly shaped by hidden conditions, new theories may be needed to explain behavior without assuming full autonomy.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bridging-science-and-philosophy">Bridging science and philosophy</h2>



Educators may find these ideas helpful for sparking discussions that cross between physics and philosophy. 



Students exploring ethics, theology, or <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/social-observation-our-decisions-shift-when-people-are-watching/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">decision theory</a> can now connect those concepts with real-world experiments testing the boundaries of human freedom.



As more high school and college courses include quantum topics, this work offers an entry point to examine how science and belief systems intersect. 



Instead of treating physics and philosophy as separate silos, these findings encourage a richer, interdisciplinary view of what it means to choose.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-can-humans-accept-determinism">Can humans accept determinism?</h2>



“We’ve either got to face the fact that the world is indeterministic, or that the world is deterministic and we have to explain Bell’s theorem,” says <a href="https://www.ox.ac.uk/news-and-events/find-an-expert/professor-tim-palmer" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Tim Palmer</a> at the <a href="https://www.ox.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Oxford</a>. 



Palmer studies <a href="https://journals.aps.org/pr/abstract/10.1103/PhysRev.47.777" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">superdeterminism</a>,or the idea that events are thoroughly choreographed by physics from the start, and thinks the new work could help to do the latter, saying, “Within my view, we have to explain Bell’s theorem within the deterministic world.”



He believes that, for certain interpretations, the path to explaining these effects may force us to accept deterministic rules that clash with a broad notion of free choice.



Researchers continue to refine experiments to see if superdeterminism might explain quantum patterns. Others stand by the view that chance exists in the universe and that our own choices remain independent within those probabilistic boundaries.



For better, or for worse, the answer will soon become clear. Stay tuned.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-025-59247-7" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Communications</a>.



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Do humans truly have free will? New quantum experiment will find the definitive answer

Does free will stand up to the unpredictability of quantum...

Diseño sin título - 1

Many adults worry about preserving muscle and bone as they grow older. Nutrient-packed foods can make a difference, and one fruit has been getting a lot of attention in this regard.



One of the researchers investigating this fruit’s benefits is <a href="https://hhd.psu.edu/contact/mary-jane-de-souza" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dr. Mary Jane De Souza</a> from <a href="https://hhd.psu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Penn State</a>. Her work focuses on how it contributes to muscle mass and bone structure, especially in people over 45 who are facing the natural changes that come with menopause.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-muscles-and-bones-need-extra-attention">Why muscles and bones need extra attention</h2>



A gradual loss of lean tissue can affect physical performance. Reduced bone density can also leave a person more prone to fractures. Individuals who want a balanced and enjoyable life after 45 often look for reliable dietary strategies that fit into a simple routine. Some studies have begun to explore how particular <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/black-gold-the-vitamin-packed-fruit-that-regulates-blood-sugar-and-blood-pressure/">fruits</a> might fill that need.



Prunes contain a significant amount of nutrients, including vitamins and polyphenols. <a href="https://www.chhs.colostate.edu/krnc/monthly-blog/what-are-polyphenols-another-great-reason-to-eat-fruits-and-veggies/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Polyphenols</a> are chemical compounds linked with antioxidant properties that may support healthy cells. Researchers have suggested that prunes might not only aid digestion but also help keep muscles and bones in decent shape.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unique-elements-in-prunes">Unique elements in prunes</h2>



The discussion around prunes often highlights fiber, but that’s not the only draw. Experts have pointed out that prunes carry components that are important for muscle support. Some references have also shown they can increase levels of <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9526830/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">IGF-1</a>, which plays a role in normal bone development and muscle growth.



There is also a natural compound known as sorbitol, and certain acids that can influence blood sugar management. Prunes appear to slow sugar absorption while helping the body handle glucose. Some studies connect these qualities to better energy balance throughout the day.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-the-latest-research-found">What the latest research found</h2>



“This is the first randomized controlled trial to look at three-dimensional bone outcomes with respect to bone structure, geometry, and estimated strength,” said Dr. De Souza. Scientists at Penn State tested how prunes affect bone structure in postmenopausal <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plant-based-diet-improves-health-in-women-with-breast-cancer/">women</a>. Their data suggests that a daily serving of prunes seems to slow typical bone changes seen in women after they stop having menstrual cycles.



In that investigation, people who ate at least four to six prunes per day saw noticeable stability in bone density measurements. The study showed that many participants who consumed prunes preserved bone quality over the course of a year.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-benefits-for-women-after-menopause">Benefits for women after menopause</h2>



For women past 45, menopause means shifting hormone levels and a greater chance of bone mineral density loss. One <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38349471/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">trial</a> revealed that routine prune intake kept certain bone markers stable in this group. One portion of research also highlighted how prunes help support cholesterol and antioxidant capacity.



Further data has shown that prunes are tied to a better gut environment. Some participants appeared to experience fewer changes associated with inflammation when adding prunes into their diets. Scientists theorize that healthy gut microbes and reduced inflammatory markers might have an important link to bone strength.



Researchers found that not everyone responds to prunes the same way. In one study, women with more diverse <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4290017/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gut microbiomes</a> were more likely to benefit from the fruit’s bone-supporting effects.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-many-prunes-may-be-helpful">How many prunes may be helpful</h2>



Some experts encourage daily consumption of around 50 grams of prunes, which equals five or six pieces. This moderate serving size seems enough to deliver benefits without too many extra calories or sugars. People can easily add prunes to salads, cereals, or just enjoy them on their own.



Many individuals in research studies were also advised to take in enough calcium and vitamin D. That suggests a broader approach to diet and daily habits is still essential. Yet, prunes have a particular identity as an easy snack that adds fiber, minerals, and certain vitamins.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-weight-gain-isn-t-always-the-answer">Why weight gain isn't always the answer</h2>



Some participants in the control group, who didn’t eat prunes, still improved their bone density. These women tended to have a higher <a href="https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/calculate-your-bmi" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">body mass index (BMI)</a> and more body fat overall, which may have played a role in protecting their bones through increased weight-bearing pressure.



However, higher BMI can also lead to health issues like <a href="https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes/overview/what-is-diabetes/prediabetes-insulin-resistance" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">insulin resistance</a>, which were seen in these participants. The prune group, on the other hand, gained bone support without relying on excess weight or related metabolic risks.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-promise-of-further-exploration">The promise of further exploration</h2>



While prunes are no substitute for medication or a doctor’s advice, some researchers see real potential in this fruit. They also emphasize getting a healthy mix of exercise, which might help maintain lean mass and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/organic-molecules-collagen-discovered-in-66-million-year-old-dinosaur-bones/">bone</a> density as people age.



Continued research points to a strong connection between natural compounds in prunes and measurable differences in skeletal support. More studies may clarify how prunes influence healthy gut bacteria or whether certain individuals benefit more than others.



The study is published in <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnut.2024.1389638/full" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Frontiers in Nutrition</a>.



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High-protein fruit strengthens muscles and bones in those over 45

Many adults worry about preserving muscle and bone as they...

It started with a single clay device found at an old settlement in northwestern Saudi Arabia that contained a small residue - hinting at a plant that might reveal medical or sensory secrets.



Scientists soon identified a psychoactive herb that people apparently burned and inhaled over two millennia ago. Peganum harmala is a desert shrub locally known as harmal.



The study, led by Dr. Barbara Huber and Professor Marta Luciani of the Max Planck Institute of Geoanthropology and the <a href="https://www.univie.ac.at/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Vienna</a>, was based on careful chemical analysis.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-where-harmal-was-burned">Where harmal was burned</h2>



<a href="https://whitelevy.fas.harvard.edu/unearthing-qurayyah-i-report-2015-2019-excavation-seasons" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Qurayyah</a> was a major oasis settlement during the Bronze and Iron Ages, located in what is now northwestern Saudi Arabia. It’s known for its distinctive pottery style called Qurayyah Painted Ware and for its long-term human occupation.



The discovery of multiple fumigation devices within homes - not temples or tombs - suggests that burning <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/pharmacology-toxicology-and-pharmaceutical-science/peganum-harmala" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Peganum harmala</a> was a routine part of domestic life. 



The plant is a perennial herbaceous species with a woody underground rootstock. It is known for its antibacterial, psychoactive, and therapeutic properties, and not just reserved for ceremonial use.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-harmal-in-daily-life">Harmal in daily life</h2>



The researchers focused on residue inside pottery from the site known as Qurayyah and used advanced techniques to see what ancient people might have been inhaling.



“Our findings represent chemical evidence for the earliest known burning of harmal, not just in Arabia, but globally,” said Barbara Huber. 



Another team member highlighted the plant’s possible antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and mood-altering <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fruits-and-plants-are-powerful-allies-for-disease-prevention/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">effects</a>. The settlement context suggests people chose harmal for both practical and personal reasons.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-harmal-burning-was-deliberate">Harmal burning was deliberate</h2>



To identify the burned substance, the team used high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (<a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2359828/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">HPLC-MS/MS</a>). This method allowed them to detect specific chemical markers left behind, even in tiny, degraded samples.



The technique zeroed in on two key compounds (<a href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Harmine" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">harmine</a> and <a href="https://www.acslab.com/research-development/harmane-guide-effects-benefits-risks-and-legality" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">harmane</a>) that are known hallmarks of Peganum harmala. Their presence confirmed that the plant was intentionally used, not just accidentally present.



The researchers believe that harmal seeds were probably collected, dried, and stored before being burned. The high oil content in the seeds made them ideal for slow, consistent combustion.



The presence of specialized burners in domestic spaces suggests that harmal use was organized and intentional, not a random act. These devices were likely handled with care to avoid overexposure or waste.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-harmal-is-still-used-today">Harmal is still used today</h2>



The seeds of this shrub contain active <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18523842/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">alkaloids</a> that can affect serotonin and other chemicals in the brain. This can bring on mild to strong reactions, depending on the amount and the method of use.



Modern users in some regions burn harmal in homes. The harmal smoke is known for its pungent scent and is said to clear out negative <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/herbal-remedies-are-raising-new-concerns/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">influences</a> and pests.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ancient-healing-role">Ancient healing role</h2>



Traditionally, harmal has been used in folk remedies for toothaches, headaches, and other types of pain. It has been brewed as tea or burned for direct inhalation.



Because of its antibacterial <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-identify-medicinal-fungi-with-potential-to-slow-down-nervous-system-diseases/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">qualities</a>, this plant might have served as a rudimentary disinfectant. That approach makes sense in a busy oasis settlement that needed consistent hygiene.



Unlike drinking or eating harmal, inhaling the smoke delivers its active compounds through the lungs. This can change how quickly and how strongly people feel the effects.



Fumigation may have offered a milder, controlled experience, useful for treating symptoms without the risks tied to higher oral doses or hallucinations.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dosage-effect-on-mood-pain">Dosage effect on mood, pain</h2>



Harmal smoke can trigger sensations that border on hallucinogenic. Experts say heavy doses may produce a unique mental state, while mild inhalation often brings relief from minor aches.



Some ancient communities may have used this practice for emotional wellness. The environment at Qurayyah probably fostered a need for both spiritual comfort and everyday health support.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-burning-plants-in-ancient-rituals">Burning plants in ancient rituals</h2>



Across many ancient cultures, fumigation wasn’t just about scent or sanitation. Burning certain plants played a role in rituals, healing, and warding off misfortune.



The use of harmal smoke at Qurayyah may have mirrored practices seen elsewhere, where plant-burning served both spiritual and protective functions in daily life.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tools-unlock-ancient-practices">Tools unlock ancient practices</h2>



Archaeologists see these findings as a reminder that local communities often identify and develop complex plant uses. Everyday objects, such as simple burners, can hold chemical data that bring hidden practices to light.



“We’re preserving not only objects, but the intangible cultural heritage of ancient knowledge that still holds relevance in local communities today,” said Ahmed M. Abualhassan, co-director of the Qurayyah project.



The possibilities stretch beyond archaeology, resonating with ethnobotany, anthropology, and heritage studies.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-insights-into-natural-medicine">Insights into natural medicine </h2>



Traditional healing methods using plants like harmal are still practiced in parts of the Middle East. But with modernization and urbanization, much of this knowledge is fading fast.



By tracing the deep history of these practices, researchers are helping preserve cultural memory and open doors for new insights in natural medicine.



The study is published in <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s42003-025-08096-7" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Communications Biology</a>.



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Ancient Arabians used psychoactive herbs to heal and protect

It started with a single clay device found at an...

Wrist-worn fitness trackers have become everyday companions. From counting steps to checking heart rate, these devices promise insights into our health. Among them, the Apple Watch leads the market, worn by millions daily. But as their popularity grows, an important question remains: are these devices truly accurate?



People use wearable <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/forever-chemicals-found-in-fitness-trackers-and-smartwatch-bands/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">technology</a> to make choices about exercise, health, and recovery. With that much influence, even small inaccuracies could cause big problems. Overtraining, misreading health warnings, or making flawed decisions might follow. 



To understand this better, a research team from the <a href="https://olemiss.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Mississippi</a> investigated how well the Apple Watch performs across different settings.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-apple-watch-tracks-well">What Apple Watch tracks well</h2>



Professor Minsoo Kang and doctoral student Ju-Pil Choe conducted a detailed review. They analyzed 56 peer-reviewed studies comparing <a href="https://www.apple.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Apple</a> Watch data to standard medical-grade tools. Their focus included three major metrics: heart rate, step count, and energy expenditure.



The researchers also considered how accuracy varied across Apple Watch <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/flexible-wearable-devices-could-track-astronaut-health-in-space/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">models</a>, user ages, physical conditions, and workout types. The goal was to give consumers and professionals a grounded view of what the device gets right and what it doesn’t.



According to Choe, that clarity is vital. "If people are using them to make decisions about their workouts or even medical conditions, the data should be accurate," he said. "If the numbers are off, it could lead to confusion, overtraining or even miss health warnings."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rapid-growth-of-wearable-technology">Rapid growth of wearable technology </h2>



Wearables have exploded in popularity. In 2015, only about one in eight Americans used activity monitors. By 2019, wearable technology had climbed to the top of global fitness trends. This growth continues, cutting across age, fitness level, and even health status.



Devices like the Apple Watch offer users a sense of control. People feel empowered to track progress, stay active, and even detect irregular heart rhythms. 



But trust in that data depends on how well the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/smartwatches-could-help-prevent-the-next-pandemic/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">device</a> performs in real-life conditions. That's why Kang and Choe’s work is so important. It pushes beyond hype and asks hard questions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-accurate-are-the-numbers">How accurate are the numbers</h2>



After analyzing results across studies, the researchers found clear patterns. For heart rate, the Apple Watch performed well. It had a mean absolute percent error of just 4.43 percent, which is within an acceptable range. Step count measurements also showed decent accuracy, with an 8.17 percent error rate.



However, the real problem came with calorie tracking. The device’s estimates for energy expenditure showed a much larger error, 27.96 percent. That means the calorie numbers users see can be quite far from reality. 



This inaccuracy was consistent across different types of workouts, including walking, running, cycling, and interval training.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-apple-watch-helps-with-habits">Apple Watch helps with habits</h2>



These results raise an important issue. Should people rely on their Apple Watch to make health decisions? According to Kang, the answer is no. While the device serves as a useful support tool, especially during recovery, it does not replace clinical methods.



"These devices are great for keeping track of habits and staying motivated," he said. "But do not take every number as 100% truth, especially the calories. Think of it as a helpful guide, not a diagnostic tool. It is useful but not perfect."



The gap between perceived and actual accuracy could mislead users, especially those with health concerns. Fitness enthusiasts may overtrain if they think they haven’t burned enough calories. Others might miss signs of fatigue or illness.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-improvements-with-newer-models">Improvements with newer models</h2>



The researchers found some hope in the data. Newer Apple Watch models performed slightly better than earlier versions. This suggests that Apple is continuously improving its sensor technology and algorithms.



"While we cannot say every update is a big leap forward, there is a noticeable trend of gradual improvements over time," Choe said. "It shows that Apple is refining the technology over time."



That means today’s Apple Watches are more accurate than models from five years ago. Still, calorie tracking remains the weakest link, showing the need for more development in that area.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-guidance-for-users-and-makers">Guidance for users and makers</h2>



The study aims to do more than inform consumers. Kang hopes the findings can help tech developers improve future models and build trust in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/smartwatches-can-now-detect-cardiac-arrest/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">product</a>.



"By showing where the weaknesses are, we can help developers get real feedback," he said. "If they know what needs to be fixed, they can design better sensors or algorithms."



"Our findings can guide improvements and help make these devices more useful for both everyday users and health care providers."



The study stands as a reminder that wearables, while promising, still have limits. They offer motivation and basic insights, but not medical-level accuracy. Users should stay aware of what these devices can and cannot do.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-useful-companion-not-a-clinician">A useful companion, not a clinician</h2>



The Apple Watch delivers strong performance in tracking heart rate and steps. That alone can help people stay consistent and motivated. But when it comes to calorie counting, the numbers may mislead.



Wearable devices are improving, but they still need refining. Researchers like Kang and Choe are helping bridge the gap between tech enthusiasm and scientific accuracy. 



Ultimately, the study helps users make better choices and helps manufacturers know where to improve. If you wear an Apple Watch, just remember - it’s a companion, not a clinician.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1361-6579/adca82" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Physiological Measurement</a>.



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Fitness tracking: Apple Watch is helpful, but not always right

Wrist-worn fitness trackers have become everyday companions. From counting steps...

A seed with a firm reputation has sparked fresh interest among nutrition enthusiasts. It contains high amounts of minerals and protein that seem to benefit many areas of human health.



Amaranth is considered a pseudocereal, which means it is used like a cereal grain, yet it belongs to a different botanical group. <a href="https://scholar.google.com/citations?hl=en&amp;user=7Q1FcckAAAAJ&amp;" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dr. Julieta M. Lopez-Martinez</a> notes that this seed’s calcium and iron content is significant enough to get people talking about its potential to keep bones strong and reduce the chances of unhealthy cell changes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-amaranth-seeds-nutritional-makeup">Amaranth seeds' nutritional makeup</h2>



Amaranth <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hemp-seeds-could-be-a-game-changer-as-an-alternative-protein-source/">seeds</a> contain amino acids that help the body in different ways. They offer a good balance of essential nutrients that are often missing in standard wheat-based foods.



Their level of vitamins, including vitamin A, helps the body maintain healthy tissue. They also have magnesium and potassium, minerals important for well-rounded nutrition. 



One <a href="https://www.ssph-journal.org/journals/public-health-reviews/articles/10.3389/phrs.2024.1607597/full" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">study</a> shows that amaranth seeds are a nutritious gluten-free food that has long been part of diets in South and Central America. 



This same source highlights that amaranth supports individuals who prefer or require diets without wheat.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-bone-health-matters">Why bone health matters</h2>



Maintaining strong bones can lower the chance of issues like osteoporosis. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/calcium-zinc-are-keys-to-healthier-pregnancy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Calcium is a key mineral</a> for keeping bones dense and sturdy.



Low bone density tends to appear as we age, but a balanced diet can help reduce the likelihood of fractures or osteopenia, which is the stage before full bone density loss.



 Amaranth brings a notable amount of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/calcium-zinc-are-keys-to-healthier-pregnancy/">calcium</a> to a meal, which can encourage better skeletal strength.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-amaranth-seeds-vs-other-grains">Amaranth seeds vs. other grains</h2>



When compared to wheat or corn, amaranth stands out for its higher levels of <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10651908/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lysine</a>, an essential amino acid that supports tissue repair and calcium absorption. 



Most common grains are low in lysine, making amaranth a more complete protein source, especially for people who avoid animal products.



It also has more iron and magnesium than rice or oats, according to <a href="https://www.usda.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">USDA</a> data. 



These added nutrients help fill common dietary gaps and may reduce the need for supplements in some cases, particularly for people with increased nutrient demands.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-protecting-cells-from-harm">Protecting cells from harm</h2>



Scientists have explored amaranth’s role in keeping certain cells healthier by limiting damage. The seed contains squalene, a plant-based oil that acts as part of the body’s line of defense against free radicals.



Free radicals are unstable molecules that can harm cells when present in excess amounts, so having <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/shrimp-proven-to-be-a-nutritional-treasure-packed-with-antioxidants/">antioxidants</a> around is thought to reduce the burden on tissues. 



The reduced damage may translate to fewer abnormal growths. Some researchers suggest that this seed may also help reinforce the immune system’s regular defenses.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-making-it-part-of-daily-meals">Making it part of daily meals</h2>



Amaranth seeds work well in dishes like soups or cereals. Their mild taste blends nicely with many recipes.



People with <a href="https://celiac.org/about-celiac-disease/what-is-celiac-disease/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">celiac disease</a>, a condition marked by sensitivity to gluten, sometimes struggle to find grain alternatives. 



Amaranth’s natural gluten-free profile allows them to enjoy baked goods without risking inflammation in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/healthy-humans-have-shockingly-different-digestive-systems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">digestive system</a>. It can also help regulate overall calorie intake because it has protein and fiber that lead to more satiety.



Including amaranth in easy dishes like salads or morning porridge is a handy way to build variety. 



Experts also encourage soaking or lightly heating the seeds to boost mineral absorption by reducing <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/food-science/phytate" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">phytate</a>, a substance that binds certain nutrients.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-boosting-fitness-controlling-weight">Boosting fitness, controlling weight</h2>



Protein plays an essential part in muscle growth and repair. Athletes and gym enthusiasts often search for nutritious foods that fit well with their routines.



Many of them try protein-rich snacks that maintain energy and curb hunger. Amaranth’s protein can <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/klotho-s-kl-protein-discovered-boosts-lifespan-muscle-brain-power-with-one-dose/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">encourage muscle upkeep</a>, which is vital for regular exercise sessions. Its mixture of protein, fiber, and moderate carbs helps the body refuel.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-to-eat-amaranth-seeds-daily">How to eat amaranth seeds daily</h2>



When the immune system weakens, everything from seasonal illnesses to more serious ailments can arise. Amaranth’s vitamins and minerals are valuable for keeping these natural defenses on track.



Amaranth <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sunflower-seeds-toxic-carcinogen/">seeds</a> supply vitamin C, vitamin E, and other micronutrients to support the body’s response to daily stressors. 



Some references also indicate that consistent consumption may help individuals meet their nutritional quotas for the day.



Amaranth can be popped in a hot pan. It can be boiled for about 20 minutes in a pot of water. It works well as a thickener in soups, adding both texture and extra minerals.



Grinding it into flour allows bakers to experiment with gluten-free breads or pancakes. Some people try it in smoothies for a simple morning meal. Moderation is still wise, but the overall nutritional package can support a healthy eating plan.



The study is published in <a href="https://researcherslinks.com/current-issues/Amaranth-Seeds-A-Promising/14/8/7110/html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Sarhad Journal of Agriculture</a>.



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This seed, rich in calcium and iron, prevents tumors and keeps bones strong

A seed with a firm reputation has sparked fresh interest...

When neuroscientist Nuri Jeong flew home to South Korea, she expected a bittersweet reunion with her grandmother, whose Alzheimer’s disease had advanced to the point that close relatives said she no longer recognized them.



Yet, the moment Jeong walked in the door, her grandmother smiled in recognition. “I hadn’t seen her in six years, but she recognized me,” Jeong recalled. 



“It made me wonder how the brain distinguishes between familiar and new experiences.” That question propelled Jeong into a years-long investigation of spatial learning. 



The findings reveal that learning a place depends not just on firing bursts of excitatory neurons, but also on carefully timed lulls in a different class of cells: inhibitory parvalbumin interneurons, or PVs, which are located in the hippocampus.



Jeong is a former graduate researcher in the lab of Annabelle Singer in the Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering at <a href="https://www.gatech.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Georgia Tech</a> and Emory University. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-learning-s-unexpected-pathways">Learning's unexpected pathways</h2>



Most work on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-our-brains-build-mental-maps-of-the-world/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">spatial memory</a> zeroes in on the excitatory cells that transmit electrical signals across the brain. Jeong and Singer flipped the script. They wondered whether moment-to-moment shifts in inhibition might control when, or even whether, new memories form.



“Think of PVs as a kind of circuit breaker that keeps our brain circuits from going haywire,” Singer explained.



“This research shows that inhibition isn’t static but plays a much more dynamic role in how we learn and remember. It isn’t just about putting the brakes on to keep our brains in check. It’s about precisely timing the release of inhibition to let the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cells-called-astrocytes-help-human-brains-store-massive-amounts-of-information/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">brain</a> rapidly encode important information.”



The hippocampus - often called the brain’s GPS - was the ideal place to look. When mice explore, specialized “place cells” in the hippocampus fire in patterns that map out location. In classic theories, stronger place-cell firing equals stronger memory. Jeong suspected the real story was more nuanced.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-experiments-test-the-brain-s-memory">Experiments test the brain's memory</h2>



The researchers outfitted mice with tiny optical fibers and used optogenetics, shining pulses of light that could either quiet or activate PVs.



Thousands of neurons fired while the animals ran through a virtual-reality maze projected on surrounding screens. Hidden somewhere in the digital scenery was a reward. Each time a mouse discovered the prize, the software shifted its position, forcing the animal to learn again.



As the mice homed in on the reward zone, PV activity dipped. Crucially, that dip occurred before the animal actually reached the prize, hinting that the lapse in inhibition cleared a brief neural runway for new learning.



“We were surprised that PVs decreased their firing as animals approach a learned reward zone,” Singer said. “The decrease actually predicted the reward. This challenges the traditional idea that more neural activity always equates to learning.”



When the team prevented the PV lull - keeping <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/inhibition-good-psychological-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">inhibition</a> high right up to the reward - the mice failed to learn. Without that fleeting slack in the neural chain, excitatory circuits apparently could not rewire.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-insights-into-alzheimer-s">New insights into Alzheimer’s </h2>



Singer believes the work reframes how neuroscientists view diseases marked by memory loss. “When we think of Alzheimer’s, we often think about an overactive brain,” she said.



“But it isn’t just a volume problem. It’s a timing and location problem. If inhibition isn’t decreasing in the right place at the right moments, the brain may struggle to form new memories.”



The findings suggest that therapies need not simply tamp down global overactivity; instead, they might target the precise micro-rhythms of inhibition.



Noninvasive brain stimulation protocols, for instance, could aim to nudge PVs into better-timed fluctuations, allowing excitatory networks to store memories again.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-learning-after-setbacks"><a></a>Learning after setbacks</h2>



Jeong’s own journey mirrors the seesaw of excitation and inhibition she studies. Before finishing her PhD in 2023, she survived an auto accident that paused her lab work for months. During recovery, she reflected on ways to bridge neuroscience and everyday performance. 



She now runs a consultancy, <a href="https://www.goalsunhindered.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Goals Unhindered</a>, translating brain science into corporate training.



“But my first love was research,” Jeong said. “This study is a reminder for me that inhibition in the brain, like setbacks in life, isn’t just about stopping activity. It’s about learning and shaping new memories, and how we make our way in the world.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-future-of-memory-research">The future of memory research </h2>



Singer’s group is already probing whether the same inhibitory timing breaks down in mouse models of Alzheimer’s. If so, it could explain why the disease derails navigation in real environments long before broader memory fades.



Beyond disease, the work reframes how neuroscientists understand learning itself. Rather than a simple matter of ramping neural engines faster, effective memory may hinge on brief, precisely placed silences - moments when the brain’s “circuit breakers” flick off just long enough for new wiring to fuse.



For anyone who has watched a loved one fade into <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/preventing-dementia-scientists-say-three-factors-matter-most/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dementia</a>, that offers a sliver of hope. Understanding when and where to release the brain’s internal brakes may one day help scientists restore the rich maps of memory that make recognition - and reunion - possible.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-08868-5" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a>.



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Brain's quiet moments may shape memory and fight Alzheimer's

When neuroscientist Nuri Jeong flew home to South Korea, she...

Many people grab a brown loaf of bread at the store and assume it’s the most nutritious choice. They see a rich color on the crust and feel reassured by words like wholegrain or freshly baked.



<a href="https://www.sustainweb.org/realbread/about_us/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Chris Young</a> from the <a href="https://www.sustainweb.org/realbread/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Real Bread Campaign</a> notes that the color alone doesn’t always match what’s actually inside the loaf. 



Some manufacturers add caramelized ingredients for a darker hue, which can create the appearance of a more wholesome, wheat bread product than it really is.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-spotting-hidden-extras">Spotting hidden extras</h2>



There’s been growing focus on how certain ingredients might affect our health. One example is <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/nature14232" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">emulsifiers</a>, which are additives that change the texture of bread and extend its shelf life.



Research has revealed that these substances can disrupt our <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4290017/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gut microbiome</a>. This concern is one of the reasons people pay extra for options that look better on the surface.



“The likes of ‘wholegrain’, ‘sourdough’, ‘ancient grains’ and ‘freshly baked’ provide no guarantee of how, where, or when a product was made, or with what,” said Chris Young. Empty claims can appear on "wheat" bread packaging. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wheat-bread-pitfalls">Wheat bread pitfalls</h2>



Many of us want a loaf of bread that’s genuinely wholesome, yet it can be tricky to know what’s in that bag. 



“Some manufacturers add caramelized brown sugar or molasses to enhance the depth of color,” said <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Duane-Mellor-2" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Duane Mellor</a>, a registered dietitian and senior lecturer at <a href="https://www.aston.ac.uk/hls/aston-medical-school" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Aston Medical School</a>. 



This step can mislead people, who might mistake color for genuine nutritional benefits.



Whole grains provide many nutrients, including fiber and vitamins. For a healthier option, a dietitian named <a href="https://zoe.com/learn/sammie-gill" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Sammie Gill</a> recommends looking for a loaf with fewer ingredients. That suggestion can help people skip the extras that make bread soft but may not promote wellness.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sourdough-confusions">Sourdough confusions</h2>



Enthusiasm for tangy, longer-fermented bread is on the rise. True sourdough usually starts with a live bacterial culture and no baker’s yeast, which can slow digestion of carbs and help regulate blood sugar levels.



“If the product is named or marketed using the word sourdough, but the ingredients list reveals the use of baker’s yeast, a chemical raising agent, or any additive, it’s sourfaux,” said Chris Young. 



Mislabeled products do pop up. A quick label check is often enough to tell which one is genuinely fermented.



The fermentation stage takes longer, so true sourdough can cost more. Some brands cut corners by adding yeast to speed things up and still call it sourdough.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-fiber-and-fermentation-matter">Why fiber and fermentation matter</h2>



Bread that’s higher in dietary fiber helps feed the good bacteria in your gut, which in turn can support digestion, immune function, and even mental health. 



Wholemeal and rye <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/freezing-bread-could-make-it-healthier/">breads</a> naturally contain more of this fiber compared to white bread, making them more effective at supporting a balanced microbiome.



Fermented breads like real sourdough can take that one step further. The long fermentation process produces compounds that promote short-chain fatty acids, which help reduce inflammation in the gut. 



These effects are strongest when breads are made without additives and use traditional sourdough starters, not shortcuts.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-choosing-the-healthiest-option">Choosing the healthiest option</h2>



There are many types of bread on the market, from rustic rye to seeded whole wheat bread. Those that contain more authentic whole grains tend to have higher levels of fiber, protein, vitamins, and minerals. 



Rye bread is well liked for its dense texture and earthy taste. It can also contain a solid amount of fiber, which can aid digestion.



Most experts suggest blending your grain choices, since each type provides different nutrients. Some days might call for sourdough, while others might be better suited for a traditional wholemeal loaf.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-about-gluten-free-breads">What about gluten-free breads?</h2>



People who avoid gluten often reach for gluten-free breads expecting similar benefits to wholegrain loaves. 



But many of these products are ultra-processed and contain added starches, gums, and stabilizers that don’t offer the same fiber or nutrient profile. 



While they’re helpful for those with <a href="https://medlineplus.gov/celiacdisease.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">celiac disease</a> or gluten intolerance, they’re not always healthier by default.



Specialty <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-bread-wheat-gave-rise-to-civilization/">breads</a> like those made with ancient grains, such as spelt, einkorn, or teff, can offer additional nutritional value. 



These grains often contain more protein and minerals than standard <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/u-s-wheat-market-has-been-remarkably-resilient-amid-climate-change/">wheat</a>, and some people find them easier to digest. 



Still, label reading remains important, since not every “ancient grain” loaf is made with a significant amount of the grain it advertises.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-closing-thoughts">Closing thoughts</h2>



It also matters how many slices you eat. Two slices of wholemeal bread in a day can help meet part of a suggested three daily servings of whole grains. 



Some folks vary with wholegrain cereals, brown rice, or popcorn, which helps feed different kinds of gut microbes.



The wrap-up is that color alone won’t guarantee a loaf’s <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/forests-provide-different-health-benefits-based-on-their-structure/">health benefits</a>. A little time spent scanning labels can reveal whether a brown loaf is plain white bread in disguise or a truly beneficial staple.



The study is published in <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666833524002028" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Future Foods</a>.



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That whole wheat bread you've been eating is often a trap - it's not what you think it is

Many people grab a brown loaf of bread at the...

Death,Of,Neurons,In,The,Aging,Brain,Or,Proteins,In

For hundreds of years, humans have pursued the secrets of aging with unwavering determination - decoding our DNA, analyzing free radicals, and testing so-called miracle compounds - in hopes of slowing, halting, or even reversing the passage of time. 



Scientists have explored everything from calorie restriction to gene editing, employing strategies as ambitious as they are diverse. Yet aging has continued its steady, unyielding course. 



Now, researchers are taking a bold new direction. Instead of focusing solely on how we live, they’re investigating how we die. 



They’re zeroing in on something called "necrosis" - a violent, uncontrolled form of cell death once seen as nothing more than <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/organ-aging-can-predict-diseases-decades-in-advance/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">biological wreckage</a> - and uncovering its surprising potential to reshape how we understand disease, degeneration, and the future of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-life-expectancy-faces-a-triple-threat/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">human longevity</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-necrosis-disrupts-healthy-cell-function">Necrosis disrupts healthy cell function</h2>



Cells typically renew themselves through controlled processes. This renewal helps replace old cells and keep tissues functional. 



Necrosis occurs when cells die in an abrupt, uncontrolled manner, usually in response to injury, infection, or severe stress. 



Unlike apoptosis, the body’s carefully programmed <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/healthy-aging-how-some-people-live-past-100-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">process of cell death</a>, necrosis unleashes chaos. The cell swells, ruptures, and spills its contents into surrounding tissue, triggering inflammation and damaging nearby cells. 



This destructive cascade often leads to chronic disease and tissue degeneration, especially when the body cannot repair the affected area.



A global team of scientists looked at the role necrosis plays in many age-related conditions. 



“Nobody really likes talking about death, even cell death, which is perhaps why the physiology of death is so poorly understood,” noted <a href="https://profiles.ucl.ac.uk/76122-keith-siew" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dr. Keith Siew</a>, one of the study's authors, hailing from <a href="https://www.ucl.ac.uk/medical-sciences/divisions/medicine/departments/centre-kidney-and-bladder-health" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UCL Centre for Kidney &amp; Bladder Health</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-kidney-heart-and-brain-diseases">Kidney, heart, and brain diseases</h2>



<a href="https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/kidney-failure/symptoms-causes/syc-20369048" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Kidney problems</a> affect many people in their later years. This organ filters toxins, and when enough kidney cells die, there is a higher chance of needing dialysis. 



If necrosis is a major factor in triggering kidney damage, then targeting it might keep kidneys healthier for a longer time. 



<a href="https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-statistics/kidney-disease" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Research</a> shows that by 75 years old, nearly half of all individuals may experience some level of kidney disease.



<a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0753332222005923" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Studies</a> also suggest that necrosis may play a part in conditions like heart disease and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/stopping-alzheimers-before-it-starts-early-treatment-shows-potential/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Alzheimer’s</a>. When cellular breakdown releases harmful molecules, surrounding tissues can become inflamed. 



As these tissues struggle, the effects may ripple through the body. Even mild inflammation can wear down the body’s ability to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/daily-doctor-recommended-regimen-that-could-slow-aging/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">repair</a> itself.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-astronauts-and-necrosis">Astronauts and necrosis</h2>



Space <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/humans-in-space/living-in-space/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">health experts</a> find necrosis interesting because low gravity and cosmic radiation can strain human organs. Astronauts experience accelerated aging during long missions. 



Kidneys are especially vulnerable because reduced fluid regulation and radiation exposure may affect how well they <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/universal-rule-of-biology-sai-proposed-to-explain-aging-and-how-to-control-it/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">function</a>. 



The idea that interrupting necrosis could protect these vital organs has sparked new questions about maintaining astronaut health for extended journeys.



“Targeting necrosis offers potential to not only transform longevity on Earth but also push the frontiers of space exploration,” said <a href="https://pure.southwales.ac.uk/en/persons/damian-bailey" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Professor Damian Bailey</a>, from the <a href="https://www.southwales.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of South Wales</a> and the European Space Agency Life Sciences Working Group.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-stopping-necrosis-may-protect-cells">Stopping necrosis may protect cells</h2>



“If we could prevent necrosis, even temporarily, we would be shutting down these destructive cycles at their source,” said Dr. Carina Kern, CEO of <a href="https://www.linkgevity.com/about" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">LinkGevity</a>. 



Some researchers believe that if necrosis can be paused, it might stop a domino effect of tissue damage. By preserving cells that are on the brink of failure, the body would have a better chance to carry out self-repair.



One hypothesis suggests that keeping calcium levels under control within cells could be essential. 



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/amaranth-seeds-rich-in-calcium-and-iron-prevents-tumors-and-keeps-bones-strong/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Calcium</a> often acts as a switch, turning on or off important cellular functions. If too much enters a stressed cell, that cell can rupture. Scientists hope that preventing this surge might halt large-scale tissue breakdown.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-improving-quality-of-life">Improving quality of life</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/aging-hotspot-found-in-the-brain-may-hold-the-key-to-longevity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Age-related disorders</a> come with gradual but significant loss of function. Necrosis appears in conditions affecting not just the kidneys but also the brain, heart, and other organs. 



When cells burst and release debris, surrounding tissues may endure ongoing inflammation. Interrupting this pattern could reduce suffering and add productive years for many individuals.



This approach might also allow doctors to address multiple health problems at once. Rather than chasing each disease individually, limiting necrosis may let the body maintain its own equilibrium. 



As the population grows older, ideas like these could open up new possibilities for health management and medical innovation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-blocking-harmful-cell-death">Blocking harmful cell death</h2>



Researchers around the world are investigating whether necrosis-blocking drugs or gene-based therapies can be used safely. 



They aim to determine if these approaches can work without disturbing beneficial types of cell death that clear out defective or excess cells. 



Untangling these processes could be tricky, but the concept of sparing healthy tissues and preventing irreversible damage has captured wide attention.



With more teams studying these pathways, the prospects for harnessing necrosis control are expanding. For now, public interest and continued clinical trials may help clarify how this form of cell death can be targeted effectively.



-----



Special thanks to clinicians from the <a href="https://www.ucl.ac.uk/medical-sciences/divisions/medicine" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UCL Division of Medicine</a>, <a href="https://www.brighamandwomens.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Brigham and Women’s Hospital</a>, <a href="https://www.mayoclinic.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mayo Clinic</a>, and the <a href="https://www.esa.int" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">European Space Agency</a>.



The study is published in <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41388-025-03431-y" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Oncogene</a>.



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Scientists are experimenting with a completely new approach to combat human aging

For hundreds of years, humans have pursued the secrets of...

Eating more leafy greens, berries, nuts, and olive oil may help keep memory sharp. A new analysis shows that adults who closely followed the MIND diet were markedly less likely to develop Alzheimer’s disease or other forms of dementia than those with less brain-friendly eating patterns.



The findings come from the long-running <a href="https://www.uhcancercenter.org/for-researchers/mec-cohort-composition" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Multiethnic Cohort Study</a>, which began in the 1990s and follows volunteers in California and Hawaii.



Researchers from the <a href="https://manoa.hawaii.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Hawaii at Mānoa</a> examined diet questionnaires from nearly 93,000 adults aged 45-75, then tracked medical records to see who later received a diagnosis of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-blood-test-can-track-the-progression-of-alzheimers/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Alzheimer’s</a> or a related type of dementia.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-diet-shields-brain-health">Diet shields brain health</h2>



Participants who scored highest for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mind-diet-may-protect-cognitive-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MIND</a> adherence at the outset showed a nine percent lower risk of dementia during decades of follow-up.



The advantage appeared regardless of whether a person adopted the diet in midlife or after age 60, suggesting the protective effect can begin at any stage.



The research team also discovered that people who improved their MIND scores the most over roughly ten years enjoyed the greatest benefit. Their risk fell by about one-quarter compared with peers whose diet quality slipped.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-diet-change-aids-memory">Diet change aids memory</h2>



“Our study findings confirm that healthy dietary patterns in mid to late life and their improvement over time may prevent Alzheimer’s and related dementias,” said Song-Yi Park, an associate professor at the University of Hawaii at Mānoa. “This suggests that it is never too late to adopt a healthy diet to prevent <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/certain-personality-traits-lower-the-risk-of-dementia/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dementia</a>.”



The MIND approach blends staples of the Mediterranean and DASH diets - <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dietary-shift-to-forage-fish-could-prevent-millions-of-deaths/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fish</a>, whole grains, vegetables, legumes, and olive oil. It also places extra emphasis on leafy greens and berries, two food groups repeatedly linked to slower cognitive decline.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-different-groups-different-benefits">Different groups, different benefits</h2>



The protective pattern did not look identical in every community. Overall, those identifying as African American, Latino, or White saw the largest drop in risk, about thirteen percent among top scorers.



Native Hawaiian volunteers showed a more modest trend, and the link did not reach statistical significance among Asian American participants.



Thus, as Park put it, “a tailored approach may be needed when evaluating different subpopulations’ diet quality.”



Investigators speculate that customary dishes, seasoning practices, and staple foods could influence how a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mediterranean-diet-a-delicious-way-to-manage-stress/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mediterranean</a>-style diet translates across cultures.



They also noted that Asian Americans generally experience lower dementia rates, which might mask incremental gains from MIND guidelines or highlight advantages of other traditional eating patterns not captured by the scoring system.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-small-steps-help-memory">Small steps help memory</h2>



One of the most encouraging signals came from people who began the study with middling MIND scores but later made measurable progress.



Raising a score - by adding an extra handful of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/15-benefits-of-eating-blueberries-the-superfood-that-greatly-improves-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">berries</a> each week, choosing olive oil over butter, or swapping processed snacks for nuts - correlated with a 25 percent drop in dementia incidence.



The effect held steady after accounting for smoking, education, exercise and other lifestyle factors. Even modest shifts in the right direction, the authors argue, can translate into meaningful protection at the population level.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-limitations-and-future-directions"><a></a>Limitations and future directions</h2>



Because the investigation relies on observational data, it cannot definitively prove cause and effect. People who commit to healthier diets may also practice other brain-benefiting behaviors, from regular walks to social engagement.



The team plans to study biological samples to see whether markers of inflammation, cholesterol, or <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/targeting-the-gut-might-be-key-in-preventing-alzheimers-disease/">gut</a> microbes mediate the diet dementia link. Controlled trials that actively assign dietary changes could offer firmer answers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-diet-plan-to-fight-dementia">Diet plan to fight dementia</h2>



For now, experts say the message is straightforward. Filling half the plate with vegetables - especially dark leafy greens - choosing berries as dessert, cooking with olive oil, reaching for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/eating-nuts-every-day-does-not-cause-weight-gain-but-it-does-improve-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nuts</a> instead of packaged sweets, and making fish a regular entrée all align with advice for heart health. These diet choices now appear to nurture the brain as well.



While no single menu can guarantee lifelong cognitive fitness, the MIND template provides a clear, flexible framework. It steers eaters toward foods that support blood vessels, quell inflammation, and supply <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/shrimp-proven-to-be-a-nutritional-treasure-packed-with-antioxidants/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">antioxidants</a>, all of which are thought to protect vulnerable neurons.



The number of Americans living with dementia is projected to double by mid-century. Even a modest postponement of onset could spare millions of families from heart-wrenching loss and ease pressure on health care systems.



The new evidence suggests that such a delay may be as close as the kitchen, and that adopting smarter food choices today could benefit minds well into tomorrow.



The study was presented at <a href="https://nutrition.org/meeting/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NUTRITION 2025</a>, the annual meeting of the <a href="https://nutrition.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">American Society for Nutrition</a>



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Healthier diet could boost memory and delay dementia

Eating more leafy greens, berries, nuts, and olive oil may...

Intestinal,Bacteria.,Microbiome.,Gut,Microbiome,Helps,Control,Intestinal,Digestion,And

Obesity and anxiety are on the rise, especially among younger Americans. Most people are aware about the physical health risk of obesity - such as heart disease and diabetes - but they might not realize that it can affect mental health as well. 



A new study indicates that there is a powerful link between the gut and the brain that ties obesity and anxiety together.



The research, conducted by scientists at <a href="https://www.gsu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Georgia State University</a>, suggests that diet-induced obesity can cause anxiety-like behaviors, based on studies in mice. 



The experts also identified alterations in brain signaling as well as variations in gut microbes that could contribute to impaired brain function.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-obesity-is-connected-to-anxiety">How obesity is connected to anxiety</h2>



“Several studies have pointed to a link between obesity and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fear-and-anxiety-share-a-common-network-in-the-brain/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">anxiety</a>, though it is still unclear whether obesity directly causes anxiety or if the association is influenced by societal pressures,” said Dr. Desiree Wanders, associate professor and chair of nutrition at Georgia State University.



“Our findings suggest that obesity can lead to anxiety-like behavior, possibly due to changes in both brain function and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/gut-health-may-be-the-key-to-anxiety-relief/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gut health</a>.”



To better understand how obesity might affect the brain, the researchers used a mouse model that mirrors many human obesity-related issues.



The team raised 32 male mice from adolescence into early adulthood - comparable to human development between teenage years and young adulthood. Half of the mice were fed a low-fat diet while the other half were given a high-fat diet.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-diet-weight-gain-and-behavior">Diet, weight gain, and behavior</h2>



By the end of the study, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/high-fat-diets-cause-high-anxiety-through-changes-in-gut-bacteria/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">high-fat diet</a> group had gained significantly more weight and body fat compared to the low-fat diet group. 



Behavioral tests showed that the obese mice displayed more anxiety-like behaviors. One clear sign was that the obese mice froze more often - a common defensive response to perceived threats.



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/obesity_linked_anxiety_gut-microbiome_mice_credit-biorender_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/obesity_linked_anxiety_gut-microbiome_mice_credit-biorender_1s.webp" alt="This graphical abstract highlights key aspects of the study design. Male mice fed a high-fat diet for 15 weeks showed increased body weight and body fat, increased anxiety-like behavior, differences in gene expression in the hypothalamus and differences in the composition of gut microbiota compared with lean mice. Credit: Biorender" class="wp-image-1972348"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">This graphical abstract highlights key aspects of the study design. Male mice fed a high-fat diet for 15 weeks showed increased body weight and body fat, increased anxiety-like behavior, differences in gene expression in the hypothalamus and differences in the composition of gut microbiota compared with lean mice. Click image to enlarge. Credit: Biorender</figcaption></figure>



The researchers also noticed differences in the hypothalamus, a brain region that plays a major role in regulating metabolism. These altered signaling patterns could be tied to cognitive impairments seen in the obese mice.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-role-of-the-gut-microbiome">The role of the gut microbiome</h2>



Another important finding was in the gut. Obese mice had a different mix of gut bacteria compared to lean mice. 



This finding supports other research showing the gut microbiome’s influence on behavior. Changes in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/gut-microbes-have-an-unexpected-link-to-anxiety/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gut microbes</a> may be one way that obesity impacts brain health.



Although the study was conducted in mice, the researchers believe it offers important clues that could extend to humans. 



Dr. Wanders pointed out that studying multiple systems together - like the gut and the brain - is critical to understanding the full picture.



“These findings could have important implications for both public health and personal decisions,” said Dr. Wanders. "The study highlights the potential impact of obesity on mental health, particularly in terms of anxiety." 



"By understanding the connections between diet, brain health and gut microbiota, this research may help guide public health initiatives that focus on obesity prevention and early intervention, particularly in children and adolescents.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-obesity-and-mental-health">Obesity and mental health</h2>



Dr. Wanders emphasized that while the study conditions were carefully controlled, real life is far more complex. Many factors influence obesity and mental health beyond <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/girls-diets-strongly-influence-when-they-begin-puberty/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">diet</a> alone.



“While our findings suggest that diet plays a significant role in both physical and mental health, it is important to remember that diet is just one piece of the puzzle,” said Dr. Wanders.



“Environmental factors, genetics, lifestyle choices and socioeconomic status also contribute to the risk of obesity and its associated health outcomes."



"Therefore, while these results are important, they should be considered in the context of a broader, multifactorial approach to understanding and addressing obesity-related cognitive impairments and mental health issues.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-directions-in-obesity-research">Future directions in obesity research</h2>



In the future, the team hopes to look at how changes in the gut microbiome caused by obesity affect the brain in greater detail. They also hope to extend the research to include female mice and various age groups. 



It will also be critical to follow up on whether interventions aimed at weight loss can reverse cognitive and behavioral changes observed in the study.



The study introduces a new discussion regarding how profoundly intertwined our physical and psychological well-being actually are - and how the gut could be more involved than we ever imagined.



As the research deepens, it could offer new strategies for tackling both mental and physical health challenges together, rather than treating them as separate issues.



The findings will be presented at&nbsp;<a href="https://nutrition.org/meeting/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NUTRITION 2025</a>, the flagship annual meeting of the American Society for Nutrition. 



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Scientists find link between obesity, anxiety, and gut microbiome changes

Obesity and anxiety are on the rise, especially among younger...

Every day starts the same for many of us. Open your eyes, reach for coffee and sip. That warm first gulp seems to shift your brain into gear. But what if it also helps you stay sharp and strong as you age?



That’s what new research suggests. Scientists followed almost 50,000 women for 30 years. They found something unexpected. Women who drank regular coffee during midlife were more likely to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/organ-aging-can-predict-diseases-decades-in-advance/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">age</a> well - physically, mentally, and emotionally.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-drinking-coffee-linked-to-healthy-aging">Drinking coffee linked to healthy aging</h2>



The study focused on women aged 45 to 60. Researchers measured their caffeine intake and followed their health over the next three decades. 



The team wanted to know who would reach age 70 without serious disease, memory problems, depression, or physical decline.



By the end, 3,706 women met those goals. Most of them drank about 315 milligrams of caffeine per day. That’s roughly three small cups of coffee.



Tea, soda, and decaffeinated coffee didn’t show the same <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/our-biological-age-may-predict-dementia-risk-better-than-birth-date/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">effect</a>. But with each extra cup of regular coffee, chances of healthy aging rose by 2 to 5 percent. The benefit topped out around five small cups a day - or 2.5 modern-sized mugs.



<blockquote class="wp-block-quote">
“While past studies have linked coffee to individual health outcomes, our study is the first to assess coffee’s impact across multiple domains of aging over three decades,” said Dr. Sara Mahdavi, a post-doctoral fellow at Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, <a href="https://www.harvard.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Harvard University</a>.



Dr. Mahdavi is also an adjunct professor at <a href="https://www.utoronto.ca" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Toronto</a>, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Nutritional Sciences. 



“The findings suggest that caffeinated coffee - not tea or decaf - may uniquely support aging trajectories that preserve both mental and physical function,” said Dr. Mahdav.
</blockquote>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-not-all-coffee-helps-you-age-well">Not all coffee helps you age well</h2>



So, why coffee and not tea? Researchers aren’t sure yet. Coffee contains hundreds of compounds besides caffeine. Some of those might protect the brain, muscles, or metabolism. Or maybe it’s just the amount of caffeine people get from coffee.



But there’s a twist. Another study led by Dr. Mahdavi looked at how coffee affects the kidneys. This time, the answer depended on your <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/organ-aging-can-predict-diseases-decades-in-advance/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">genes</a>.



In this second study, researchers tracked over 600 young adults in Italy. Everyone had early signs of high blood pressure. None were on medication. The scientists also looked at a gene called CYP1A2. This gene controls how fast your body breaks down caffeine.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genes-decide-if-coffee-helps-or-harms">Genes decide if coffee helps or harms</h2>



Some people break down caffeine quickly. They have the AA version of the CYP1A2 gene. Others process it slowly - they have the AC or CC versions. This second group makes up nearly half the population.



For slow metabolizers, coffee came with risks. Heavy coffee drinkers in this group - those drinking over three cups a day - had a much higher chance of developing kidney problems as they <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/healthy-aging-how-some-people-live-past-100-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">age</a>.



Slow metabolizers were 2.7 times more likely to develop protein in their urine. Their risk of kidney hyperfiltration doubled. The chance of developing high blood pressure went up 2.8 times. Fast metabolizers? No extra risk. They seemed to tolerate coffee just fine, even at higher amounts.



<blockquote class="wp-block-quote">
“In the present cohort study, caffeinated coffee intake was associated with increases in the risks of albuminuria, hyperfiltration, and hypertension only among slow metabolizers of caffeine, suggesting that caffeine may play a role in the development of kidney disease in susceptible individuals," said Dr. Mahdav.
</blockquote>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-habits-shape-long-term-health">Habits shape long-term health</h2>



According to the researchers, this does not mean you should quit coffee. The risks apply mainly to people who metabolize caffeine slowly and drink large amounts. For most people, two cups a day should be safe - and possibly helpful.



<blockquote class="wp-block-quote">
“These results, while preliminary, suggest that small, consistent habits can shape long-term health,” said Dr. Mahdavi. “Moderate coffee intake may offer some protective benefits when combined with other healthy behaviors such as regular exercise, a healthy diet and avoiding smoking. 



“While this study adds to prior evidence suggesting coffee intake may be linked with healthy <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/daily-doctor-recommended-regimen-that-could-slow-aging/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">aging</a>, the benefits from coffee are relatively modest compared to the impact of overall healthy lifestyle habits and warrant further investigation.”
</blockquote>



So, coffee is not a magic drink. It helps a little. Healthy habits matter more. Still, it’s good news if you already enjoy your daily brew.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-building-a-personalized-diet">Building a personalized diet</h2>



Dr. Mahdavi will present her findings at <a href="https://nutrition.org/meeting/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NUTRITION 2025</a> in Orlando. Her team now plans to study how the chemicals in coffee interact with genes and aging pathways. The goal is to understand who benefits most and why.



In the future, your genes might help build a personalized diet. One that supports your brain, protects your kidneys, and keeps you moving as you age. Coffee might be part of that plan.



The next time you take that first sip of coffee in the morning, pause for a moment. That warm, familiar drink may be doing more than simply helping you shake off sleep or sharpen your focus for the day ahead. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-daily-coffee-might-help-you-age-better">Daily coffee might help you age better</h2>



According to growing research, especially if it is caffeinated coffee, your daily cup might be quietly contributing to a healthier, stronger version of yourself in the years to come.



But before you start seeing coffee as a miracle cure, take a step back. Coffee can support well-being, but it is just one piece of a much larger puzzle. If you want to age well - staying active, mentally sharp, and free from chronic illness - then coffee alone won’t carry you there. 



You need to move your body regularly and need to eat meals that nourish, not just fill. You also need to understand how your body responds to substances like caffeine, because your genes play a role in how well coffee works for you - or whether it causes harm.



Healthy aging doesn’t come from a single habit, drink, or moment. It’s the result of years of daily decisions that seem small at the time. Over the decades, those small decisions build something powerful. Coffee can be one of them, but it is not the only one. Keep choosing well, one day at a time.



The blog is based on research presented at NUTRITION 2025 and a peer-reviewed study published in&nbsp;the journal <a href="https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2800839" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">JAMA Network Open</a>.



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Study shows drinking coffee helps women stay mentally sharp and physically strong as they age

Every day starts the same for many of us. Open...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE
</div></figure>



On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop and sunlight barely penetrates through the polar winter. It was here, however, that an international team of scientists found <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/predatory-worms-were-terror-beasts-half-a-billion-years-ago/#google_vignette" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evidence of sea monsters</a> that would change our understanding of ocean life in the past.



This video captures the discovery of Timorebestia fossils that had been hidden for more than 500 million years in the Sirius Passet formation. The "terror beasts," as they are called, are a hidden chapter in the evolutionary history of <a href="https://www.earth.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth</a>, showing that sophisticated predator-prey interactions occurred much earlier than previously envisioned.



Dr. Jakob Vinther and his research team at the <a href="https://www.bristol.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bristol</a>, in collaboration with researchers at the <a href="https://eng.kopri.re.kr/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Korean Polar Research Institute</a>, braved extreme weather conditions at 82.5 north latitude to locate these giant creatures. Using sophisticated electron microprobe analysis, they revealed the detailed anatomy of the animals, including their muscle and nerve tissues.



The find upsets the traditional timeline of sea predators. Although we've long appreciated that Cambrian oceans were at one time ruled by <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jWI3-UgA3_o&amp;list=PL1QLQMW9MWDwpkFOnvgAmu7wT6rZmYqdJ&amp;index=19" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">arthropods</a>, these discoveries indicate that relatives of arrow worms were first to dominate the seas. These worms were building sophisticated food webs several million years before other predator groups arose.



Each fossil is a story of ancient hunger, with fossil stomach contents revealing these meter-long beasts dined on heavily armored arthropods regularly, cementing their place as the ocean's first apex predators.



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Worms dominated seas before dinosaurs

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">New York is the site of the world's oldest forest.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-385-million-year-old-trees-discovered">385-million-year-old trees discovered</h2>



Scientists have uncovered something extraordinary just two hours north of New York City. The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/worlds-oldest-forest-discovered-close-to-new-york-city/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">world's oldest forest</a>, dating back 385 million years, offers a window into how Earth's first complex forests shaped our planet's atmosphere.



Located near <a href="https://townofcairo.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cairo, New York</a>, in Greene County, these weren't merely primitive plants struggling to survive. These were sophisticated trees with root systems remarkably similar to modern forests. This ancient woodland predates dinosaurs by 140 million years.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-cairo-forest-discovery">The Cairo forest discovery</h2>



385 million years ago, upstate New York was a tropical paradise near the equator. Thanks to continental drift, this ancient forest has traveled thousands of miles to its current location.



The fossil forest sits in an abandoned quarry, roughly half the size of a football field. This represents just a slice of what was likely a massive forest system stretching from New York into Pennsylvania.



Charles Ver Straeten, curator of sedimentary rocks at the <a href="https://www.nysm.nysed.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">New York State Museum</a>, made the discovery in 2009. While scouting the former highway department property, his trained eye spotted wandering patterns in the stone that looked like marine features.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-age-and-preservation">Revolutionary age and preservation</h2>



The site contains 385-million-year-old rocks with fossilized woody roots forming horizontal patterns up to 18 feet (5.5 meters) wide. As Christopher Berry, a paleobotanist at Cardiff University, explains: "You are walking through the roots of ancient trees."



This discovery pushes back advanced tree evolution by millions of years. The research, published in <a href="https://www.cell.com/current-biology/home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current Biology</a> in December 2019, fundamentally changes our understanding of when complex forests first emerged.



Researchers believe a massive flood buried the forest floor, creating perfect fossilization conditions. Over millions of years, sediment hardened into rock, preserving these root patterns like nature's time capsule.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meet-archaeopteris-the-first-modern-tree">Meet Archaeopteris: the first modern tree</h2>



The star of this ancient forest is Archaeopteris – not to be confused with the feathered dinosaur Archaeopteryx. This tree was far older and more revolutionary.



William Stein from <a href="https://www.binghamton.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Binghamton University</a> describes the roots as "strikingly modern, essentially what you'd see outside in my yard right now." These weren't simple root systems you'd expect from ancient plants.



Some fossilized roots are six inches (15 centimeters) in diameter, forming 36-foot-wide (11-meter) patterns. These giants grew up to 65 feet (20 meters) tall with five-foot-diameter (1.5-meter) trunks.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-changing-impact">Climate-changing impact</h2>



These trees fundamentally changed Earth's environment. Kevin Boyce, a Stanford University geoscientist, explains how their deep roots triggered "weathering," chemical reactions that pulled carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.



This process dropped atmospheric CO2 levels from 10-15 times higher than today to roughly modern concentrations. These ancient trees helped create atmospheric conditions that made complex life possible.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ancient-forest-ecosystem">Ancient forest ecosystem</h2>



The forest was remarkably diverse. Scientists identified Eospermatopteris, palm tree-like plants with short roots that reached 30 feet (9 meters) tall but lacked woody structure. The forest also housed cladoxylopsids and a mysterious third species still being studied.



All reproduced through spores rather than seeds – millions of years before seeds evolved. This tropical environment had no grass, flowers, or flying insects, just towering trees creating Earth's first complex forest canopy.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-significance">Scientific significance</h2>



Before this finding, the Gilboa forest, located 25 miles (40 kilometers) away, held the "oldest forest" title. Cairo's trees are 2-3 million years older, showing that complex forest ecosystems developed much faster than scientists believed possible.



Patricia Gensel, a <a href="https://www.unc.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of North Carolina</a> paleobotanist, notes: "The size of those root systems is really changing the picture. Even 20 years ago, researchers assumed trees with such complex root systems didn't evolve so early."



The Cairo site presents three unique root systems, suggesting Devonian period forests were diverse ecosystems with different trees occupying different environmental niches, much like today's forests.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-preservation-efforts">Modern preservation efforts</h2>



In 2022, New York State Senator Michelle Hinchey secured a $170,000 grant for the town of Cairo to construct specialized fencing around the fossil forest site. The town plans to conduct a feasibility study exploring the possibility of creating an educational center and working lab on-site.



Joe Hasenkopf, chair of the Cairo Planning Board, hopes to partner with educational institutions to create a research facility serving scientists, students, and the public.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lessons-for-today-s-climate">Lessons for today's climate</h2>



Why does a 385-million-year-old forest matter today? It shows how dramatically forests can change Earth's climate. These ancient woodlands created the atmospheric conditions supporting complex life.



Understanding how prehistoric forests transformed the planet helps us appreciate modern forests' critical role in addressing climate change. Forests remain Earth's most effective carbon capture systems.



These prehistoric trees changed Earth's atmosphere by pulling massive amounts of carbon dioxide from the air. As we face modern climate challenges, this ancient forest reminds us of trees' incredible power to transform our planet's environment.



The next time you walk through a forest, remember you're experiencing an ecosystem whose blueprint was established 385 million years ago in upstate New York. These ancient pioneers didn't just survive – they thrived and changed the world forever.



The full study was published in the journal Current Biology.



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Earth's oldest forest found in the United States

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ New York is the site of the world's oldest...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Acid rain and a crisis solved.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-don-t-we-ever-hear-about-acid-rain-anymore-the-environmental-crisis-that-was-solved">Why don't we ever hear about "acid rain" anymore? The environmental crisis that was solved</h2>



Remember the 1980s when acid rain dominated headlines? Dire warnings about rain eating buildings, killing fish, and destroying forests filled every news cycle. Then, almost like magic, acid rain vanished from public discourse. What happened? Did we actually solve one of the late 20th century's most pressing environmental challenges?



The answer might surprise you. Unlike many environmental issues that drag on indefinitely, acid rain represents one of modern history's most successful ecological recovery stories. It's a tale of science, politics, and technology working together to tackle what seemed impossible.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What was acid rain?</h2>



Acid rain isn't regular rain having a bad day – it's precipitation that became significantly more acidic due to air pollution. When power plants, factories, and vehicles burn fossil fuels, they release sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) into the atmosphere.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The science behind it</h2>



Think of acid rain as nature's chemistry experiment gone wrong. These compounds react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form sulfuric and nitric acids. When mixed with water vapor in clouds, they create precipitation with dangerously low pH levels.



While clean rain has a pH of about 5.6, acid rain could drop as low as 4.2 to 4.4 – roughly as acidic as tomato juice or coffee. According to US Geological Survey documentation, Scottish chemist Angus Smith first coined "acid rain" in 1872, but it didn't become a household phrase until the 1960s and 1970s when Swedish scientist Svante Odén documented its devastating effects on Scandinavian lakes and European forests.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The crisis at its peak</h2>



During the height of public concern, environmental damage was both widespread and visible. This wasn't some abstract future threat – people could see destruction happening in real-time.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Environmental devastation</h2>



The most dramatic impacts were impossible to ignore. Research documented by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation shows that in the Adirondack Mountains, more than 200 lakes became so acidic they couldn't support fish life. The Adirondack Council reports that 409 lakes once supported brook trout, but many lost their fish populations due to acid rain.



By 1976, when scientists cataloged all acidified lakes in the Adirondack Park, researchers found that half of the lakes over 2,000 feet above sea level had no fish, according to studies published in environmental journals. The acidification process worked like a slow-motion disaster. As acid rain fell into watersheds, it gradually lowered pH levels. Fish couldn't survive in acidic water, and their food sources died off too.



Trees at high elevations showed stress directly linked to acid rain. It weakened them by leaching nutrients and making them susceptible to disease. Historical records show Germany's Black Forest saw nearly half its trees damaged by the mid-1980s.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Economic impact</h2>



Acid rain wasn't just environmental – it was expensive. Acidic precipitation corroded infrastructure, buildings, and monuments. Historic stone structures deteriorated at accelerated rates. Tourism suffered as lakes became fishless and forests declined. EPA economic analyses from the period documented repair costs mounting into billions annually.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The solution: government action and technology</h2>



Transformation from crisis to success required unprecedented cooperation between governments, industries, and environmental groups.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The Clean Air Act of 1990</h2>



The turning point came with the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, signed by President George H.W. Bush. This represented a fundamentally new approach to environmental regulation, as documented in EPA historical records.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Cap-and-trade success</h2>



Instead of mandating specific technologies, the 1990 amendments introduced something revolutionary: a cap-and-trade system for sulfur dioxide emissions. EPA program documentation shows this market-based approach set overall limits but allowed companies to trade emission allowances.



The genius was harnessing market forces to find cost-effective pollution reduction. Companies reducing emissions cheaply could sell excess allowances to those facing higher costs. Research published in environmental economics journals and EPA progress reports shows this resulted in dramatic SO2 reduction at a fraction of projected costs.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Technology advances</h2>



Policy provided the framework, but technology made reductions possible. Studies in atmospheric science journals document the widespread adoption of flue gas desulfurization systems ("scrubbers") that removed sulfur dioxide before it reached the atmosphere. By the 2000s, new installations could remove over 95% of SO2 emissions, according to EPA technical reports.



The push coincided with cleaner energy development. Natural gas produces fewer sulfur compounds than coal. Wind and solar, emerging in the 1990s, captured growing market share, reducing reliance on high-sulfur coal.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-we-don-t-hear-about-it-today">Why we don't hear about it today</h2>



Why did acid rain disappear from headlines? Simple: the problem was largely solved.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Success doesn't make news</h2>



There's an old journalism saying: "If it bleeds, it leads." Environmental success stories don't generate urgency like crisis reporting. Media attention shifted to other challenges: climate change, plastic pollution, and biodiversity loss. There's only so much environmental anxiety the public can absorb, and newer concerns replaced acid rain.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Mission accomplished</h2>



The primary reason is beautifully simple: interventions worked. EPA monitoring data shows sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990. Academic research published in environmental science journals confirms pH levels in formerly affected areas returned closer to normal. This represents one of history's most dramatic environmental recoveries. Studies by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation show fishless lakes now support healthy populations. Forests recovered, and building damage slowed dramatically.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-is-it-really-gone">Is it really gone?</h2>



The crisis is largely resolved, but monitoring data shows the problem isn't completely eliminated – it's managed to acceptable levels. Some areas still experience occasional events during high pollution periods. International environmental research indicates that rapidly industrializing Asian countries face similar problems to what we experienced decades ago, though they're implementing successful strategies.



EPA research shows nitrogen oxide emissions proved more challenging than sulfur dioxide, coming from vehicles and mobile sources. Climate science studies suggest changing weather patterns add complexity to how acid rain forms and falls.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What this teaches us</h2>



The acid rain experience proves that seemingly intractable environmental problems can be solved with scientific understanding, political will, and technological innovation. Environmental monitoring data shows recovery speed was remarkable – within a decade, measurable improvements appeared in air quality and ecosystem health.



Success came from bipartisan support across party lines. Policy analysis studies show the market-based approach appealed to those preferring economic incentives while achieving environmental goals. This support created lasting policy surviving political changes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Conclusion</h2>



Acid rain's disappearance from public consciousness represents environmental science's greatest success stories. Through effective regulation, technological innovation, and international cooperation, we transformed an overwhelming crisis into a manageable challenge.



Today's silence isn't because we forgot – it's because we solved it. The 1990 Clean Air Act, combined with technology and energy market changes, reduced acid rain emissions over 90%, according to comprehensive EPA data analysis.



This success offers hope for current challenges. It proves complex problems can be solved when science, policy, and technology work together. As we face climate change and plastic pollution, acid rain reminds us that dramatic positive change is possible.



Next time someone asks whether environmental regulations work, remember acid rain. It's proof that sometimes, we get it right.



<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>



Sources: This article draws from EPA official documentation and progress reports, peer-reviewed research published in environmental and atmospheric science journals, historical data from the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation records, US Geological Survey publications, policy analysis studies, and environmental monitoring data collected over three decades.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Frequently Asked Questions</h2>



1. Is acid rain completely gone? No, but EPA monitoring shows it's reduced to manageable levels. US sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990, making acid rain much less severe than the 1980s crisis.



2. How long did solving take? Environmental monitoring data shows significant improvements began within 5-10 years of 1990s emission controls. Full ecosystem recovery took longer – some areas need 20-30 years for complete recovery.



3. What made the solution successful? Clear scientific understanding, visible damage motivating action, bipartisan support, available technology, and innovative market-based policies like cap-and-trade.



4. Do other countries have acid rain problems? Yes, particularly rapidly industrializing Asian countries. However, international environmental research shows many implement similar successful control strategies.



5. Could acid rain return? Potentially, if regulations weaken or we return to high-sulfur coal without controls, though effects would take years to become severe according to environmental projections.



6. Can you recommend any teaching tools on the subject of "acid rain"? The United States Environmental Protection Agency produced a wonderful teacher's guide for ages 14 and under that you can find on the EPA website here: <a href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf</a>



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The environmental problem we actually solved

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk Acid rain and a crisis solved. Why don't we...

Fresh,Radish,Harvest,On,Soil,In,Garden.

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Mid-July is an opportune time to kick-start a thriving fall garden, and this guide lays out the best vegetables and herbs to plant now for a fruitful autumn harvest. 



Fast-growing leafy greens such as spinach, lettuce, kale, and arugula perform especially well in the waning summer heat, with harvests beginning as soon as 30 days. 



These cool-season crops relish the transition into fall, offering repeated yields with cut-and-come-again methods.



Root vegetables like radishes, carrots, and beets also excel during this period. Radishes deliver satisfaction in under a month, while carrots and beets mature in about two months. Employing succession planting ensures a continuous stream of produce deep into the cooler months. 



For a boost of fresh flavor, herbs like cilantro, basil, dill, and chervil are excellent picks. These heat-loving varieties flourish in July’s warmth and are harvest-ready in about 30 days, especially when sown continuously.



Gardeners in zones 6 through 9 can benefit from planting bush beans and snap peas, which don’t require trellising and are ideal for compact plots. 



Maturing in 50–60 days, they’re a smart choice for quick, protein-rich harvests. For those in hotter regions, heat-tolerant crops such as okra and southern peas provide reliable yields and thrive in scorching conditions.



This guide emphasizes more than crop selection—it highlights the importance of timing, soil preparation, and ongoing sowing techniques. 



With thoughtful planning and attention to regional climate needs, even late-summer gardeners can enjoy fresh salads, hearty stews, and the satisfaction of a robust, homegrown harvest well into fall.



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What to plant in your garden in mid-July

https://youtu.be/Fi2OeEwuzRM?si=vTyd2m9FMmtyWkex Mid-July is an opportune time to kick-start a thriving...

Green,Ecoduct,Over,An,Empty,Highway,During,Sunset.

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A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that wildlife tunnels significantly reduce amphibian road mortality during seasonal migrations. 



Frogs and salamanders often cross roads to reach breeding ponds each spring, but many are killed by vehicles. 



Researchers from the <a href="https://www.uvm.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Vermont</a>, in collaboration with local citizens and the Vermont Agency of Natural Resources, installed two underpass tunnels in 2015. 



Over a 12-year monitoring period, they observed an 80.2% reduction in amphibian deaths, and up to 94% for non-climbing species like salamanders. 



The study used a before-after-control-impact design and documented more than 5,200 amphibians, highlighting the tunnels’ effectiveness even in nearby buffer zones.



Funded at $342,397 - far cheaper than wildlife crossings for large mammals - the project showcased the power of community-led conservation.



Local groups initiated the effort after observing mass amphibian deaths. Wildlife cameras later captured over 2,200 amphibians using a tunnel in just one spring, along with other species like raccoons and bobcats, indicating wider ecosystem benefits.



This marks the first peer-reviewed, long-term data set in the northeastern U.S. confirming amphibian-specific underpasses work. 



The study urges transportation departments to incorporate these designs into road planning and highlights how community action, thoughtful infrastructure, and persistence can make a real difference for biodiversity.



The full study was published in the <a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1617138125000780" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal for Nature Conservation</a>.



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Wildlife tunnels save millions of amphibians

https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that...

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. 



The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.



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Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. 



Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.



Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. 



They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).



Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.



Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.



This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

[sendtonews key="3upvlAaHgO-2256633-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?



One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;



While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;



Video Credit: ACS Reactions



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

How does salt makes things taste better?

[sendtonews key="X0f6OHYoI4-2310561-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;



'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."



"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Santiago, Chile in South America

[sendtonews key="JRaP49ISmm-2357509-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

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Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.



The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;



"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."



"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."



"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."



The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.



Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

[sendtonews key="e4ZG0Jawp3-2374785-12187" type="single"] Astronomers at Johns Hopkins University have created...

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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.



According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."



Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;



ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. 



Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

[sendtonews key="uV9Lh2fQbV-1760058-12187" type="single"] Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.



"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.



"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."



Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

[sendtonews key="qjvhBOBnY8-2426650-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.



"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.



"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."



Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

[sendtonews key="oL4FnPTGCV-2384527-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

[sendtonews key="0879czfG3k-1785905-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from NASA...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.



The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.



At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;



"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.



"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."



The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.



Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

[sendtonews key="6HyfrAJTBI-1831843-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."



The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.



"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;



"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

[sendtonews key="QIoVYJqRBi-2434608-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes Earth’s interconnected systems, and how this network is affected by rising temperatures.&nbsp;



During 2020, average global temperatures matched the hottest year on record. The hurricane season was also record-breaking, with many of the storms intensifying at extraordinary speeds. Hot water in the ocean is fuel for hurricanes. The satellite data shows that it's all one interconnected system showing how Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected.



According to NASA, dust swept up from Northern Africa plays a major role in the formation of hurricanes, and is also a key source of fertilization in the Amazon rainforest. As a result of<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-wasting-disease-is-fueled-by-climate-change/"> climate</a> change, dust plumes are expected to decline, which will have an effect on vegetation far away.&nbsp;



Images from Earth-observing satellites show how the world’s plant life is affected by natural disasters, fires, and deforestation. Satellites also reveal how widespread changes in vegetation impact waterways,&nbsp; the climate, air quality. Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on the Earth. "Earth From Space" is a groundbreaking two-hour special that reveals a spectacular new space-based vision of our planet. 



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected

[sendtonews key="JbW4VsY53O-1632195-12187" type="single"] Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected...

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