A nationally representative, wearables-based study has tracked Americans who said they did not do structured exercise. It found that short energy bursts - a median of just 1.1 minutes per day of brief, vigorous effort - was linked with a lower risk of death over roughly seven years.



The pattern was simple. People who racked up about five or six energy bursts per day, each usually around 10 seconds and all under one minute, tended to fare better than those who did none.



This work was led by Emmanuel Stamatakis at the <a href="https://www.sydney.edu.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Sydney</a>. The team focused on vigorous activity, meaning effort that makes breathing hard and raises heart rate clearly for short spans.



Researchers looked at death from any cause. The curve of benefit rose quickly at low amounts, then flattened, which means the biggest change showed up when going from zero to a little. 



That is important for people who find it hard to schedule <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/exercise-can-slow-aging-right-down-to-your-dna/">workouts</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-the-study-was-done">How the study was done</h2>



The sample came from <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NHANES</a> (the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey), a long-running U.S. program that links health records with device-measured movement. 



Participants wore a wrist accelerometer - a sensor that records motion dozens of times per second - for about a week.



The authors studied what they call Vigorous Intermittent Lifestyle Physical Activity (<a href="https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaoncology/fullarticle/2807734" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">VILPA</a>). 



That is the short, sharp effort that happens during normal life, like a very fast walk uphill, a quick run to catch a bus, or carrying heavy items up stairs.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-short-energy-bursts-mean">What short energy bursts mean</h2>



Two findings stood out. First, daily time VILPA showed a near-linear link with lower risk, and the median of 1.1 minutes per day corresponded to a hazard ratio of about 0.61 in models that accounted for many other factors. 



Second, doing roughly five to six short bursts per day captured most of the observed benefit in this group.



“VILPA is a bit like applying the principles of High <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/exercise-feels-better-when-its-matched-to-your-personality/">Intensity</a> Interval Training to your everyday life," Stamatakis explained. 



"We need to further investigate this link through robust trials, but it appears that VILPA may be a promising, cost free recommendation for lowering cancer risk in people who find structured exercise difficult or unappealing."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-comparing-with-other-studies">Comparing with other studies</h2>



Earlier U.K. Biobank <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-022-02100-x" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">research</a> reported that a sample median of 4.4 minutes per day of VILPA was associated with noticeably lower risks of all cause, cardiovascular, and cancer mortality. 



The U.S. study’s median dose is smaller, which may reflect differences in age, fitness, or baseline activity.



Cancer findings from the U.K. Biobank add useful context. 



A 2023 <a href="https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaoncology/fullarticle/2807734" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">analysis</a> of non-exercisers found that about 4.5 minutes per day of VILPA was linked to lower incident cancer risk, with the steepest gains when moving from none to a little.



A hazard ratio compares rates of an outcome between groups over time. Values below 1.0 indicate a lower rate in the more active group, values above 1.0 indicate a higher rate, and the confidence interval shows the range of uncertainty.



These numbers do not prove that short energy bursts caused the lower risk. They show a strong association after adjusting for many measured factors, which is informative for public health while we wait for further trials.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-energy-bursts-and-health">Energy bursts and health</h2>



Only about one quarter of U.S. adults meet both aerobic and strength targets, notes a CDC <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db443.htm" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">report</a>. 



Finding health linked to very short, vigorous effort embedded in daily life could help reach people who are not hitting those goals.



The signal shows up at low doses. That matters because many people cite time, cost, or access as barriers to regular exercise.



The U.S. cohort’s median VILPA time was just over a minute per day, and the median burst count was about five per day. 



Most bursts lasted around 10 seconds, which aligns with the way people actually move when life gets busy.



The dose-response curve rose quickly at first, then flattened around eight bursts per day in this dataset. That pattern supports the idea that small, repeatable effort may offer a meaningful step up from doing none.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-energy-bursts-and-future-health">Energy bursts and future health</h2>



Wearable sensors let scientists capture movement in 10-second windows, which makes it possible to study these micro patterns. That is a big advance over older surveys that missed very short efforts.



Future trials need to test whether nudging VILPA upward changes health markers directly. Those tests could use prompts during chores, commuting, or short work breaks.



This was an observational analysis, so unmeasured differences could still explain part of the link. People who feel better might move more, and some health risks are hard to measure perfectly at baseline.



Device limits matter too. Wrist sensors can misread certain tasks, and any single week of tracking may not reflect a person’s full year of movement.



Public health groups already say that all <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/one-form-of-exercise-is-shown-to-improve-sleep-the-most-according-to-studies/">movement</a> counts. VILPA adds a sharp, practical edge to that message by focusing on brief, intense efforts that do not require special gear or set times.



If ongoing work shows cause and effect, simple cues could help people add a handful of short energy bursts to tasks they already do. 



That kind of shift would be especially useful for those who do not visit gyms or prefer not to schedule workouts.



The study is published in <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.05.25333017v1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">medRxiv</a>.



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Just one minute of this exercise every day can literally add years to your life, says a new study

A nationally representative, wearables-based study has tracked Americans who said they did not do structured exercise. It found that short energy bursts - a median of just 1.1 minutes per day of brief, vigorous effort - was linked with a lower risk of death over roughly seven years. The pattern was simple. People who racked up about five or six energy bursts per day, each usually around 10 seconds and all under one minute, tended to fare better than those who did none. This work was led...

Marijuana is not just for the young anymore. In the United States, older adults are picking it up in record numbers. Some want relief from pain or better sleep, while others are simply curious. Whatever the reason, one thing is clear: cannabis use among seniors is growing fast.



A new study from the Center for Drug Use and HIV/HCV Research (<a href="https://www.cduhr.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CDUHR</a>) and the <a href="https://publichealth.nyu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NYU School of Global Public Health</a> shows just how big the shift in cannabis use has become. 



The researchers found that 7 percent of Americans aged 65 and older used marijuana in the past month. Just two years ago, that number was 4.8 percent.



“Our study shows that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-reveal-the-most-complete-cannabis-genome-yet/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cannabis</a> use among older adults continues to increase, although there have been major shifts in use according to demographic and socioeconomic factors,” said Dr. Joseph Palamar, the study’s senior author.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cannabis-use-now-tracked-in-older-adults">Cannabis use now tracked in older adults</h2>



This isn’t just about yearly habits. The study used recent national data, collected between 2021 and 2023, to look at who had used cannabis in the last 30 days. That kind of snapshot hadn’t been possible before.



“This is the first time we were able to examine ‘current’ use of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cannabis-use-in-any-form-directly-linked-to-significant-risk-of-heart-damage/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cannabis</a> in this age group. Before, we were only able to look at past-year use because the numbers for current use were too small,” said Dr. Benjamin Han, the study’s first author and associate professor at the <a href="https://health.ucsd.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of California San Diego</a>.



The increase looks even bigger over time. Back in 2006 and 2007, fewer than 1 percent of seniors said they’d used cannabis in the past year. Fast forward to 2023, and 7 percent had used it in just the past month.



“If we look even further back to 2006 and 2007, less than 1 percent of older adults used cannabis in the past year. Now, we’re seeing that 7 percent have used it in the past month alone,” Han said.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-who-s-using-cannabis-now">Who’s using cannabis now?</h2>



Older cannabis users today don’t look like they did 10 or 15 years ago. The typical user is now more likely to be married, college-educated, and earning a higher income. White older adults showed the biggest jump. So did women, though men still use <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dopamine-changes-from-cannabis-last-at-least-one-year/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cannabis</a> more overall.



Money matters too. Those making over $75,000 were once the least likely to use marijuana. That flipped by 2023. They became the most likely group to report recent use.



“Interestingly, with respect to income, those with the highest incomes had the lowest prevalence of cannabis use in 2021, but by 2023 this group had the highest prevalence, which may indicate who has access to medical cannabis given its costs,” said Palamar.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-older-adults-use-more-legal-cannabis">Older adults use more legal cannabis </h2>



Not all states treat <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cbd-reduces-the-unwanted-side-effects-of-thc/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cannabis</a> the same. The study found that older adults living in places where medical marijuana is legal were more likely to use it.



“It shouldn't be surprising that use is becoming increasingly more common among people who live in states that allow medical cannabis, which could be due to increased availability or social acceptability,” Palamar said.



Where access goes up, use often follows. That makes sense, especially if people see others around them using cannabis without stigma or fear.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cannabis-and-chronic-illness">Cannabis and chronic illness</h2>



One more trend stood out. Seniors dealing with chronic diseases were also using cannabis more. People with diabetes, heart conditions, cancer, high blood pressure, or lung issues like COPD showed higher usage.



Many of these users are likely looking for relief. Living with pain or sleep problems can wear people down. For some, cannabis seems like a gentler option than more pills. But doctors warn: cannabis isn't risk-free, especially for older bodies.



“As a geriatrician, I see more and more people interested in using cannabis for treating chronic health symptoms. But cannabis can complicate the management of chronic diseases and be potentially harmful if patients are not educated on its use and potential risks,” said Han.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-doctors-must-talk-about-cannabis-risks">Doctors must talk about cannabis risks</h2>



As more seniors turn to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/medicinal-cannabis-helped-patients-feel-better-for-a-full-year/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marijuana</a>, doctors need to catch up. Most older adults weren’t raised in a world where cannabis was legal or accepted. Now, they’re using it - and some are not telling their healthcare providers.



That’s a problem. Aging bodies process substances differently. Even small doses can cause big effects. Cannabis might interact with medications or affect balance, sleep, or memory.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cannabis-is-normal-for-older-adults">Cannabis is normal for older adults</h2>



Seniors using cannabis is no longer a fringe story. It’s becoming mainstream. As more states legalize marijuana and social attitudes shift, older Americans are embracing this option more openly.



Some want relief. Others want control. A few may just want to try something new.



Whatever the reason, the message is clear. Cannabis is no longer a taboo topic at the doctor’s office or the dinner table. It’s time healthcare providers and families talk about it - clearly, calmly, and with facts.



The research team included Kevin H. Yang of UC San Diego and Charles Cleland of the <a href="https://med.nyu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NYU Grossman School of Medicine</a>. Funding came from the <a href="https://nida.nih.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">National Institute on Drug Abuse</a> and the UC San Diego Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/article-abstract/2834781" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">JAMA Internal Medicine</a>.



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More older adults in the U.S. are now using cannabis

Marijuana is not just for the young anymore. In the...

Many people searching for ways to manage unwanted pounds have turned to semaglutide, a medication that lowers blood sugar and reduces appetite by engaging certain chemical signals. Its track record includes helping patients cut back on daily calorie intake, but it sometimes brings issues such as nausea.



Recent research has uncovered a link between the activity of this weight loss drug and a small group of Adcyap1+ neurons in the dorsal vagal complex.



The study was led by Júlia Teixidor-Deulofeu, a doctoral researcher at the Sahlgrenska Academy in the <a href="https://www.gu.se/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Gothenburg</a>, who explored how the affected neurons might alter <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plant-based-foods-promote-weight-loss-regardless-of-processing/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">food</a> cravings.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-semaglutide-reduces-hunger">How semaglutide reduces hunger</h2>



One major class of weight-management drugs relies on <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41392-024-01931-z" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">GLP-1R agonists</a>, which trigger signals in the body that keep hunger in check. These compounds are known for curbing appetite, though the precise pathways often vary from one individual to another.



Semaglutide falls under this umbrella, yet the exact neurons that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/weight-loss-drugs-linked-to-unexpected-benefits-and-risks/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">process</a> its signals were unclear. Laboratory teams focused on rodents to see which nerve clusters lit up after semaglutide entered the bloodstream.



The experts spotted a pattern in the dorsal vagal complex, where a specific subset of cells responded to the drug. Early <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28266779/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evidence</a> hinted that removing these neurons dulled semaglutide’s effect on appetite, suggesting a direct role in regulating when and how much animals choose to eat.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-neuron-targeting-may-reduce-side-effects">Neuron targeting may reduce side effects</h2>



Scientists recognize that controlling weight should not come at the cost of overwhelming discomfort. 



Many people have reported digestive issues after taking semaglutide, including nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and constipation. Any treatment that reduces these unpleasant side effects could make everyday life easier.



Investigators noticed that targeting neurons in the dorsal vagal complex might help the body burn more fat without affecting muscle integrity. This discovery raises hopes that certain nerve clusters can keep semaglutide’s metabolic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/want-to-lose-weight-try-eating-more-protein-and-fiber/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">benefits</a> while curbing unwanted symptoms.



“This suggests that these nerve cells control the beneficial effects of semaglutide. If we can target the treatment there, we may be able to maintain the positive effects while reducing side effects,” noted Teixidor-Deulofeu.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-semaglutide-may-influence-stress">How semaglutide may influence stress</h2>



The research highlighted potential shifts in <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/corticosterone" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">corticosterone</a>, a hormone associated with stress. Hormonal fluctuations may reflect how semaglutide’s signals reach different hubs in the brain, which can influence both anxiety and energy balance.



Deciphering these overlaps is essential for clinicians working with individuals who are sensitive to stress-related changes. 



The ultimate objective is to isolate the health advantages of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/weight-loss-drugs-could-save-an-enormous-number-of-lives/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">weight</a> loss drugs while avoiding biological pathways that trigger unnecessary stress responses.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-other-potential-medical-uses">Other potential medical uses</h2>



Semaglutide is also under investigation for potential applications beyond weight loss and diabetes control. Recent <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6027455/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">studies</a> have started exploring whether this medication might help patients struggling with substance use disorders or even certain neurodegenerative diseases.



Early <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8820218/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evidence</a> indicates semaglutide could alter brain signals involved in reward and motivation pathways, which play key roles in addiction behaviors. 



Researchers suggest that understanding exactly how semaglutide affects these brain circuits could eventually lead to broader therapeutic options for conditions that are currently difficult to manage.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-safer-use-of-semaglutide">Safer use of semaglutide </h2>



Worldwide, many people with <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/about/about-type-2-diabetes.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">type 2 diabetes</a> or obesity have been prescribed semaglutide, and <a href="https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2032183" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">studies</a> report notable decreases in body mass. Medical professionals want to refine such medicines so users can sustain improvements without living in fear of side effects.



This study’s focus on pinpointing nerve clusters in the dorsal vagal complex suggests that the medication’s key influence may hinge on specific cellular signaling. 



Experts continue to examine how fine-tuning these interactions could spark a new era of patient-tailored prescriptions that cut back on fatigue, stomach problems, or other issues.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-improving-the-weight-loss-drug">Improving the weight loss drug</h2>



Translating these laboratory findings into everyday practice requires cooperation between scientists, clinicians, and patients. Each group plays a part in testing new formulations, tracking real-world outcomes, and finding safer ways to manage weight while preserving quality of life.



Long-term monitoring can also reveal whether the identified neurons respond differently over months or years of treatment with the weight loss drug.



Such data might direct dosing schedules or therapy combinations, enabling people to enjoy greater flexibility in weight management without constantly worrying about adverse effects.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-targeting-neurons-in-future-therapies">Targeting neurons in future therapies</h2>



Experts agree that long-lasting success in weight management depends on treatments that do not add unnecessary burdens. No one wants to trade extra pounds for daily nausea, diarrhea, or a persistent sense of unease.



By highlighting how certain neurons shape the overall experience of using semaglutide, this work points to the possibility of a more precise approach. 



The study also demonstrates that the human body’s regulatory network can sometimes be traced to very focused cells whose actions have wide-ranging effects.



The findings suggest that nerve cells in the dorsal vagal complex may guide semaglutide’s positive outcomes. The hope is that future therapies will capitalize on this insight to yield weight reduction and metabolic health with fewer limitations.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1550413125002566" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cell Metabolism</a>.



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Secrets of a popular weight loss drug are finally revealed

Many people searching for ways to manage unwanted pounds have...

When it comes to heart health, focusing on food quality may be more beneficial than cutting carbs or fats. A major new study that tracked nearly 200,000 people over several decades found that the quality of food - not just the type of diet - makes a big difference for the heart.



The study was led by researchers at the <a href="https://hsph.harvard.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health</a>. “We found that what you eat on low-carb or low-fat diets matters just as much as the diet itself,” said Zhiyuan Wu, PhD, a postdoctoral fellow in Qi Sun's lab.



“Healthy versions of these diets - those rich in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plant-based-foods-promote-weight-loss-regardless-of-processing/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plant-based foods</a> and whole grains - were linked to better heart health outcomes and improved metabolic function. In contrast, low-carb and low-fat diets emphasizing unhealthy foods were associated with a higher risk of heart disease.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-food-quality-and-heart-health-outcomes">Food quality and heart health outcomes</h2>



The experts analyzed data from three large groups: 43,430 men from the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study (1986–2016), 64,164 women from the Nurses’ Health Study (1986–2018), and 92,189 women from the Nurses’ Health Study II (1991–2019). 



Over decades, the researchers tracked participants’ diets and recorded who developed <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/your-diet-may-save-your-life-six-key-foods-lower-the-risk-of-heart-disease/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">heart disease</a>.



Participants filled out detailed questionnaires about their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/poor-eating-habits-can-lead-to-lifelong-diseases/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">eating habits</a>. Based on the answers, the team assigned scores to indicate how healthy or unhealthy their food choices were within either a low-carbohydrate or low-fat framework.



The researchers classified foods based on nutrient quality. Whole grains, fruits, vegetables, nuts, and legumes were considered high-quality. Meanwhile, foods like potatoes, refined grains, saturated fats, and animal-based proteins were classified as low-quality.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-diet-quality-and-metabolic-health">Diet quality and metabolic health</h2>



For over 10,000 participants, the researchers went a step further. They measured hundreds of blood metabolites to see how diet quality affected metabolic regulation. 



“This approach allowed us to better understand the biological effects of these diets and strengthened our findings,” said Wu.



The results were clear. Participants who stuck to healthy <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/low-carb-diets-have-more-nutritional-value-than-expected/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">low-carb</a> or low-fat diets had a lower risk of coronary heart disease. 



Those who followed unhealthy versions of these diets faced a higher risk. In fact, choosing high-quality foods lowered <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/vitamin-b-paradox-supplement-linked-to-heart-disease-risk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">heart disease risk</a> by about 15 percent.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-food-quality-tips-for-a-healthy-heart">Food quality tips for a healthy heart</h2>



“Our findings suggest that improving food quality is crucial for improving heart health,” said Wu. 



“Regardless of whether someone follows a low-carbohydrate or low-fat diet, emphasizing whole, minimally processed and plant-based foods and limiting refined grain, sugar and animal foods, can significantly reduce the risk of coronary heart disease.”



For anyone looking to make healthier choices, the advice is straightforward. Add more whole grains, fruits, vegetables, nuts, and legumes to your meals. Cut back on processed meats, refined carbohydrates, and sugary snacks. 



Reading food labels can also help you spot hidden ingredients like added sugars in juices and packaged foods.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-linking-diet-to-health-conditions">Linking diet to health conditions </h2>



The researchers aren’t stopping here. They plan to explore other factors that could influence the link between diet and heart health. 



The experts are interested in how genetics, lifestyle choices, and additional metabolic markers might shape these associations. They also want to see how these diets affect other health conditions like type 2 diabetes and cancer.



Understanding these connections could lead to more personalized dietary advice based on an individual’s unique health profile.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-on-food-quality-every-day">Focus on food quality every day</h2>



Although the study points out the long-term advantages of superior diets, adopting these changes is daunting in the beginning. The secret is to begin small. 



Replacing white rice with brown rice, opting for whole-grain bread over white, or including one additional serving of vegetables at supper can establish healthier habits incrementally.



Preplanned meals are another effective strategy. Creating a shopping list focused on whole foods can reduce impulse purchases of processed treats. 



Cooking at home more often puts more power in your hands when it comes to using ingredients, and it's easier to steer clear of hidden sugars and unhealthy fats.



Experts also suggest considering balance, not restriction. Rather than eliminating entire categories of foods, try to put half your plate of food towards fruits and vegetables, a quarter towards whole grains, and a quarter towards lean protein or legumes. 



Small, regular changes in the quality of food can lead to dramatic gains in heart health over the long term.



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Low-carb or low-fat? Food quality is more important for heart health

When it comes to heart health, focusing on food quality...

Singing to a baby isn’t just a way to pass the time - it can have real benefits for your infant’s mood. Many parents find themselves humming a tune or softly singing a lullaby without even thinking. 



Across cultures, singing to babies seems to come naturally. New research confirms that this simple habit could be doing more than just entertaining your little one - it could be improving their overall well-being.



Scientists at <a href="https://medicine.yale.edu/childstudy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Yale University’s Child Study Center</a> recently explored this idea in a study published in the journal Child Development. 



Their work shows that singing is not only easy and accessible, but also a powerful tool for boosting infant mood. Importantly, a happier baby can mean better quality of life for the entire family.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-singing-as-therapy-for-babies">Singing as therapy for babies</h2>



“Singing is something that anyone can do, and most families are already doing,” said Eun Cho, a postdoctoral researcher and co-first author of the study. “We show that this simple practice can lead to real health benefits for babies.”



Rather than focusing on complicated or costly interventions, the researchers wanted to look at something simple and practical. 



“We don’t always need to be focusing on expensive, complicated interventions when there are others that are just as effective and easy to adopt,” added Lidya Yurdum, a PhD student at the University of Amsterdam and co-first author, who is also affiliated with Yale’s Child Study Center.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-singing-changed-the-routine">How singing changed the routine</h2>



The team studied 110 parents and their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/talking-to-babies-in-parentese-boosts-their-language-development/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">babies</a>, most under four months old. Parents were divided into two groups. 



One group was given tools to increase the time they spent singing - new songs, karaoke-style instructional videos, baby-friendly songbooks, and weekly newsletters packed with ideas for weaving <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/babies-hear-far-more-speech-at-home-than-music/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">music</a> into everyday life.



For four weeks, parents answered daily surveys on their smartphones. The surveys asked about their baby’s mood, fussiness, how much time they spent soothing their baby, their own mood, and how often they used music with their child.



The results were clear. Parents sang more often, and not because they were told when or how to sing. “When you ask parents to sing more and provide them with very basic tools to help them in that journey, it’s something that comes very naturally to them,” said Yurdum.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-parents-naturally-turn-to-singing">Parents naturally turn to singing </h2>



Samuel Mehr is an adjunct associate professor at the Child Study Center and director of The Music Lab.



Interestingly, parents gravitated toward singing when their babies were fussy. "We didn't say to parents, 'We think you should sing to your baby when she's fussy,' but that's what they did," said Mehr.



"<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/parents-report-excess-burnout-due-to-unrealistic-expectations/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Parents</a> intuitively gravitate toward music as a tool for managing infants' emotions, because they quickly learn how effective singing is at calming a fussy baby."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-happier-babies-healthier-families">Happier babies, healthier families</h2>



The impact was not just immediate. Babies whose parents sang more often were generally rated as having better moods overall. It wasn’t just that music soothed a crying baby in the moment - the general <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/music-has-the-power-to-change-the-mood-of-our-memories/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mood</a> of the infants improved over the weeks.



While the study did not find a significant effect on parents’ moods in the short term, Mehr noted a potential ripple effect. 



"Every parent knows that the mood of an infant affects everyone around that infant," said Mehr. "If improvements to infant mood persist over time, they may well generalize to other health outcomes."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-further-research-on-singing-to-babies">Further research on singing to babies</h2>



The researchers believe this might be just the beginning. Yurdum pointed out that even before the study, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/teens-with-supportive-families-are-more-likely-to-be-kind/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">families</a> involved were already fairly musical. 



“Despite that, and despite only four weeks of the intervention, we saw benefits. That suggests that the strength of singing to your babies would likely be even stronger in a family that does not already rely on music as a way of soothing their infants,” said Yurdum.



The Child Study Center team has launched a follow-up project called “Together We Grow.” This new study will look at the effects of singing over a longer period - eight months - and examine whether music can have broader benefits like improved sleep or reduced parental stress and postpartum depression.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-universal-phenomenon">A universal phenomenon </h2>



Music has always had a special place in human culture, and previous research from The Music Lab shows that infant-directed music is a universal phenomenon. Humans can even recognize whether a song is a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/social-dancing-and-singing-lullabies-to-babies-are-not-innate-human-behaviors/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lullaby</a> or a dance song in unfamiliar languages and cultures.



Mehr believes that these findings are tied to a fundamental role of music in human communication. 



"Our understanding of the evolutionary functions of music points to a role of music in communication," he said. "Parents send babies a clear signal in their lullabies: I'm close by, I hear you, I'm looking out for you - so things can't be all that bad."



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://srcd.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/cdev.14246">Child Development</a>.



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Singing to babies is a powerful way to boost their mood

Singing to a baby isn’t just a way to pass...

In many parts of Europe, poverty and loneliness create an unrelenting ache, both emotionally and physically. A new investigation suggests that poverty may be a major reason these struggles persist.



Researchers found that about half of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/billions-of-people-cant-afford-healthy-food-despite-not-being-poor/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lower-income</a> adults reported loneliness in the past week, compared with 15% of those earning more. These insights come from work led by Arran Davis, a scientist at the <a href="https://www.ox.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Oxford</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-poverty-and-loneliness-team-up">How poverty and loneliness team up</h2>



When individuals lack funds, life can feel like a maze with no exit. <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4006295/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Stress</a> from housing insecurity or unpaid bills can heighten feelings of anxiety that morph into an even heavier emotional burden.



Experts say that being lonely can compound these hardships, leading to a “defensive symptom cluster of pain, fatigue, and low mood.” This cluster likely emerged through evolutionary processes that prioritize protection in times of perceived threat.



Earlier <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4240051/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">studies</a> have shown that those with fewer financial <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/children-who-were-born-into-poverty-struggle-to-control-their-emotions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">resources</a> are especially at risk for these issues. That risk may climb further when emotional support from friends or family feels distant.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-socializing-doesn-t-stop-loneliness">Socializing doesn’t stop loneliness</h2>



Many assume that if people meet with friends or relatives often, they must feel supported. But the study found that individuals in poverty were not socializing any less than wealthier groups.



That means a person can attend gatherings every night yet still feel isolated inside. <a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1000316" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Researchers</a> see loneliness as more about the quality of those interactions and the sense of belonging they provide.



Feeling disconnected in spite of regular meetups may explain why economic pressures can make loneliness even tougher to overcome. People with limited funds may struggle to believe in the reliability of their social <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/poverty-impacts-brain-development-in-children/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">support</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-poverty-loneliness-and-physical-stress">Poverty, loneliness, and physical stress</h2>



The research team identified a notable gap in well-being between those who felt lonely and those who did not, with the difference most pronounced among the lowest earners.



This group was more likely to report severe versions of that symptom cluster, including painful body aches, deep fatigue, and persistent low mood.



Roughly 30% of lonely individuals from the poorest group faced extremely high scores on these symptoms, whereas only 2% of non-lonely high earners showed similar challenges. This gap in well-being is also documented in the official publication by Davis and colleagues.



“The relationship between poverty and poor health is well established, and previous research suggests that loneliness may be as bad for you as smoking. Our study shows that for people who are both on low incomes and lonely the health costs are particularly marked,” concluded Dr. Davis.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-science-links-loneliness-to-poor-health">Science links loneliness to poor health</h2>



Researchers across the globe have linked <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11752480/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">social isolation</a> to higher levels of inflammation and other harmful biological changes that can wear down physical well-being.³ This can spark a cascade of pain, exhaustion, and depressed mood if left unaddressed.



Medical professionals emphasize that strong social ties may protect against these risks. They believe such connections could provide emotional support, practical help, and a sense of belonging that eases mental strain.



Loneliness, on the other hand, might heighten the body’s sense of danger, especially for people living paycheck to paycheck. That constant <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/psychological-poverty-greatly-impacts-decision-making/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">state</a> of alarm could explain why they experience more pain and lower energy overall.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-support-and-policy-can-help">How support and policy can help</h2>



Some health advocates suggest that public policies should aim to reinforce local social networks, especially in poorer neighborhoods. They argue that group events, community centers, and mental health services might soften the blow of loneliness among financially struggling residents.



Improving housing, education, and employment opportunities is another strategy that can address the root causes of both isolation and financial hardship. Greater efforts to reduce inequality could help more individuals find both stability and genuine connection.



As Dr. Davis notes, practical interventions that target social bonding could carry extra weight where resources are already scarce. Initiatives that build trust and collaboration may ultimately boost emotional well-being, along with physical health.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-measuring-the-effects-poverty-and-loneliness">Measuring the effects poverty and loneliness </h2>



Researchers admit that tracking pain, fatigue, and mood isn’t straightforward. The symptom cluster used in this study wasn’t based on a standard clinical tool but instead relied on general survey questions.



Some of these questions, such as those about pain over the past year, may not reflect day-to-day suffering. Because of this, the true burden of emotional and physical distress could be even higher than the data suggest.



All these points shed light on a deeper truth: meaningful social connection involves more than just meeting up with others. For many people on tight budgets, a caring community might be their best defense against the persistent wear and tear of loneliness.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0033350625001209" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Public Health</a>.



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Poverty-linked loneliness causes real physical and emotional pain

In many parts of Europe, poverty and loneliness create an...

Abdominal weight often appears out of nowhere once people pass a certain birthday. Extra inches around the waist are more than cosmetic, because scientists link them to a higher likelihood of problems such as diabetes and heart disease.



Recent findings suggest there is a unique factor behind this shift. Experts at <a href="https://www.cityofhope.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">City of Hope</a> discovered a new population of stem cells called CP-As that might explain why so many older adults see their waistlines expand.



“We discovered aging triggers the arrival of a new type of adult stem cell and enhances the body’s massive production of new fat cells, especially around the belly,” explained <a href="https://www.cityofhope.org/qiong-wang" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Qiong (Annabel) Wang, Ph.D.</a>, an associate professor at City of Hope’s Arthur Riggs Diabetes &amp; Metabolism Research Institute. 



<a href="https://bri.ucla.edu/people/xia-yang/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Xia Yang, Ph.D.</a>, from UCLA also contributed to this investigation, providing further insight into how these cells appear and operate as people age.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-vital-role-of-belly-fat">Vital role of belly fat</h2>



Many individuals find that body composition shifts with advancing years. The belly region often carries a larger share of newly gained pounds compared to younger adulthood.



Excess abdominal fat raises worries for conditions like high blood pressure and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/type-2-diabetes-heightens-alzheimers-risk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">type 2 diabetes</a>. 



According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (<a href="https://www.cdc.gov/obesity/adult-obesity-facts/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CDC</a>), more than 42% of American adults have obesity, which increases the risk of related health concerns.



<a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC419497/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Visceral fat</a>, which sits deep in the abdomen, is especially troublesome. It can release inflammatory substances that contribute to metabolic imbalances and strain essential organs.



Age-related hormonal fluctuations and evolving activity levels have been cited as possible culprits. The recent discovery of CP-As provides a more direct explanation for why so many people develop stubborn belly bulges even when they maintain the same overall weight.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-cp-as-were-identified">How CP-As were identified</h2>



Researchers focused on whether certain adult stem cells in belly fat remain active in older bodies. They found that these <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-48914-w" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">adipose progenitor cells (APCs)</a> do not slow down as time goes by but instead gain the ability to produce new fat cells more readily.



“This is the first evidence that our bellies expand with age due to the APCs’ high output of new fat cells,” noted <a href="https://www.cityofhope.org/adolfo-garcia-ocana" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Adolfo Garcia-Ocana, Ph.D.</a>, the Ruth B. &amp; Robert K. Lanman Endowed Chair in Gene Regulation &amp; Drug Discovery Research at City of Hope.



By examining tissue samples, the team recognized a committed preadipocyte group that ramps up fat cell formation in midlife.



Scientists labeled this subset as CP-As and noticed that they multiply quickly in belly fat. Further tests showed that these cells rely on <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/leukemia-inhibitory-factor-receptor" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">leukemia inhibitory factor receptor (LIFR)</a> signals to spark the creation of fresh fat tissue.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-belly-fat-matters-for-health">Why belly fat matters for health</h2>



Older adults who experience a surge in belly fat often report more difficulty keeping glucose levels under control. According to the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (<a href="https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/weight-management/adult-overweight-obesity" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NIDDK</a>), central obesity can be a factor in <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/about/about-type-2-diabetes.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">type 2 diabetes</a>.



CP-As appear to strengthen the body’s tendency to expand fat stores once people reach their middle years. This process shifts the distribution of extra pounds in a way that is frequently linked to systemic inflammation and insulin resistance.



Even those whose total body weight does not jump by much may notice extra inches around the waist. Belly fat tissue can produce substances that weaken <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-metabolism-has-evolved-to-become-energetically-unique/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">metabolic balance</a>, making it a priority for health experts.



The health risks of carrying more midsection fat include a greater burden on the cardiovascular system. For many, this subtle shift in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-bodies-begin-breaking-down-two-very-precise-ages/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">body shape</a> ends up creating big repercussions for blood sugar control and cholesterol levels.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-potential-paths-ahead">Potential paths ahead</h2>



Blocking the LIFR pathway is one idea that has come up in ongoing research. If scientists find a way to slow down or redirect CP-As, they might curb some of the most stubborn belly <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/high-fat-diets-cause-high-anxiety-through-changes-in-gut-bacteria/">fat</a> that accumulates later in life.



Tracking these cells in human volunteers is another area of focus. Specialists want to see if removing or adjusting CP-As could help older adults hold on to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/moderate-belly-fat-may-actually-boost-brain-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">healthier physiques</a>.



Some investigators will look at genetic factors that make certain people more prone to the effects of CP-As. Others will explore how medications might target these cells without harming normal tissue renewal.



Balancing lifestyle measures with medical advances could offer a broader toolkit against midlife waistline spread. Physical activity and mindful eating still count, yet new therapies might address the underlying forces that encourage fat accumulation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-looking-toward-healthier-aging">Looking toward healthier aging</h2>



Subcutaneous fat under the skin does not always carry the same risks as visceral fat. CP-As appear to favor deeper layers in the belly region, which is why these cells raise so many concerns about serious <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plant-extracts-may-help-treat-metabolic-syndrome/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">metabolic issues</a>.



Discoveries about these committed preadipocytes help scientists approach aging from a fresh angle. They see a chance to intervene before extra abdominal weight reaches a stage that compromises heart health, insulin function, and other vital processes.



Medications that target CP-As could be paired with exercise routines to keep weight gain under control. This combined effort aims to improve daily well-being and protect against the damaging effects of internal fat stores.



Research on CP-As is still unfolding, so there is a lot to learn about how they interact with other factors. Identifying these unusual stem cells is a step toward new prevention strategies for people determined to stay fit in the later years.



The study is published in <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adj0430" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science</a>.



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Scientists identify new CP-As stem cells that trigger belly fat with age

Abdominal weight often appears out of nowhere once people pass...

Nearly every culture claps. We clap to express joy, encourage performers, or show unity. But a new study reveals something deeper: clapping is not just social, it’s a scientific event with unique sound properties.



Published in the journal Physical Review Research, the research combines real-life data, high-speed imaging, lab experiments, and simulations to explain how claps produce <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/silent-mind-when-the-inner-voice-fades/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sound</a>.



This collaboration between Cornell University and the <a href="https://olemiss.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Mississippi</a> unlocks the physics behind an everyday act.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-clapping-makes-sound">How clapping makes sound</h2>



Likun Zhang, co-author of the study, is an associate professor of physics and senior scientist at the <a href="https://olemiss.edu/ncpa/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">National Center for Physical Acoustics</a>.



“This is the first time we have had a systematic study where we integrate physical experiments and theoretical modeling, and it’s only possible because of the collaboration between our universities,” said Zhang. 



The team tested real human claps and silicone replicas to understand not only <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/strawberry-claws-the-hermit-crab-that-sings-underwater/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">acoustics</a>, but also details of flow, pressure, and collision. The goal was to see how all parts interact.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-clap-sound-comes-from-escaping-air">Clap sound comes from escaping air</h2>



Most people think the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/habitat-and-evolution-shape-the-unique-sounds-of-birds/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sound</a> of a clap comes from hands hitting each other, but the researchers found that this is not true. The main noise comes from a small pocket of air squeezed between your palms.



“This is something that is so ubiquitous, but not well understood,” said Yicong Fu, doctoral student at <a href="https://www.cornell.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cornell</a> and lead author of the study. 



“We clap all the time, but we haven’t thought deeply about it. That’s the point of the study - to explain the world with deeper knowledge and understanding."



“It’s work driven by curiosity. We want to simplify a problem and explain it to the world in a way that’s eloquent and accurate.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hands-act-like-musical-instruments">Hands act like musical instruments</h2>



The compressed air behaves like a Helmholtz resonator. This is the same principle behind blowing across a bottle’s mouth. The palms create a cavity, and the gap near the thumb acts like a neck.



The paper shows powder tests and airflow analysis. They confirm that air escapes through the purlicue (the opening between thumb and index finger). This air jet vibrates, creating <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plants-heard-making-screaming-sounds-stress-induced-first-time-ever/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sound</a> waves.



Each clap sounds different based on hand shape, skin softness, and speed. The team used silicone hand replicas with different volumes, outlet sizes, and neck lengths. The study shows how these variations create different frequencies.



Larger cavities produced lower sounds. Smaller outlets and stiffer materials created higher pitch and sharper notes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-material-and-motion-matter-too">Material and motion matter too</h2>



“Traditional Helmholtz resonators have rigid walls – think of the glass walls of a bottle,” Zhang said. “This produces a long-lasting sound that attenuates very slowly because most of the energy contributes to the acoustic signal.



“But when we have elastic walls – let's say our hands – there's going to be more vibration of the solid material, and all of that motion absorbs energy away from the sound.”



That’s why handclaps are short and sharp. They decay quickly, usually within 10 milliseconds, because the soft skin walls lose energy fast.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-finger-grooves-add-higher-frequencies">Finger grooves add higher frequencies</h2>



Some people’s claps include two tones. That second, higher-frequency tone often comes from finger grooves acting like open-ended pipes. 



The study explains that these act like small flute tubes and add detail to each person’s clapping profile.



Controlled lab tests using replica fingers confirmed this pipe-mode contribution. Each finger groove created a pitch that aligned with its length, which was consistent with the theory.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-can-a-hand-clap-identify-you">Can a hand clap identify you?</h2>



Each person’s handclap carries a unique combination of cavity shape, skin elasticity, and rhythm. This may make it useful in identity recognition.



“One of the most promising applications of this research is human identification,” said Guoqin Liu, a graduate researcher in the acoustics center. “Just through the sound, we could tell who made it.”



The research shows a clear relationship between clap speed and volume. Faster claps compress the air more, creating stronger air jets and louder pops. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-short-sound-fast-decay">Short sound, fast decay</h2>



The researchers also developed equations showing a quadratic link between clapping speed and internal pressure. Despite loudness, most of the energy still goes into moving air, not making sound.



Clapping sounds vanish fast because human hands are soft and constantly changing shape. Unlike rigid musical instruments, hands lose energy quickly.



The quality factor (Q), which measures how long a sound lasts, is much lower in clapping than in solid resonators. The research showed that outlet deformation increases with clap speed, further reducing sound duration.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-the-research">Significance of the research</h2>



The research goes beyond music and performance. Clapping can be used in architectural acoustics, biometric identification, and even language learning.



“This is the science behind our daily lives,” Liu said. “Everyone uses handclaps, but at the same time, it is interesting that every person’s clapping has a different sound, a different frequency and a different resonance."



“We all clap, sometimes on a daily basis. But understanding the science behind it is something new, and that’s what we were trying to do.”



The study, supported by <a href="https://www.nsf.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NSF</a> Grant CBET-2401507, reveals how much physics exists in a single clap. From ancient traditions to scientific models, a simple handclap proves to be far more complex than it seems.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://journals.aps.org/prresearch/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevResearch.7.013259" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Physical Review Research</a>.



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What really happens when you clap your hands will surprise you

Nearly every culture claps. We clap to express joy, encourage...

Many people dismiss an afternoon slump as a harmless quirk of modern life. In reality, persistent daytime drowsiness can hint at larger concerns that may grow worse over time if left unaddressed.



Experts emphasize the importance of recognizing when repeated yawning and nodding off could be symptoms of an underlying <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/why-new-mothers-feel-exhausted-despite-getting-sleep/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sleep</a> deficit. This is supported by evidence in a position paper co-authored by Dr. Eric Olsen, president of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine.



Dr. Olson is a pulmonologist at the <a href="https://www.mayoclinic.org/patient-visitor-guide/minnesota" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mayo Clinic</a> in Rochester, Minnesota. He and other researchers highlight how insufficient rest contributes to physical hazards and long-term conditions that can harm well-being.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-daytime-sleepiness-and-health-problems">Daytime sleepiness and health problems</h2>



“Sleepiness is a serious health concern with wide-reaching consequences,” said Dr. Olson. Public health <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4434546/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">studies</a> have indicated that not getting seven to eight hours of quality rest is tied to problems like diabetes and stroke. 



Daytime yawning may be easy to ignore, but health specialists suggest viewing it as a warning. Trouble concentrating at work or dozing off in unexpected situations can point to deeper <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sleep-prepares-the-brain-for-the-future-while-protecting-memories-of-the-past/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">issues</a>. 



The researchers encourage anyone who experiences these signs on a regular basis to talk with their physician.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-safety-risks-of-daytime-sleepiness">Safety risks of daytime sleepiness</h2>



Loss of focus can immediately threaten safety, such as when driving while drowsy. About 100,000 car accidents a year are connected to <a href="https://www.nhtsa.gov/risky-driving/drowsy-driving" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">drivers</a> who doze off behind the wheel.



Even momentary lapses in alertness, known as <a href="https://www.webmd.com/sleep-disorders/what-to-know-microsleep" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">microsleeps</a>, can be disastrous when operating heavy machinery or simply traveling home. Continued sleep deprivation also disrupts how the brain perceives its own fatigue.



“The unfortunate thing is data shows that with chronic partial <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sleep-quality-could-be-the-key-to-better-metabolic-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sleep</a> deprivation the ability to perceive our own level of impairment is no longer accurate, we think we’re OK when we’re really not,” said Dr. Indira Gurubhagavatula, a professor of sleep medicine at <a href="https://www.pennmedicine.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Penn Medicine</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-yawning-may-boost-daytime-alertness">Yawning may boost daytime alertness</h2>



Research shows that yawning is not just an individual response. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33386468/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Studies</a> indicate that spontaneous yawns occur in a wide range of vertebrate species to maintain internal processes, but humans and certain social animals also experience contagious yawns.



Some scholars believe that catching another’s yawn might have helped groups remain more alert and watchful. A study led by Andrew Gallup from the <a href="https://sunypoly.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">State University of New York Polytechnic Institute</a> hinted that seeing someone yawn can raise awareness of possible dangers.



Participants who observed yawns were quicker to spot threatening images, though their recognition of harmless ones stayed the same. Gallup explained that he didn’t see evidence for yawning increasing oxygen levels in the blood, referencing earlier myths about the reflex.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-doctors-assess-daytime-sleepiness">How doctors assess daytime sleepiness</h2>



The <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1798888/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Epworth Sleepiness Scale</a> is often used in clinics to decide whether daytime drowsiness reaches a concerning level. Participants rate how likely they are to drift off in situations such as sitting down after lunch or reading in a quiet room. Scores above 10 usually call for follow-up.



Doctors may also check for common conditions like sleep apnea, restless leg syndrome, or insomnia. 



Certain medications can interfere with normal rest, so pharmacists might review any prescriptions or over-the-counter aids to see if sleep disruption is a side effect.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-improving-sleep-quality">Improving sleep quality</h2>



Outside of medical conditions, choices such as late caffeine use can disturb a person’s rest. Alcohol before bed seems to help some individuals doze off, but it can fragment <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sleep-can-boost-memory-in-a-surprising-way/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sleep</a> patterns in the second half of the night.



Many specialists note that cutting back on evening drinks often leads to more refreshing sleep. They also warn that marijuana and other substances can lower the overall quality of nighttime rest.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sleep-loss-linked-to-health-issues">Sleep loss linked to health issues</h2>



Long-term sleep shortage contributes to issues beyond feeling groggy. Research has tied insufficient rest to obesity, high blood pressure, and kidney disease.



The risk of depression can rise as well, possibly linked to changes in brain chemistry and mood regulation. Physicians suggest treating daytime drowsiness as a serious matter, not just a minor frustration.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-routines-can-reduce-daytime-sleepiness">Routines can reduce daytime sleepiness</h2>



The bedroom environment is another important factor. A bedroom that is too bright or too noisy may stop the body from settling into deep stages of rest.



For many people, bedtime routines that avoid screen use and heavy meals close to lights out can promote steadier sleep rhythms. Regular physical activity during the day can also help establish normal body cues, leading to fewer nighttime disruptions.



Health authorities recommend specialized testing if daytime drowsiness continues after these adjustments.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research-on-yawning">Future research on yawning</h2>



Experts continue exploring how yawning relates to vigilance and social bonding. Research continues to examine whether contagious yawns only heighten alertness or offer additional benefits.



As more data emerge, researchers hope these findings may encourage people to notice their own patterns and respond to signs of ongoing fatigue.



The study is published in the <a href="https://www.science.org/content/article/why-yawns-are-contagious-all-kinds-animals" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine</a>.



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Daytime sleepiness may signal serious health problems, doctors warn

Many people dismiss an afternoon slump as a harmless quirk...

One popular recommendation suggests drinking between eight and 10 glasses of water per day. This practice has been linked to better management of blood sugar, especially for those living with diabetes.



These recommendations gained fresh attention from Dr. Ifabunmi Oduyemi Osonuga at <a href="https://web.oouagoiwoye.edu.ng/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Olabisi Onabanjo University</a>, Nigeria. His work looked at how increasing water intake might influence glucose parameters and other metabolic factors.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-insulin-resistance">Understanding insulin resistance</h2>



Insulin resistance happens when the body does not respond well to <a href="https://diabetes.org/health-wellness/medication/insulin-basics" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">insulin</a>, a hormone responsible for helping cells absorb sugar from the bloodstream. 



Poor response to insulin can lead to elevated blood glucose levels and complications tied to <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/about/about-type-2-diabetes.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">type 2 diabetes</a>.



Studies have mentioned that good hydration may help with insulin action by lowering the concentration of certain hormones that affect sugar metabolism. 



When the body has less fluid, it can produce <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK526069/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">vasopressin</a>, which research shows can negatively impact glucose regulation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-impact-of-water-on-blood-glucose">The impact of water on blood glucose</h2>



Some experts note that dehydration could raise the risk of higher blood sugar. One <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5197923/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">study</a> found glucose concentrations dropped notably in non-diabetic individuals after a set period of increased water intake.



Improved hydration supports kidney function so the body can eliminate extra sugar more effectively. This process may aid those dealing with insulin resistance who are looking to optimize glucose levels.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tips-for-daily-water-consumption">Tips for daily water consumption</h2>



Suggestions from the <a href="https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/10925/chapter/6" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">U.S. Institute of Medicine</a> say adult men should aim for about 3.7 liters of fluid daily from all sources, while adult women should aim for about 2.7 liters. 



At least half of that total should come from pure water, which means focusing on beverages without added sugars or artificial sweeteners.



Experts often advise drinking water before meals to help reduce unnecessary calories. Those with insulin resistance might benefit from planning their water intake throughout the day to maintain steady hydration levels.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-happens-when-you-don-t-drink-enough">What happens when you don’t drink enough</h2>



Skipping <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mars-water-reservoir-discovered-medusae-fossae-formation-two-miles-deep/">water</a> too often may trigger a hormonal response that works against blood sugar balance. When the body senses dehydration, it produces more vasopressin, a hormone that helps the kidneys retain water but also influences how sugar is processed in the liver and pancreas.



Higher vasopressin levels are linked to increased blood sugar and poorer insulin response. This makes dehydration a quiet contributor to glucose spikes, especially in people who are already managing type 2 diabetes or prediabetes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-possible-advantages-for-appetite-control">Possible advantages for appetite control</h2>



Researchers have noted that drinking water can help curb hunger by preventing confusion between thirst and hunger signals. Taking a glass of water soon after waking and regularly over the course of the day can help reduce overeating.



This practice seems especially relevant for anyone managing insulin resistance, where weight regulation is key. Even small habits like consistent water intake may add up over time when paired with a balanced diet and regular activity.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-connecting-hydration-with-kidney-health">Connecting hydration with kidney health</h2>



The kidneys play a vital role in clearing excess glucose from the blood. When a person is well hydrated, the kidneys filter more efficiently, helping to excrete extra sugar through urine.



Without enough <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/unidentified-chemical-found-in-tap-water-across-the-u-s/">water</a>, this system slows down. That can lead to higher concentrations of glucose in the blood, placing extra strain on the body and increasing the risk of complications in individuals with diabetes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-hydration-ties-into-lifestyle-changes">How hydration ties into lifestyle changes</h2>



Specialists emphasize that hydration alone cannot reverse insulin resistance. They see it as one piece of a bigger plan that includes balanced nutrition, regular exercise, and medical monitoring as needed.



A supportive lifestyle often yields gradual improvements in insulin sensitivity. Good hydration, healthier food choices, and consistent physical movement can work together to keep blood sugar levels more stable.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-where-more-research-is-heading">Where more research is heading</h2>



“The evidence that short-duration exposure to plain <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/water-molecule-discovery-will-force-textbooks-to-be-rewritten/">water</a> intake can improve glycemic parameters in diabetic patients is limited,” remarked Dr. Osonuga. 



Investigators have observed that short-term trials linking plain water intake to better glycemic measures show promise, especially in individuals who do not yet have diabetes.



Longer and broader studies are planned to explore whether these improvements translate to lasting changes in people already diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. 



Researchers hope this approach might guide personalized water-consumption advice for different groups.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-practical-reminders">Practical reminders</h2>



Clinicians suggest checking the color of one’s urine as a quick gauge of hydration, aiming for a light yellow shade. 



Individuals should consider other health factors, such as kidney conditions or cardiovascular issues, before making drastic changes to fluid intake.



Those who struggle with daily water consumption might try flavor-infused water using slices of fruit for variety without adding sugary ingredients. 



Others may prefer consistent sipping throughout the day to stay hydrated without feeling overloaded.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-final-thoughts-on-hydration-habits">Final thoughts on hydration habits</h2>



People diagnosed with diabetes need strategies to keep their blood sugar in a healthier range. Drinking eight to 10 glasses of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-discovery-water-molecules-will-force-chemistry-textbooks-to-be-rewritten/">water</a> daily could be a helpful step, but it is only one part of the puzzle.



Focusing on the whole lifestyle picture offers the best results. With careful planning, consistent monitoring, and professional advice, water intake may play a meaningful role in supporting balanced glucose levels.



The study is published in <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2468227624000590" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Scientific African</a>.



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Drinking this amount of water per day helps control blood sugar levels in people with diabetes

One popular recommendation suggests drinking between eight and 10 glasses...

We often don’t realize it, but emotions shape nearly every decision we make. They help us navigate through daily life, influencing the actions we take and the choices we consider. 



When emotions work as they should, they guide us safely. But when they linger too long or strike at the wrong time, they can create problems.



Despite decades of research, scientists still have much to learn about how the brain generates emotions. How does a fleeting feeling become a lasting state? And why do these emotional states sometimes turn into challenges that are hard to shake?



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tracing-emotions-in-the-brain">Tracing emotions in the brain</h2>



New research from <a href="https://med.stanford.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Stanford Medicine</a> offers some important answers. A team of neuroscientists and psychiatrists has mapped the brain’s response to an unpleasant sensory experience. 



The experts found patterns of brain activity that are not only key to human emotion but are also shared with mice - and likely with all mammals. The findings could improve our understanding of neuropsychiatric conditions marked by emotional difficulties.



"<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-science-of-happiness-what-makes-people-satisfied-with-their-lives/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Emotional states</a> are fundamental to psychiatry," said Dr. Karl Deisseroth, a professor of behavioral sciences who led the study. 



The research was primarily focused on investigating how the brain responds to negative sensory experiences. Dr. Deisseroth suspects, however, that the observed patterns could apply to positive experiences too. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-challenge-of-a-big-brain">The challenge of a big brain</h2>



Mammals, including humans and mice, have large brains compared to other animals. A mouse brain contains about 100 million neurons. A <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/largest-ever-3d-map-of-human-brain-created-by-harvard-and-google/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">human brain</a> has close to 90 billion neurons - nearly one thousand times more.



"A bigger brain means a richer, more complex mental life. But there are real constraints once you scale up," noted Dr. Deisseroth. For humans, size comes with a problem: it takes time for information to travel across the brain and be properly integrated. 



To make a good decision, the brain has to pull together sensory information - goals, bodily needs, and other data - all at once. If it can’t integrate everything, mistakes happen. Emotions may help by holding information together long enough for the brain to sort it out.



“Tuning the time scale of this communication could be an important aspect of typical brain function,” said Dr. Ethan Richman, co-lead author of the study.



He compared it to a piano’s sustain pedal, which lets notes linger longer after being played. In the brain, too much or too little persistence could disrupt emotional processing and contribute to disorders.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-from-mice-to-humans">From mice to humans</h2>



Human brain activity is famously complex. To find meaningful patterns, the team needed a way to sort through the noise. Dr. Deisseroth, known for developing optogenetics, left that technique aside for this study. Instead, the researchers used a clever evolutionary trick.



The team compared brain activity in humans and mice - two species that share a common ancestor from 70 million years ago. They looked for patterns that showed up in both species when exposed to the same stimulus, linked to the same behaviors, and affected by the same interventions.



“This approach allowed us to focus our study on the key principles that were shared between mice and humans,” said Dr. Isaac Kauvar, co-lead author of the study.



If a brain pattern has been preserved across millions of years, it’s likely important for survival, noted Dr. Deisseroth.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-simple-puff-of-air">A simple puff of air</h2>



To trigger emotions safely and reliably, the team needed a non-harmful stimulus. They turned to something familiar from eye exams: a puff of air to the eye. It’s not painful, but it is mildly unpleasant.



Participants in the study - patients at Stanford Hospital undergoing monitoring for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/revolutionizing-cbd-treatment-for-epilepsy-and-multiple-sclerosis/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">epilepsy</a> - described the puffs as “annoying,” “unpleasant,” and “uncomfortable.” A series of these puffs made them feel increasingly irritated.



“That bummed-out state of mind can be adaptive,” said Dr. Deisseroth. Repeated negative experiences teach the brain to guide future behavior carefully.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-the-brain-responds-to-emotions">How the brain responds to emotions</h2>



The researchers were able to record high-resolution brain activity using electrodes implanted in patients’ brains for clinical reasons. These patients, confined to their hospital beds, volunteered for the study while awaiting seizure events.



In response to the air puffs, subjects first blinked reflexively. Then, they squinted or blinked again - a measurable sign of emotional response. 



At the same time, their brain activity showed a two-phase pattern: a brief initial burst followed by a slower, longer-lasting phase linked to emotional processing.



When the same test was run in mice, the results were strikingly similar. After multiple puffs, the mice showed signs of entering a negative emotional state, avoiding reward-seeking behaviors.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-happens-when-emotions-fade">What happens when emotions fade?</h2>



Next, the researchers tested whether they could disrupt this emotional state. They used ketamine, a medication approved at low doses for treating depression. Ketamine is known for causing dissociation - a state where people feel detached from their emotions.



“Ketamine recipients are fully aware of sensory experience, but they often don’t have typical emotions about that experience,” said Dr. Deisseroth. “It’s as if it’s happening to someone or something else.”



After giving a single dose of ketamine to the participants, the researchers saw a dramatic change. The subjects still reflexively blinked at each air puff, but they stopped squinting afterward. 



When asked about the puffs, their responses were telling: “The air puff . . . felt entertaining,” said one participant. “It felt like little whispers on my eyeballs,” said another.



In both humans and mice, ketamine sped up the second, slower phase of brain activity. It made the emotional response fade more quickly, like lifting a piano’s sustain pedal to stop the note.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-brain-timing-shapes-our-emotions">Brain timing shapes our emotions</h2>



The results suggest that the second phase of brain activity - the slower, lingering wave - is closely tied to emotional states. Speeding it up, as ketamine does, cuts the emotion short.



In fact, the team found that even without air puffs, ketamine shortened the brain’s “intrinsic time scale” - the natural rhythm of how long brain activity patterns persist.



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-trauma-leaves-us-frozen-in-a-state-of-dissociation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dissociation</a>, they found, may work by making emotional signals too brief to be properly integrated across the brain. 



“Dissociative medication may render the stabilizing phase of brain activity so ephemeral that information can’t be properly integrated across the brain, including to build an emotional state,” explained Dr. Deisseroth.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-it-means-for-mental-health">What it means for mental health</h2>



Could tweaking the brain’s timing help treat <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mental-illness-is-caused-by-the-whole-body-not-just-the-brain/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mental illnesses</a>? "Far too-brisk decay of that integrative brain activity could generally prevent coordination of information flowing in from diverse regions of the brain,” noted Dr. Deisseroth. 



This could lead to symptoms like those seen in schizophrenia, where individuals sometimes feel disconnected from their own actions.



On the other hand, if brain activity lingers too long, it could result in persistent emotions or intrusive thoughts, as seen in post-traumatic stress disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, or depression.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-autism-patients">Implications for autism patients </h2>



The study raises other interesting possibilities. Could an overly persistent brain state contribute to the processing difficulties seen in autism? 



“People with autism spectrum disorder are often known to have trouble keeping up with high-speed bursts of information,” said Dr. Deisseroth.



“These are fascinating possibilities, which we are now exploring. It’s amazing what an unbiased brainwide screen can reveal, especially with the right technology and across millions of years of evolution.”



The study is part of Stanford Medicine’s Human Neural Circuitry research program, which was founded by Dr. Deisseroth. The program focuses on understanding <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/every-part-of-the-brain-works-together-to-support-intelligence/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">how the brain works</a> in both health and disease by combining cutting-edge technologies for measuring brain activity and behavior.



The findings are published in the journal <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adt3971" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science</a>.



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How emotions build in the brain - and why they linger

We often don’t realize it, but emotions shape nearly every...

Caffeine is woven into daily life, turning up not just in morning coffee but in tea, chocolate, soda, and energy drinks.



Yet the same stimulant that keeps billions of people alert may also be changing the way the sleeping brain resets itself overnight, according to new research from the <a href="https://www.umontreal.ca/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Montréal</a>.



In a recent study, scientists combined electroencephalography with artificial-intelligence tools to reveal that evening caffeine drives the brain into a more active and less restorative mode during <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sleep-rewires-the-brain-to-strengthen-memories/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sleep</a>. Researchers also found the effect is most pronounced in people under 30.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-probing-the-sleeping-brain"><a></a>Probing the sleeping brain</h2>



The research team, led by doctoral trainee Philipp Thölke in the Cognitive and Computational Neuroscience Laboratory (CoCo Lab), recorded the nighttime brain activity of 40 healthy volunteers.



Each participant slept in the lab twice: one night after caffeine and another night after placebo, both taken before bed.



Throughout the night, electroencephalogram (EEG) electrodes tracked the electrical chatter of neurons, while sophisticated algorithms searched for subtle patterns.



“We used advanced statistical analysis and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ai-shows-better-emotional-intelligence-than-humans/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">artificial intelligence</a> to identify subtle changes in neuronal activity,” Thölke said. 



His project involved a collaboration with Karim Jerbi, the director of CoCo Lab and a professor of psychology, and sleep-and-aging specialist Julie Carrier.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-caffeine-heightens-brain-activity">Caffeine heightens brain activity</h2>



When the researchers compared the caffeine nights with the placebo nights, they saw a clear jump in what neuroscientists call signal complexity. The EEG traces looked more intricate, less predictable, and closer to the patterns typical of wakefulness.



The team also measured an increase in “criticality,” a concept that Professor Jerbi likens to an orchestra finding its perfect pitch. “Criticality describes a state of the brain that is balanced between order and chaos,” he said.



“It's like an orchestra: too quiet and nothing happens, too chaotic and there's cacophony. Criticality is the happy medium where brain activity is both organized and flexible. In this state, the brain functions optimally: it can process information efficiently, adapt quickly, learn and make decisions with agility.”



Caffeine, he noted, nudges the brain into that same poised, ready-to-learn condition useful at noon, perhaps unwelcome at midnight.



“Caffeine stimulates the brain and pushes it into a state of criticality, where it is more awake, alert, and reactive. While this is useful during the day for concentration, this state could interfere with rest at night: the brain would neither relax nor recover properly,” Carrier explained.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-caffeine-s-impact-on-sleep">Caffeine's impact on sleep</h2>



Beyond complexity metrics, the EEG recordings showed noteworthy shifts in traditional sleep rhythms.



Under the influence of caffeine, the slow theta and alpha waves crucial for repair and memory were suppressed in non-REM sleep. Meanwhile, faster beta activity, typical of mental engagement while awake, appeared more often.



“These changes suggest that even during sleep, the brain remains in a more activated, less restorative state under the influence of caffeine,” Jerbi said.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-age-makes-a-difference"><a></a>Age makes a difference</h2>



The volunteers ranged from 20 to 58 years old, allowing the team to see how age influences caffeine’s punch.



Young adults from 20 to 27 exhibited the strongest boost in criticality and the greatest suppression of slow waves, especially during REM sleep. That age skew likely stems from biology. Youngsters have more <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/damage-from-blue-light-exposure-increases-with-age/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">adenosine receptors</a> in the brain, giving caffeine - an adenosine blocker - extra leverage.



“Adenosine receptors naturally decrease with age, reducing caffeine's ability to block them and improve brain complexity, which may partly explain the reduced effect of caffeine observed in middle-aged participants,” Carrier said.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-caffeine-use-at-night">Caffeine use at night</h2>



Taken together, the findings suggest that an after-dinner espresso may not only delay sleep but also reduce its quality. For students and young professionals who lean on late-day lattes, the data raise particular concerns, since their brains appear most sensitive.



Yet the study’s authors are cautious about sweeping prescriptions. They note that caffeine’s popularity - consumed by an estimated 80 percent of adults worldwide - makes nuanced guidance essential.



Future work will need to unravel how the observed neural changes translate into next-day performance, long-term <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mind-diet-may-protect-cognitive-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cognitive health</a>, and individual differences tied to genetics or existing sleep disorders.



Still, the research shows that sleep is not simply unconscious downtime. The brain finely tunes its overnight choreography, and stimulants can shift its rhythm.



As the researchers continue to explore how common substances alter criticality and complexity, they hope to inform personalized recommendations. This could help coffee lovers balance the perks of daytime alertness with the necessity of deep, restorative sleep.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s42003-025-08090-z" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Communications Biology</a>.



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Caffeine at night disrupts sleep patterns, preventing the brain from resetting

Caffeine is woven into daily life, turning up not just...

New research shows that cancer deaths caused by alcohol have almost doubled in the United States since 1990, reaching more than 23,000 lives lost each year.



Investigators examined national mortality records for malignancies known to be fueled by alcohol, including tumors of the breast, liver, colon, mouth, throat, voice box, and esophagus. They charted how those figures changed between 1990 and 2021.



The researchers discovered that the overall number of deaths attributable to drinking rose from just under 12,000 to just over 23,000 during that span. The surge is especially pronounced among men older than 55, whose alcohol-related cancer mortality has risen a little more than one percent each year since 2007.



The analysis is led by the <a href="https://umiamihealth.org/locations/sylvester-comprehensive-cancer-center" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center</a> at the University of Miami. It draws on three decades of data from the <a href="https://www.healthdata.org/research-analysis/gbd" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Global Burden of Disease</a> database. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-public-awareness-still-lags">Public awareness still lags</h2>



Lead author Chinmay Jani, a hematology-oncology fellow at Sylvester, described the trend as “a big and concerning rise.” He noted that public understanding lags far behind the science. 



Although the carcinogenic effects of alcohol have been clear to researchers for years, a 2019 survey by the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quitting-smoking-greatly-reduces-the-risk-of-deadly-cancers/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">American Institute for Cancer Research</a> found that fewer than half of U.S. adults knew drinking raises cancer risk. In contrast, nearly nine of ten recognize the danger of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quitting-smoking-greatly-reduces-the-risk-of-deadly-cancers/">smoking</a>.



Jani hopes the new analysis, which earned an ASCO Merit Award, will prompt physicians as well as patients to take the link more seriously.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-men-hit-hardest-by-alcohol">Men hit hardest by alcohol</h2>



Looking beyond national figures, the researchers broke down the data by gender and disease site. Alcohol-related cancer mortality among women has modestly declined since 1990, thanks to earlier detection and better treatments.



In men, however, the burden continues to inch upward, erasing any gains made through medical advances. Liver, colorectal, and esophageal cancers show the steepest increases in alcohol-linked deaths; <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/western-diet-identified-as-major-cause-of-colon-cancer/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">colorectal</a> and esophageal cancers also show the largest proportional increases relative to their total mortality.



The experts then asked how much of today’s cancer mortality can be caused by alcohol. Even for tumor types where overall death rates have fallen, the proportion attributable to drinking has climbed.



Across all cancers combined, alcohol now accounts for nearly fifty percent more deaths than it did thirty years ago. Other factors may lower fatalities, but alcohol is increasingly responsible for the remaining cancer deaths.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-geography-and-regional-disparities"><a></a>Geography and regional disparities</h2>



Geography adds another layer. State-level analysis shows wide variation: the District of Columbia and Texas top the chart for alcohol-related cancer mortality, while Utah, where religious norms curtail drinking, reports the lowest burden.



The investigators suggest that local drinking culture, socioeconomic status, and access to health care probably all influence these differences.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-alcohol-causes-cancer"><a></a>How alcohol causes cancer</h2>



At the biological level, alcohol promotes cancer through several pathways. Ethanol and its metabolite acetaldehyde can damage DNA and hamper genetic repair mechanisms; chronic drinking also alters hormone levels and fosters inflammation, especially in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/experts-say-this-is-the-best-fruit-to-eat-for-a-healthier-liver/">liver</a>.



People vary in how their bodies process alcohol, so genetic background may modulate individual risk. 



Senior author Gilberto Lopes, medical director for Sylvester’s international programs, says a deeper understanding of these mechanisms could eventually allow doctors to identify patients who are unusually susceptible and tailor screening or preventive advice accordingly.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-limited-alcohol-warnings">Limited alcohol warnings</h2>



Public-health experts note that alcohol’s contribution to mortality dwarfs more familiar hazards. 



The surgeon general recently reported that drinking is implicated in roughly 100,000 new U.S. cancer diagnoses each year. It also contributes to about 20,000 deaths, numbers that far outstrip fatalities from drunk driving.



Yet government campaigns have historically focused on road safety while devoting far less effort to educating people about alcohol’s carcinogenic potential.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-new-call-for-action">A new call for action</h2>



The scientists recommend a multipronged response. First, routine medical visits should include frank discussions of alcohol intake and its cancer risks, much as physicians already counsel patients about smoking.



Second, consumer awareness could be boosted through warning labels on alcoholic beverages and mass-media campaigns modeled on successful anti-tobacco efforts.



Third, evidence suggests that excise taxes, limits on retail hours, and restrictions on outlet density all lower community-level consumption and could help curb cancer deaths.



Finally, targeted outreach to older men in high-burden states could combine cancer screening with programs that support reduced drinking.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cancer-fight-must-include-alcohol">Cancer fight must include alcohol</h2>



While these policy levers are familiar, their application has been uneven. Many U.S. jurisdictions maintain low alcohol taxes; few require explicit cancer warnings at the point of sale. 



Even in oncology clinics, conversations often revolve around chemotherapy side effects, genetic testing, and surgery rather than <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/simple-lifestyle-changes-could-prevent-half-of-all-cancer-deaths/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lifestyle factors</a>.



Jani argues that the new data underline how behavioral choices can undermine medical progress. If the upward trend continues, alcohol will increasingly drive cancer mortality, offsetting gains from improved treatments as the population ages.



Lopes echoes that concern, emphasizing that alcohol consumption is a modifiable risk. The study’s message, he says, is straightforward: every drink carries more than social consequences; for tens of thousands of families each year, it is part of a chain that ends in a cancer ward.



Confronting that reality - through education, clinical practice, and public policy - will be essential if the nation hopes to keep pushing cancer deaths downward rather than letting alcohol erase hard-won victories in treatment and prevention.



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Alcohol-related cancer deaths rise steeply in the United States

New research shows that cancer deaths caused by alcohol have...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE
</div></figure>



On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop and sunlight barely penetrates through the polar winter. It was here, however, that an international team of scientists found <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/predatory-worms-were-terror-beasts-half-a-billion-years-ago/#google_vignette" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evidence of sea monsters</a> that would change our understanding of ocean life in the past.



This video captures the discovery of Timorebestia fossils that had been hidden for more than 500 million years in the Sirius Passet formation. The "terror beasts," as they are called, are a hidden chapter in the evolutionary history of <a href="https://www.earth.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth</a>, showing that sophisticated predator-prey interactions occurred much earlier than previously envisioned.



Dr. Jakob Vinther and his research team at the <a href="https://www.bristol.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bristol</a>, in collaboration with researchers at the <a href="https://eng.kopri.re.kr/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Korean Polar Research Institute</a>, braved extreme weather conditions at 82.5 north latitude to locate these giant creatures. Using sophisticated electron microprobe analysis, they revealed the detailed anatomy of the animals, including their muscle and nerve tissues.



The find upsets the traditional timeline of sea predators. Although we've long appreciated that Cambrian oceans were at one time ruled by <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jWI3-UgA3_o&amp;list=PL1QLQMW9MWDwpkFOnvgAmu7wT6rZmYqdJ&amp;index=19" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">arthropods</a>, these discoveries indicate that relatives of arrow worms were first to dominate the seas. These worms were building sophisticated food webs several million years before other predator groups arose.



Each fossil is a story of ancient hunger, with fossil stomach contents revealing these meter-long beasts dined on heavily armored arthropods regularly, cementing their place as the ocean's first apex predators.



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Worms dominated seas before dinosaurs

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">New York is the site of the world's oldest forest.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-385-million-year-old-trees-discovered">385-million-year-old trees discovered</h2>



Scientists have uncovered something extraordinary just two hours north of New York City. The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/worlds-oldest-forest-discovered-close-to-new-york-city/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">world's oldest forest</a>, dating back 385 million years, offers a window into how Earth's first complex forests shaped our planet's atmosphere.



Located near <a href="https://townofcairo.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cairo, New York</a>, in Greene County, these weren't merely primitive plants struggling to survive. These were sophisticated trees with root systems remarkably similar to modern forests. This ancient woodland predates dinosaurs by 140 million years.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-cairo-forest-discovery">The Cairo forest discovery</h2>



385 million years ago, upstate New York was a tropical paradise near the equator. Thanks to continental drift, this ancient forest has traveled thousands of miles to its current location.



The fossil forest sits in an abandoned quarry, roughly half the size of a football field. This represents just a slice of what was likely a massive forest system stretching from New York into Pennsylvania.



Charles Ver Straeten, curator of sedimentary rocks at the <a href="https://www.nysm.nysed.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">New York State Museum</a>, made the discovery in 2009. While scouting the former highway department property, his trained eye spotted wandering patterns in the stone that looked like marine features.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-age-and-preservation">Revolutionary age and preservation</h2>



The site contains 385-million-year-old rocks with fossilized woody roots forming horizontal patterns up to 18 feet (5.5 meters) wide. As Christopher Berry, a paleobotanist at Cardiff University, explains: "You are walking through the roots of ancient trees."



This discovery pushes back advanced tree evolution by millions of years. The research, published in <a href="https://www.cell.com/current-biology/home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current Biology</a> in December 2019, fundamentally changes our understanding of when complex forests first emerged.



Researchers believe a massive flood buried the forest floor, creating perfect fossilization conditions. Over millions of years, sediment hardened into rock, preserving these root patterns like nature's time capsule.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meet-archaeopteris-the-first-modern-tree">Meet Archaeopteris: the first modern tree</h2>



The star of this ancient forest is Archaeopteris – not to be confused with the feathered dinosaur Archaeopteryx. This tree was far older and more revolutionary.



William Stein from <a href="https://www.binghamton.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Binghamton University</a> describes the roots as "strikingly modern, essentially what you'd see outside in my yard right now." These weren't simple root systems you'd expect from ancient plants.



Some fossilized roots are six inches (15 centimeters) in diameter, forming 36-foot-wide (11-meter) patterns. These giants grew up to 65 feet (20 meters) tall with five-foot-diameter (1.5-meter) trunks.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-changing-impact">Climate-changing impact</h2>



These trees fundamentally changed Earth's environment. Kevin Boyce, a Stanford University geoscientist, explains how their deep roots triggered "weathering," chemical reactions that pulled carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.



This process dropped atmospheric CO2 levels from 10-15 times higher than today to roughly modern concentrations. These ancient trees helped create atmospheric conditions that made complex life possible.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ancient-forest-ecosystem">Ancient forest ecosystem</h2>



The forest was remarkably diverse. Scientists identified Eospermatopteris, palm tree-like plants with short roots that reached 30 feet (9 meters) tall but lacked woody structure. The forest also housed cladoxylopsids and a mysterious third species still being studied.



All reproduced through spores rather than seeds – millions of years before seeds evolved. This tropical environment had no grass, flowers, or flying insects, just towering trees creating Earth's first complex forest canopy.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-significance">Scientific significance</h2>



Before this finding, the Gilboa forest, located 25 miles (40 kilometers) away, held the "oldest forest" title. Cairo's trees are 2-3 million years older, showing that complex forest ecosystems developed much faster than scientists believed possible.



Patricia Gensel, a <a href="https://www.unc.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of North Carolina</a> paleobotanist, notes: "The size of those root systems is really changing the picture. Even 20 years ago, researchers assumed trees with such complex root systems didn't evolve so early."



The Cairo site presents three unique root systems, suggesting Devonian period forests were diverse ecosystems with different trees occupying different environmental niches, much like today's forests.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-preservation-efforts">Modern preservation efforts</h2>



In 2022, New York State Senator Michelle Hinchey secured a $170,000 grant for the town of Cairo to construct specialized fencing around the fossil forest site. The town plans to conduct a feasibility study exploring the possibility of creating an educational center and working lab on-site.



Joe Hasenkopf, chair of the Cairo Planning Board, hopes to partner with educational institutions to create a research facility serving scientists, students, and the public.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lessons-for-today-s-climate">Lessons for today's climate</h2>



Why does a 385-million-year-old forest matter today? It shows how dramatically forests can change Earth's climate. These ancient woodlands created the atmospheric conditions supporting complex life.



Understanding how prehistoric forests transformed the planet helps us appreciate modern forests' critical role in addressing climate change. Forests remain Earth's most effective carbon capture systems.



These prehistoric trees changed Earth's atmosphere by pulling massive amounts of carbon dioxide from the air. As we face modern climate challenges, this ancient forest reminds us of trees' incredible power to transform our planet's environment.



The next time you walk through a forest, remember you're experiencing an ecosystem whose blueprint was established 385 million years ago in upstate New York. These ancient pioneers didn't just survive – they thrived and changed the world forever.



The full study was published in the journal Current Biology.



-----



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Earth's oldest forest found in the United States

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ New York is the site of the world's oldest...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Acid rain and a crisis solved.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-don-t-we-ever-hear-about-acid-rain-anymore-the-environmental-crisis-that-was-solved">Why don't we ever hear about "acid rain" anymore? The environmental crisis that was solved</h2>



Remember the 1980s when acid rain dominated headlines? Dire warnings about rain eating buildings, killing fish, and destroying forests filled every news cycle. Then, almost like magic, acid rain vanished from public discourse. What happened? Did we actually solve one of the late 20th century's most pressing environmental challenges?



The answer might surprise you. Unlike many environmental issues that drag on indefinitely, acid rain represents one of modern history's most successful ecological recovery stories. It's a tale of science, politics, and technology working together to tackle what seemed impossible.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What was acid rain?</h2>



Acid rain isn't regular rain having a bad day – it's precipitation that became significantly more acidic due to air pollution. When power plants, factories, and vehicles burn fossil fuels, they release sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) into the atmosphere.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The science behind it</h2>



Think of acid rain as nature's chemistry experiment gone wrong. These compounds react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form sulfuric and nitric acids. When mixed with water vapor in clouds, they create precipitation with dangerously low pH levels.



While clean rain has a pH of about 5.6, acid rain could drop as low as 4.2 to 4.4 – roughly as acidic as tomato juice or coffee. According to US Geological Survey documentation, Scottish chemist Angus Smith first coined "acid rain" in 1872, but it didn't become a household phrase until the 1960s and 1970s when Swedish scientist Svante Odén documented its devastating effects on Scandinavian lakes and European forests.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The crisis at its peak</h2>



During the height of public concern, environmental damage was both widespread and visible. This wasn't some abstract future threat – people could see destruction happening in real-time.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Environmental devastation</h2>



The most dramatic impacts were impossible to ignore. Research documented by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation shows that in the Adirondack Mountains, more than 200 lakes became so acidic they couldn't support fish life. The Adirondack Council reports that 409 lakes once supported brook trout, but many lost their fish populations due to acid rain.



By 1976, when scientists cataloged all acidified lakes in the Adirondack Park, researchers found that half of the lakes over 2,000 feet above sea level had no fish, according to studies published in environmental journals. The acidification process worked like a slow-motion disaster. As acid rain fell into watersheds, it gradually lowered pH levels. Fish couldn't survive in acidic water, and their food sources died off too.



Trees at high elevations showed stress directly linked to acid rain. It weakened them by leaching nutrients and making them susceptible to disease. Historical records show Germany's Black Forest saw nearly half its trees damaged by the mid-1980s.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Economic impact</h2>



Acid rain wasn't just environmental – it was expensive. Acidic precipitation corroded infrastructure, buildings, and monuments. Historic stone structures deteriorated at accelerated rates. Tourism suffered as lakes became fishless and forests declined. EPA economic analyses from the period documented repair costs mounting into billions annually.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The solution: government action and technology</h2>



Transformation from crisis to success required unprecedented cooperation between governments, industries, and environmental groups.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The Clean Air Act of 1990</h2>



The turning point came with the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, signed by President George H.W. Bush. This represented a fundamentally new approach to environmental regulation, as documented in EPA historical records.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Cap-and-trade success</h2>



Instead of mandating specific technologies, the 1990 amendments introduced something revolutionary: a cap-and-trade system for sulfur dioxide emissions. EPA program documentation shows this market-based approach set overall limits but allowed companies to trade emission allowances.



The genius was harnessing market forces to find cost-effective pollution reduction. Companies reducing emissions cheaply could sell excess allowances to those facing higher costs. Research published in environmental economics journals and EPA progress reports shows this resulted in dramatic SO2 reduction at a fraction of projected costs.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Technology advances</h2>



Policy provided the framework, but technology made reductions possible. Studies in atmospheric science journals document the widespread adoption of flue gas desulfurization systems ("scrubbers") that removed sulfur dioxide before it reached the atmosphere. By the 2000s, new installations could remove over 95% of SO2 emissions, according to EPA technical reports.



The push coincided with cleaner energy development. Natural gas produces fewer sulfur compounds than coal. Wind and solar, emerging in the 1990s, captured growing market share, reducing reliance on high-sulfur coal.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-we-don-t-hear-about-it-today">Why we don't hear about it today</h2>



Why did acid rain disappear from headlines? Simple: the problem was largely solved.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Success doesn't make news</h2>



There's an old journalism saying: "If it bleeds, it leads." Environmental success stories don't generate urgency like crisis reporting. Media attention shifted to other challenges: climate change, plastic pollution, and biodiversity loss. There's only so much environmental anxiety the public can absorb, and newer concerns replaced acid rain.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Mission accomplished</h2>



The primary reason is beautifully simple: interventions worked. EPA monitoring data shows sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990. Academic research published in environmental science journals confirms pH levels in formerly affected areas returned closer to normal. This represents one of history's most dramatic environmental recoveries. Studies by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation show fishless lakes now support healthy populations. Forests recovered, and building damage slowed dramatically.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-is-it-really-gone">Is it really gone?</h2>



The crisis is largely resolved, but monitoring data shows the problem isn't completely eliminated – it's managed to acceptable levels. Some areas still experience occasional events during high pollution periods. International environmental research indicates that rapidly industrializing Asian countries face similar problems to what we experienced decades ago, though they're implementing successful strategies.



EPA research shows nitrogen oxide emissions proved more challenging than sulfur dioxide, coming from vehicles and mobile sources. Climate science studies suggest changing weather patterns add complexity to how acid rain forms and falls.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What this teaches us</h2>



The acid rain experience proves that seemingly intractable environmental problems can be solved with scientific understanding, political will, and technological innovation. Environmental monitoring data shows recovery speed was remarkable – within a decade, measurable improvements appeared in air quality and ecosystem health.



Success came from bipartisan support across party lines. Policy analysis studies show the market-based approach appealed to those preferring economic incentives while achieving environmental goals. This support created lasting policy surviving political changes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Conclusion</h2>



Acid rain's disappearance from public consciousness represents environmental science's greatest success stories. Through effective regulation, technological innovation, and international cooperation, we transformed an overwhelming crisis into a manageable challenge.



Today's silence isn't because we forgot – it's because we solved it. The 1990 Clean Air Act, combined with technology and energy market changes, reduced acid rain emissions over 90%, according to comprehensive EPA data analysis.



This success offers hope for current challenges. It proves complex problems can be solved when science, policy, and technology work together. As we face climate change and plastic pollution, acid rain reminds us that dramatic positive change is possible.



Next time someone asks whether environmental regulations work, remember acid rain. It's proof that sometimes, we get it right.



<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>



Sources: This article draws from EPA official documentation and progress reports, peer-reviewed research published in environmental and atmospheric science journals, historical data from the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation records, US Geological Survey publications, policy analysis studies, and environmental monitoring data collected over three decades.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Frequently Asked Questions</h2>



1. Is acid rain completely gone? No, but EPA monitoring shows it's reduced to manageable levels. US sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990, making acid rain much less severe than the 1980s crisis.



2. How long did solving take? Environmental monitoring data shows significant improvements began within 5-10 years of 1990s emission controls. Full ecosystem recovery took longer – some areas need 20-30 years for complete recovery.



3. What made the solution successful? Clear scientific understanding, visible damage motivating action, bipartisan support, available technology, and innovative market-based policies like cap-and-trade.



4. Do other countries have acid rain problems? Yes, particularly rapidly industrializing Asian countries. However, international environmental research shows many implement similar successful control strategies.



5. Could acid rain return? Potentially, if regulations weaken or we return to high-sulfur coal without controls, though effects would take years to become severe according to environmental projections.



6. Can you recommend any teaching tools on the subject of "acid rain"? The United States Environmental Protection Agency produced a wonderful teacher's guide for ages 14 and under that you can find on the EPA website here: <a href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf</a>



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The environmental problem we actually solved

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk Acid rain and a crisis solved. Why don't we...

Fresh,Radish,Harvest,On,Soil,In,Garden.

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/Fi2OeEwuzRM?si=vTyd2m9FMmtyWkex
</div></figure>







Mid-July is an opportune time to kick-start a thriving fall garden, and this guide lays out the best vegetables and herbs to plant now for a fruitful autumn harvest. 



Fast-growing leafy greens such as spinach, lettuce, kale, and arugula perform especially well in the waning summer heat, with harvests beginning as soon as 30 days. 



These cool-season crops relish the transition into fall, offering repeated yields with cut-and-come-again methods.



Root vegetables like radishes, carrots, and beets also excel during this period. Radishes deliver satisfaction in under a month, while carrots and beets mature in about two months. Employing succession planting ensures a continuous stream of produce deep into the cooler months. 



For a boost of fresh flavor, herbs like cilantro, basil, dill, and chervil are excellent picks. These heat-loving varieties flourish in July’s warmth and are harvest-ready in about 30 days, especially when sown continuously.



Gardeners in zones 6 through 9 can benefit from planting bush beans and snap peas, which don’t require trellising and are ideal for compact plots. 



Maturing in 50–60 days, they’re a smart choice for quick, protein-rich harvests. For those in hotter regions, heat-tolerant crops such as okra and southern peas provide reliable yields and thrive in scorching conditions.



This guide emphasizes more than crop selection—it highlights the importance of timing, soil preparation, and ongoing sowing techniques. 



With thoughtful planning and attention to regional climate needs, even late-summer gardeners can enjoy fresh salads, hearty stews, and the satisfaction of a robust, homegrown harvest well into fall.



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What to plant in your garden in mid-July

https://youtu.be/Fi2OeEwuzRM?si=vTyd2m9FMmtyWkex Mid-July is an opportune time to kick-start a thriving...

Green,Ecoduct,Over,An,Empty,Highway,During,Sunset.

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU
</div></figure>



A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that wildlife tunnels significantly reduce amphibian road mortality during seasonal migrations. 



Frogs and salamanders often cross roads to reach breeding ponds each spring, but many are killed by vehicles. 



Researchers from the <a href="https://www.uvm.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Vermont</a>, in collaboration with local citizens and the Vermont Agency of Natural Resources, installed two underpass tunnels in 2015. 



Over a 12-year monitoring period, they observed an 80.2% reduction in amphibian deaths, and up to 94% for non-climbing species like salamanders. 



The study used a before-after-control-impact design and documented more than 5,200 amphibians, highlighting the tunnels’ effectiveness even in nearby buffer zones.



Funded at $342,397 - far cheaper than wildlife crossings for large mammals - the project showcased the power of community-led conservation.



Local groups initiated the effort after observing mass amphibian deaths. Wildlife cameras later captured over 2,200 amphibians using a tunnel in just one spring, along with other species like raccoons and bobcats, indicating wider ecosystem benefits.



This marks the first peer-reviewed, long-term data set in the northeastern U.S. confirming amphibian-specific underpasses work. 



The study urges transportation departments to incorporate these designs into road planning and highlights how community action, thoughtful infrastructure, and persistence can make a real difference for biodiversity.



The full study was published in the <a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1617138125000780" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal for Nature Conservation</a>.



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Wildlife tunnels save millions of amphibians

https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that...

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. 



The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.



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Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. 



Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.



Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. 



They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).



Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.



Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.



This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?



One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;



While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;



Video Credit: ACS Reactions



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

How does salt makes things taste better?

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;



'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."



"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Santiago, Chile in South America

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Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

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Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.



The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;



"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."



"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."



"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."



The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.



Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.



According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."



Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;



ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. 



Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.



"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.



"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."



Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.



"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.



"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."



Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

[sendtonews key="oL4FnPTGCV-2384527-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.



The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.



At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;



"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.



"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."



The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.



Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."



The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.



"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;



"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

[sendtonews key="QIoVYJqRBi-2434608-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes Earth’s interconnected systems, and how this network is affected by rising temperatures.&nbsp;



During 2020, average global temperatures matched the hottest year on record. The hurricane season was also record-breaking, with many of the storms intensifying at extraordinary speeds. Hot water in the ocean is fuel for hurricanes. The satellite data shows that it's all one interconnected system showing how Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected.



According to NASA, dust swept up from Northern Africa plays a major role in the formation of hurricanes, and is also a key source of fertilization in the Amazon rainforest. As a result of<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-wasting-disease-is-fueled-by-climate-change/"> climate</a> change, dust plumes are expected to decline, which will have an effect on vegetation far away.&nbsp;



Images from Earth-observing satellites show how the world’s plant life is affected by natural disasters, fires, and deforestation. Satellites also reveal how widespread changes in vegetation impact waterways,&nbsp; the climate, air quality. Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on the Earth. "Earth From Space" is a groundbreaking two-hour special that reveals a spectacular new space-based vision of our planet. 



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected

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