Wood looks simple, but it’s a tricky material. Inside every tree are long cellulose fibers, helper sugars called hemicellulose, and a stiff, brown binder known as lignin. 



That mix lets trees grow tall and stay standing through wind and weather. It also makes wood tough to reshape into high-performance beams and panels.



Factories usually force wood into shape with chemicals and heat. They strip out some lignin first, then compress what remains into a dense, strong material. 



That step consumes energy, costs money, and generates waste. A team of researchers set out to avoid it.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-engineered-wood-and-lignin">Engineered wood and lignin</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/poplar-trees-changed-their-chemistry-to-survive/">Lignin</a> is great for trees and a challenge for manufacturers. It’s the glue that stiffens cell walls and blocks pests. It resists many industrial treatments. 



Take out some lignin and you can pack <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/cellulose-fiber" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cellulose fibers</a> closer, which boosts strength. The usual methods require harsh chemicals and high temperatures.



Engineered wood has become a cleaner alternative to steel and concrete in many projects. It’s lighter and can carry serious loads when densified. 



To keep that promise, the industry needs cleaner steps from the forest to the factory floor.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genetics-and-wood-engineering">Genetics and wood engineering</h2>



Researchers at the <a href="https://umd.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Maryland</a> genetically modified poplar trees to produce high-performance structural wood with fewer chemicals and less energy-intensive processing.



“We are very excited to demonstrate an innovative approach that combines genetic engineering and wood engineering, to sustainably sequester and store carbon in a resilient super wood form,” explained <a href="https://agnr.umd.edu/about/directory/yiping-qi/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Yiping Qi</a>, a professor in the Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture (<a href="https://psla.umd.edu/node/1/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PSLA</a>) at the University of Maryland.



Instead of modifying wood after the tree grows, the team asked a simple question: could the tree grow wood that’s easier to densify from the start? 



They chose poplar, a fast-growing research workhorse that also shows up in real products. Using precise gene editing, they adjusted the tree’s lignin pathway without undermining growth.



They targeted one gene - <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26491147/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">4CL1</a> - within the pathway cells use to make lignin. By switching off 4CL1, the trees produced slightly less lignin, but maintained normal development under controlled conditions. 



That small change opened a new option in the factory: skipping the chemical delignification step.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-the-gene-edit-works">How the gene edit works</h2>



The tool was base editing, a form of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/worlds-first-gene-edited-spiders-spin-red-silk/">CRISPR</a> that swaps one DNA letter for another at a chosen spot. It doesn’t slice the genome; it rewrites a letter with precision. 



In this case, the edit focused on 4CL1 while minimizing changes elsewhere in the genome.



With the wood in hand, the team soaked it in water and then applied heat and pressure to densify it. 



When cellulose fibers line up and move closer together, mechanical strength climbs. The process relies less on solvents and more on physical compaction.



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/engineered-trees_wood_lignin_construction-revolution_UMaryland_1m.jpg"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/engineered-trees_wood_lignin_construction-revolution_UMaryland_1s.webp" alt="This method for producing genetically modified wood eliminates chemical delignification, offering a cost-effective, eco-friendly alternative for producing densified wood. This success highlights genome editing’s potential to create other engineered wood materials with enhanced properties, contributing to a CO2-negative bioeconomy by providing renewable alternatives to traditional materials. Credit: Matter Journal" class="wp-image-1984732"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">This method for producing genetically modified wood eliminates chemical delignification, offering a cost-effective, eco-friendly alternative for producing densified wood. This success highlights genome editing’s potential to create other engineered wood materials with enhanced properties, contributing to a CO2-negative bioeconomy by providing renewable alternatives to traditional materials. Click image to enlarge. Credit: Matter Journal</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-putting-it-to-the-test">Putting it to the test</h2>



The densified wood from the edited poplars reached <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/booster-plant-gene-discovery-amplifies-plant-growth-up-to-200-percent/">strength levels</a> comparable to those of panels made with conventional chemical treatments. 



The researchers measured lignin levels approximately one-eighth lower than in unedited controls. Growth remained healthy in greenhouse tests, which matters because factory gains aren’t worth much if the tree can’t thrive.



Skipping the chemical bath meant fewer inputs and less waste while still yielding structural-grade material. 



The balance was key: reduce lignin just enough to ease processing, not so much that the tree loses toughness in the wild.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-co2-and-engineered-wood">CO2 and engineered wood</h2>



Buildings are a major source of global <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ai-just-created-concrete-that-could-reverse-climate-damage/">carbon emissions</a>, driven by materials like steel and concrete. 



Engineered wood can help by replacing part of that footprint with lighter structural components that store carbon for decades. Cleaner processing tightens the loop further, cutting energy use and reducing waste streams.



“Carbon sequestration is critical in our fight against climate change, and such engineered wood may find many uses in the future bioeconomy,” Qi added.



If mills can avoid harsh solvents and still press wood into high-strength beams and panels, the path to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/construction-materials-could-store-carbon-in-homes-and-buildings-helping-the-climate/">lower-carbon construction</a> gets wider. 



The approach starts upstream in the forest, not just on the factory line. It tunes the raw material so it cooperates when densified.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-next-steps-underway">Next steps underway</h2>



Greenhouse results look good, but forests are tougher proving grounds. Wind, pests, and seasons test wood in ways a lab cannot. 



Longer field trials will show whether reduced-lignin trees keep their strength and resilience outdoors. Another step is to try similar edits in pine, spruce, or eucalyptus, which dominate many timber markets.



Policy will shape the path. Base-edited trees do not carry added foreign genes; they contain single-letter changes to DNA already present. 



Many regulators treat that differently from classic GMOs, but rules vary by country. Because forestry spans long life cycles and open landscapes, regulators will likely require careful, staged reviews before any commercial rollout.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-super-wood-and-earth-s-future">"Super wood" and Earth's future</h2>



This study shows that small genetic changes can simplify manufacturing while maintaining performance. The edit doesn’t erase lignin; it tunes it. 



The result is densified “super wood” that matches the strength of chemically treated material while avoiding the delignification step.



This is a careful blend of biology and materials science aimed at a practical target: strong, reliable wood that stores carbon and reduces the mess of production. 



If future field tests and policy steps go well, smarter forests could feed cleaner factories - and sturdier buildings - for years to come.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.cell.com/matter/abstract/S2590-2385(24)00396-5" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Matter</a>.



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Scientists create 'super wood' from gene-edited trees and claim it will change everything

Wood looks simple, but it’s a tricky material. Inside every tree are long cellulose fibers, helper sugars called hemicellulose, and a stiff, brown binder known as lignin. That mix lets trees grow tall and stay standing through wind and weather. It also makes wood tough to reshape into high-performance beams and panels. Factories usually force wood into shape with chemicals and heat. They strip out some lignin first, then compress what remains into a dense, strong material. That step consumes energy, costs money, and generates waste. A...

The natural world is in constant flux, but few changes have been as rapid or as far-reaching as those brought by climate change. Rising temperatures, shifting rainfall patterns, and extreme weather events are transforming ecosystems worldwide. 



Plants, unlike animals, cannot move to escape these changes. Instead, they must adapt where they stand, developing new ways to cope with heat, drought, and unpredictable seasons.



This challenge is particularly urgent for crops, which provide food for billions of people. Agricultural systems depend on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/saving-earths-most-endangered-plants-from-extinction-proving-difficult-botanic-gardens/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plants</a> that can withstand extreme conditions while maintaining high yields. 



Some species, like Arabidopsis thaliana, already show remarkable adaptability, thriving in vastly different environments such as Sweden and Italy.



By understanding how plants naturally adjust to different climates, scientists can develop stronger, more resilient crops that will sustain future generations in an increasingly unpredictable world.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plants-and-climate-adaptation">Plants and climate adaptation</h2>



Every plant species has a unique way of responding to environmental stress. Some grow deeper roots to access water, while others alter their reproductive cycles to match changing seasons. 



These adaptations do not happen randomly; they are rooted in genetic changes that help <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-understanding-of-light-detection-in-plants-may-revolutionize-farming/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plants</a> survive in specific conditions. However, scientists are still working to uncover the exact genetic mechanisms that drive these changes.



A recent study provides new insight into this process. By combining population genetics with global climate data, researchers have identified key genetic variants that help plants adapt to different climates. 



The study focuses on Marchantia polymorpha, a liverwort that grows in diverse environments across Europe, America, and Japan.



The research was conducted by scientists from the Gregor Mendel Institute (<a href="https://www.oeaw.ac.at/gmi/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">GMI</a>) of Molecular Plant Biology, the Umeå Plant Science Centre (<a href="https://www.upsc.se" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UPSC</a>), and <a href="https://www.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Hiroshima University</a>. The findings reveal important details about how plants evolve in response to climate stress.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plant-genes-for-climate-survival">Plant genes for climate survival</h2>



Scientists have long known that certain genetic traits provide advantages in specific environments. Plants in arid regions tend to develop water-retaining structures, while those in colder climates often produce antifreeze proteins to prevent cell damage. However, pinpointing which genetic variants control these traits remains a major challenge.



To address this, the researchers collected genetic samples from different populations of Marchantia polymorpha across Europe, America, and Japan. 



By integrating this genetic data with a worldwide climate dataset, they analyzed how each subpopulation’s genetic profile corresponded to its local climate.



“Comparing populations in Europe and Japan, we found genetic variants associated with warmer and colder summer temperatures, as well as with the amount of summer precipitation,” noted study co-author Liam Dolan. “These adaptations could be crucial for optimizing reproduction in different conditions.”



The analysis not only highlighted specific genetic changes linked to temperature and precipitation but also revealed broader patterns in how plants <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plants-defy-climate-change-through-acclimation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">adjust to their surroundings</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-regional-differences-in-genetic-adaptation">Regional differences in genetic adaptation</h2>



One of the most striking findings of the study was the difference in genetic diversity among Marchantia polymorpha populations from different regions.



In Europe, populations exhibited high genetic variability among individuals but remained genetically similar across different locations. This suggests that plants in these regions have maintained a wide range of genetic tools to handle diverse <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/predicting-how-climate-change-will-alter-plant-growth-cycles/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">environmental conditions</a>.



In contrast, Japanese populations showed a much more uniform genetic structure. Since these populations are geographically isolated, they may have evolved under more consistent environmental pressures, leading to less genetic diversity. These differences suggest that climate adaptation may shape reproductive strategies in unique ways.



Marchantia polymorpha, like many bryophytes, can reproduce both sexually and asexually. This flexibility gives it an advantage in changing environments. While sexually reproducing individuals can generate genetic diversity, asexual reproduction allows plants to rapidly colonize suitable habitats.



Understanding how these strategies vary between populations helps scientists piece together the bigger picture of plant adaptation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plant-gene-database-helps-climate-research">Plant gene database helps climate research</h2>



One of the most important outcomes of the study is the creation of a population genomics database for Marchantia polymorpha.



This resource allows scientists to examine genetic variability in greater detail, providing a foundation for future research. It is the first database of its kind for this species and could serve as a model for studying other plants.



“We’re eager to expand this database with samples from around the globe, enhancing the robustness of future research,” said Dolan. "Our platform opens up exciting possibilities for addressing a wide range of biological questions related to plant growth and development.”



By incorporating more samples from different climates, researchers can refine their understanding of how genetic diversity contributes to plant survival. This information may help scientists identify genes that improve drought tolerance, disease resistance, or temperature adaptability in crops.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-food-security">Implications for food security</h2>



Climate change presents one of the greatest challenges to modern agriculture. Rising temperatures and unpredictable weather patterns threaten global food production, making it more important than ever to develop resilient crops. 



Studies like this one offer a glimpse into how plants naturally cope with environmental stress. By identifying the genetic factors that support adaptation, scientists can apply these insights to crop breeding programs.



Developing climate-resilient crops is not just about improving yield; it is about ensuring that food production remains stable in a changing world. Breeding programs can use the knowledge gained from this research to select for traits that enhance survival under extreme conditions. 



If certain genetic variants help Marchantia polymorpha withstand heat or drought, similar traits could be introduced into staple crops like wheat, rice, and maize.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-of-plant-adaptation-research">Future of plant adaptation research</h2>



This study is an important step in understanding <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/smarter-climate-models-how-plants-influence-the-water-cycle/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plant</a> adaptation at the genetic level, but it is only the beginning. Expanding the genetic database and conducting further research on different plant species will provide a clearer picture of how plants evolve in response to climate change.



As scientists continue to explore plant genetics, they may uncover even more ways in which plants naturally adjust to their environments. The knowledge gained from these studies could revolutionize agriculture, conservation, and climate resilience strategies.



For now, Marchantia polymorpha serves as a valuable model for studying genetic adaptation. Its ability to thrive in diverse climates offers a powerful example of nature’s capacity for change.



By decoding its genetic secrets, scientists move one step closer to ensuring a stable and sustainable future for plant life on Earth.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(25)00008-9" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current Biology</a>.



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How plants adapt to survive a changing climate

The natural world is in constant flux, but few changes...

Agroforestry has long been overlooked in the farming community, with many believing that trees and agriculture are incompatible. However, this integrated approach - combining trees, shrubs, and traditional farming methods - offers significant benefits for both farmers and the environment.



Despite its potential to improve soil health, enhance biodiversity, and increase profitability, agroforestry adoption in the U.S. Midwest remains surprisingly low. Now, researchers at the <a href="https://illinois.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign</a> are working to change that narrative.



The experts argue that widespread agroforestry adoption requires strategic planning that considers environmental, social, and economic factors to make it a viable and attractive option for farmers across the Midwest.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-surprising-benefits-of-agroforestry">Surprising benefits of agroforestry</h2>



While most studies have focused on the agronomy and ecology elements of agroforestry, study lead author Sarah Castle noted that not enough attention has been given to the social and economic impacts of these practices.



"It turns out those factors dramatically shift our priorities for targeting agroforestry in certain areas," she emphasized. 



Castle conducted much of this research during her doctoral studies at the university and is currently a postdoc at Yale School of the Environment, while also being a scholar at Illinois.



The research team set out to create a tool that would pinpoint areas where agroforestry could yield the highest environmental benefits. The sites needed to be economically viable, socially acceptable, and inhabited by <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/trees-struggling-to-breathe-store-co2-hotter-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">trees</a> that could thrive under agroforestry practices.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mapping-agroforestry-with-combined-data">Mapping agroforestry with combined data</h2>



Combining social attitudes, economic feasibility, and environmental data was a monumental task.



“We took all of these different data layers, normalized them so they were comparable, and combined them very intentionally to conduct a holistic assessment. One of the most helpful parts of that process was conducting key informant interviews," noted Castle.



The researchers interacted with individuals from Illinois Extension, the USDA National Agroforestry Center, the U.S. Forest Service, and the Savanna Institute to gain feedback on their approach.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-power-of-intentional-mapping">Power of intentional mapping</h2>



The team succeeded in developing a valuable asset - a map that identifies regions where <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/agricultural-technologies-can-reverse-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">agroforestry could be a sustainable solution</a> for soil erosion, water quality, and climate concerns. The map could also enhance profitability for lands unsuitable for routine crops.



The researchers mentioned a staggering estimate of the potential <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/reducing-air-pollution-could-greatly-boost-carbon-sequestration-by-plants/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">carbon sequestration</a> if agroforestry was implemented in the most appropriate areas in the Midwest.



"Expanding these practices across just 5% of suitable Midwestern agricultural land could store 43 million tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) per year," said study co-author Professor Chloe Wardropper.



When compared to cover <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mixed-cover-crops-may-be-the-future-of-sustainable-farming/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">crops</a>, which are approximated to store about 8.4 million tons of CO2e per year on similar lands, the potential benefits of agroforestry are undeniable.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-personalized-support-tool">A personalized support tool </h2>



To further support their cause, the research team decided to make their mapping tool available for everyone - landowners, conservation scientists, and policymakers - completely free of charge.



This decision-support tool allows users to adjust parameters based on their specific agroforestry goals. 



“Say you want to run an assessment only on one tree species, or only considering economics, or setting economics as five times more important than environmental factors," said Castle. 



"Users of the decision support tool can set their parameters based on their specific agroforestry goals and rerun the analysis to create their own maps for Midwest states, counties, and watersheds."



Every region may have a suitable agroforestry practice since each one has unique spatial opportunities. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-agroforestry-can-be-adapted-to-any-farm">Agroforestry can be adapted to any farm</h2>



Professor Wardropper, taking the example of windbreaks, reminds us that introducing agroforestry does not necessarily imply revolutionizing the entire farm.



"There are a lot of ways a landowner/operator can really tailor agroforestry to the types of benefits that they're looking for," said Professor Wardropper, emphasizing that the transition to agroforestry can be gradual, less costly, and manageable.



Ultimately, the scientists are changing the way we think about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/soil-nutrient-loss-due-to-heavy-rainfall-threatens-agriculture/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">agriculture</a>. By integrating trees into their farming practices, farmers in the Midwest can help to create a sustainable future for themselves and for the planet.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1072858" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Environmental Research Letters</a>.



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Agroforestry could transform farming in the Midwest

Agroforestry has long been overlooked in the farming community, with...

Plant-based meat alternatives have grown in popularity, yet many consumers remain hesitant to fully embrace them. 



While ethical, environmental, and health concerns drive interest, practical factors still play a crucial role in shaping consumer behavior. A new study sheds light on what really matters to people when choosing between meat and its substitutes.



A team of researchers from Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg (<a href="https://www.uni-halle.de/?lang=en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MLU</a>), <a href="https://www.hu-berlin.de/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Humboldt University Berlin</a>, and Georg August University Göttingen conducted a survey of 2,100 U.S. consumers. Their findings reveal that price has a greater influence on purchasing decisions than similarity to meat.



The study challenges common assumptions about consumer behavior in the growing market of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-are-perfecting-plant-based-meats-with-ai/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">meat alternatives</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-most-people-do-not-oppose-plant-based-meat">Most people do not oppose plant-based meat</h2>



Despite an increasing variety of plant-based options, meat remains the dominant choice for most consumers. Many people still prefer traditional meat over substitutes, even though plant-based alternatives have been widely available for years.



"Even though the supply of plant-based alternatives has been growing for years, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/early-humans-thrived-on-plant-based-diets-not-meat-alone-780000-years-ago/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">demand for meat</a> persists. Unfortunately, there is very little reliable data on the general acceptance of meat alternatives, what conditions are required to make them more attractive, and whether or not they are just a fad," noted study lead author Steffen Jahn.



This knowledge gap has made it difficult for food producers and policymakers to understand how to promote plant-based options effectively. The researchers focused on the U.S. market because of its exceptionally high levels of meat consumption. 



"The United States is a country with one of the highest rates of meat consumption in the world. For example, around 25 kilograms of beef was consumed per capita alone in 2023," said Jahn.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-consumers-burger-preferences">Consumers’ burger preferences</h2>



To understand consumer preferences, researchers presented participants with four burger choices. 



The options included a real beef burger, a plant-based burger designed to mimic meat (analog), a vegetarian burger that resembled meat in appearance but not taste or texture (semi-analog), and a falafel burger (non-analog). Participants viewed pictures and written descriptions of each burger before making a choice.



As expected, the majority of respondents - around three-quarters - chose the traditional beef burger. What surprised researchers was how the different plant-based options performed. The falafel burger turned out to be the most preferred <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plant-based-meat-less-protein-lacks-certain-nutrients/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">meat alternative</a>, while the plant-based analog burger ranked the lowest.



"However, we did not expect to find that the falafel burger was the most popular meat alternative, while the analog burger came in last place. This contradicts the widespread assumption that meat substitutes are only competitive if they are as close as possible to the original," explained Jahn.



The findings suggest that consumers may not necessarily want plant-based products that replicate meat. Instead, they might be more interested in options that stand on their own, rather than attempting to mimic animal-based foods.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-price-parity-does-not-change-consumer-choices">Price parity does not change consumer choices</h2>



The second phase of the study examined whether lowering the price of meat <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/are-plant-based-meat-alternatives-the-key-to-a-healthier-heart/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">alternatives</a> would make them more attractive. 



Many advocates argue that plant-based foods should be priced the same as or lower than meat to encourage people to switch. However, the study found that simply matching prices does not significantly affect consumer decisions.



"Meat alternatives are currently more expensive than meat, which is why there are discussions about adjusting the prices into alignment. However, we found that price parity has no real effect on people's choices," noted Jahn.



This means that if plant-based alternatives and meat cost the same, most consumers will still choose traditional meat. Price alone does not drive them toward substitutes unless there is a noticeable financial advantage.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-consumers-choosing-plant-based-meat">Consumers choosing plant-based meat</h2>



Although price parity does not influence consumers, meaningful discounts do. The study found that when plant-based burgers were at least 10% cheaper than their meat counterparts, sales of meat alternatives increased by 14%. 



When the price of a plant-based burger dropped to half the price of a beef burger, the number of consumers choosing the alternative doubled.



These results indicate that a strong financial incentive can shift consumer behavior. Price-sensitive shoppers, especially those who do not have a strong preference for meat, may opt for plant-based alternatives if the price difference is large enough.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-men-switch-to-meat-alternatives-faster">Men switch to meat alternatives faster</h2>



An interesting trend emerged when researchers examined the impact of price on different demographic groups. 



The study found that men, who are generally more attached to meat-based diets, are more likely to switch when the price of plant-based options drops. Even those who had never tried a meat alternative before were more willing to give it a chance if they saw a significant price advantage.



This challenges the common assumption that women are more likely to adopt plant-based diets. While women may show more interest in vegetarian or vegan foods for health and ethical reasons, men appear to be more motivated by financial savings.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-role-of-perception-in-consumer-choices">Role of perception in consumer choices</h2>



Beyond price, perception plays a key role in how people view meat alternatives. Consumers often associate plant-based burgers with ultra-processed foods, which have a negative reputation. 



Some may avoid them due to concerns about artificial ingredients or the belief that they are not as healthy as whole-food plant-based meals.



"Restaurants and food manufacturers might actually be able to increase their sales of vegetarian or vegan alternatives if they offered meat substitutes at lower prices than the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-you-eat-can-literally-change-the-world/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">meat</a> options. A truly faithful imitation is not the goal here, our study suggests. Maybe it's because many people associate them with ultra-processed foods, which have a bad reputation," said Jahn.



This insight suggests that businesses should focus not just on lowering prices but also on improving the perception of plant-based products. Marketing efforts that emphasize natural ingredients and health benefits might help attract more consumers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-options-in-plant-based-meat">More options in plant-based meat</h2>



One of the key takeaways from the study is the importance of variety. Consumers have different preferences, and no single alternative will satisfy everyone. While some people prefer products that closely resemble meat, others are more open to entirely different plant-based options.



Based on these findings, the researchers recommend offering a broad range of plant-based choices rather than focusing solely on meat-like substitutes. Consumers may be more willing to try products that stand on their own rather than those that attempt to replicate meat exactly.



The study challenges traditional assumptions about meat alternatives and highlights the importance of price in shaping consumer choices. While plant-based products continue to grow in popularity, businesses and policymakers must consider what truly influences purchasing behavior. 



Lower prices and a diverse selection of options may be the key to encouraging more people to adopt plant-based diets.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2319016121" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a>.



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People will switch to plant-based meat if it is cheaper than real meat

Plant-based meat alternatives have grown in popularity, yet many consumers...

Climate change is substantially affecting cocoa production in West and Central Africa, a region that accounts for more than 70% of global cocoa output.&nbsp;



Rising temperatures and altering rainfall patterns are projected to make some areas less suitable for cultivating cocoa, while allowing other areas to potentially increase their yields.



This is the conclusion of a recent study conducted by Wageningen University &amp; Research (WUR).



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-major-shifts-in-key-producing-nations">Major shifts in key producing nations</h2>



Researcher Paulina Asante and her team employed a computer model to project how cocoa farming might fare by 2060 in Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria, and Cameroon.&nbsp;



The findings suggest that up to 50% of the land currently dedicated to cocoa in the Ivory Coast might become unviable, leading to a marked drop in production.&nbsp;



In Ghana, the study predicts a moderate loss of optimal cocoa-growing zones. By contrast, Nigeria and Cameroon may see an expansion in suitable areas.&nbsp;



According to the study, Cameroon’s output could climb by as much as 60%, while Nigeria could experience a roughly 40% increase.



The research highlight how divergent effects across neighboring countries could influence global cocoa markets. Some places may find opportunity in the shifting climate, but others risk having to phase out cocoa farming altogether.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-risk-of-increased-deforestation">Risk of increased deforestation</h2>



With cocoa potentially migrating into new regions, concerns arise over environmental pressures and habitat loss, notes <a href="https://www.wur.nl/en.htm" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">WUR</a> researcher Niels Anten.&nbsp;



“Cameroon has a relatively large amount of rainforest, and cocoa is often grown in areas that were originally tropical forests. This puts significant pressure on these ecosystems,” he said.



“Addressing the impact of climate change on cocoa requires an all-hands-on-deck approach. It affects every stage of the supply chain: farmers face reduced yields, businesses encounter rising costs, and consumers see higher prices,” added Asante.



“While collaboration can be challenging, it is crucial to help current production regions adapt and maintain production on existing plantations. This will prevent cocoa-related <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-deforestation-crisis-how-can-we-stop-massive-forest-losses/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">deforestation</a> elsewhere and ensure that deforestation-free policies, like the EU law EUDR, deliver meaningful outcomes.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-projections-and-cocoa-production">Climate projections and cocoa production </h2>



The simulations rely on existing knowledge about cocoa’s biological responses alongside climate scenarios for West and Central Africa.&nbsp;



Nonetheless, researchers say there are still gaps in understanding. One unknown is the effect of extra atmospheric CO₂, which tends to boost <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/revealing-the-secrets-of-photosynthesis-through-pep/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">photosynthesis</a> and might partially offset damage from high temperatures and drought. The scale of that offset remains unclear.



Additionally, aspects like changes to flowering and fruiting times, as well as the evolution of pests and diseases under warmer conditions, still need further research.&nbsp;



The authors emphasize that this kind of inquiry should not be limited to cocoa alone: more efforts are needed to anticipate how other crops will cope with rising global temperatures.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-adaptation-for-cocoa-farmers">Climate adaptation for cocoa farmers</h2>



For smallholder farmers in West Africa, who already earn modest incomes and often lack resources, even modest climate shifts could be drastic. 



The authors call for productivity gains on existing farmland to mitigate these threats, pointing out that actual cocoa yields are far below their theoretical maximums.



Improved soil fertility management and carefully calibrated fertilizer use offer practical ways to narrow these yield gaps.&nbsp;



Agroforestry, where cocoa grows alongside other tree species, also shows promise. Shade trees can moderate temperature extremes, regulate <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humidity-increases-urban-heat-stress/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">humidity</a>, and add new revenue streams to farmers’ operations.



“Choosing the right shade trees is essential. Some trees use too much water, exacerbating drought issues. It is crucial to select species suited to the local climate and soil conditions,” said Danaë Rozendaal, another researcher on the project.&nbsp;



Additional strategies include breeding cocoa plants resistant to drought and heat, as well as supporting farmers with practical training.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-outlook-on-chocolate-and-prices">Outlook on chocolate and prices</h2>



This research was produced through collaboration among several WUR groups - the Center for Crop Systems Analysis, Plant Production Systems Group, and Forest Ecology &amp; Forest Management Group - together with cocoa industry partners, research institutions, NGOs, and local governments under the CocoaSoils program.



Rising temperatures and erratic rainfall are already placing cocoa trees under stress, particularly in the Ivory Coast, resulting in reduced harvests.&nbsp;



Consumer <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sweet-discovery-eating-chocolate-can-add-years-to-your-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">chocolate</a> prices have risen in response, with some confectioners adding ingredients like cookie pieces to stretch their cocoa supply.



“I don’t think cocoa will become so scarce that chocolate letters will only be visible under a microscope in the future,” Anten said, “but the sector must adapt to the changing climate.”



The research into climate-related impacts on cocoa production across West and Central Africa is ongoing. Current studies are evaluating whether this core cocoa-producing region can keep up with climbing global demand while upholding EUDR requirements.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110393" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Agricultural and Forest Meteorology</a>.



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Cocoa production in Africa is under extreme climate pressure 

Climate change is substantially affecting cocoa production in West and...

Guava, a standout among tropical fruits, is more than just a sweet delight. Packed with antioxidants, vitamins, and fiber, guava can be enjoyed fresh, as juice, or in leaf-based brews.



Also known as Psidium guajava, guava is recognized for its potential to support digestion and strengthen the immune system, among other health benefits. 



In a recent <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667031322000409" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">study</a>, Dr. Toluwani Tella from the <a href="https://ukzn.ac.za/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of KwaZulu-Natal</a> evaluated the effects of guava on diabetic rats.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-taste-of-nature-s-fiber">A taste of nature's fiber</h2>



This fruit offers a generous amount of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/eating-enough-fiber-prevents-cancer-in-a-surprising-way/">dietary fiber</a> that helps keep the gut in check. Many people enjoy it with the peel, which may encourage healthy bowel movements by providing extra roughage.



Experts suggest its fiber can reduce uncomfortable twinges linked to occasional heartburn. Guava adds a soothing element to meals without forcing strict dietary overhauls.



Those dealing with mild constipation may find it to be a gentle ally, since extra fiber adds bulk to waste. This naturally supports smoother digestion and helps avoid harsher interventions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-raising-the-body-s-defenses">Raising the body's defenses</h2>



Vitamin C sets guava apart from many fruits, offering immune support that helps keep the body on alert. This <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/148286a0" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">micronutrient</a> bolsters normal defense mechanisms against everyday pressures.



When included in daily meals, guava is like a handy shield. It meets people’s need for a quick, nutritious choice whenever the weather shifts or stress levels rise.



Some individuals brew guava leaf tea for relief from sudden diarrhea. The astringent effects may tighten intestinal tissues and calm unruly digestion.



The fruit's potential to limit certain microbes aligns with research that examined the spasmolytic effect on rat uterine tissues. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-staying-on-track-with-weight-goals">Staying on track with weight goals</h2>



One guava often checks in at fewer than 60 calories, fitting easily into balanced diets. The natural <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/pectin" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pectin</a> content may help curb extra snacking by promoting fullness and satisfaction.



Some people rely on it as a light dessert, while others slice it for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/larger-snack-sizes-lead-to-quicker-eating-and-bigger-bites/">quick snacks</a>. This approach can reduce cravings for heavier sweets without stripping away enjoyment.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-guava-and-skin-care">Guava and skin care</h2>



Pink or red varieties contain lycopene, often recognized for its capacity to help protect skin cells from internal stress. By moderating reactions caused by excess sun exposure, lycopene can support a calm complexion.



This benefit becomes stronger when combined with vitamin C, which boosts collagen production. Considering that collagen contributes to smoother texture, these nutrients might keep skin looking fresh over time.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-healthy-blood-pressure-and-cholesterol">Healthy blood pressure and cholesterol </h2>



Some <a href="http://www.ifrj.upm.edu.my/17%20(01)%202010/(10)%20IFRJ-2010-89-96%20Norazmir.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">studies</a> link guava's polyphenols with more relaxed blood vessels and better sodium balance. One investigation on pink guava puree pointed to anti-hypertensive results in rats.



Potassium in this fruit encourages the body to flush out extra sodium. This balance may help the cardiovascular system maintain a calmer outlook under everyday pressures.



Guava’s soluble fiber helps manage cholesterol levels. LDL ("bad") cholesterol levels should be below 100 mg/dL, while HDL ("good") cholesterol levels should be at least 40 mg/dL for men and 50 mg/dL for women. One analysis in rats showed improved lipid profiles when red guava was part of their diet.&nbsp;



High-fiber intake may block some cholesterol from being fully absorbed. This allows the body to flush it out more easily through normal waste processes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-natural-benefits-for-blood-sugar">Natural benefits for blood sugar</h2>



Individuals aiming for balanced glucose sometimes add guava leaves or fruit to their routine. 



In controlled studies led by Dr. Tella, diabetic rats responded positively to guava leaf extract - hinting at potential support for muscle glycogen storage.



The researchers also found that triterpenes and certain phenolics could influence enzyme activities linked to glucose use. This points to another avenue for those seeking plant-based approaches to daily wellness.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-simple-ways-to-enjoy-guava">Simple ways to enjoy guava</h2>



Many people like the fruit raw, but others prefer smoothies, homemade infusions, or satisfying desserts. The leaves can be simmered in about 17 fl oz of water to create a tea that some drink for calming support.&nbsp;



A quick juice involves blending two fresh fruits with a spoonful of mint and water. Adding a few ice cubes can bring out an even sweeter side.



Another easy option is to slice it into a salad or spoon it over yogurt. That pop of color and flavor can liven up the table without extra hassle.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-daily-servings-of-guava">Daily servings of guava</h2>



Nutritionists commonly recommend two or three portions of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/eating-avocado-every-day-diet-quality-can-add-years-to-life-but-this-fruit-has-enemies/">fruit a day</a>. Guava easily fits that range, with each portion hovering around six to eight ounces.



People who crave variety like mixing different guava types. Red, yellow, and white styles each carry their own subtle differences in taste and nutrients.



This mix-and-match routine makes healthy eating feel less rigid. It lets individuals experiment with pleasant flavors and colorful meals.



A balanced diet lays the groundwork, and guava alone cannot do all the heavy lifting. Regular physical activity works in tandem with sensible eating plans for longer-term well-being.



It may also be wise to get professional advice when exploring <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/which-dietary-changes-are-best-for-cancer-prevention/">dietary changes</a>. Ultimately, for those who want a user-friendly fruit, guava brings flavor, fiber, and a unique nutrient lineup.



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Guava is an underappreciated fruit with numerous health benefits

Guava, a standout among tropical fruits, is more than just...

Urban areas face rising temperatures and shrinking green spaces. Cities replace natural landscapes with concrete, making heat waves more intense. Wildlife struggles to find habitats, leading to biodiversity loss. 



In response, architects and ecologists explore solutions to make cities more livable. Green walls have emerged as a promising option.



These plant-covered facades do more than make buildings look better. They help cool urban areas and provide essential habitats for birds, insects, and other organisms.



A recent study led by Utrecht University ecologist Katharina Hecht provides scientific evidence of these benefits. The research compares green walls with bare <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/chinas-great-green-wall-has-reached-a-new-milestone/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">walls</a> and natural cliffs, shedding light on their ecological value.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-insights-into-green-walls">Insights into green walls</h2>



The study, published in the journal Building and Environment, highlights the impact of green walls on urban cooling and biodiversity.



Hecht and her team worked with researchers from Singapore’s Nanyang Technological University and the Singapore-based company bioSEA. Together, they examined 20 green walls in Singapore’s <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fighting-coastal-erosion-electricity-turns-sand-into-a-sea-wall/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">urban environment</a>.



"Green walls can be much more than just a decorative trend," said Hecht. Many construction companies and policymakers promote them, but solid scientific evidence has been lacking.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cooling-effects-in-cities">Cooling effects in cities</h2>



One of the study’s key findings is the ability of these walls to reduce temperatures. The researchers measured a cooling effect of up to 0.6–0.7 degrees Celsius between the front and back sides of these walls.



"This might sound like a small difference. But in the context of urban heat, even small reductions can lower energy costs and make buildings more comfortable to live and work in," said Hecht.



With increasing numbers of green walls, this cooling effect could help combat the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/predicting-how-climate-change-will-alter-plant-growth-cycles/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">urban</a> heat island phenomenon.



Urban heat islands occur when cities absorb and retain heat, making them significantly warmer than surrounding rural areas. Green walls provide shade, reduce heat absorption, and improve thermal comfort in dense urban settings.



They also contribute to climate resilience by lowering reliance on air conditioning, reducing energy consumption.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-supporting-urban-biodiversity-with-green-walls">Supporting urban biodiversity with green walls</h2>



Beyond cooling, green walls also enhance urban biodiversity. The researchers found that plant-covered <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plants-purposefully-move-alter-growth-direction-to-help-their-neighbors/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">facades</a> hosted over 100 animal species, including insects, spiders, and birds. This is a stark contrast to non-vegetated walls, which support only a handful of species.



The study also compared green walls to natural cliffs to assess their effectiveness in replicating natural habitats. Natural cliffs, unsurprisingly, supported slightly more biodiversity. However, green walls still provided valuable shelter for many species.



"This shows that we can learn from nature’s design strategies to enhance man-made green walls," said Hecht. "They provide valuable habitats in places that would otherwise be inhospitable for many species."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-role-of-surrounding-greenery">Role of surrounding greenery</h2>



Hecht noted that plant-covered walls alone cannot maximize their ecological potential. The surrounding environment plays a crucial role in their effectiveness.



"What I found really interesting to confirm in our study is how important trees and other vegetation are," she said.



"The crowns of nearby trees and patches of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plants-defy-climate-change-through-acclimation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">greenery</a> serve as stepping stones. They allow bees, bugs, and even small birds to hop from tree to tree, and eventually reach the green walls."



Without a network of trees and vegetation, green walls may struggle to attract diverse species. Isolated green walls offer limited benefits compared to those integrated into larger green corridors. Urban planners and architects must consider the broader ecological landscape when designing green spaces.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-applications-beyond-the-tropics">Applications beyond the tropics</h2>



Although the study focused on Singapore’s tropical climate, Hecht believes the findings apply to temperate regions as well. She noted that the principles of green wall design remain consistent across different climates.



"The principles would be similar," said Hecht. "Although we would need to tailor the plant species and specific designs to the local biodiversity and weather conditions."



In temperate regions, green walls may naturally be colonized by mosses, perennials, and local climbers. These plants could influence the types of species that thrive. Architects and ecologists must adapt their designs to match local climate conditions while preserving the ecological benefits of green walls.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-expanding-research-on-green-walls">Expanding research on green walls</h2>



The study highlights the need for more research on green walls, particularly in temperate regions. 



Earlier studies in the Netherlands, conducted by students from Utrecht University, have shown promising results. However, Hecht emphasizes that more empirical data is necessary to confirm the long-term benefits of green walls in different climates.



She is already leading a follow-up project under Utrecht University’s "Pathways to Sustainability" program. Her team is developing a digital system to collect and compare data on green walls from different locations. 



By analyzing data from multiple climates, the researchers aim to refine plant-covered wall designs and maximize their ecological potential.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-building-a-greener-future">Building a greener future</h2>



The foundation of this research was laid by Leanne Haan, a master's student at Utrecht University. She conducted the initial fieldwork in Singapore, spending eight months collecting data.



Her work included trekking through urban parks to gather information that helped launch the research project.



Haan’s efforts not only provided critical data but also established strong collaboration between Utrecht University and Singapore-based researchers. The success of this study highlights the importance of interdisciplinary research in creating sustainable urban solutions.



As cities continue to grow, integrating green walls into urban planning could help mitigate climate change, reduce heat, and support biodiversity. With more research and innovation, these living facades could become a standard feature in the cities of the future.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0360132324011508?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Building and Environment</a>.



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Green walls cool cities and create urban habitats

Urban areas face rising temperatures and shrinking green spaces. Cities...

Over the years, people have turned to licorice not just for a sugary pick-me-up but also for various health-related reasons. Ancient societies in Egypt, Rome, and Greece relied on this root to cure colds and other ailments. Today, there’s growing curiosity about how this medicinal plant might help the body.



Licorice contains a unique compound called <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/glycyrrhizin" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">glycyrrhizin</a>, which has been studied for its influence on the immune system, digestion, and even mood. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-licorice-is-getting-attention">Why licorice is getting attention</h2>



Licorice root has been used in therapeutic settings for thousands of years. It is cultivated in regions across Asia, Europe, and the Middle East, where people have appreciated its sweet flavor for both confectionery and health uses.



Modern researchers have examined whether consuming licorice regularly might support respiratory function or offer some relief for sore throats. Some of these effects may stem from its anti-inflammatory properties, which appear to calm irritated tissues.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-of-licorice-on-digestion"> Impact of licorice on digestion</h2>



People often mention licorice as a remedy for upset stomachs. Early research suggested it may help by boosting mucus production in the stomach, which could protect the lining from acid irritation. Supporters of the root also claim it can ease indigestion and reduce gas.



The challenge begins if portions get too large. In that case, licorice might put certain individuals at risk for adverse effects like elevated blood pressure or lower potassium levels, which can trigger problems with heart rhythm.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-effects-of-licorice-on-mood">Effects of licorice on mood</h2>



Some people have used licorice for a mood boost. It contains a range of compounds that might offer support to the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/heart-has-its-own-mini-brain-that-controls-its-beat/">nervous system</a>, including nutrients that can influence one’s energy and outlook.



Still, experts recommend staying aware of personal tolerance levels. For some people, consuming licorice can cause jittery feelings and unusual heart activity, so they should not eat too much licorice candy or tea.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-caution-around-certain-health-conditions">Caution around certain health conditions</h2>



There is evidence that licorice can play a helpful role for individuals working through respiratory issues or trying to quit smoking.



Many turn to the root as a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/e-cigarettes-linked-to-increased-risk-of-heart-failure/">substitute for cigarettes</a>, but that approach should be weighed against any predisposition to high blood pressure.



“Licorice root is generally considered safe as a food ingredient, but it can cause serious side effects when consumed in large amounts or for long periods of time,” noted the National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (<a href="https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/licorice-root">NCCIH</a>). 



Individuals with kidney issues or heart ailments may want to avoid heavy licorice consumption.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-excessive-licorice-intake">Excessive licorice intake</h2>



Dr. Decio Armanini from the Endocrinology Unit at the <a href="https://www.unipd.it/en/university-hospital" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University Hospital of Padua</a> has conducted extensive research on the effects of licorice consumption, particularly its impact on hormones. He also warns about the potential impacts of eating too much licorice. 



For example, glycyrrhizin can lead to an increase in cortisol levels by inhibiting the enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2. 



This enzyme normally helps convert active cortisol into its inactive form, cortisone. As a result, excessive licorice intake can mimic symptoms of conditions like Cushing's syndrome.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-balancing-the-benefits-and-risks">Balancing the benefits and risks</h2>



Licorice has traveled across centuries and cultures as a multiuse herb. The root can be an ally when used wisely, but it can also become an unwelcome influence if overused.



Moderation is the key. Some people have reported great results by taking small amounts of licorice in lozenges to soothe sore throats, especially after medical procedures. Others find it helpful in managing mild digestive troubles.



If you're interested in exploring licorice for its potential <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/drinking-tea-delays-biological-aging/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">health benefits</a>, consider starting with small servings of high-quality licorice teas or dietary supplements from reputable sources. 



Licorice contains compounds that can influence various bodily functions, including blood pressure and electrolyte balance. Because of this, it's important to monitor for any changes in heart function, blood pressure, or fluid retention, especially if you have a history of hypertension, heart disease, or kidney issues. 



Consulting with a healthcare provider before incorporating licorice into your routine is advisable, as it can interact with certain medications and may not be suitable for everyone.



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'Candy' plant has revitalizing effects on the body, but only in moderation

Over the years, people have turned to licorice not just...

It’s widely believed that eating animal products gave early human relatives a boost in developing larger brains and stronger bodies.&nbsp;Many have argued that meat-based diets launched a chain reaction in our evolution, and that protein intake was linked to bigger brains and higher intelligence.



But new research is presenting a different picture of some ancient relatives: they might not have been munching on meat as often as we assumed.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tooth-enamel-reveals-a-plant-diet">Tooth enamel reveals a plant diet</h2>



Researchers analyzed tooth enamel in seven <a href="https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/australopithecus-and-kin-145077614/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Australopithecus</a> specimens uncovered in <a href="https://popular-archaeology.com/article/sterkfontein-a-history-of-evolution-in-the-cradle-of-humanity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Sterkfontein, South Africa</a>, and found that these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/early-humans-had-surprising-diets-3-5-million-years-ago/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">early hominins</a> consumed mostly plant-based foods.&nbsp;



The work used a method for measuring stable <a href="https://wwwrcamnl.wr.usgs.gov/isoig/period/n_iig.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nitrogen isotopes</a> in fossilized enamel. Specialists in human origins have looked to nitrogen isotopes for diet clues in more recent remains, but the technology has now been applied to samples that are millions of years old.



“Tooth enamel is the hardest tissue of the mammalian body and can preserve the isotopic fingerprint of an animal’s diet for millions of years,” explained <a href="https://www.mpic.de/person/123706/2285" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dr. Tina Lüdecke</a>, a geochemist at the <a href="https://www.wits.ac.za/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of the Witwatersrand</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meat-free-diet-challenges-big-brain-hypothesis">Meat-free diet challenges big brain hypothesis</h2>



Many hypotheses <a href="https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/204350" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">link</a> meat consumption to expanded brain size in our lineage. Some researchers <a href="https://nature.berkeley.edu/miltonlab/pdfs/meateating.pdf">note</a> that dense protein sources could have contributed to physiological changes, allowing for more complex cognition.&nbsp;



The findings from Sterkfontein, however, indicate that these particular Australopithecus individuals didn’t eat a lot of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ancient-diets-early-humans-richer-berries-nuts-plants-than-expected/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">meat</a>.



Their nitrogen isotope ratios aligned with those of herbivores from the same timeframe, hinting at a diet that was plant-based rather than meat-centric.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nitrogen-isotope-method">Nitrogen isotope method</h2>



Scientists previously faced a big hurdle: organic matter degrades in bones older than about 200,000 years. 



This new <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10082005/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">approach</a> recovers nitrogen signals locked within tooth enamel, and can give us answers about diet dating much further back in time.



Researchers examined the enamel from these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/stone-age-diet-deer-and-trout-were-on-the-menu-10000-years-ago/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">hominins</a> and other animals. Herbivores showed distinct nitrogen isotope signatures compared to carnivores. 



The isotope ratios in Australopithecus enamel specimens looked much more like the ratios found in the herbivore group, suggesting that the hominins had a limited meat intake.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-early-humans-did-not-have-a-meat-based-diet">Early humans did not have a meat-based diet</h2>



Legumes, seeds, and insects could still have been on the menu. Some <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2001/01/17/science/tools-suggest-early-human-termite-diet.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">experts</a> think termites might have been an occasional source of protein. But the <a href="https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/news/2022/january/human-ancestor-homo-erectus-probably-wasnt-carnivore-we-thought.html?utm_source=chatgpt.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">scientists</a> noted that nothing in the results indicates frequent or heavy hunting of mammals.&nbsp;



The findings fit with other archaeological evidence that hasn’t yet confirmed systematic meat consumption among early hominins at this period in time.



“Our method opens up exciting possibilities for understanding human evolution,” said <a href="https://www.mpic.de/4493238/alfredo-martinez-garcia" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dr. Martínez-García</a>, a researcher at the Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, who <a href="https://www.mpg.de/17039594/annual-report-2020.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">emphasized</a> the significance of this approach.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-greater-context-in-hominin-evolution">Greater context in hominin evolution</h2>



Australopithecus is a well-known genus of early hominins that walked upright and lived in parts of Africa between roughly 4 and 2 million years ago.



<a href="https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/australopithecus-afarensis-lucy-species.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Lucy</a>, discovered in 1974, is the most famous example of these ancient relatives. They had smaller brains than modern humans but were already showing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/our-hunter-gatherer-ancestors-did-much-more-gathering-than-hunting/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">certain traits</a> that set them apart from other primates, such as upright posture.&nbsp;



Speculations about their eating habits have varied, with some thinking they might have combined plant foods with regular meat. This new evidence challenges that notion for at least one population of Australopithecus.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-it-matters">Why it matters</h2>



Trying to unravel hominin diets helps anthropologists figure out what shaped our bodies and minds. Did meat-eating diets truly set the stage for rapid growth in brain volume and sophisticated tools?



Or were these changes linked to other factors like social cooperation, broader food choices, or climatic shifts? 



Understanding that australopithecines didn’t rely heavily on meat raises fresh questions about what triggered key developments in our lineage.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fossils-reveal-plant-based-diet-not-meat">Fossils reveal plant-based diet, not meat</h2>



Sterkfontein has been a hotbed of discoveries for nearly a century. 



Excavations at this <a href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/915" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a> have produced many fossil finds, including some of the earliest evidence of bipedal hominins. Even after so many decades, the site continues to surprise.



“The research provides clear evidence that its diet did not contain significant amounts of meat,” said <a href="https://www.stonybrook.edu/commcms/anthropology/faculty-and-staff/stratford-d.php" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Professor Dominic Stratford</a>, Director of Research at the Sterkfontein Caves. 



Studies of early hominin diets will keep evolving as technology improves. Analyzing tooth enamel for nitrogen might open a doorway to insights about other ancient species, and shed light on their place in the food chain.



That, in turn, informs the story of our family tree.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adq7315" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science</a>.



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Meat wasn't on the menu for our ancient hominin ancestors

It’s widely believed that eating animal products gave early human...

Pregnancy is a time when many expectant mothers seek ways to manage discomfort and stress. With growing interest in natural remedies, cannabidiol (CBD), a compound derived from cannabis, has gained popularity as a perceived safe option for nausea, anxiety, and sleep disturbances. 



Unlike tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the psychoactive component of cannabis, CBD does not produce a high, leading many to assume it poses little to no risk during pregnancy.



Despite this perception, scientific research on the effects of CBD during pregnancy remains limited. Many previous studies have focused on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cannabis-use-impacts-working-memory-and-brain-function/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cannabis smoke</a> or THC exposure, leaving CBD largely unexplored. 



A new study from <a href="https://www.mcmaster.ca" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">McMaster University</a> challenges these assumptions, revealing concerning links between CBD use and fetal development issues. These findings suggest that CBD, often considered harmless, may have unexpected consequences for both mother and child.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-potential-risks-of-cbd-in-pregnancy">Potential risks of CBD in pregnancy</h2>



A team of researchers at McMaster University investigated the effects of cannabis use during pregnancy, specifically focusing on both CBD and THC. 



The findings, published in eBioMedicine, highlight the potential dangers of oral cannabis consumption from early to mid-pregnancy. 



The study revealed that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cannabis-use-during-pregnancy-rewires-the-fetal-brain/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cannabis exposure</a> was associated with impaired fetal growth, changes in the placenta, and behavioral alterations in offspring.



Tyrah Ritchie led the study while completing her master’s degree in the Medical Sciences program at McMaster University.



“The use of cannabis during pregnancy is rising in Canada. Most previous studies focus on exposure to cannabis smoke or just the psychoactive component of cannabis (THC), leaving other cannabis ingredients and methods of consumption understudied," noted Ritchie.



"However, consuming cannabis orally or only using other <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/high-potency-cannabis-use-linked-to-epigenetic-changes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cannabis</a> ingredients like CBD, is often perceived as safer despite this lack of evidence. Our study is shedding light that there's a possibility that CBD might also be harmful in the pregnancy.”



The study challenges the belief that CBD is a safe alternative to THC during pregnancy. While THC has long been linked to developmental concerns, this research suggests that CBD may also have unintended effects.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fetal-growth-and-placental-development">Fetal growth and placental development</h2>



The researchers examined how THC and CBD affect fetal development by administering cannabis oil to pregnant mice. 



Their observations revealed that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cannabis-and-hallucinogen-use-are-at-historically-high-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cannabis exposure</a> resulted in smaller fetuses compared to those in the control group. This suggests that cannabis compounds may interfere with normal growth, leading to intrauterine growth restriction.



In addition to reduced fetal size, the study found that cannabis impacted the development of blood vessels that supply nutrients to the placenta. 



The placenta plays a crucial role in providing oxygen and nutrients to the developing baby, and any disruption in this process could have serious consequences.



“We did see that both THC and CBD can disrupt a special type of immune cell called a Uterine NK Cell that is crucial in normal development of the placenta," said Ali Ashkar, professor in McMaster’s Department of Medicine and co-leader of the study.



"We also saw poor development of the arteries that help supply blood to the placenta. We're thinking this is what is possibly disrupting the nutrient and oxygen delivery to the baby and contributing to the intrauterine grow restriction.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pregnancy-cbd-and-offspring">Pregnancy, CBD, and offspring</h2>



Beyond physical growth, the study also examined how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/chemical-found-in-cannabis-plants-can-actually-reduce-cannabis-induced-anxiety/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cannabis exposure</a> affects offspring behavior. Researchers monitored the behavior of the mice after birth and discovered changes in aggression, activity levels, and learning ability. 



These findings suggest that exposure to cannabis during pregnancy could have lasting neurological effects on the offspring.



“Oral use of THC and CBD during the pregnancy not only disrupts growth of the baby but seems to have long-term consequences as the babies were found to have changes in their behaviour later in life,” said Ritchie.



Behavioral changes in offspring highlight the possibility of cognitive and emotional challenges that may persist into adulthood. 



The exact mechanisms behind these effects remain unclear, but the findings raise concerns about how cannabis interacts with the developing brain.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-need-for-further-investigation">Need for further investigation</h2>



While this study provides critical insights, researchers emphasize the need for further investigation to fully understand the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/recreational-cannabis-use-protects-against-cognitive-decline/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">risks</a> of CBD use during pregnancy. 



The study was conducted on mice, and while animal models offer valuable information, human studies are necessary to confirm these findings.



Ritchie stresses that the growing trend of cannabis use during pregnancy should be met with caution. Many expectant mothers turn to CBD with the belief that it is safe, but without clear scientific evidence, assumptions about its harmlessness may be misleading.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rethinking-cbd-use-during-pregnancy">Rethinking CBD use during pregnancy</h2>



The widespread perception of CBD as a natural and safe remedy has led to its increasing use among pregnant individuals. 



However, this study suggests that CBD may not be as risk-free as commonly thought. The findings indicate that both THC and CBD could interfere with crucial developmental processes, affecting both physical growth and long-term behavior.



Pregnant individuals considering cannabis products should consult healthcare professionals before use. While the study does not provide definitive answers on CBD’s safety for human pregnancies, it does highlight the need for greater awareness and caution.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-funding-and-future-research">Funding and future research</h2>



This study was supported by The <a href="https://cannabisresearch.mcmaster.ca" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Michael G. DeGroote</a> Centre for Medicinal Cancer Research, the <a href="https://cihr-irsc.gc.ca/e/193.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Canadian Institutes of Health Research</a>, and the <a href="https://www.innovation.ca" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Canadian Foundation for Innovation</a>. 



As research in this field continues, scientists aim to explore the specific mechanisms by which cannabis compounds affect pregnancy outcomes.



With increasing cannabis use worldwide, understanding its full impact on pregnancy is more important than ever. Further studies will help clarify the risks, providing expectant mothers with the information they need to make informed choices.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.thelancet.com/journals/ebiom/article/PIIS2352-3964(25)00016-7/fulltext" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EBioMedicine</a>.



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CBD use during pregnancy has unexpected consequences

Pregnancy is a time when many expectant mothers seek ways...

Yerba mate is an herbal tea that ranks among the world’s most popular caffeinated beverages. Beloved in South America for its invigorating properties, this versatile plant contains an abundance of bioactive compounds known to promote various health benefits.&nbsp;



Recently, an international research team achieved a significant milestone: they successfully mapped the yerba mate genome. The study is shedding new light on how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/high-caffeine-levels-reduce-the-risk-of-diabetes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">caffeine</a> is synthesized in this plant and opening avenues for developing enhanced varieties.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evolution-of-caffeine-in-yerba-mate">Evolution of caffeine in yerba mate</h2>



The project was led by the <a href="https://www.uba.ar/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Buenos Aires</a>, with participation from the European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) Hamburg and other institutions in Argentina, Brazil, and the United States. 



Through genome analysis, the scientists uncovered surprising insights into yerba mate’s evolutionary history - particularly its pathway for producing caffeine.



“I discovered that an ancestor of yerba had duplicated its <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-does-genome-size-impact-evolutionary-success/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">genome</a> approximately 50 million years ago,” said Federico Vignale, the study’s first author and an EMBL Hamburg postdoctoral fellow.&nbsp;



“This ancestral duplication may have been key in the evolution of its metabolic complexity, allowing it to synthesize a wide range of bioactive compounds, such as terpenes, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/flavonol-rich-foods-reduce-the-risk-of-developing-frailty/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">flavonoids</a>, phenols, and xanthines, known for their antioxidant, anti-diabetic, and nervous system stimulant properties. Of all these compounds, my interest focused on caffeine.”



Although caffeine appears in multiple unrelated plant species such as yerba mate and coffee, the researchers discovered that the genes behind its production do not share a single evolutionary origin.



Adrián Turjanski, the project leader, is a researcher at the Institute of Biological Chemistry in the Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences at the University of Buenos Aires.



“We came to understand in detail that the genes do not have a common ancestor, but come from separate origins, and that both yerba mate and coffee came to have caffeine biosynthesis by evolving along convergent pathways,” said Turjanski.&nbsp;



Because yerba mate and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/coffee-flavor-can-be-improved-with-a-simple-trick/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">coffee</a> independently evolved to produce caffeine, scientists suspect that this compound plays a crucial protective role, potentially defending these plants against insects or other threats.



Through in-depth structural, experimental, and bioinformatic work, the team also showed how yerba mate’s specific route to caffeine biosynthesis sets it apart from coffee.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genetic-insights-into-yerba-mate">Genetic insights into yerba mate</h2>



This genomic breakthrough not only illuminates yerba mate’s past but also hints at a future of optimized cultivation. Armed with precise genetic insights, researchers can now create decaffeinated strains, boost desirable health-promoting compounds, or breed plants adapted to a broader range of environments.



“By reading the genome you would know how to intervene and modify the plant,” Turjanski said. “One could propose making it richer in certain characteristics, for example, a decaffeinated yerba mate, or one that is better adapted to other lands, and thus expand its cultivation.”



These findings establish a foundation for subsequent research efforts, enabling breeders and industry specialists to refine the plant to meet emerging consumer preferences and agricultural demands.



A cultural touchstone



For Vignale, the personal resonance of sequencing yerba mate’s genome runs deep. Beyond the scientific intrigue, yerba mate stands as a defining element of South American life.



“Yerba mate, for me, represents the most beautiful thing about the culture of my home country, Argentina - a drink that unites us, accompanies us, and is present in every moment of our lives,” said Vignale.&nbsp;



“That's why I didn't hesitate for a second to accept the challenge. Sequencing the yerba mate genome felt, in a way, like sequencing Messi's genome.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-collaboration-across-continents">Collaboration across continents</h2>



Under the direction of the Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences at the University of Buenos Aires, the project integrated expertise from the U.S., Europe, and South America.



To clarify how caffeine biosynthesis differs in yerba mate, EMBL Hamburg contributed structural modeling and molecular docking insights.&nbsp;



Vignale, alongside colleague Lucas Defelipe of EMBL Hamburg’s García Alai Team, played a key role in unraveling the molecular steps in this specialized pathway.



“This experience taught me the true value of interdisciplinary work and to grow together with scientists from different specialties,” Vignale said.



Vignale initially connected with EMBL through <a href="https://www.cabana.online/index" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">the CABANA project</a>, an initiative coordinated by Latin American organizations and EMBL-EBI. Funded by the <a href="https://www.ukri.org/what-we-do/browse-our-areas-of-investment-and-support/global-challenges-research-fund/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UKRI Global Challenges Research Fund</a>, CABANA focuses on enhancing bioinformatics capacity across Latin America to tackle challenges in communicable diseases, sustainable food production, and biodiversity.



“The CABANA project has not only strengthened my bioinformatics skills, which were essential for carrying out this research, but it also provided the necessary funding to complete the study,” Vignale added.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-future-of-yerba-mate">The future of yerba mate</h2>



With its genome now comprehensively mapped, yerba mate stands at the threshold of a new era in cultivation and consumption.&nbsp;



From potential decaffeination to region-specific breeding, the ability to hone the plant’s genetic traits heralds promising developments in agriculture and industry.&nbsp;



As research continues, both farmers and consumers can look forward to innovative strains that retain yerba mate’s cherished cultural significance while expanding its global reach.



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Caffeine evolution in plants: The surprising story of yerba mate 

Yerba mate is an herbal tea that ranks among the...

Cannabidiol (CBD) is emerging as the future of medicinal cannabis, as new research uncovers how it works with brain receptors to affect anxiety and pain management.



Unlike its psychoactive cousin, THC, cannabidiol has the potential for therapy without the high.



Scientists have long hypothesized about CBD's functional mechanisms, but a recent breakthrough has provided new insight into how it fine-tunes key biological processes.



While research on cannabis has intensified recently, there is still much to understand regarding the ways in which the plant components interact in the body.



In a significant advance, researchers have now looked more closely at what is being characterized as a highly complex interplay between CBD and THC that opens new avenues for using the benefits with fewer of the negatives.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-introducing-the-power-of-cbd-and-thc">Introducing the power of CBD and THC</h2>



A team of researchers from the <a href="https://olemiss.edu/departments/pharmacy/natural-products-research/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Mississippi's</a> National Center for Natural Products Research has investigated the complex relationship between cannabidiol (CBD) and tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the primary psychoactive compound in cannabis.



Their study sheds new light on how these compounds interact with the body's cellular receptors, potentially revolutionizing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/why-women-experience-more-chronic-pain-than-men/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pain</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/chemical-found-in-cannabis-plants-can-actually-reduce-cannabis-induced-anxiety/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">anxiety</a> treatments.



As demand for CBD products surges in the U.S., following hemp’s decriminalization by the Agricultural Improvement Act of 2018, it as become critical to understand these interactions.



"The 2018 Farm Bill passage effectively opened a Pandora's box of research challenges," said Amar Chittiboyina, principal scientist and associate director of the Center.



"CBD's use proliferated across a wide spectrum, from pain management and recreational purposes to seemingly endless other applications. However, the fundamental question lies in understanding how CBD works on various targets and exerts its perceived effects at the molecular level," commented Chittiboyina.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-magic-key-cb1-receptor">The magic key: CB1 receptor</h2>



At the core of the study is cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1), a protein that is found throughout the body and regulates pain, mood, appetite, metabolism, and memory.



Both CBD and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/prenatal-thc-exposure-linked-to-life-long-health-risks/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">THC</a> interact with this receptor, but they do so in distinctly different ways.



When THC binds to CB1, it acts like an "off switch" for pain, providing relief but often leading to side effects such as memory loss, nausea, and addiction.



CBD, on the other hand, behaves more like a dimmer switch, as it delicately modulates the receptor’s function.



This newfound understanding paves the way for future research aimed at harnessing the benefits of THC while minimizing its drawbacks.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-future-of-cannabis-research">The future of cannabis research</h2>



"Often, to mitigate pain, patients combine opiates with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/recreational-cannabis-use-protects-against-cognitive-decline/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cannabis</a>, kratom, and other substances. Is this approach beneficial or detrimental?" asked Chittiboyina, highlighting the many research opportunities that lie ahead.



The findings could even pave the way for the development of a more efficient, synthetic form of CBD that is designed to optimize receptor interactions while reducing unwanted effects.



This research goes beyond viewing cannabis merely as a drug - it positions the substance as a "treasure chest" of medicinal advances.



"We're trying to pull out the benefits and leave the harms behind," said Robert Laprairie, an associate professor at the <a href="https://www.usask.ca/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Saskatchewan</a>, and co-author of the study.



One of the next research frontiers involves investigating whether CBD interferes with opioids like morphine. 



If CBD negatively interacts with opioid receptors, it could reduce the efficacy of opioids, which is a potential concern for individuals who rely on opioids for pain relief.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cbd-research-s-promising-path">CBD research’s promising path</h2>



While these findings provide a foundation for understanding CBD’s therapeutic potential, the researchers emphasize that further studies are necessary before drawing definitive conclusions.



"But, if we can pinpoint how CBD interacts with multiple targets on a molecular level, we will be in a stronger scientific position to develop solutions that are relevant to public health," the team concluded.



Their discoveries not only deepen our understanding of cannabis compounds but also open doors for targeted drug development aimed at reducing the risks associated with THC and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/brain-discovery-offers-hope-for-tackling-opioid-addiction/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">opioids</a>. 



The study marks an important step toward safer and more effective treatment options for those suffering pain and struggling with mood disorders. 



-----



The research was supported by grants from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences, the National Science Foundation XSEDE Bridges, and the Mississippi State-sponsored National Center for Cannabis Research and Education.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acschemneuro.4c00343" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Chemical Neuroscience</a>.



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CBD can help ease chronic pain, anxiety, and mood disorders

Cannabidiol (CBD) is emerging as the future of medicinal cannabis,...

Turmeric,Powder,And,Turmeric,Root,On,Wood,,turmeric,Is,Herb.

Turmeric is a flowering plant that is a member of the ginger family. It is well known for its bright yellow color and has long been associated with various perceived health benefits.



Curcumin is the major active ingredient in turmeric, and is responsible for the yellow color of the spice, which is commonly used in Asian cuisine, such as curries, to give a characteristic aroma and rich flavor to the food. 



Apart from its culinary virtues, turmeric has gained popularity for its use in herbal supplements, cosmetics, dyes and food colorants. It is also used worldwide and for its promising wellness attributes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-power-of-curcumin">The power of curcumin</h2>



Turmeric owes much of its <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/your-coffee-is-missing-these-five-brain-boosting-spices/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">health-promoting</a> reputation to the presence of the polyphenol known as curcumin.



This bioactive ingredient is responsible for the spice’s distinctive golden hue and is at the heart of its renowned healing properties. 



For centuries, curcumin has been a cornerstone of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/korean-red-ginseng-may-alleviate-alcohol-addiction-study-reveals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Asian traditional medicine</a>, where it has been used to alleviate inflammation, promote digestion, and support overall well-being.



In the modern era, scientists have taken a keen interest in unlocking the full potential of curcumin. 



Extensive research has revealed its powerful antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capabilities, which may contribute to a range of health benefits, from supporting immune function to aiding in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mindfulness-meditation-is-a-powerful-weapon-against-chronic-pain/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pain management</a>.



Its possible uses extend to chronic disease prevention, cognitive health, and even athletic performance, making curcumin one of the most studied natural compounds today.



Despite its promise, researchers continue to explore how best to enhance curcumin’s bioavailability to maximize its effectiveness in the human body.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-curcumin-turmeric-and-muscles">Curcumin, turmeric, and muscles</h2>



Researchers from the <a href="https://www.uoc.edu/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Universitat Oberta de Catalunya</a> (UOC), particularly the Epi4Health group, have made exciting strides in investigating the effects of curcumin.



They suggest that curcumin could play a vital role in aiding muscle recovery and minimizing pain after an intense bout of physical activity.



“Both pre- and post-exercise curcumin consumption are associated with better outcomes in terms of muscle recovery, reduced pain, and improved antioxidant capacity,” said Daniel Vasile Popescu-Radu, a scholar at UOC.



It appears that our musculoskeletal system might just have found a new ally in curcumin.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-faster-recovery-for-athletes">Faster recovery for athletes</h2>



The new research from UOC has introduced the idea that curcumin use may even be beneficial for recovering athletes. 



From reducing muscle damage to easing pain and enhancing antioxidant capacity, curcumin shows potential as a promising ally for sportsmen and women.



The crucial factor, as emphasized by the UOC research team, is getting the dosage, bioavailability, and consumption timing right. 



A daily intake of 1-4 grams of curcumin, particularly after an exercise session, is suggested to aid <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ginseng-improves-exercise-performance-and-helps-body-quickly-recover/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">muscle recovery</a>. However, expert advice is recommended for optimal results.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-one-size-fits-all-solution">A one-size-fits-all solution? </h2>



While curcumin's potential is undeniably enthralling, the researchers caution against universal application. 



Factors such as an individual's unique metabolism, hormonal effects, intake time, and formulation can influence the effectiveness of this <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/drinking-tea-delays-biological-aging/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">polyphenol substance</a>.



Its absorption and bioavailability can be impacted by other substances present in the blood, or by the type of formulation used.



It's also challenging to extrapolate the findings to specific demographics, like female athletes or individuals undergoing perimenopause and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/heart-health-after-menopause-what-every-woman-should-know/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">menopause</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unlocking-the-full-potential">Unlocking the full potential</h2>



The UOC researchers believe more work is required to consolidate their findings, especially through studies with larger sample sizes. 



Despite the need for more research, they conclude positively about curcumin's potential role in improving the well-being of regular fitness enthusiasts.



Curcumin might just be set to make a grand entrance into the world of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sport-improves-childrens-concentration-and-quality-of-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sports</a> and fitness, with its promise to reduce inflammation and boost antioxidant capacity, among other potential benefits.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-turmeric-curcumin-and-future-health">Turmeric, curcumin, and future health</h2>



While curcumin's role in muscle recovery is gaining attention, its potential use goes far beyond the boosting of athletic performance.



Research is continually uncovering its applications in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wild-mushrooms-contain-substances-that-improve-sleep-mood-and-cognitive-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cognitive health</a>, immune support, and even chronic disease management.



Some studies suggest that curcumin may help regulate <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/grapes-provide-a-dietary-shield-to-protect-eye-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">oxidative stress</a>, support heart health, and even play a role in neuroprotection, offering potential benefits for conditions like Alzheimer’s disease.



Furthermore, researchers in other fields, such as arthritis treatment and gut health, are beginning to show interest in the potential positive effects of taking curcumin supplements. 



As scientists are refining our understanding of this potent compound, curcumin is set to remain a key player in natural wellness solutions for many years to come.



The full study was published in the <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15502783.2024.2434217" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition</a>.



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Turmeric supplements provide yet another health benefit, according to study

Turmeric is a flowering plant that is a member of...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE
</div></figure>



On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop and sunlight barely penetrates through the polar winter. It was here, however, that an international team of scientists found <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/predatory-worms-were-terror-beasts-half-a-billion-years-ago/#google_vignette" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evidence of sea monsters</a> that would change our understanding of ocean life in the past.



This video captures the discovery of Timorebestia fossils that had been hidden for more than 500 million years in the Sirius Passet formation. The "terror beasts," as they are called, are a hidden chapter in the evolutionary history of <a href="https://www.earth.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth</a>, showing that sophisticated predator-prey interactions occurred much earlier than previously envisioned.



Dr. Jakob Vinther and his research team at the <a href="https://www.bristol.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bristol</a>, in collaboration with researchers at the <a href="https://eng.kopri.re.kr/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Korean Polar Research Institute</a>, braved extreme weather conditions at 82.5 north latitude to locate these giant creatures. Using sophisticated electron microprobe analysis, they revealed the detailed anatomy of the animals, including their muscle and nerve tissues.



The find upsets the traditional timeline of sea predators. Although we've long appreciated that Cambrian oceans were at one time ruled by <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jWI3-UgA3_o&amp;list=PL1QLQMW9MWDwpkFOnvgAmu7wT6rZmYqdJ&amp;index=19" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">arthropods</a>, these discoveries indicate that relatives of arrow worms were first to dominate the seas. These worms were building sophisticated food webs several million years before other predator groups arose.



Each fossil is a story of ancient hunger, with fossil stomach contents revealing these meter-long beasts dined on heavily armored arthropods regularly, cementing their place as the ocean's first apex predators.



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Worms dominated seas before dinosaurs

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">New York is the site of the world's oldest forest.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-385-million-year-old-trees-discovered">385-million-year-old trees discovered</h2>



Scientists have uncovered something extraordinary just two hours north of New York City. The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/worlds-oldest-forest-discovered-close-to-new-york-city/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">world's oldest forest</a>, dating back 385 million years, offers a window into how Earth's first complex forests shaped our planet's atmosphere.



Located near <a href="https://townofcairo.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cairo, New York</a>, in Greene County, these weren't merely primitive plants struggling to survive. These were sophisticated trees with root systems remarkably similar to modern forests. This ancient woodland predates dinosaurs by 140 million years.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-cairo-forest-discovery">The Cairo forest discovery</h2>



385 million years ago, upstate New York was a tropical paradise near the equator. Thanks to continental drift, this ancient forest has traveled thousands of miles to its current location.



The fossil forest sits in an abandoned quarry, roughly half the size of a football field. This represents just a slice of what was likely a massive forest system stretching from New York into Pennsylvania.



Charles Ver Straeten, curator of sedimentary rocks at the <a href="https://www.nysm.nysed.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">New York State Museum</a>, made the discovery in 2009. While scouting the former highway department property, his trained eye spotted wandering patterns in the stone that looked like marine features.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-age-and-preservation">Revolutionary age and preservation</h2>



The site contains 385-million-year-old rocks with fossilized woody roots forming horizontal patterns up to 18 feet (5.5 meters) wide. As Christopher Berry, a paleobotanist at Cardiff University, explains: "You are walking through the roots of ancient trees."



This discovery pushes back advanced tree evolution by millions of years. The research, published in <a href="https://www.cell.com/current-biology/home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current Biology</a> in December 2019, fundamentally changes our understanding of when complex forests first emerged.



Researchers believe a massive flood buried the forest floor, creating perfect fossilization conditions. Over millions of years, sediment hardened into rock, preserving these root patterns like nature's time capsule.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meet-archaeopteris-the-first-modern-tree">Meet Archaeopteris: the first modern tree</h2>



The star of this ancient forest is Archaeopteris – not to be confused with the feathered dinosaur Archaeopteryx. This tree was far older and more revolutionary.



William Stein from <a href="https://www.binghamton.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Binghamton University</a> describes the roots as "strikingly modern, essentially what you'd see outside in my yard right now." These weren't simple root systems you'd expect from ancient plants.



Some fossilized roots are six inches (15 centimeters) in diameter, forming 36-foot-wide (11-meter) patterns. These giants grew up to 65 feet (20 meters) tall with five-foot-diameter (1.5-meter) trunks.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-changing-impact">Climate-changing impact</h2>



These trees fundamentally changed Earth's environment. Kevin Boyce, a Stanford University geoscientist, explains how their deep roots triggered "weathering," chemical reactions that pulled carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.



This process dropped atmospheric CO2 levels from 10-15 times higher than today to roughly modern concentrations. These ancient trees helped create atmospheric conditions that made complex life possible.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ancient-forest-ecosystem">Ancient forest ecosystem</h2>



The forest was remarkably diverse. Scientists identified Eospermatopteris, palm tree-like plants with short roots that reached 30 feet (9 meters) tall but lacked woody structure. The forest also housed cladoxylopsids and a mysterious third species still being studied.



All reproduced through spores rather than seeds – millions of years before seeds evolved. This tropical environment had no grass, flowers, or flying insects, just towering trees creating Earth's first complex forest canopy.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-significance">Scientific significance</h2>



Before this finding, the Gilboa forest, located 25 miles (40 kilometers) away, held the "oldest forest" title. Cairo's trees are 2-3 million years older, showing that complex forest ecosystems developed much faster than scientists believed possible.



Patricia Gensel, a <a href="https://www.unc.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of North Carolina</a> paleobotanist, notes: "The size of those root systems is really changing the picture. Even 20 years ago, researchers assumed trees with such complex root systems didn't evolve so early."



The Cairo site presents three unique root systems, suggesting Devonian period forests were diverse ecosystems with different trees occupying different environmental niches, much like today's forests.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-preservation-efforts">Modern preservation efforts</h2>



In 2022, New York State Senator Michelle Hinchey secured a $170,000 grant for the town of Cairo to construct specialized fencing around the fossil forest site. The town plans to conduct a feasibility study exploring the possibility of creating an educational center and working lab on-site.



Joe Hasenkopf, chair of the Cairo Planning Board, hopes to partner with educational institutions to create a research facility serving scientists, students, and the public.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lessons-for-today-s-climate">Lessons for today's climate</h2>



Why does a 385-million-year-old forest matter today? It shows how dramatically forests can change Earth's climate. These ancient woodlands created the atmospheric conditions supporting complex life.



Understanding how prehistoric forests transformed the planet helps us appreciate modern forests' critical role in addressing climate change. Forests remain Earth's most effective carbon capture systems.



These prehistoric trees changed Earth's atmosphere by pulling massive amounts of carbon dioxide from the air. As we face modern climate challenges, this ancient forest reminds us of trees' incredible power to transform our planet's environment.



The next time you walk through a forest, remember you're experiencing an ecosystem whose blueprint was established 385 million years ago in upstate New York. These ancient pioneers didn't just survive – they thrived and changed the world forever.



The full study was published in the journal Current Biology.



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Earth's oldest forest found in the United States

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ New York is the site of the world's oldest...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Acid rain and a crisis solved.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-don-t-we-ever-hear-about-acid-rain-anymore-the-environmental-crisis-that-was-solved">Why don't we ever hear about "acid rain" anymore? The environmental crisis that was solved</h2>



Remember the 1980s when acid rain dominated headlines? Dire warnings about rain eating buildings, killing fish, and destroying forests filled every news cycle. Then, almost like magic, acid rain vanished from public discourse. What happened? Did we actually solve one of the late 20th century's most pressing environmental challenges?



The answer might surprise you. Unlike many environmental issues that drag on indefinitely, acid rain represents one of modern history's most successful ecological recovery stories. It's a tale of science, politics, and technology working together to tackle what seemed impossible.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What was acid rain?</h2>



Acid rain isn't regular rain having a bad day – it's precipitation that became significantly more acidic due to air pollution. When power plants, factories, and vehicles burn fossil fuels, they release sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) into the atmosphere.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The science behind it</h2>



Think of acid rain as nature's chemistry experiment gone wrong. These compounds react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form sulfuric and nitric acids. When mixed with water vapor in clouds, they create precipitation with dangerously low pH levels.



While clean rain has a pH of about 5.6, acid rain could drop as low as 4.2 to 4.4 – roughly as acidic as tomato juice or coffee. According to US Geological Survey documentation, Scottish chemist Angus Smith first coined "acid rain" in 1872, but it didn't become a household phrase until the 1960s and 1970s when Swedish scientist Svante Odén documented its devastating effects on Scandinavian lakes and European forests.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The crisis at its peak</h2>



During the height of public concern, environmental damage was both widespread and visible. This wasn't some abstract future threat – people could see destruction happening in real-time.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Environmental devastation</h2>



The most dramatic impacts were impossible to ignore. Research documented by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation shows that in the Adirondack Mountains, more than 200 lakes became so acidic they couldn't support fish life. The Adirondack Council reports that 409 lakes once supported brook trout, but many lost their fish populations due to acid rain.



By 1976, when scientists cataloged all acidified lakes in the Adirondack Park, researchers found that half of the lakes over 2,000 feet above sea level had no fish, according to studies published in environmental journals. The acidification process worked like a slow-motion disaster. As acid rain fell into watersheds, it gradually lowered pH levels. Fish couldn't survive in acidic water, and their food sources died off too.



Trees at high elevations showed stress directly linked to acid rain. It weakened them by leaching nutrients and making them susceptible to disease. Historical records show Germany's Black Forest saw nearly half its trees damaged by the mid-1980s.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Economic impact</h2>



Acid rain wasn't just environmental – it was expensive. Acidic precipitation corroded infrastructure, buildings, and monuments. Historic stone structures deteriorated at accelerated rates. Tourism suffered as lakes became fishless and forests declined. EPA economic analyses from the period documented repair costs mounting into billions annually.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The solution: government action and technology</h2>



Transformation from crisis to success required unprecedented cooperation between governments, industries, and environmental groups.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The Clean Air Act of 1990</h2>



The turning point came with the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, signed by President George H.W. Bush. This represented a fundamentally new approach to environmental regulation, as documented in EPA historical records.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Cap-and-trade success</h2>



Instead of mandating specific technologies, the 1990 amendments introduced something revolutionary: a cap-and-trade system for sulfur dioxide emissions. EPA program documentation shows this market-based approach set overall limits but allowed companies to trade emission allowances.



The genius was harnessing market forces to find cost-effective pollution reduction. Companies reducing emissions cheaply could sell excess allowances to those facing higher costs. Research published in environmental economics journals and EPA progress reports shows this resulted in dramatic SO2 reduction at a fraction of projected costs.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Technology advances</h2>



Policy provided the framework, but technology made reductions possible. Studies in atmospheric science journals document the widespread adoption of flue gas desulfurization systems ("scrubbers") that removed sulfur dioxide before it reached the atmosphere. By the 2000s, new installations could remove over 95% of SO2 emissions, according to EPA technical reports.



The push coincided with cleaner energy development. Natural gas produces fewer sulfur compounds than coal. Wind and solar, emerging in the 1990s, captured growing market share, reducing reliance on high-sulfur coal.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-we-don-t-hear-about-it-today">Why we don't hear about it today</h2>



Why did acid rain disappear from headlines? Simple: the problem was largely solved.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Success doesn't make news</h2>



There's an old journalism saying: "If it bleeds, it leads." Environmental success stories don't generate urgency like crisis reporting. Media attention shifted to other challenges: climate change, plastic pollution, and biodiversity loss. There's only so much environmental anxiety the public can absorb, and newer concerns replaced acid rain.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Mission accomplished</h2>



The primary reason is beautifully simple: interventions worked. EPA monitoring data shows sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990. Academic research published in environmental science journals confirms pH levels in formerly affected areas returned closer to normal. This represents one of history's most dramatic environmental recoveries. Studies by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation show fishless lakes now support healthy populations. Forests recovered, and building damage slowed dramatically.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-is-it-really-gone">Is it really gone?</h2>



The crisis is largely resolved, but monitoring data shows the problem isn't completely eliminated – it's managed to acceptable levels. Some areas still experience occasional events during high pollution periods. International environmental research indicates that rapidly industrializing Asian countries face similar problems to what we experienced decades ago, though they're implementing successful strategies.



EPA research shows nitrogen oxide emissions proved more challenging than sulfur dioxide, coming from vehicles and mobile sources. Climate science studies suggest changing weather patterns add complexity to how acid rain forms and falls.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What this teaches us</h2>



The acid rain experience proves that seemingly intractable environmental problems can be solved with scientific understanding, political will, and technological innovation. Environmental monitoring data shows recovery speed was remarkable – within a decade, measurable improvements appeared in air quality and ecosystem health.



Success came from bipartisan support across party lines. Policy analysis studies show the market-based approach appealed to those preferring economic incentives while achieving environmental goals. This support created lasting policy surviving political changes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Conclusion</h2>



Acid rain's disappearance from public consciousness represents environmental science's greatest success stories. Through effective regulation, technological innovation, and international cooperation, we transformed an overwhelming crisis into a manageable challenge.



Today's silence isn't because we forgot – it's because we solved it. The 1990 Clean Air Act, combined with technology and energy market changes, reduced acid rain emissions over 90%, according to comprehensive EPA data analysis.



This success offers hope for current challenges. It proves complex problems can be solved when science, policy, and technology work together. As we face climate change and plastic pollution, acid rain reminds us that dramatic positive change is possible.



Next time someone asks whether environmental regulations work, remember acid rain. It's proof that sometimes, we get it right.



<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>



Sources: This article draws from EPA official documentation and progress reports, peer-reviewed research published in environmental and atmospheric science journals, historical data from the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation records, US Geological Survey publications, policy analysis studies, and environmental monitoring data collected over three decades.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Frequently Asked Questions</h2>



1. Is acid rain completely gone? No, but EPA monitoring shows it's reduced to manageable levels. US sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990, making acid rain much less severe than the 1980s crisis.



2. How long did solving take? Environmental monitoring data shows significant improvements began within 5-10 years of 1990s emission controls. Full ecosystem recovery took longer – some areas need 20-30 years for complete recovery.



3. What made the solution successful? Clear scientific understanding, visible damage motivating action, bipartisan support, available technology, and innovative market-based policies like cap-and-trade.



4. Do other countries have acid rain problems? Yes, particularly rapidly industrializing Asian countries. However, international environmental research shows many implement similar successful control strategies.



5. Could acid rain return? Potentially, if regulations weaken or we return to high-sulfur coal without controls, though effects would take years to become severe according to environmental projections.



6. Can you recommend any teaching tools on the subject of "acid rain"? The United States Environmental Protection Agency produced a wonderful teacher's guide for ages 14 and under that you can find on the EPA website here: <a href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf</a>



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The environmental problem we actually solved

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk Acid rain and a crisis solved. Why don't we...

Fresh,Radish,Harvest,On,Soil,In,Garden.

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/Fi2OeEwuzRM?si=vTyd2m9FMmtyWkex
</div></figure>







Mid-July is an opportune time to kick-start a thriving fall garden, and this guide lays out the best vegetables and herbs to plant now for a fruitful autumn harvest. 



Fast-growing leafy greens such as spinach, lettuce, kale, and arugula perform especially well in the waning summer heat, with harvests beginning as soon as 30 days. 



These cool-season crops relish the transition into fall, offering repeated yields with cut-and-come-again methods.



Root vegetables like radishes, carrots, and beets also excel during this period. Radishes deliver satisfaction in under a month, while carrots and beets mature in about two months. Employing succession planting ensures a continuous stream of produce deep into the cooler months. 



For a boost of fresh flavor, herbs like cilantro, basil, dill, and chervil are excellent picks. These heat-loving varieties flourish in July’s warmth and are harvest-ready in about 30 days, especially when sown continuously.



Gardeners in zones 6 through 9 can benefit from planting bush beans and snap peas, which don’t require trellising and are ideal for compact plots. 



Maturing in 50–60 days, they’re a smart choice for quick, protein-rich harvests. For those in hotter regions, heat-tolerant crops such as okra and southern peas provide reliable yields and thrive in scorching conditions.



This guide emphasizes more than crop selection—it highlights the importance of timing, soil preparation, and ongoing sowing techniques. 



With thoughtful planning and attention to regional climate needs, even late-summer gardeners can enjoy fresh salads, hearty stews, and the satisfaction of a robust, homegrown harvest well into fall.



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What to plant in your garden in mid-July

https://youtu.be/Fi2OeEwuzRM?si=vTyd2m9FMmtyWkex Mid-July is an opportune time to kick-start a thriving...

Green,Ecoduct,Over,An,Empty,Highway,During,Sunset.

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU
</div></figure>



A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that wildlife tunnels significantly reduce amphibian road mortality during seasonal migrations. 



Frogs and salamanders often cross roads to reach breeding ponds each spring, but many are killed by vehicles. 



Researchers from the <a href="https://www.uvm.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Vermont</a>, in collaboration with local citizens and the Vermont Agency of Natural Resources, installed two underpass tunnels in 2015. 



Over a 12-year monitoring period, they observed an 80.2% reduction in amphibian deaths, and up to 94% for non-climbing species like salamanders. 



The study used a before-after-control-impact design and documented more than 5,200 amphibians, highlighting the tunnels’ effectiveness even in nearby buffer zones.



Funded at $342,397 - far cheaper than wildlife crossings for large mammals - the project showcased the power of community-led conservation.



Local groups initiated the effort after observing mass amphibian deaths. Wildlife cameras later captured over 2,200 amphibians using a tunnel in just one spring, along with other species like raccoons and bobcats, indicating wider ecosystem benefits.



This marks the first peer-reviewed, long-term data set in the northeastern U.S. confirming amphibian-specific underpasses work. 



The study urges transportation departments to incorporate these designs into road planning and highlights how community action, thoughtful infrastructure, and persistence can make a real difference for biodiversity.



The full study was published in the <a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1617138125000780" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal for Nature Conservation</a>.



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Wildlife tunnels save millions of amphibians

https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that...

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. 



The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.



<figure class="wp-block-embed aligncenter is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/Ug657J67iEo?si=w96YjGMsg939LD_3
</div></figure>



Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. 



Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.



Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. 



They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).



Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.



Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.



This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?



One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;



While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;



Video Credit: ACS Reactions



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

How does salt makes things taste better?

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;



'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."



"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Santiago, Chile in South America

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Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

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Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.



The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;



"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."



"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."



"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."



The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.



Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.



According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."



Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;



ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. 



Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.



"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.



"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."



Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.



"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.



"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."



Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.



The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.



At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;



"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.



"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."



The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.



Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

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Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."



The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.



"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;



"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes Earth’s interconnected systems, and how this network is affected by rising temperatures.&nbsp;



During 2020, average global temperatures matched the hottest year on record. The hurricane season was also record-breaking, with many of the storms intensifying at extraordinary speeds. Hot water in the ocean is fuel for hurricanes. The satellite data shows that it's all one interconnected system showing how Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected.



According to NASA, dust swept up from Northern Africa plays a major role in the formation of hurricanes, and is also a key source of fertilization in the Amazon rainforest. As a result of<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-wasting-disease-is-fueled-by-climate-change/"> climate</a> change, dust plumes are expected to decline, which will have an effect on vegetation far away.&nbsp;



Images from Earth-observing satellites show how the world’s plant life is affected by natural disasters, fires, and deforestation. Satellites also reveal how widespread changes in vegetation impact waterways,&nbsp; the climate, air quality. Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on the Earth. "Earth From Space" is a groundbreaking two-hour special that reveals a spectacular new space-based vision of our planet. 



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected

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