Feeding a growing global population while preserving space for wildlife is one of agriculture’s toughest challenges. The debate has often been framed as a stark choice - either intensify farming to save land for nature or spread out production in more wildlife-friendly ways. 



But that either-or framing has oversimplified the problem and left policymakers with little clarity.



A new study takes a closer look at the evidence and asks a sharper question: which farming approach actually works best in practice to support biodiversity while keeping food production steady? The answer is far more complex than slogans suggest.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenging-either-or-farming">Challenging either-or farming</h2>



Study lead author Eva Augustiny at the Research Institute of Organic Agriculture in Switzerland (<a href="https://www.fibl.org/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">FiBL</a>) and her team reviewed evidence from many landscapes and production systems.



The researchers assessed 57 studies and concluded that only 17 had the right ingredients to compare strategies head to head, yielding 27 apples-to-apples cases.



In those cases, 52 percent favored a mix of approaches, 41 percent favored land sparing, and seven percent favored land sharing, with the authors noting gaps in how biodiversity and yield were measured across the literature. That tally comes from the team’s peer-reviewed paper&nbsp;



"The empirical basis is thus sparse and does not support statements claiming that, in general, either land sharing or land sparing strategies are unequivocally better," said Augustiny.



Many studies focused on a narrow slice of life. Birds dominated the sample, often <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ozone-pollution-is-stunting-tropical-forest-growth/">tropical forest</a> birds, while soil organisms and microbes were barely covered. 



Agricultural performance focused on yield, while profitability, stability, and key services like pollination and pest control were rarely tracked.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-farms-use-land-differently">Farms use land differently</h2>



In this debate, land sharing means lower-intensity farming across wider areas with habitat elements built into fields and pastures. Farmers may keep hedgerows, ponds, tree belts, or flower strips and use more wildlife-friendly practices.



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/farming-for-wildlife-how-traditional-practices-can-protect-nature/">Land sparing</a> means concentrating production on smaller, higher yielding areas and setting aside larger, undisturbed spaces elsewhere for nature. The core idea is to meet food demand on less land and leave more intact habitat.



The modern framing grew from a 2005 theoretical model that linked species responses to farm yields and area needs. That model helped structure later field tests, but it simplified messy realities on the ground.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-biodiversity-complicates-the-picture">Biodiversity complicates the picture</h2>



Species differ. Forest-dependent birds often need large, continuous habitat and do poorly in patchy mosaics. 



A European population-level study found that simple sparing outperformed sharing for many species, while a three-compartment model that paired spared habitat with some low-yield farmland improved outcomes further.



Climate, farm size, and the mobility of organisms also tilt the balance. Mobile pollinators and predators can thrive in mixed farm landscapes, while less mobile amphibians, reptiles, or cavity-nesting mammals may require the security of protected areas.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-economics-and-soil-matter">Economics and soil matter</h2>



Economics and policy strongly influence results. A cross-country analysis of yield gains and land use showed that intensifying production does not automatically free land for nature - especially where subsidies or market demand drive expansion.



Soil quality sets boundaries that short-term yield gains often obscure. A global review documented how erosion, compaction, and other forms of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/land-degradation-severely-threatens-planetary-boundaries/">degradation</a> undermine productivity over time and raise the risk that new land will be cleared. 



As Rhys Green of the <a href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Cambridge</a> noted in 2005, increasing yield could reduce farmland needs, but demand growth and rebound effects can erase those gains. Even the theory behind sparing warned against oversimplification.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-farms-thrive-when-diversified">Farms thrive when diversified</h2>



Flower strips, hedgerows, and diversified rotations can lift biodiversity and stabilize services on farms. 



A large second-order meta-analysis showed that agricultural diversification supports <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/robotic-insects-may-be-the-future-of-farming-and-plant-pollination/">pollination</a>, natural pest control, nutrient cycling, soil fertility, and water regulation without sacrificing overall yields.



Protected areas still matter. Some species simply cannot persist in farmland, no matter how friendly the practices, so set-asides remain a nonnegotiable part of the picture.



Connectivity helps both sides. Corridors and stepping stones reduce isolation of protected patches, while on farm habitat elements keep beneficial organisms moving through fields.



Local food system choices can relieve pressure too. Less waste and smarter use of crops for food rather than feed reduce the acreage needed to meet diets, which strengthens the case for keeping more land wild.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-land-policies-must-stay-local">Land policies must stay local</h2>



It's time to stop asking which side wins in general. The better question is which mix of spared land and shared land fits a specific place, given its species, soils, climate, and markets.



Measure more than yield. Track profitability, stability over years, and the biodiversity based services that keep farms productive in the long run. 



Tie intensification to real conservation. Sparing only works if the land that is supposedly saved is actually protected, restored, and connected.



Invest in data where it is thin. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/gene-edited-wheat-turns-soil-microbes-into-fertilizer/">Soil microbes</a>, fungi, and belowground communities underpin fertility and resilience yet are missing from most studies.



Remember where this started. The early model framed a useful thought experiment, but today’s decisions need local evidence, clear goals, and policies that lock in the benefits.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://academic.oup.com/pnasnexus/article/4/9/pgaf251/8245250?login=false" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PNAS Nexus</a>.



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Farms can feed people and protect biodiversity at the same time

Feeding a growing global population while preserving space for wildlife is one of agriculture’s toughest challenges. The debate has often been framed as a stark choice - either intensify farming to save land for nature or spread out production in more wildlife-friendly ways. But that either-or framing has oversimplified the problem and left policymakers with little clarity. A new study takes a closer look at the evidence and asks a sharper question: which farming approach actually works best in practice to support biodiversity while keeping food production...

Corn,Cobs,In,Corn,Farming,Fields,During,The,Harvest,Season

Wild plants may hold the key to building resilient crops for a world that is increasingly impacted by climate change. As global temperatures rise and weather patterns shift, the search for hardy, adaptable crop varieties has become more urgent than ever. 



While our ancestors transformed many wild species into staple crops, could they have overlooked others with untapped potential? 



Scientists at the University of Southampton believe that certain wild or underutilized plants might be vital in future to designing crops that will withstand the challenges of a warming world.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-rich-heritage-of-cultivation">A rich heritage of cultivation</h2>



The journey of cultivation is an ancient one. Nearly 12,000 years ago, our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/our-hunter-gatherer-ancestors-did-much-more-gathering-than-hunting/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">hunter-gatherer</a> ancestors became cultivators who selectively grew seeds from their best plants.



Over time, this led to hardier, more productive crops. Yet, not all wild species were deemed suitable for cultivation - some were left behind. 



Can these forsaken wild species offer us any insights today?



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-digging-into-the-potential-of-wild-plants">Digging into the potential of wild plants</h2>



In their recently published study in Trends in Ecology and Evolution, the Southampton team, including scientists from Oxford and Sheffield, and the Royal Botanical Gardens at Kew, propose that certain <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/billions-of-people-depend-on-wild-plant-and-animal-species/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wild species</a> possess traits that make them prime candidates for cultivation.



They’ve drawn on a wealth of past research to probe why certain wild species were preferred over others and how cultivated plants differ genetically from their wild antecedents.



“Tens of thousands of plant species are edible, yet just a few hundred have been <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/domesticating-plants-permanently-alters-their-microbiome/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">domesticated</a> and a mere 15 species provide 90 percent of our calories,” stated Professor Mark Chapman of the University of Southampton, making a sobering point. 



“Hundreds of wild plants were collected during the Neolithic period by humans, but were later abandoned as food sources. We have explored which genetic or physical traits facilitated or constrained the domestication of wild species,” he added.



This glaring disparity begs the question - why so few?



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-traits-of-the-chosen-wild-plants">Traits of the chosen wild plants</h2>



The team identified three key factors that influence a plant's suitability for cultivation. 



First is plasticity - the ability of plants to adapt quickly to their environment and develop traits favored by humans, thus making them more practical for cultivation.



Second is genetic make-up, where simplicity plays a crucial role; traits governed by fewer genes are easier to modify. Thus simpler genetic programming makes it easier to change a plant's morphology to meet human needs.



Lastly, mutation rate is significant; plants that mutate more rapidly can evolve faster, potentially producing larger seeds or more palatable fruits over shorter timeframes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-planning-for-an-uncertain-future">Planning for an uncertain future</h2>



Understanding what led to the dominance of certain plant species in agriculture could be crucial in identifying new potential <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/can-we-predict-the-chaotic-response-of-crops-to-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">crops for a changing climate</a>. 



“When plants were first domesticated thousands of year ago, humans only knew the climate and weather conditions they would face at that present time," explained Professor Chapman.



"Now, using sophisticated climate modelling, we can predict how our world will warm and how our weather will change in the decades to come. This gives us the opportunity to think about the ways in which our crops will need to be resistant in the future."



The team’s research emphasizes that plants overlooked or underutilized in the past may hold valuable traits that offer new opportunities to develop crops better suited to future environmental challenges.



By applying selective breeding and precision breeding tactics, these underdogs might just become the crops for a warming world.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unlocking-the-potential-of-forgotten-crops">Unlocking the potential of forgotten crops</h2>



While the history of modern agriculture has been dominated by a very small pool of crops, many wild plants and their biodiversity have yet to be explored.



Many of these plants have extraordinary characteristics, including <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/old-growth-trees-more-tolerant-to-drought/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">drought</a> resistance, pest tolerance, and the ability to grow in poor soils, all of which make them attractive candidates for a future of climate-resilient agriculture.



According to the <a href="https://www.southampton.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Southampton</a> team, advanced technologies such as genomics and precision breeding can unlock these traits.



By mapping the genomes of the wild relatives along with other, lesser-known crops, scientists can find genes responsible for desirable characteristics and incorporate them into new crop varieties.



This approach not only expands our agricultural repertoire but also provides insurance against the vulnerabilities of monoculture farming in an unpredictable climate.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S016953472400315X" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Trends in Ecology &amp; Evolution</a>.



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Domesticating wild plants may result in more resilient crops

Wild plants may hold the key to building resilient crops...

In our efforts to sustain the planet, one vital aspect that we have often failed to consider is the role of tree crops. 



Did you know that tree crops cover an astounding 183 million hectares worldwide? Yet, they remain largely overlooked in agricultural policies. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-potential-of-tree-crops">The potential of tree crops </h2>



Whether it's apples, cherries, olives, nuts, coffee, or cacao, tree crops offer much more than just a tasty snack or your morning caffeine boost.



A recently published study has highlighted their immense potential not only by feeding us globally but by safeguarding biodiversity, tackling climate change, and improving millions of lives worldwide. 



The international team of authors shared their findings in a Perspectives article published in the journal Nature Sustainability.



"In this Perspective, we highlight the potential of properly managed and incentivized perennial woody crops to support holistic sustainable development and urge scientists and policymakers to develop an effective agenda to better harness their benefits," wrote the researchers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-overlooked-role-of-tree-crops">Overlooked role of tree crops</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/great-salt-lake-agriculture-is-draining-a-natural-wonder/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Agricultural</a> policies have traditionally focused on annual crops like wheat, rice, and sunflowers. These crops have a much shorter life cycle, typically completing germination to harvest in a year. 



While promoting sustainable practices for these crops is essential, their ecological benefits are limited. Their simpler vegetation and short harvest cycles don't offer the same long-term ecological benefits.



Tree crops, in contrast, are far more complex. They consist of multiple layers of vegetation, such as herbaceous plants, shrubs, and trees, creating stable ecosystems that support biodiversity when managed sustainably. 



"We’re missing an opportunity to leverage tree crops to address some of the biggest environmental and social challenges of our time," said Dr. Carlos Martínez-Núñez, a researcher at the <a href="https://www.ebd.csic.es/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Doñana Biological Station</a>.



These systems not only provide habitats for various species but also contribute significantly to environmental protection.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-benefits-beyond-food-production">Benefits beyond food production</h2>



Tree crops offer a range of environmental benefits. Their permanent root systems help prevent soil erosion and improve <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/world-soil-day-2024-protecting-our-planets-lifeline/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">soil fertility</a>. The extensive leaf litter from these crops enriches the soil, making it more productive over time. 



Additionally, tree crops act as natural carbon sinks, sequestering greenhouse gases and aiding in climate change mitigation.



These crops also enhance habitat connectivity, allowing fragmented ecosystems to thrive and providing a buffer against the impacts of intensive agriculture. By improving ecosystem services and offering stable, year-round habitats, tree crops play an essential role in global biodiversity conservation.



Moreover, tree crops are less mechanized and demand more manual labor than other forms of agriculture. This makes them vital sources of employment in low- and middle-income countries, where they are widespread. 



"When managed properly, these agricultural systems can be a powerful tool for biodiversity conservation, climate change mitigation, and rural poverty alleviation," noted Dr. Martínez-Núñez.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-call-for-action">A call for action</h2>



The study highlights the need for tailored policies and research to ensure <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/we-are-in-a-race-against-time-to-save-our-food-supply-from-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sustainable management</a> of tree crops.



Dr. Elena Velado-Alonso, co-author of the study and researcher at Göttingen University’s <a href="https://www.uni-goettingen.de/en/596513.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Functional Agrobiodiversity and Agroecology Group</a>, emphasized the importance of context-specific measures.



"Tree cropping areas overlap with most of the world’s biodiversity-rich areas, making them key to conservation," said Dr. Velado-Alonso. "However, local practices and landscape-scale measures adapted to different contexts are needed."



To maximize the contribution of tree crops to global sustainability, the research team calls for implementing regulations, financial incentives, and policies that support improved agricultural practices. 



These steps could harness tree crops' full potential in addressing key environmental and social challenges.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rethinking-agriculture-with-tree-crops">Rethinking agriculture with tree crops</h2>



This call to action marks a crucial step in rethinking agriculture's role in creating a more <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-and-agriculture-are-locked-in-a-destructive-feedback-loop/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sustainable and equitable world</a>. 



By embracing the benefits of tree crops and promoting sustainable practices, we can take significant strides toward achieving the United Nations' <a href="https://sdgs.un.org/goals" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Sustainable Development Goals</a>. These crops are not just a source of food and income - they are a powerful tool for environmental protection and social progress.



With more attention, research, and support, tree crops could become the cornerstone of sustainable agriculture, helping to address the climate crisis, conserve biodiversity, and uplift communities worldwide.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41893-024-01483-8" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Sustainability</a>.



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Tree crops: A path to feeding the world and saving the planet

In our efforts to sustain the planet, one vital aspect...

Could you imagine happening upon an orchid that looks familiar but has a unique difference that makes you wonder if it is a new species? 



That’s exactly what happened during a study at Norfolk Island National Park. This unexpected find sparked a collaborative effort to uncover the orchid’s true identity.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-glimpse-into-the-field-the-discovery">A glimpse into the field - the discovery</h2>



While conducting botanical research at Norfolk Island National Park, Dr. Heidi Zimmer, an orchid researcher at the <a href="https://www.anbg.gov.au/cpbr/herbarium/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Australian National Herbarium</a> (ANH), and botanist Dr. Mark Clements were guided by the local expertise of Joel Christian, Mel Wilson, and Allie Andersen. 



In the late afternoon light, the team’s efforts paid off when Dr. Clements spotted a peculiar orchid growing on a tree branch. 



Something about <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/new-orchid-species_cupcake_Adelopetalum-argyropus_credit-Heidi-Zimmer_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">the orchid looked different</a>, prompting Dr. Zimmer to collect a sample to take back to the ANH for further study.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-investigating-the-new-orchid">Investigating the new orchid</h2>



The orchid was identified as belonging to the genus Adelopetalum, but its exact classification was unclear.



Recognizing its potential as a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dna-technology-will-accelerate-the-pace-of-plant-species-discovery/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">new species</a>, Zimmer and Clements collaborated with a broader team of experts, including retired ANH botanist David Jones, who served as the lead researcher. 



“This was a wonderfully collaborative project with folks from Lord Howe Island and Norfolk Island, and Australian botanists and taxonomists all working together,” enthused Dr. Zimmer, 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-analyzing-the-new-adelopetalum-orchid">Analyzing the new Adelopetalum orchid</h2>



To determine whether this orchid was indeed a new species, the team began an exhaustive process. 



They compared the Norfolk Island specimen to descriptions of orchid species in scientific journals, specimens housed in the Australian National Herbarium - which contains approximately 75,000 specimens - and orchids preserved in herbaria across Australia and internationally.



This analysis utilized both physical specimens and digitized collections, allowing the researchers to examine a vast array of potential matches.



The research revealed a surprising result: the orchid species previously identified as Adelopetalum argyropus was not a single species but three distinct ones.



“We recognized that the Norfolk Island species was different because the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/flowers-blooming-92-days-earlier-due-to-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">flower</a> did not have a yellow labellum - no giant bright yellow tongue,” explained Dr. Zimmer.



Even for researchers in training, the differences were clear when dissecting the flowers and examining herbarium specimens.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-findings-a-new-species">The findings - a new species</h2>



As per taxonomic rules, the species from Norfolk Island retained the name Adelopetalum argyropus because it was the first described, dating back to 1833.



The two newly identified species were named Adelopetalum howense, which was found on Lord Howe Island, and Adelopetalum continentale, which was found on mainland Australia.



The team speculated that these orchids’ seeds, so fine and dust-like, were likely carried by the wind to their distant <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fossil-reveals-how-plants-use-winged-seeds-to-expand-their-habitats/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">habitats</a>.



This discovery highlights the interconnectedness of ecosystems and the role of natural dispersal mechanisms in shaping biodiversity.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-publishing-the-discovery-the-description">Publishing the discovery - the description</h2>



The researchers published their findings in Phytotaxa, giving details of the botanical features of the new species.



The paper described the Norfolk Island orchid’s pseudobulbs as “broadly oblong to obconical or turbinate, similar to a cupcake, with shallow grooves and scurfy surfaces from remnants of bracts.” 



These detailed descriptions provide a foundation for further study and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/machine-learning-identifies-4300-types-of-endangered-orchids/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">conservation efforts</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-the-impact-the-assessment">Understanding the impact - the assessment</h2>



Orchids are among the plant families most at <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/despite-their-incredible-adaptability-orchids-are-disappearing/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">risk of extinction</a>, particularly those confined to habitats that are small in extent.



The three new species face significant threats due to their limited distribution and environmental pressures.



Dr. Zimmer emphasized the importance of naming and describing new species as part of broader conservation efforts. 



“The purpose of naming and describing new orchid species is to build a checklist of Australian orchids so people can conserve them. We think there are risks for these three new species," Dr. Zimmer explains.



"This is because the species on Norfolk and Lord Howe Islands are both confined to small islands and the one on continental Australia was badly impacted by the 2019–2020 bushfires."



This discovery highlights the power of collaboration and the enduring mysteries of nature. It’s a reminder of how much there is still to uncover and protect in our world.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://phytotaxa.mapress.com/pt/article/view/phytotaxa.678.1.9" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Phytotaxa</a>.



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New orchid species discovered resembles a small cupcake

Could you imagine happening upon an orchid that looks familiar...

When people think about glowing mushrooms, like the newly discovered species Mycena crocata, they often imagine tropical rainforests where such exotic wonders may be more commonly found. 



However, bioluminescent fungi are not limited to tropical regions - they also live in unexpected places.



In Zurich, artists Heidy Baggenstos and Andreas Rudolf have dedicated more than ten years to studying and showcasing these glowing organisms. 



Their work highlights the beauty and presence of bioluminescent fungi close to home, and proves that extraordinary natural phenomena can be found even in familiar surroundings.



"We want to show that these bioluminescent mushrooms are present in Swiss forests and that we do not have to travel far to find them," said Baggenstos.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mycena-crocata-glowing-mushrooms">Mycena crocata - glowing mushrooms</h2>



One evening, while exploring a forest in Zurich’s Albisrieden neighborhood, the duo spotted green light through their camera. 



"Nowadays we always have our mobile phones or a flashlight, but to see bioluminescence in the forest, it has to be pitch black," Rudolf explained.



Initially, they believed the glowing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fungi-can-think-and-make-smart-decisions-without-a-brain/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fungi</a> to be Mycena haematopus. Upon closer investigation in their studio, however, they identified it as Mycena crocata, the saffron drop bonnet mushroom. 



This species, known for its saffron-colored milk, had never been described as bioluminescent before.



The artists documented their findings with photographs and light measurements, uncovering this hidden brilliance. 



In darkness, the mycelium - the underground network of the mushroom - emits a green glow that even causes decaying wood to light up.



Under ideal conditions, their cultivated mycelia glowed for 164 days.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-crossing-art-and-science">Crossing art and science</h2>



Collaborating with mycologist Renate Heinzelmann from the Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow, and Landscape Research (<a href="https://www.wsl.ch/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">WSL</a>), the artists published their discovery in&nbsp;Mycoscience. 



"Most of the experiments were conducted by the artists. They collected the samples, took the photographs, and made the light measurements," Heinzelmann said, praising their dedication.



Through their research, the artists discovered that the fruiting body (the mushroom itself) of Mycena crocata emits little to no light. 



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/glowing-mushroom-species_Mycena-crocata_bioluminescence_credit-Baggenstos-Rudolf_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/glowing-mushroom-species_Mycena-crocata_bioluminescence_credit-Baggenstos-Rudolf_1s.webp" alt="Mycena crocata in the light (left) and in darkness (right). The bioluminescence from the mycelium makes the wood glow. Credit: Baggenstos/Rudolf" class="wp-image-1956533"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Mycena crocata in the light (left) and in darkness (right). The bioluminescence from the mycelium makes the wood glow. Credit: Baggenstos/Rudolf</figcaption></figure>



Instead, the underground mycelium - the root-like network of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-all-fungi-matter-not-just-mushrooms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fungus</a> - is the primary source of its bioluminescence.



This glowing mycelium is capable of lighting up the decaying wood it grows on. When the wood is split open in the dark, it emits a green glow, which can last for up to four hours before gradually fading as the wood dries. 



This fascinating discovery highlights how the less-visible parts of fungi can hold some of their most extraordinary features.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mystery-of-glowing-fungi">Mystery of glowing fungi</h2>



Bioluminescence in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plants-and-fungi-communicate-using-a-silent-language/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fungi</a> happens because of a chemical reaction. A substance called&nbsp;luciferin&nbsp;reacts with an enzyme called&nbsp;luciferase. 



This reaction creates an unstable product that gives off energy as light, allowing the fungi to glow. Unlike other glowing effects like fluorescence, this process doesn’t need light or energy from outside sources; it happens naturally within the fungi.



Although scientists know how this reaction works, they are still unsure why fungi glow. One idea is that the light attracts insects, which might help spread the fungal spores.



However, this doesn’t fully explain the glow of the mycelium, which is hidden underground and doesn’t interact with insects. This mystery suggests there might be another, as yet unknown reason for fungal bioluminescence.



"It seems that bioluminescence has been maintained for a long time, so we assume it has some function," Heinzelmann says. "But it's still a mystery."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mycena-crocata-and-swiss-forests">Mycena crocata and Swiss forests</h2>



The discovery of&nbsp;Mycena crocata&nbsp;as a glowing, bioluminescent fungus highlights how much we still don’t know about the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/secrets-of-fungi-diversity-can-be-pulled-out-of-thin-air/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">natural world</a> around us. Local ecosystems hold countless secrets waiting to be explored. 



Bioluminescent fungi, for instance, have fascinated humans for thousands of years. Aristotle described their glow as a “cold fire” over 2,000 years ago, and even now, their mysteries continue to intrigue scientists.



According to mycologist <a href="https://www.wsl.ch/en/staff/heinzelm/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Renate Heinzelmann</a>, the field of bioluminescence is still in its early stages. She believes that as more people study fungi, more glowing species will be uncovered. "Bioluminescence is under-researched, and the more people look, the more they will find," she states.



The collaborative work of artists Heidy Baggenstos and Andreas Rudolf with scientists demonstrates how blending art and science can reveal nature’s hidden marvels. 



Their discovery serves as a powerful reminder that extraordinary phenomena aren’t always far away - they might be right in our local forests, waiting for someone curious enough to notice them.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/mycosci/65/4/65_MYC633/_article" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mycoscience</a>.



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New species of glowing mushrooms discovered

When people think about glowing mushrooms, like the newly discovered...

Polyphenols are natural compounds found abundantly in fruits, vegetables, tea, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/adding-coffee-grounds-during-the-construction-process-could-reinforce-buildings/">coffee</a>, and other plant-based foods. They have gained increased recognition in the recent past for their potential health benefits.&nbsp;



These vibrant plant chemicals are thought to support heart health, enhance metabolism, and sharpen cognitive function, making them an intriguing area of research for those seeking ways to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/morning-coffee-drinkers-have-a-lower-risk-of-heart-disease-and-death/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">maintain overall wellness</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broad-range-of-benefits-from-polyphenols">Broad range of benefits from polyphenols</h2>



Polyphenols have been explored for their potential to enhance health in numerous ways, yet much about them remains to be discovered. “Green tea and its bioactive components, especially polyphenols, possess many health-promoting and disease-preventing benefits … [but] have not been well studied,” as one <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8234133/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">study</a> noted. 



Despite these gaps in understanding, researchers are increasingly intrigued by their possibilities. Studies suggest that polyphenols could play a role in supporting healthy blood pressure, improving skin health, and even aiding in waist size management.&nbsp;



According to <a href="https://profiles.imperial.ac.uk/f.amati" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dr. Federica Amati</a> from the School of Public Health at <a href="https://www.imperial.ac.uk/school-public-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Imperial College London</a>, these compounds go beyond traditional nutrients like fiber and vitamins, and offer a fascinating glimpse into the complex chemistry of the plants we eat.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-colors-and-tastes">Colors and tastes</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-you-eat-can-literally-change-the-world/">Plant foods</a> vary in appearance. Some have bright or deep pigments, while others boast a bitter flavor or a peppery kick. That color or pungent quality sometimes indicates a higher presence of polyphenols.&nbsp;



Black olives, deep purple eggplants, and richly colored spinach are believed to contain helpful substances. Tea, coffee, and dark chocolate are also recognized for contributing certain polyphenols, though they shouldn’t be seen as cure-alls.



Polyphenols are a subset of <a href="https://www.nal.usda.gov/human-nutrition-and-food-safety/food-composition/phytonutrients#:~:text=What%20are%20Phytonutrients%3F,other%20types%20of%20phytonutrients%20below." target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">phytonutrients</a>. This wide-ranging family of molecules includes flavonoids, flavanones, lignans, and more. 



Some research highlights the potential of specific varieties, such as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/drinking-tea-every-day-proven-to-delay-biological-aging-in-humans/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">green tea</a> polyphenols, resveratrol in red wine, catechins in tea, and ellagic acid in walnuts. Scientists are still mapping how each type interacts with the body.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-metabolic-and-heart-support">Metabolic and heart support</h2>



Several studies have examined whether consuming more polyphenols aligns with measurements tied to heart wellness, weight control, and broader metabolic function.&nbsp;



One <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8401650/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">review</a> found that foods containing green tea polyphenols might help sustain immune function and manage inflammatory activity. Such findings have led many people to embrace green tea in their daily routine.



Although caution is wise, especially when interpreting any single study, experts agree on the value of a balanced approach. 



The array of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/chemical-found-in-cannabis-plants-can-actually-reduce-cannabis-induced-anxiety/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plant chemicals</a> in items like blackberries, apples, walnuts, and spinach appears to do more than deliver vitamins or fiber. 



There’s an ongoing conversation about how these interactions may help with general health maintenance.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-polyphenols-skin-and-healthy-aging">Polyphenols, skin and healthy aging</h2>



The possibility of smooth, glowing skin catches everyone’s attention. Polyphenols have drawn the attention of the anti-aging research community over the past decade. 



The science behind this is still emerging, but one <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3583891/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">study</a> suggested that these compounds may support the body’s natural defense processes in response to everyday stressors that contribute to aging.



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/healthier-chocolate-created-by-using-the-entire-cocoa-fruit/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dark chocolate</a>, green tea, and certain berries might be especially appealing in this regard. Each offers unique polyphenols that researchers are eager to examine further. 



Daily habits matter, of course, so variety in your diet helps spread out the range of phytonutrients you take in.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-gut-connection">The gut connection</h2>



<a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8747136/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Researchers</a> often connect polyphenols with gut microbes. Plant molecules can get modified in the intestines, which may amplify or change their effects. 



Some speculate that the interplay between these molecules and our gut environment could be a big factor in everything from mental clarity to how we break down food.



Experts stress that we’re just beginning to understand how these compounds work once they’re exposed to digestive juices and gut bacteria. 



The best advice? Enjoy a diverse menu full of colorful produce, herbs, spices, nuts, and seeds.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sensible-approaches-to-daily-life">Sensible approaches to daily life</h2>



Again, many professionals suggest that variety is key. People who regularly reach for a mix of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and legumes stand to reap wider benefits from the synergy of different nutrients. Relying on any one food is not recommended.



Lifestyle factors like moderate exercise, stress management, and avoiding excessive processed fare remain fundamental. It’s no secret that good health often hinges on consistent, balanced efforts rather than any one miracle source.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-foods-that-contain-polyphenols">Foods that contain polyphenols</h2>



Deeply hued fruits like blackberries, blueberries, and plums are believed to hold an array of plant compounds. 



Dark <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/keeping-leafy-green-vegetables-safe-until-ready-to-eat/">green vegetables</a> and legumes bring color and variety to the plate. Spices such as cloves, cinnamon, and oregano are often praised for their robust polyphenol content. Dark chocolate and coffee remain popular picks, but they should be enjoyed in moderation.



Anyone concerned about medical conditions should consult a qualified practitioner before adjusting their diet. If you get the green light, sprinkling extra herbs on your soup or adding a handful of bright vegetables to your lunch bowl may be a simple start.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-polyphenols-and-human-health">Polyphenols and human health</h2>



Polyphenols offer a fresh perspective on why color, aroma, and taste in nature’s foods might matter more than we ever realized. 



From green tea to bright spices, there is a growing curiosity about how these substances could contribute to long-term well-being. 



A plate that’s bursting with color might not just be pleasing to the eye - it might be quietly working to support overall health, one forkful at a time.



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How polyphenols promote heart health, youthful skin and a healthy waistline

Polyphenols are natural compounds found abundantly in fruits, vegetables, tea,...

Scientists have unearthed a remarkable ancient forest preserved under ice on the Beartooth Plateau, providing a rare look into how warming climates could reshape alpine ecosystems. 



The study, published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (<a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2412162121" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PNAS</a>), analyzes the remnants of a mature whitebark pine forest that once thrived at an elevation of 10,000 feet during a period of warmer temperatures roughly 6,000 years ago.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ancient-forest-exposed-by-melting-ice">Ancient forest exposed by melting ice</h2>



The forest, which endured for centuries before cooling temperatures forced it to retreat downslope, was sealed under ice approximately 5,500 years ago due to a shift in summer solar radiation and subsequent <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/volcanic-cooling-not-warming-caused-a-major-mass-extinction/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">volcanic cooling</a>.&nbsp;



“This is pretty dramatic evidence of ecosystem change due to temperature warming. It's an amazing story of how dynamic these systems are,” said David McWethy, one of the study’s authors and an associate professor in Michigan State University (<a href="https://www.montana.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MSU</a>’s) Department of Earth Sciences.



Unlike glaciers, ice patches do not flow and instead preserve deposited materials such as pollen, charcoal, and macrofossils in their frozen layers. 



These conditions allowed the forest to remain intact until recent warming caused the ice to melt, exposing the ancient remnants.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-decoding-climate-history">Decoding climate history</h2>



The idea to explore the Beartooth Plateau for ancient climate clues stemmed from earlier discoveries by Craig Lee, now an assistant professor at MSU. 



In 2007, Lee uncovered a 10,300-year-old atlatl fragment in the region, suggesting that layers of ice held vast records of cultural and environmental history.



“Most of our best long-term climate records come from Greenland and Antarctica. It's not a small thing to find ice patches that persisted for that long a time period at lower latitudes in the interior continent,” McWethy noted.



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/fossilized-frozen-forest_whitebark-pine_yellowstone_alpine_credit-Daniel-Stahle_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/fossilized-frozen-forest_whitebark-pine_yellowstone_alpine_credit-Daniel-Stahle_1s.webp" alt="A whitebark pine subfossil revealed beneath a melting ice patch in the Yellowstone region indicates that a mature forest grew above current tree line about 6,000 years ago, when the temperatures were similar to 20th century conditions and cooler than present. Credit: Daniel Stahle" class="wp-image-1956500"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">A whitebark pine subfossil revealed beneath a melting ice patch in the Yellowstone region indicates that a mature forest grew above current tree line about 6,000 years ago, when the temperatures were similar to 20th century conditions and cooler than present. Credit: Daniel Stahle</figcaption></figure>



Building on this discovery, McWethy, Lee, and Greg Pederson, a paleoclimatologist with the <a href="https://www.usgs.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">U.S. Geological Survey</a>, began investigating the ice patches in 2016. By 2018, their team expanded the project to study additional alpine ice patches in the region.&nbsp;



This collaborative effort involved tribes, federal agencies, and multiple universities and focused on reconstructing the area’s long-term <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-earths-temperature-has-changed-over-500-million-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate history</a> and its influence on Indigenous peoples.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reconstructing-the-ancient-alpine-ecosystem">Reconstructing the ancient alpine ecosystem</h2>



To piece together the story of the forest, the team examined multiple elements of this alpine <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alpine-ecosystems-are-thrown-off-balance-by-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ecosystem</a>. Using ice cores, they analyzed water isotopes and organic material, while Pederson harvested cross-sections of ancient wood for radiocarbon dating.&nbsp;



The findings confirmed that during a period of moderate and moist climate, tree lines shifted upward, allowing whitebark pine forests to thrive for 500 years.



“The plateau seems to have been the perfect place to allow for ice patches to establish and persist for thousands of years, recording important information on past climate, human activity and environmental change,” Pederson said.



The study suggests that as today’s climate warms, tree lines could rise again, transforming areas of alpine tundra into forest. 



However, Pederson cautioned that factors such as precipitation, wind, and snowpack would influence the density, distribution, and composition of these potential new forests. 



“Growing season temperatures are the primary control on tree line elevation and latitude, but other factors such as moisture, wind, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-driven-climate-change-is-to-blame-for-sharp-snowpack-declines-since-1980/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">snowpack</a> and human disturbance may play an important role in dictating forest structure and elevational limits,” he explained.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-alpine-ecosystems">Implications for alpine ecosystems</h2>



The researchers warn that these changes could have profound impacts on the region’s ecosystem and resources. 



Rising tree lines might alter high-altitude snowpack, which serves as a critical water source for irrigation and hydroelectric power. 



Additionally, if forests encroach on tundra areas, they could increase the risk of wildfires due to changing fuel conditions.



Cathy Whitlock, a climate expert and MSU Regents Professor Emerita, emphasized the broader implications. 



She noted that reduced snowpack could strain water supplies, while McWethy added that the establishment of forests in tundra areas might fundamentally alter the region’s fire dynamics.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-learning-from-the-past-to-predict-the-future">Learning from the past to predict the future</h2>



The study emphasizes the importance of understanding past ecological changes to prepare for future challenges.&nbsp;



“That’s the reason why studies of past ecological change are more than interesting pieces of science. They have much larger implications for the resources we all depend on,” Pederson said.



As climate change accelerates, the Beartooth Plateau’s <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/worlds-oldest-forest-discovered-close-to-new-york-city/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ancient forest</a> serves as both a stark reminder of the Earth’s dynamic ecosystems and a window into the potential future of high-altitude environments.



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Fossilized frozen forest discovery in the US reveals ancient alpine ecosystem

Scientists have unearthed a remarkable ancient forest preserved under ice...

It is now common knowledge that drinking tea offers many health benefits. Now, research has shown that the daily habit of drinking tea could also be delaying your biological aging.



Scientists embarked on an in-depth exploration of how our beloved brew might contribute to a longer, healthier life. 



The concept that tea, something as familiar and everyday, could hold such <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/drinking-plenty-of-tea-reduces-the-risk-of-type-2-diabetes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">profound health benefits</a> is truly fascinating.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-of-drinking-tea-on-human-aging">Impact of drinking tea on human aging</h2>



The research team behind this study is based at <a href="https://en.scu.edu.cn/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Sichuan University</a> in Chengdu, China. They mined data from a sizable sample of 5,998 British participants aged between 37 to 73, and 7,931 Chinese individuals aged 30 to 79. 



Participants opened up about their tea-drinking habits, shedding light on the type of tea they savored -- whether green, black, yellow, or oolong, and their daily consumption levels.



Published in The Lancet Regional Health journal, the study’s findings are eye-opening. Regular tea drinkers appear to flaunt signs of slower biological aging. 



The magic number seems to be around three cups or six to eight grams of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/good-microbes-in-tea-roots-grow-tastier-healthier-plants/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tea leaves</a> each day, offering the most clear cut <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/lifes-essential-8-may-slow-biological-aging-by-six-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">anti-aging benefits</a>.



However, there’s a catch. If you have stopped drinking tea, your biological aging might be accelerating faster. It seems that keeping up with your tea drinking habit regularly is the key to harness its benefits.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-secret-behind-the-brew">Secret behind the brew</h2>



So, what makes tea such a secret weapon against aging? The scientists believe it's the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sea-buckthorn-berries-have-untapped-potential-as-a-superfood/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">polyphenols</a> -- the primary bioactive substances in tea. 



These play a crucial role in influencing the gut microbiota, affecting age-related changes related to immunity, metabolism, and even <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/matcha-tea-relieves-symptoms-of-depression/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cognitive function</a>.



Regardless of whether it was a cup of UK black tea or Chinese green tea, the study didn’t find any significant differences in the anti-aging effects. 



The temperature at which the tea was consumed also didn’t impact the outcomes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-polyphenols-the-basics">Understanding polyphenols - the basics</h2>



Beyond making your meals tastier, polyphenols are packed with antioxidants, which help protect your cells from damage caused by free radicals. Think of free radicals as tiny troublemakers that can contribute to aging and various diseases. 



By neutralizing these bad actors, polyphenols play a key role in keeping your body healthy and functioning smoothly. Incorporating polyphenol-rich foods into your diet is a simple way to boost your overall health. 



Studies suggest that these compounds can reduce inflammation, improve heart health, and even lower the risk of certain cancers. Plus, there is evidence that they enhance brain function and help keep your memory sharp as you age. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-world-of-tea-and-aging">The world of tea and aging</h2>



Tea isn't a one-size-fits-all beverage. There are different types, each offering unique health benefits through their individual processing methods.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-green-tea-the-antioxidant-powerhouse">Green tea: The antioxidant powerhouse</h3>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/green-tea-and-coffee-lower-the-risk-of-fatal-cardiovascular-events/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Green tea</a> is known for its high antioxidant content and polyphenols. Regular consumption has been linked to improved heart health, weight loss assistance, and reduced risk of chronic diseases such as diabetes.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-black-tea-the-robust-heart-health-enhancer">Black tea: The robust heart-health enhancer</h3>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/drinking-black-tea-lowers-mortality-risk-from-all-causes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Black tea</a> is not only flavorful but also packed with flavonoids that enhance heart health. It’s linked to lowering stroke risk, decreasing blood pressure, and reducing LDL cholesterol levels.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-white-tea-the-gentle-guardian">White tea: The gentle guardian</h3>



White tea, derived from the young leaves and buds of the Camellia sinensis plant, is praised for its antioxidant properties. It's known for enhancing skin health, supporting weight loss efforts, and containing less caffeine.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-oolong-tea-the-metabolism-booster">Oolong tea: The metabolism booster</h3>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/oolong-tea-burns-fat-while-you-sleep/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Oolong tea</a> sits in between green and black tea in terms of oxidation. Celebrated for its diverse flavors, it’s also recognized for boosting metabolism and weight management.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-tea-slows-aging">How tea slows aging</h2>



Further to the potential slowing of aging, tea is also linked with enhanced mental alertness, thanks to its caffeine content. 



Tea's unique blend of caffeine and the amino acid L-theanine prompts enhanced attention, better memory, and faster reaction times, leading to improved mental performance.



Notably, tea, particularly green tea, also supports dental health. Filled with fluoride, it strengthens tooth enamel and reduces the risk of tooth decay. 



The polyphenols and catechins found in tea also combat bacteria responsible for cavities and gum disease.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-proceed-with-a-pinch-of-caution">Proceed with a pinch of caution</h2>



While the study provides promising insights, its limitations can’t be ignored. 



The size of the tea cups was not accounted for, and the findings, being observational, can't definitively conclude that tea drinking directly slows biological aging.



The UK, known for its firm tea-drinking tradition, has witnessed a decline in its younger population's demand for tea. 



But perhaps, understanding these potential health benefits may reignite the interest in the humble cup.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-should-you-join-the-tea-club">Should you join the tea club?</h2>



If you’re a tea lover, this research validates your indulgence. If you’re not, it might be time to consider embracing this simple pleasure for the potential significant <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/true-biological-age-hidden-blood-markers-newly-identified/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">benefits to your health</a>. 



The key appears to be moderation, with around three cups of tea a day offering the most evident anti-aging benefits.



Whether green, black, white, or oolong is your cup of tea, each brew offers an enjoyable way to potentially support your well-being. 



So, as you settle down with your next cup of tea, take a moment to savor not only the taste but also the potential health benefits that might be steeping within.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanwpc/article/PIIS2666-6065(23)00273-0/fulltext" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Lancet Regional Health</a>.



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Drinking tea every day is proven to delay biological aging in humans

It is now common knowledge that drinking tea offers many...

In a significant breakthrough, researchers at the University of Wisconsin-Madison have discovered where an essential photoreceptor, cryptochrome-1 (CRY1), operates within plant seedling stems.



This finding could have profound implications for improving crop resilience and yield, especially for vital crops like soybeans.



The discovery sheds new light on how plant seedlings interact with their environment, detect sunlight, and decide their growth strategies. 



For farmers and researchers alike, understanding these processes during the vulnerable early stages of a plant's life could be key to promoting stronger, healthier crops.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-photoreceptors-influence-plant-seedlings">How photoreceptors influence plant seedlings</h2>



Photoreceptors are proteins that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/world-soil-day-2024-protecting-our-planets-lifeline/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plants</a> use to sense light and make growth-related decisions. They play a pivotal role in determining when a seedling should stop elongating, begin photosynthesis, and channel energy into survival and development. 



Until now, scientists understood these broad functions but lacked clarity about where in the seedling the photoreceptors acted.



“For the first time, we realized that the effect of these photoreceptors is not everywhere along the stem and that different photoreceptors control different regions of the stem,” explained Edgar Spalding, professor emeritus of botany at <a href="https://www.wisc.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UW–Madison</a>.



To unravel this mystery, Spalding, doctoral student Julian Bustamante, and data scientist Nathan Miller used a combination of techniques including genetic manipulation, high-resolution imaging, and machine learning.



The team photographed the growth of tiny seedlings with highly sensitive cameras and analyzed the data using UW–Madison’s advanced computing resources. This approach allowed them to pinpoint how specific photoreceptors influence distinct parts of the plant stem.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-light-detection-and-plant-survival">Light detection and plant survival</h2>



One of the most fascinating discoveries from this research is the critical role of the photoreceptor CRY1 in helping seedlings survive environmental challenges.



When a seedling first emerges from the soil, it uses stored energy to elongate its stem and reach sunlight, where it can begin photosynthesis. 



However, sometimes seedlings are covered again by soil due to wind, animals, or other environmental factors. Without sunlight, they can no longer produce energy through photosynthesis.



CRY1 acts as a kind of survival mechanism. Initially, it prevents the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/booster-plant-gene-discovery-amplifies-plant-growth-up-to-200-percent/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plant</a> from overextending its stem, conserving energy and leaving some growth potential in reserve. If the seedling gets buried again, CRY1 signals the plant to elongate further until it breaks through the soil and reaches sunlight once more.



This discovery is particularly significant for "stand establishment" - the phase when seedlings take root and begin to grow. Stand establishment is a critical determinant of crop success, and understanding how CRY1 functions during this period could help farmers enhance the resilience of their plants.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-crops-of-the-future">Crops of the future</h2>



The implications of this research extend beyond academic curiosity. By genetically enhancing the role of CRY1 in seeds, researchers could develop crops better equipped to handle environmental setbacks.



This innovation could prove invaluable for farmers, particularly in regions where soil conditions or weather events make early seedling survival more challenging.



“By isolating the effects of specific photoreceptors like CRY1, we’re able to focus on ways to create <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/predicting-how-climate-change-will-alter-plant-growth-cycles/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plants</a> that are more adaptable to their environment,” noted Spalding.



“This research not only improves our understanding of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/electric-soil-esoil-boosts-crop-production-by-50-in-just-15-days/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plant</a> biology but also opens the door to practical applications that could benefit agriculture worldwide.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-efficient-and-resilient-farming-methods">Efficient and resilient farming methods</h2>



As the world’s population grows, the need for more efficient and resilient farming methods becomes critical. This study on plants photoreceptors and their influence on seedling growth offers insights that could transform agriculture by enabling the creation of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plants-have-sophisticated-strategies-to-balance-defense-and-growth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">crops</a> better suited to handle environmental challenges.



By enhancing photoreceptor functions, particularly CRY1, scientists could engineer seeds that help plants recover from obstacles like being buried under soil. This innovation has the potential to increase yields, reduce crop losses, and provide a stable food supply, benefiting both farmers and consumers.



The research demonstrates the power of combining advanced genetic editing, machine learning, and traditional plant biology. It showcases how understanding plant-environment interactions can help develop crops that not only survive but thrive under adverse conditions.



The findings could pave the way for a future where agriculture is more sustainable, adaptable, and capable of meeting global food demands.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(24)01562-8" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current Biology</a>.



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New understanding of light detection in plants may revolutionize farming

In a significant breakthrough, researchers at the University of Wisconsin-Madison...

NASA is examining ways to ensure explorers have nourishing produce, including fresh plants, on future space missions to the Moon and Mars. While sealed food packets get the job done, they can lose flavor and vitamins over time.



Cultivating leafy greens and vegetables on the space station could address this problem and give crews a happier mental state. 



Efforts to grow plants such as lettuce, peppers, radishes, and tomatoes in microgravity have been underway, revealing new insights into how spaceflight influences plant genetics, water use, and flavor.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plants-are-key-to-space-exploration">Plants are key to space exploration</h2>



This work is being guided by <a href="https://npp.orau.org/experiences/gioia-massa.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Gioia Massa</a> from NASA. Her background involves studying plant behavior in space to help boost the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/why-do-astronauts-meals-lose-flavor-in-space/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">variety and taste</a> of fresh crops.&nbsp;



As NASA paves the path toward deeper space travel, her team has focused on how <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/learning-resources/for-kids-and-students/what-is-microgravity-grades-5-8" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">microgravity</a> and factors like humidity and light control affect plant shape, nutrient quality, and yield. 



By examining bacteria that live alongside the plants, they also track whether these microorganisms remain safe and beneficial for human health.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-growing-crops-in-microgravity">Growing crops in microgravity</h2>



One key study, <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/mission/station/research-explorer/investigation/?#id=9195" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Plant Habitat-07</a>, looks at how lettuce tolerates different moisture conditions in microgravity. 



Although water is crucial for plant cells, too much can restrict oxygen at the roots, and too little can cause wilting.&nbsp;



This investigation uses four moisture scenarios in a specialized growth chamber to see how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/space-tomatoes-are-ready-for-an-unprecedented-mission/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plants</a> adjust nutrient production. 



Researchers check yield, overall plant health, and whether bacterial populations on the leaves pose any risk. Early data point to the importance of balancing water to maintain robust leaves that still taste good.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-making-space-grown-veggies-tastier">Making space-grown veggies tastier</h2>



NASA’s <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/mission/station/research-explorer/investigation/?#id=7896" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Veg-04A</a> and <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/mission/station/research-explorer/investigation/?#id=7895" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Veg-04B</a> explorations spotlighted how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/electro-agriculture-grows-food-in-the-dark-with-94-less-land-required/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">light quality</a> and fertilizer affect lettuce and leafy greens on station. 



Studies found that switching red and blue LEDs, or adjusting nutrient formulas, changes how the leaves look, taste, and grow.&nbsp;



These investigations guided more recent plantings of other crops, such as tomatoes. Crew members gave feedback on freshness and flavor, which could inform future seed selection for diverse salads during long-duration spaceflights.



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/space-garden_plants_Mizuna-mustard-greens_ISS_Nick-Hague_NASA_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/space-garden_plants_Mizuna-mustard-greens_ISS_Nick-Hague_NASA_1s.webp" alt="NASA astronaut Nick Hague harvests Mizuna mustard greens for VEG-04 onboard the International Space Station. Credit: NASA" class="wp-image-1956364"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">NASA astronaut Nick Hague harvests Mizuna mustard greens for VEG-04 onboard the International Space Station. Credit: NASA</figcaption></figure>



A <a href="https://biologydirect.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13062-024-00476-z" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">study</a> on Arabidopsis thaliana (<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene?cmd=DetailsSearch&amp;term=AT1G19968" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">thale cress</a>) showed that low gravity changes gene expression and how plants regulate key chemical markers. Researchers tracked DNA methylation—a process that can switch genes on or off. 



Their discoveries open new avenues for customizing plant genes to handle the difficulties of space, like unusual water movement or limited floor space.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hormones-and-movement">Hormones and movement</h2>



Scientists have <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/mission/station/research-explorer/investigation/?#id=1730" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">explored</a> how plant hormones guide growth in microgravity. One series of tests examined <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34396657/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">auxins</a>, natural signals that steer root and shoot direction.&nbsp;



Some <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/grow-plants-on-moon-by-2026-nasa-artemis-iii-mission/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plant</a> species had lower auxin levels when floating in microgravity, which curbed their normal pattern of upward stem development. 



Others had higher levels, suggesting that the exact outcome varies by species. This subtle shift in plant chemistry helps NASA design growth chambers that best support each crop’s needs.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-engineering-plants-to-handle-space">Engineering plants to handle space</h2>



Roots and shoots in microgravity can develop weaker supportive tissues or, in some cases, produce thicker walls for unknown reasons. 



An <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41526-023-00312-0" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">investigation</a> used a suite of lab tools to identify changes in molecules that build plant cell walls, especially those providing mechanical strength.&nbsp;



Although some species quickly adapt and form healthy walls, others remain frail. NASA’s next step is to refine which varieties flourish with minimal gravity or to tweak conditions so roots are less prone to bending or thinning.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sterols-and-space-based-flowering">Sterols and space-based flowering</h2>



Researchers on the <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/first-contracted-spacex-resupply-mission-launches-with-nasa-cargo-to-space-station/">Resist Tubule</a> mission <a href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/bss/38/0/38_18/_article">uncovered</a> that arabidopsis plants grown in microgravity sometimes see reduced sterol levels.&nbsp;



Sterols help keep cell membranes stable and support a range of growth responses, including when and how a plant transitions to flowering. 



The drop in sterols in microgravity can slow certain steps in development. By noting which genes control those sterols, scientists may spot ways to keep plants on schedule.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-preparing-for-space-missions-with-plants">Preparing for space missions with plants</h2>



Having tasty salad greens aboard the station is only the first step. NASA’s focus is on sustaining crews through missions lasting many months. 



The progress so far is encouraging: fresh produce is feasible in orbit, and each new finding helps refine the process.&nbsp;



As more crops are tested for flavor, nutrition, and shelf life, humans gain the ability to grow food far from our planet. 



With input from experts like Gioia Massa, the future of in-space agriculture looks promising for both nourishment and crew satisfaction.



The study is published in the <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17429145.2023.2292220#abstract" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of Plant Interactions</a>.



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Space lettuce: NASA's plans to grow nutritious plants on Mars

NASA is examining ways to ensure explorers have nourishing produce,...

Pawpaws, the largest native fruit in North America, have become a favorite among foragers and food enthusiasts. 



Found in their characteristic dense patches, they are known for their creamy, custard-like texture and sweet flavor - described as a mix of mango and banana - and offer a unique culinary experience.



However, the ecological impact of pawpaws extends far beyond their popularity as a delicious treat.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pawpaw-patches-take-over-the-forest">Pawpaw patches take over the forest</h2>



Pawpaws, the state fruit tree of Missouri, naturally grow in groups called patches. These patches form because pawpaw trees can reproduce clonally, meaning they spread through their roots.



New stems grow from these roots, close to the original tree, in a way similar to how aspen <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plant-diversity-darkspots-need-urgent-attention/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">trees</a> create groves. This process allows a single pawpaw tree to establish a larger group of genetically identical trees, which is why these patches are often celebrated in American folk songs.



However, these patches don’t just grow - they take over. Pawpaw trees spread quickly, creating dense clusters that dominate the forest understory.



Their thick growth and clonal expansion leave little space or resources for other plants to thrive, effectively reducing plant diversity and altering the local ecosystem. While these patches are great for pawpaws, they can significantly limit the growth of other species around them.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pawpaws-effect-on-plant-diversity">Pawpaws’ effect on plant diversity</h2>



New research from <a href="https://washu.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Washington University</a> in St. Louis highlights how pawpaw patches influence biodiversity.



“Pawpaws create a habitat where the rules of competition are more random than when they’re absent,” noted Anna Wassel, a graduate student and lead author of the study.



The researchers found that pawpaw patches have a significant <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/planting-diverse-crops-traps-carbon-and-boosts-soil-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">impact on plant diversity</a> within their boundaries. Specifically, the variety of herbaceous plants, which include smaller, non-woody species like grasses and wildflowers, was 49% lower inside pawpaw patches compared to areas outside.



This indicates that nearly half of the usual types of these plants struggle to survive in the environment created by pawpaw trees. The dense shade and competitive conditions within the patches make it difficult for many plant species to thrive.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pawpaw-patches-decrease-plant-density">Pawpaw patches decrease plant density</h2>



In addition to reduced diversity, the total density of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humans-have-shaped-plant-biodiversity-for-thousands-of-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plants</a> - combining both woody species like shrubs and herbaceous species - was found to be 29% lower inside pawpaw patches.



This means not only are there fewer types of plants, but also fewer individual plants overall. The dominance of pawpaw trees and their resource consumption leave less room and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-plant-diversity-can-help-combat-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fewer resources for other plants to grow</a>.



The study also revealed that pawpaw patches increase the randomness of which plants survive, particularly at larger scales. 



In typical forest ecosystems, plants compete for sunlight, water, and nutrients in predictable ways, with certain species better adapted to the conditions prevailing. However, inside pawpaw patches, these usual rules of competition break down. 



The survival of plants becomes more random, disrupting the natural balance of the ecosystem. This unpredictability makes it harder for a stable and diverse plant community to form within pawpaw-dominated areas.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-pawpaw-patches-ruin-other-plants">Why pawpaw patches ruin other plants</h2>



Pawpaw trees have a strong ability to outcompete other plants, thanks to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plants-in-dry-landscapes-have-surprising-diversity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">several factors</a>. 



Their large, tropical-looking leaves create dense shade, blocking sunlight that many smaller plants need to grow. Without enough light, these plants struggle to survive and thrive under the pawpaw canopy.



Additionally, pawpaw trees spread through underground roots and produce multiple stems in one area. This high stem density increases competition for soil nutrients and water, leaving fewer resources for other plants in the vicinity.



Another factor is that deer tend to avoid eating pawpaw trees. Instead, they graze on other plants nearby, further reducing the variety of plant species in and around pawpaw patches. 



This combination of shading, resource competition, and selective deer browsing makes pawpaw patches a tough environment for other plants to grow - significantly lowering local biodiversity.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-forest-management">Implications for forest management </h2>



The study’s findings offer important lessons for managing forest ecosystems. 



“If you are monitoring a plot of land with the aim to encourage the growth of understory species, unfortunately, pawpaws are not your friends,” Wassel noted. 



The dominance and unpredictability of pawpaw patches make them a challenge for land managers focused on promoting <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/islands-are-home-to-one-third-of-all-known-plants/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plant diversity</a>.



However, for those interested in harvesting pawpaw fruit, the approach is different. To ensure cross-pollination and healthy fruit production, managers should encourage as many genetically distinct patches as possible.



“The presence of pawpaws is never inherently good or bad, it’s just natural. Nature’s goals are never as linear as ours,” noted Wassel.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ecs2.70115" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ecosphere</a>.



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Pawpaw trees form dense patches that outcompete other plants

Pawpaws, the largest native fruit in North America, have become...

A study from Chapman University provides the first comprehensive global estimates of water storage in Earth’s vegetation and the time it takes for that water to flow through plants. The research fills a critical gap in our understanding of the global water cycle and its sensitivity to climate and land-use changes.



Published in the journal Nature Water, the study reveals that Earth's vegetation holds about 786 km³ of water, a mere 0.002% of Earth’s total freshwater.



However, the significance lies in the rapid movement of water through plants. This transit time, from absorption to release into the atmosphere, is among the fastest in the water cycle - ranging from five days in croplands to 18 days in evergreen needleleaf forests.



For perspective, water in lakes takes around 17 years to cycle, and in glaciers, the process spans 1,600 years.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-continuous-loop-of-earth-s-water-cycle">Continuous loop of Earth's water cycle</h2>



Earth's water cycle, or <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/water-cycle/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">hydrological cycle</a>, is the continuous movement of water through the environment. It begins with evaporation, where the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rising-temperatures-are-wreaking-havoc-on-the-global-water-cycle/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sun heats water</a> from oceans, lakes, and rivers, turning it into vapor.



This vapor rises into the atmosphere and cools, leading to&nbsp;condensation, which forms clouds. When the clouds become heavy, water returns to Earth as&nbsp;precipitation&nbsp;in the form of rain, snow, or hail. 



Once on the ground, water either flows over the surface into rivers and lakes (runoff) or seeps into the soil (infiltration). 



Plants also play a role by releasing water vapor into the air through&nbsp;transpiration. Together, these processes recycle water, connecting oceans, land, and the atmosphere in a continuous loop.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-forgotten-element-of-the-water-cycle">A forgotten element of the water cycle</h2>



“Plants are the forgotten part of the global water cycle,” noted Dr. Andrew Felton, lead author and professor at <a href="https://www.montana.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Montana State University</a>. Despite their critical role in returning water from the ground to the atmosphere, plants are often excluded from water cycle diagrams.



“Our results show that the transit of water through plants occurs on the order of days, rather than months, years, or centuries, as it does in other parts of the water cycle,” said Dr. Felton.



By combining plant water transit estimates with those for the atmosphere (8–10 days) and soil (60–90 days), researchers can now approximate the total time a drop of water spends in the terrestrial cycle.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-intensification-of-the-water-cycle">Intensification of the water cycle</h2>



One striking finding is the rapid transit of water through croplands. During peak growing seasons, water cycles through crops in less than a day. This speed, consistent across global croplands, hints at a broader environmental implication.



“Land use change may be homogenizing the global water cycle and contributing to its intensification by more rapidly recycling water back to the atmosphere where it can turn into heavy rain events,” explained <a href="https://www.chapman.edu/our-faculty/greg-goldsmith" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dr. Gregory Goldsmith</a>, senior author and associate professor at Chapman University.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-water-dynamics-in-earth-s-vegetation">Water dynamics in Earth's vegetation</h2>



The research team utilized data from NASA’s Soil Moisture Active Passive Mission (<a href="https://smap.jpl.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">SMAP</a>), a satellite program designed to measure soil moisture across Earth’s surface.



SMAP data accounted for vegetation interference, which the satellite originally treated as noise to correct soil moisture readings. However, the researchers discovered that these corrections held important information about the amount of water stored in plants.



By analyzing this overlooked data and combining it with advanced measurements of how quickly water exits plants, the team developed detailed estimates. 



These included five years of monthly data on plant water storage and the time water takes to move through vegetation, calculated with a spatial resolution of&nbsp;9 square kilometers (approximately 3.5 square miles). 



This high-resolution analysis provided a remarkable understanding of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/distress-signals-earths-water-cycle-is-becoming-more-erratic/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">water dynamics within Earth's vegetation</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-a-changing-planet">Implications for a changing planet</h2>



The study highlights the sensitivity of plant water transit times to environmental events like deforestation, drought, and wildfires. 



“The results suggest that the transit time of water through plants is likely to be very sensitive to events such as deforestation, drought and wildfire, which will fundamentally change the time it takes for water to flow through the water cycle,” said Felton.



By shedding light on the dynamic role of vegetation, this research highlights the interconnectedness of ecosystems and the urgent need to understand how land-use changes influence the global water cycle.



As the planet faces intensifying climate challenges, studies like this pave the way for more informed strategies to manage water resources and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sci-fi-inspired-scenarios-illustrate-our-impact-on-earths-water-cycle/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">predict environmental shifts</a>.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s44221-024-00365-9" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Water</a>.



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Water moves through plants and back into the atmosphere with unexpected speed

A study from Chapman University provides the first comprehensive global...

Every day, countless cups of coffee leave behind piles of waste and grounds that often end up in landfills. People around the globe are seeking ways to reduce this organic trash, and construction researchers have identified a method that may give old coffee grounds a second life.



By finding innovative solutions, they are turning waste into a tool for advancing sustainability across industries, addressing the issue of waste management, and offering benefits to industries beyond the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/coffee-production-threatened-by-loss-of-pollinators/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">coffee sector</a>.



By reimagining a common byproduct, scientists are opening doors to more sustainable and practical applications for organic waste, thereby transforming a problem into a valuable resource, which could redefine how organic waste is utilized.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-turning-coffee-grounds-into-stronger-concrete">Turning coffee grounds into stronger concrete</h2>



RMIT University engineer <a href="https://www.rmit.edu.au/profiles/r/rajeev-roychand" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dr. Rajeev Roychand</a> and his colleagues have demonstrated that processing leftover coffee grounds can make concrete significantly stronger.&nbsp;



To unlock these benefits, researchers placed coffee waste in a low-oxygen environment and heated it to over 350 °F (about 660 °F). This heating method, called pyrolysis, changes the grounds into a carbon-rich material.



The treatment alters the coffee grounds at a molecular level, transforming them into a material that integrates well with concrete. More importantly, it enables the production of stronger concrete with reduced environmental impacts.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-pyrolysis-is-key">Why pyrolysis is key</h2>



Pyrolysis involves heating organic matter in the absence of oxygen. When coffee waste is treated with this process at 350 °C, it transforms into a substance known as biochar, which carries the advantage of being able to bond effectively with cement.



In general, the construction industry has long faced challenges with resource consumption, particularly related to sand extraction. 



Using biochar derived from coffee can replace a portion of the sand that goes into concrete, thus lowering demand for natural sand.



This process not only lessens dependency on finite resources but also aligns with the growing push for sustainable construction practices. 



The pyrolyzed <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/coffee-flavor-can-be-improved-with-a-simple-trick/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">coffee</a> biochar creates a porous structure that improves the way concrete holds together under stress. 



This method provides a dual benefit: finding a productive use for waste while simultaneously addressing the ecological impacts of sand extraction.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reducing-organic-waste-and-emissions">Reducing organic waste and emissions</h2>



Experts <a href="https://ico.org/resources/trade-statistics-tables/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">estimate</a> that global coffee consumption generates around 10 billion kilograms (22 billion pounds) of spent grounds each year. Much of this waste takes up precious space in landfills, while also releasing methane and carbon dioxide.&nbsp;



Methane is considered to be a more harmful greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide over a 100-year period. Hence, diverting this waste toward sustainable uses could significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions. 



Ultimately, with coffee consumption so widespread, even small changes in recycling practices could have far-reaching effects on the environment.



“The disposal of organic waste poses an environmental challenge as it emits large amounts of greenhouse gases,” said <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959652623023636" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Roychand</a>. By recycling coffee grounds, researchers hope to mitigate these environmental impacts while improving concrete’s quality.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-indigenous-perspective-on-sustainability">Indigenous perspective on sustainability</h2>



“Inspiration for my research, from an Indigenous perspective, involves Caring for Country,” said RMIT engineer and co-researcher <a href="https://www.rmit.edu.au/news/all-news/2022/august/indigenous-researcher-ppe-innovation" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dr. Shannon Kilmartin-Lynch</a>.



Sustainable practices that keep organic waste from landfills can protect ecosystems, minimize pollution, and preserve natural resources. 



This philosophy integrates cultural respect for the environment with cutting-edge engineering techniques. Using coffee biochar in construction aligns with this idea of managing resources more responsibly.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-will-this-really-work">Will this really work?</h2>



The coffee-biochar blend requires further testing to confirm its performance over extended periods. Scientists want to know how it stands up to water exposure, freeze-and-thaw cycles, and constant use.



These durability tests will help determine whether biochar-infused <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/recycled-cement-is-an-absolute-miracle-to-lower-concrete-emissions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">concrete</a> can meet the rigorous demands of modern infrastructure projects.



They are also planning to work with different types of organic waste (like wood scraps, food leftovers, and agricultural byproducts) to see if these can also be converted into materials that improve concrete’s structural properties.



These assessments are critical for determining whether the material can be used in large-scale construction projects. 



The research team is committed to exploring the practicality of biochar-based concrete under real-world conditions to ensure its reliability and safety.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-of-coffee-grounds-and-concrete">Future of coffee grounds and concrete</h2>



As buildings rise and infrastructure expands, the search for more sustainable practices will become even more urgent. This approach of adding coffee biochar to concrete could contribute to the circular economy.



Transforming a problematic waste into a valuable input, is the first push of many required to reduce reliance on raw materials such as natural sand. 



The example of this approach sets the stage for industries to adopt similar methods, encouraging broader adoption of waste-to-resource strategies.



Such actions promise to lessen the environmental strain while boosting the long-term resilience of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-ancient-romans-made-such-incredibly-durable-concrete-is-no-longer-a-mystery/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">construction methods</a>.



Through continued collaboration between scientists, policymakers, and businesses, innovations like this have the potential to reshape the way we think about resources. 



By connecting waste management to infrastructure, this research could redefine sustainability in the modern era.



The research findings were published in the <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959652623023636" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of Cleaner Production</a>.



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Adding coffee grounds during the construction process could reinforce buildings

Every day, countless cups of coffee leave behind piles of...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE
</div></figure>



On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop and sunlight barely penetrates through the polar winter. It was here, however, that an international team of scientists found <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/predatory-worms-were-terror-beasts-half-a-billion-years-ago/#google_vignette" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evidence of sea monsters</a> that would change our understanding of ocean life in the past.



This video captures the discovery of Timorebestia fossils that had been hidden for more than 500 million years in the Sirius Passet formation. The "terror beasts," as they are called, are a hidden chapter in the evolutionary history of <a href="https://www.earth.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth</a>, showing that sophisticated predator-prey interactions occurred much earlier than previously envisioned.



Dr. Jakob Vinther and his research team at the <a href="https://www.bristol.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bristol</a>, in collaboration with researchers at the <a href="https://eng.kopri.re.kr/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Korean Polar Research Institute</a>, braved extreme weather conditions at 82.5 north latitude to locate these giant creatures. Using sophisticated electron microprobe analysis, they revealed the detailed anatomy of the animals, including their muscle and nerve tissues.



The find upsets the traditional timeline of sea predators. Although we've long appreciated that Cambrian oceans were at one time ruled by <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jWI3-UgA3_o&amp;list=PL1QLQMW9MWDwpkFOnvgAmu7wT6rZmYqdJ&amp;index=19" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">arthropods</a>, these discoveries indicate that relatives of arrow worms were first to dominate the seas. These worms were building sophisticated food webs several million years before other predator groups arose.



Each fossil is a story of ancient hunger, with fossil stomach contents revealing these meter-long beasts dined on heavily armored arthropods regularly, cementing their place as the ocean's first apex predators.



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Worms dominated seas before dinosaurs

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">New York is the site of the world's oldest forest.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-385-million-year-old-trees-discovered">385-million-year-old trees discovered</h2>



Scientists have uncovered something extraordinary just two hours north of New York City. The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/worlds-oldest-forest-discovered-close-to-new-york-city/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">world's oldest forest</a>, dating back 385 million years, offers a window into how Earth's first complex forests shaped our planet's atmosphere.



Located near <a href="https://townofcairo.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cairo, New York</a>, in Greene County, these weren't merely primitive plants struggling to survive. These were sophisticated trees with root systems remarkably similar to modern forests. This ancient woodland predates dinosaurs by 140 million years.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-cairo-forest-discovery">The Cairo forest discovery</h2>



385 million years ago, upstate New York was a tropical paradise near the equator. Thanks to continental drift, this ancient forest has traveled thousands of miles to its current location.



The fossil forest sits in an abandoned quarry, roughly half the size of a football field. This represents just a slice of what was likely a massive forest system stretching from New York into Pennsylvania.



Charles Ver Straeten, curator of sedimentary rocks at the <a href="https://www.nysm.nysed.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">New York State Museum</a>, made the discovery in 2009. While scouting the former highway department property, his trained eye spotted wandering patterns in the stone that looked like marine features.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-age-and-preservation">Revolutionary age and preservation</h2>



The site contains 385-million-year-old rocks with fossilized woody roots forming horizontal patterns up to 18 feet (5.5 meters) wide. As Christopher Berry, a paleobotanist at Cardiff University, explains: "You are walking through the roots of ancient trees."



This discovery pushes back advanced tree evolution by millions of years. The research, published in <a href="https://www.cell.com/current-biology/home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current Biology</a> in December 2019, fundamentally changes our understanding of when complex forests first emerged.



Researchers believe a massive flood buried the forest floor, creating perfect fossilization conditions. Over millions of years, sediment hardened into rock, preserving these root patterns like nature's time capsule.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meet-archaeopteris-the-first-modern-tree">Meet Archaeopteris: the first modern tree</h2>



The star of this ancient forest is Archaeopteris – not to be confused with the feathered dinosaur Archaeopteryx. This tree was far older and more revolutionary.



William Stein from <a href="https://www.binghamton.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Binghamton University</a> describes the roots as "strikingly modern, essentially what you'd see outside in my yard right now." These weren't simple root systems you'd expect from ancient plants.



Some fossilized roots are six inches (15 centimeters) in diameter, forming 36-foot-wide (11-meter) patterns. These giants grew up to 65 feet (20 meters) tall with five-foot-diameter (1.5-meter) trunks.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-changing-impact">Climate-changing impact</h2>



These trees fundamentally changed Earth's environment. Kevin Boyce, a Stanford University geoscientist, explains how their deep roots triggered "weathering," chemical reactions that pulled carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.



This process dropped atmospheric CO2 levels from 10-15 times higher than today to roughly modern concentrations. These ancient trees helped create atmospheric conditions that made complex life possible.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ancient-forest-ecosystem">Ancient forest ecosystem</h2>



The forest was remarkably diverse. Scientists identified Eospermatopteris, palm tree-like plants with short roots that reached 30 feet (9 meters) tall but lacked woody structure. The forest also housed cladoxylopsids and a mysterious third species still being studied.



All reproduced through spores rather than seeds – millions of years before seeds evolved. This tropical environment had no grass, flowers, or flying insects, just towering trees creating Earth's first complex forest canopy.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-significance">Scientific significance</h2>



Before this finding, the Gilboa forest, located 25 miles (40 kilometers) away, held the "oldest forest" title. Cairo's trees are 2-3 million years older, showing that complex forest ecosystems developed much faster than scientists believed possible.



Patricia Gensel, a <a href="https://www.unc.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of North Carolina</a> paleobotanist, notes: "The size of those root systems is really changing the picture. Even 20 years ago, researchers assumed trees with such complex root systems didn't evolve so early."



The Cairo site presents three unique root systems, suggesting Devonian period forests were diverse ecosystems with different trees occupying different environmental niches, much like today's forests.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-preservation-efforts">Modern preservation efforts</h2>



In 2022, New York State Senator Michelle Hinchey secured a $170,000 grant for the town of Cairo to construct specialized fencing around the fossil forest site. The town plans to conduct a feasibility study exploring the possibility of creating an educational center and working lab on-site.



Joe Hasenkopf, chair of the Cairo Planning Board, hopes to partner with educational institutions to create a research facility serving scientists, students, and the public.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lessons-for-today-s-climate">Lessons for today's climate</h2>



Why does a 385-million-year-old forest matter today? It shows how dramatically forests can change Earth's climate. These ancient woodlands created the atmospheric conditions supporting complex life.



Understanding how prehistoric forests transformed the planet helps us appreciate modern forests' critical role in addressing climate change. Forests remain Earth's most effective carbon capture systems.



These prehistoric trees changed Earth's atmosphere by pulling massive amounts of carbon dioxide from the air. As we face modern climate challenges, this ancient forest reminds us of trees' incredible power to transform our planet's environment.



The next time you walk through a forest, remember you're experiencing an ecosystem whose blueprint was established 385 million years ago in upstate New York. These ancient pioneers didn't just survive – they thrived and changed the world forever.



The full study was published in the journal Current Biology.



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Earth's oldest forest found in the United States

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ New York is the site of the world's oldest...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Acid rain and a crisis solved.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-don-t-we-ever-hear-about-acid-rain-anymore-the-environmental-crisis-that-was-solved">Why don't we ever hear about "acid rain" anymore? The environmental crisis that was solved</h2>



Remember the 1980s when acid rain dominated headlines? Dire warnings about rain eating buildings, killing fish, and destroying forests filled every news cycle. Then, almost like magic, acid rain vanished from public discourse. What happened? Did we actually solve one of the late 20th century's most pressing environmental challenges?



The answer might surprise you. Unlike many environmental issues that drag on indefinitely, acid rain represents one of modern history's most successful ecological recovery stories. It's a tale of science, politics, and technology working together to tackle what seemed impossible.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What was acid rain?</h2>



Acid rain isn't regular rain having a bad day – it's precipitation that became significantly more acidic due to air pollution. When power plants, factories, and vehicles burn fossil fuels, they release sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) into the atmosphere.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The science behind it</h2>



Think of acid rain as nature's chemistry experiment gone wrong. These compounds react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form sulfuric and nitric acids. When mixed with water vapor in clouds, they create precipitation with dangerously low pH levels.



While clean rain has a pH of about 5.6, acid rain could drop as low as 4.2 to 4.4 – roughly as acidic as tomato juice or coffee. According to US Geological Survey documentation, Scottish chemist Angus Smith first coined "acid rain" in 1872, but it didn't become a household phrase until the 1960s and 1970s when Swedish scientist Svante Odén documented its devastating effects on Scandinavian lakes and European forests.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The crisis at its peak</h2>



During the height of public concern, environmental damage was both widespread and visible. This wasn't some abstract future threat – people could see destruction happening in real-time.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Environmental devastation</h2>



The most dramatic impacts were impossible to ignore. Research documented by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation shows that in the Adirondack Mountains, more than 200 lakes became so acidic they couldn't support fish life. The Adirondack Council reports that 409 lakes once supported brook trout, but many lost their fish populations due to acid rain.



By 1976, when scientists cataloged all acidified lakes in the Adirondack Park, researchers found that half of the lakes over 2,000 feet above sea level had no fish, according to studies published in environmental journals. The acidification process worked like a slow-motion disaster. As acid rain fell into watersheds, it gradually lowered pH levels. Fish couldn't survive in acidic water, and their food sources died off too.



Trees at high elevations showed stress directly linked to acid rain. It weakened them by leaching nutrients and making them susceptible to disease. Historical records show Germany's Black Forest saw nearly half its trees damaged by the mid-1980s.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Economic impact</h2>



Acid rain wasn't just environmental – it was expensive. Acidic precipitation corroded infrastructure, buildings, and monuments. Historic stone structures deteriorated at accelerated rates. Tourism suffered as lakes became fishless and forests declined. EPA economic analyses from the period documented repair costs mounting into billions annually.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The solution: government action and technology</h2>



Transformation from crisis to success required unprecedented cooperation between governments, industries, and environmental groups.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The Clean Air Act of 1990</h2>



The turning point came with the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, signed by President George H.W. Bush. This represented a fundamentally new approach to environmental regulation, as documented in EPA historical records.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Cap-and-trade success</h2>



Instead of mandating specific technologies, the 1990 amendments introduced something revolutionary: a cap-and-trade system for sulfur dioxide emissions. EPA program documentation shows this market-based approach set overall limits but allowed companies to trade emission allowances.



The genius was harnessing market forces to find cost-effective pollution reduction. Companies reducing emissions cheaply could sell excess allowances to those facing higher costs. Research published in environmental economics journals and EPA progress reports shows this resulted in dramatic SO2 reduction at a fraction of projected costs.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Technology advances</h2>



Policy provided the framework, but technology made reductions possible. Studies in atmospheric science journals document the widespread adoption of flue gas desulfurization systems ("scrubbers") that removed sulfur dioxide before it reached the atmosphere. By the 2000s, new installations could remove over 95% of SO2 emissions, according to EPA technical reports.



The push coincided with cleaner energy development. Natural gas produces fewer sulfur compounds than coal. Wind and solar, emerging in the 1990s, captured growing market share, reducing reliance on high-sulfur coal.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-we-don-t-hear-about-it-today">Why we don't hear about it today</h2>



Why did acid rain disappear from headlines? Simple: the problem was largely solved.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Success doesn't make news</h2>



There's an old journalism saying: "If it bleeds, it leads." Environmental success stories don't generate urgency like crisis reporting. Media attention shifted to other challenges: climate change, plastic pollution, and biodiversity loss. There's only so much environmental anxiety the public can absorb, and newer concerns replaced acid rain.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Mission accomplished</h2>



The primary reason is beautifully simple: interventions worked. EPA monitoring data shows sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990. Academic research published in environmental science journals confirms pH levels in formerly affected areas returned closer to normal. This represents one of history's most dramatic environmental recoveries. Studies by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation show fishless lakes now support healthy populations. Forests recovered, and building damage slowed dramatically.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-is-it-really-gone">Is it really gone?</h2>



The crisis is largely resolved, but monitoring data shows the problem isn't completely eliminated – it's managed to acceptable levels. Some areas still experience occasional events during high pollution periods. International environmental research indicates that rapidly industrializing Asian countries face similar problems to what we experienced decades ago, though they're implementing successful strategies.



EPA research shows nitrogen oxide emissions proved more challenging than sulfur dioxide, coming from vehicles and mobile sources. Climate science studies suggest changing weather patterns add complexity to how acid rain forms and falls.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What this teaches us</h2>



The acid rain experience proves that seemingly intractable environmental problems can be solved with scientific understanding, political will, and technological innovation. Environmental monitoring data shows recovery speed was remarkable – within a decade, measurable improvements appeared in air quality and ecosystem health.



Success came from bipartisan support across party lines. Policy analysis studies show the market-based approach appealed to those preferring economic incentives while achieving environmental goals. This support created lasting policy surviving political changes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Conclusion</h2>



Acid rain's disappearance from public consciousness represents environmental science's greatest success stories. Through effective regulation, technological innovation, and international cooperation, we transformed an overwhelming crisis into a manageable challenge.



Today's silence isn't because we forgot – it's because we solved it. The 1990 Clean Air Act, combined with technology and energy market changes, reduced acid rain emissions over 90%, according to comprehensive EPA data analysis.



This success offers hope for current challenges. It proves complex problems can be solved when science, policy, and technology work together. As we face climate change and plastic pollution, acid rain reminds us that dramatic positive change is possible.



Next time someone asks whether environmental regulations work, remember acid rain. It's proof that sometimes, we get it right.



<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>



Sources: This article draws from EPA official documentation and progress reports, peer-reviewed research published in environmental and atmospheric science journals, historical data from the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation records, US Geological Survey publications, policy analysis studies, and environmental monitoring data collected over three decades.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Frequently Asked Questions</h2>



1. Is acid rain completely gone? No, but EPA monitoring shows it's reduced to manageable levels. US sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990, making acid rain much less severe than the 1980s crisis.



2. How long did solving take? Environmental monitoring data shows significant improvements began within 5-10 years of 1990s emission controls. Full ecosystem recovery took longer – some areas need 20-30 years for complete recovery.



3. What made the solution successful? Clear scientific understanding, visible damage motivating action, bipartisan support, available technology, and innovative market-based policies like cap-and-trade.



4. Do other countries have acid rain problems? Yes, particularly rapidly industrializing Asian countries. However, international environmental research shows many implement similar successful control strategies.



5. Could acid rain return? Potentially, if regulations weaken or we return to high-sulfur coal without controls, though effects would take years to become severe according to environmental projections.



6. Can you recommend any teaching tools on the subject of "acid rain"? The United States Environmental Protection Agency produced a wonderful teacher's guide for ages 14 and under that you can find on the EPA website here: <a href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf</a>



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The environmental problem we actually solved

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk Acid rain and a crisis solved. Why don't we...

Fresh,Radish,Harvest,On,Soil,In,Garden.

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https://youtu.be/Fi2OeEwuzRM?si=vTyd2m9FMmtyWkex
</div></figure>







Mid-July is an opportune time to kick-start a thriving fall garden, and this guide lays out the best vegetables and herbs to plant now for a fruitful autumn harvest. 



Fast-growing leafy greens such as spinach, lettuce, kale, and arugula perform especially well in the waning summer heat, with harvests beginning as soon as 30 days. 



These cool-season crops relish the transition into fall, offering repeated yields with cut-and-come-again methods.



Root vegetables like radishes, carrots, and beets also excel during this period. Radishes deliver satisfaction in under a month, while carrots and beets mature in about two months. Employing succession planting ensures a continuous stream of produce deep into the cooler months. 



For a boost of fresh flavor, herbs like cilantro, basil, dill, and chervil are excellent picks. These heat-loving varieties flourish in July’s warmth and are harvest-ready in about 30 days, especially when sown continuously.



Gardeners in zones 6 through 9 can benefit from planting bush beans and snap peas, which don’t require trellising and are ideal for compact plots. 



Maturing in 50–60 days, they’re a smart choice for quick, protein-rich harvests. For those in hotter regions, heat-tolerant crops such as okra and southern peas provide reliable yields and thrive in scorching conditions.



This guide emphasizes more than crop selection—it highlights the importance of timing, soil preparation, and ongoing sowing techniques. 



With thoughtful planning and attention to regional climate needs, even late-summer gardeners can enjoy fresh salads, hearty stews, and the satisfaction of a robust, homegrown harvest well into fall.



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What to plant in your garden in mid-July

https://youtu.be/Fi2OeEwuzRM?si=vTyd2m9FMmtyWkex Mid-July is an opportune time to kick-start a thriving...

Green,Ecoduct,Over,An,Empty,Highway,During,Sunset.

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU
</div></figure>



A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that wildlife tunnels significantly reduce amphibian road mortality during seasonal migrations. 



Frogs and salamanders often cross roads to reach breeding ponds each spring, but many are killed by vehicles. 



Researchers from the <a href="https://www.uvm.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Vermont</a>, in collaboration with local citizens and the Vermont Agency of Natural Resources, installed two underpass tunnels in 2015. 



Over a 12-year monitoring period, they observed an 80.2% reduction in amphibian deaths, and up to 94% for non-climbing species like salamanders. 



The study used a before-after-control-impact design and documented more than 5,200 amphibians, highlighting the tunnels’ effectiveness even in nearby buffer zones.



Funded at $342,397 - far cheaper than wildlife crossings for large mammals - the project showcased the power of community-led conservation.



Local groups initiated the effort after observing mass amphibian deaths. Wildlife cameras later captured over 2,200 amphibians using a tunnel in just one spring, along with other species like raccoons and bobcats, indicating wider ecosystem benefits.



This marks the first peer-reviewed, long-term data set in the northeastern U.S. confirming amphibian-specific underpasses work. 



The study urges transportation departments to incorporate these designs into road planning and highlights how community action, thoughtful infrastructure, and persistence can make a real difference for biodiversity.



The full study was published in the <a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1617138125000780" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal for Nature Conservation</a>.



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Wildlife tunnels save millions of amphibians

https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that...

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. 



The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.



<figure class="wp-block-embed aligncenter is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/Ug657J67iEo?si=w96YjGMsg939LD_3
</div></figure>



Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. 



Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.



Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. 



They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).



Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.



Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.



This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?



One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;



While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;



Video Credit: ACS Reactions



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

How does salt makes things taste better?

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;



'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."



"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Santiago, Chile in South America

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Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

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Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.



The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;



"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."



"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."



"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."



The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.



Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.



According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."



Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;



ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. 



Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.



"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.



"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."



Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.



"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.



"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."



Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.



The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.



At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;



"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.



"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."



The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.



Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

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Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."



The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.



"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;



"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes Earth’s interconnected systems, and how this network is affected by rising temperatures.&nbsp;



During 2020, average global temperatures matched the hottest year on record. The hurricane season was also record-breaking, with many of the storms intensifying at extraordinary speeds. Hot water in the ocean is fuel for hurricanes. The satellite data shows that it's all one interconnected system showing how Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected.



According to NASA, dust swept up from Northern Africa plays a major role in the formation of hurricanes, and is also a key source of fertilization in the Amazon rainforest. As a result of<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-wasting-disease-is-fueled-by-climate-change/"> climate</a> change, dust plumes are expected to decline, which will have an effect on vegetation far away.&nbsp;



Images from Earth-observing satellites show how the world’s plant life is affected by natural disasters, fires, and deforestation. Satellites also reveal how widespread changes in vegetation impact waterways,&nbsp; the climate, air quality. Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on the Earth. "Earth From Space" is a groundbreaking two-hour special that reveals a spectacular new space-based vision of our planet. 



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected

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