The Mojave Desert’s Joshua trees look timeless, but their future isn’t guaranteed. Despite being built for heat and drought, these long-lived yuccas are already showing signs of stress as temperatures rise and dry spells lengthen. Fewer young trees are making it past their first years, and the species’ range appears to be shrinking.&nbsp;



A new study led by a multi-institution team that includes <a href="https://uconn.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Connecticut</a> ecologist Karolina Heyduk asks a simple, crucial question: how much wiggle room do Joshua trees have to adapt? The answer points to a surprising ally - how they breathe at night.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-joshua-trees-in-a-warming-climate">Joshua trees in a warming climate </h2>



Most plants throw open microscopic pores on their leaves during the day to take in carbon dioxide for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/key-to-life-on-earth-photosynthesis-begins-on-the-quantum-level-with-a-single-photon/">photosynthesis</a>, but that comes with a cost: precious water escapes while the sun is blazing.&nbsp;



Some desert specialists dodge that trade-off by using a different playbook, called crassulacean acid metabolism, or CAM. CAM plants take in CO₂ at night when it’s cooler and stash it away until daylight returns to power sugar production.



“We sort of stumbled upon this idea that Joshua trees might use CAM photosynthesis,” Heyduk said. “Finding evidence of CAM in Joshua trees is great news - it may help the plants tolerate the warming climate across their range.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-common-gardens-uncommon-insights">Common gardens, uncommon insights</h2>



To see whether all Joshua trees play by the same rules - or whether some populations are naturally better tuned to today’s harsher conditions - the team established common garden test plots. 



The researchers grew seedlings from populations across the species’ ranges, including both recognized species, Yucca brevifolia and Yucca jaegeriana, side by side under the same conditions. That setup strips away local weather and soil differences, letting genetic and physiological differences rise to the surface.



As the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rainforests-replanted-seedlings-after-logging-do-not-recover-well/">seedlings</a> grew, the researchers tracked growth, water use, leaf gas exchange, and the chemical signatures that reveal when and how carbon is taken up.&nbsp;



The patterns were clear: many seedlings showed nighttime CO₂ uptake consistent with CAM, and the intensity of that CAM-like behavior varied among populations.&nbsp;



In other words, Joshua trees appear to have some built-in flexibility in how they photosynthesize, and some lineages lean into the night-shift strategy more than others.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genes-back-up-the-physiology">Genes back up the physiology</h2>



The team didn’t stop at leaf measurements. They looked under the hood - profiling gene activity and the metabolites plants stockpile when they run CAM.&nbsp;



“We’re bridging a lot of fields in biology,” Heyduk said. “We measured a lot of physiological traits, but we also looked at the gene expression of these plants in the gardens, and the accumulation of metabolites.”&nbsp;



The timing of gene activity matched expectations for CAM, bolstering the case that Joshua trees can switch - or at least blend - between daytime and nighttime <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plants-absorb-31-more-co2-than-previously-estimated/">carbon uptake</a>.&nbsp;



The two species also differed in how they process carbon and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nitrogen-was-plentiful-for-early-life-on-earth/">nitrogen</a>, hinting at deeper physiological distinctions that may help explain why both persist as separate lineages despite overlapping ranges and occasional hybrids.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-this-matters-for-conservation">Why this matters for conservation</h2>



If CAM capacity is real and variable, it could be a lifeline. Nighttime carbon uptake reduces water loss, a critical edge as the Mojave gets hotter and, importantly, as nights warm too.&nbsp;



But flexibility is only half the story - longevity complicates the rest. A mature Joshua tree can live for centuries; some living trees have experienced the entire arc of industrial-era climate change. The seedlings trying to establish today face a very different climate than the one their elders grew up in.



“We’re not focusing on desert species quite as much as other ecosystems,” Heyduk said. “I think partially that’s because we think they’re already adapted to the super-hot environment and they’ll be fine." 



"However, the deserts are getting hotter, and in particular the nighttime temperatures are getting hotter.” If nights stop offering relief, even CAM users may struggle.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-heat-and-joshua-tree-survival">Heat and Joshua tree survival</h2>



One red flag is the lack of young trees. Fewer seedlings are making it to sapling stage, suggesting a new bottleneck right where populations renew themselves.&nbsp;



To test how temperature - especially warmer nights - affects survival, the team is now growing seedlings under tightly controlled conditions, dialing nighttime temperatures up and down to see how water use, growth, and CAM behavior respond. 



The goal is to pinpoint whether hotter nights are tipping the balance, and which populations cope best.



“What today’s seedlings are experiencing is going to be very different from what they might experience in 100 years when they’re mature plants,” Heyduk said. “We need to understand how they will respond to that change.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-collaborative-blueprint-for-action">A collaborative blueprint for action</h2>



This project is as much about method as it is about the Mojave. University researchers, federal scientists, and teams from primarily undergraduate institutions pooled fieldwork, greenhouse trials, physiology, genomics, and metabolomics. 



That breadth matters because it lets scientists connect genotype to phenotype - tying genetic differences to real-world traits that influence survival.



The immediate conservation takeaway is practical: not all Joshua tree populations are the same. Some may harbor greater CAM capacity or other physiological tweaks that make them better bets in a warming desert. Identifying and prioritizing those lineages - while protecting the habitats they occupy - could buy the species time.



Joshua trees won’t outpace <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plants-defy-climate-change-through-acclimation/">climate change</a> by migrating quickly; they don’t disperse far, and they don’t grow fast. But if they can lean on a night-shift photosynthesis strategy - and if we focus protection on the populations best at it - they may have a fighting chance to hold their ground as the Mojave’s thermostat keeps climbing.



The research is published in the journal the <a href="https://nph.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/nph.70437" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">New Phytologist</a>.



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Joshua trees have a hidden trick to survive climate change

The Mojave Desert’s Joshua trees look timeless, but their future isn’t guaranteed. Despite being built for heat and drought, these long-lived yuccas are already showing signs of stress as temperatures rise and dry spells lengthen. Fewer young trees are making it past their first years, and the species’ range appears to be shrinking.&nbsp; A new study led by a multi-institution team that includes University of Connecticut ecologist Karolina Heyduk asks a simple, crucial question: how much wiggle room do Joshua trees have to adapt? The answer points...

A major international study has unveiled new insights into how bread <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wheat-prices-will-spike-as-climate-changes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wheat</a> played a pivotal role in transforming the ancient world, ultimately becoming the iconic crop that sustains a global population of eight billion today.



“Our findings shed new light on an iconic event in our civilization that created a new kind of agriculture and allowed humans to settle down and form societies,” said Brande Wulff, a wheat researcher at <a href="https://www.kaust.edu.sa/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">King Abdullah University of Science and Technology</a> (KAUST) and one of the lead authors of the study.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-importance-of-global-collaboration-nbsp">Importance of global collaboration&nbsp;</h2>



Study co-author Cristobal Uauy, a group leader at the <a href="https://www.jic.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">John Innes Center</a>, said this work exemplifies the importance of global collaboration and sharing of data and seeds across countries. 



“We can achieve so much by combining resources and expertise across institutes and across international boundaries,” said Uauy.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-secret-of-bread-wheat-s-success-nbsp">Secret of bread wheat’s success&nbsp;</h2>



The research, conducted by the <a href="https://openwildwheat.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Open Wild Wheat Consortium</a> (OWWC), points to the genetic diversity of a wild <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/growing-perennial-grasses-could-help-curb-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">grass</a> called Aegilops tauschii as the secret to bread wheat’s success. 



Bread wheat is a hybrid of three wild grasses, containing three genomes (A, B, and D) within a single complex plant. Aegilops tauschii, an otherwise unremarkable weed, provided bread wheat with its D-genome when it hybridized with early cultivated pasta wheat in the Fertile Crescent between eight and eleven thousand years ago.



This chance hybridization near the southern Caspian Sea sparked an <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bionic-leaf-agricultural-revolution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">agricultural</a><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bionic-leaf-agricultural-revolution/"> revolution</a>. The cultivation of bread wheat quickly spread across diverse climates and soils, as farmers eagerly adopted this dynamic new crop, known for its high gluten content that produces a more elastic and airy dough ideal for breadmaking.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rapid-spread-of-bread-wheat-nbsp">Rapid spread of bread wheat&nbsp;</h2>



The rapid spread of bread wheat across such a wide geographical range has long puzzled researchers. 



Bread wheat does not exist in the wild, and the hybridization event that introduced the D genome into the plant’s existing A and B genomes created a genetic bottleneck, significantly reducing the new species' genetic diversity compared to the surrounding wild grasses. 



Furthermore, wheat is an inbreeding species, meaning it self-pollinates, which would typically suggest that bread wheat might struggle to thrive outside its original Fertile Crescent environment. So how did it become so widely cultivated and globally dominant?



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-research">Focus of the research</h2>



To solve this mystery, the international research team assembled a diversity panel of 493 unique accessions spanning the geographical range of Aegilops tauschii, from northwestern Turkey to eastern China.&nbsp;



From this panel, the researchers selected 46 accessions that reflected the species' traits and genetic diversity to create a Pangenome - a comprehensive genetic map - of Aegilops tauschii.



Using this Pangenome, they scanned 80,000 bread wheat landraces - locally adapted varieties - held by the <a href="https://www.cimmyt.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center</a> (CIMMYT) and collected from around the world. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genetic-variability-of-wheat-bread">Genetic variability of wheat bread</h2>



The data revealed that approximately 75% of the bread wheat D-genome is derived from a lineage (L2) of Aegilops tauschii that originates from the southern Caspian Sea. The remaining 25% of the D-genome comes from lineages across the species' range.



Simon Krattinger, co-lead author of the study, noted that this 25% influx of genetic material from other lineages of tauschii has contributed to and defined the success of bread wheat.



“Without the genetic variability that this diversity brings, we would most likely not eat bread on the scale we do today. Otherwise, bread wheat today would be a regional crop - important to the Middle East - but I doubt that it would have become globally dominant without this plasticity that enabled bread wheat to adapt,” said Krattinger.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-distinct-lineage-of-aegilops-tauschii">Distinct lineage of Aegilops tauschii</h2>



A previous study by the OWWC had revealed the existence of a distinct lineage of Aegilops tauschii, known as L3, which is geographically restricted to present-day Georgia in the Caucasus region - about 500 kilometers from the Fertile Crescent. This L3 lineage is significant because it has contributed the best-known gene for dough quality to bread wheat.



In this study, the researchers hypothesized that if this gene was introduced to bread wheat in a manner similar to how Neanderthal DNA was integrated into the human genome, they would find landraces in the CIMMYT collections with a higher proportion of this L3 lineage.&nbsp;



Indeed, their data showed that wheat landraces collected from the Georgian region contained 7% L3 introgressions in their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/genome-sequence-wheat-crops/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">genomes</a> - seven times more than the bread wheat landraces collected from the Fertile Crescent.



“We used the L3 tauschii accessions as a guinea pig to track and trace the hybridizations using 80,000 bread wheat landraces,” Krattinger said.&nbsp;



“The data beautifully supports a picture where bread wheat emerges in the southern Caspian, then with migration and agricultural expansion it reached Georgia, where gene flow and hybridizations with the peculiar, genetically distinct and geographically restricted L3 accessions resulted in the influx of new genetic material.”



“This is one of the novel aspects of our study, and it confirms that using our new resources, we can trace the dynamics of these introgressions in bread wheat.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications-of-the-study-nbsp">Broader implications of the study&nbsp;</h2>



Beyond solving this age-old biological mystery, the new Aegilops tauschii open-source Pangenome and germplasm made available by the OWWC are already being used by researchers and breeders worldwide.&nbsp;



The data will help experts discover new disease resistance genes that will protect wheat crops against long-standing agricultural threats like wheat rust. Researchers are also mining this wild grass species for climate-resilient genes that can be bred into elite wheat cultivars.



At the John Innes Center, researchers worked closely with colleagues from KAUST, employing bioinformatic approaches to track the levels of DNA contributed to bread wheat by the L3 lineage of Aegilops tauschii.&nbsp;



“The study highlights the importance of maintaining genetic resources such as the BBSRC-funded Germplasm Resources Unit here at the John Innes Center, which maintains historic collections of wild grasses that can be used to breed valuable traits such as disease resistance and pest resistance into modern wheat,” Uauy concluded.



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07808-z" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a>.



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How bread and wheat gave rise to a civilization of 8 billion people

A major international study has unveiled new insights into how...

Plant-based diets have the potential to reshape our planet's future by significantly reducing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-food-system-must-change-if-nations-hope-to-reduce-greenhouse-gas-emissions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">global food-related emissions</a>. 



A recent study reveals that adopting plant-based eating could cut climate-warming greenhouse gas emissions from our food supply chains by an impressive 17 percent.



What we choose to eat isn't just about personal health - it can literally change the world.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plant-based-diets-and-global-emissions">Plant-based diets and global emissions</h2>



Shifting from meat-centric plates to plant-dominated ones could bring about significant benefits for our environment.



A team of international researchers carefully studied the effects of such a dietary transformation on global emission levels. 



The researchers found something remarkable. A staggering 56.9% of the world’s population, currently over-consuming, could slash their dietary emissions by 32.4% just by embracing the EAT-Lancet Commission's recommended "<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/healthy-dietary-shifts-could-keep-global-climate-goals-within-reach/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">planetary health diet</a>."



Undeniably, this diet switch also poses a challenge - an anticipated surge of 15.4% in global dietary emissions due to healthier diets adopted by under-consuming populations, presently accounting for 43.1% of the world. 



However, the study confidently states that the benefits would still outweigh the rise in emissions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-equitable-emissions">Equitable emissions</h2>



The research further highlights a fascinating dichotomy - wealthier nations with hefty food expenditure are also the ones contributing extensively to dietary emissions, mainly due to high consumption of red meat and dairy. 



Although these affluent countries exhibit lower levels of inequality, their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/small-changes-in-diet-can-greatly-reduce-your-carbon-footprint/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dietary habits</a> scream otherwise. On the contrary, less affluent countries display both lower emissions and more inequality.



"Animal-based products have a greater potential for reducing emissions when compared to plant-based products. Reduction in over-consumption of emission-intensive products, particularly by wealthy consumer groups in affluent countries, could achieve significant health and climate benefits," noted Dr. Yuli Shan from the <a href="https://www.birmingham.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Birmingham</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-changing-practices-protecting-the-planet">Changing practices, protecting the planet</h2>



To actualize this transformation, the study recommends introducing incentives such as carbon pricing, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dont-say-vegan-food-labeling-should-focus-on-health-and-sustainability/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">eco-labeling</a>, and broadening the availability of less emission-intensive products, such as vegetarian foods. 



A well-structured food environment, coupled with planned urban development and infrastructure, could ease the transition towards healthier food habits.



Indeed, this dietary shift is not feasible in all regions, like Mongolia, where traditional nomadic lifestyles make red meat and dairy products dietary mainstays. Encouraging <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/food-is-medicine-education-could-save-millions-of-lives-and-billions-of-dollars/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nutritional education</a> could serve as a practical solution in such regions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenges-in-shifting-to-plant-based-diets">Challenges in shifting to plant-based diets</h2>



Clearly, low-income countries face a steeper uphill climb. "With more than 1.5 billion low-income populations worldwide unable to afford the cost of the planetary health diet, improving agricultural efficiency and adjusting trade policies are critical," noted Professor Klaus Hubacek from the University of Groningen.



Another challenge is making nutritious food affordable and accessible, especially for lower income groups who usually resort to calorie-dense but nutritionally deficient foods.



The study meticulously evaluated dietary emissions from food products across 139 countries, unveiling the within-country inequality of dietary emissions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plant-based-diets-to-assess-emissions">Plant-based diets to assess emissions</h2>



"The objective of the diet shift scenario is to assess emission mitigation of the food system resulting from changing consumer choices, not forcing everyone to adopt the same diet," said Yanxian Li, a PhD student at the University of Groningen.



Without question, actualizing this dietary shift would require a considerable alteration in global food production. 



For instance, the production of red meat, sugars, tubers, and grains would have to decrease, while that of legumes, nuts, added fats, and fruits and vegetables would need to increase.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-ripple-effect">The ripple effect</h2>



Achieving the desired diet shifts could affect global markets, resulting in fluctuating agricultural product prices and land value, and potentially stimulating biofuel production – a phenomenon we already witness. The ripple effects could offset some benefits of the diet shift.



The increasing consciousness of the planet’s health is encouraging. However, the profound changes required to our global food system underscore a pressing need - it’s time we started making smarter, more sustainable food choices, for our sake and the planet's.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-growing-popularity-of-plant-based-diets">Growing popularity of plant-based diets</h2>



As awareness of environmental issues increases, plant-based diets are becoming more popular across the globe. 



This shift isn't just a trend - it's a response to the growing understanding that our food choices have a profound impact on the planet.



By reducing the consumption of animal products and embracing more plant-based foods, individuals can contribute to a more sustainable food system that benefits both human health and the environment. 



This movement towards plant-based eating is not only a personal health choice but also a crucial step in the fight against climate change.



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Making the right food choices can literally change the world

Plant-based diets have the potential to reshape our planet's future...

Deforestation,In,The,Amazon,Rainforest.,Trunks,Of,Trees,Cut,Down

A new study warns that global agricultural expansion, especially in tropical regions, could lead to significant CO2 emissions and biodiversity loss.



Within a decade or two, we're looking at a noticeable uptick in agricultural expansion especially in cultivation areas. 



Global estimates expect these areas to expand by roughly 3.6%, thereby working towards an increase in worldwide agricultural production of 2%.



The study was led by Dr. Florian Zabel and Prof. Dr. Ruth Delzeit from the <a href="https://www.unibas.ch/en.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Basel</a>'s Department of Environmental Sciences. 



Together with their interdisciplinary research team, these two have delved into those spots on our blue planet that are most likely to feel the brunt of this anticipated <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/farmers-adopt-regenerative-agriculture-better-soil-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">agricultural expansion</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-agricultural-expansion-threatens-biodiversity">Agricultural expansion threatens biodiversity</h2>



The first stop on their investigation trail involved marrying socio-economic and agro-ecological criterions to pinpoint the most beneficial spots for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/increasing-plant-based-food-production-would-have-extremely-positive-impact/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">farming expansion</a>. What they discovered might set alarm bells ringing in some quarters.



According to their hard work, these new farmlands are more likely to be seen blossoming in the tropics. Despite the specter of climate change looming large, these regions hold the promise of a surge in production.



But here's the kicker: cropping lands hold significantly less carbon than the original vegetation. That means we could be staring at an emission of about 17 gigatons of CO2 in the long run, almost half of the current yearly <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-co2-emissions-expected-to-reach-a-new-high-in-2023/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">global CO2 emissions</a>.



The areas brought under the changed land-use would also witness a dip in biodiversity by 26%. Dr. Zabel, one of the research leaders, is clear in his assessment: the enlargement of farmlands is a worrisome prospect, not just for climate protection but also for biodiversity conservation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-agricultural-expansion-impacts-biodiversity">Agricultural expansion impacts biodiversity</h2>



The study doesn't just lay out the problems; it also shines a light on the solutions. In an era where conservation efforts are making political headlines worldwide, Dr. Zabel and his team have performed a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/grasslands-crucial-role-global-agriculture-environment-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cost-benefit analysis</a> of sorts.



There's some not-so-good news first: if we legally prevent agriculture from encroaching upon forests, wetlands, and existing protected areas, we risk endangering the biodiversity of grasslands, our next best option.



However, it's not all bleak and dismal. The preservation of forests and wetlands and maintaining the sanctity of protected regions have little impact on the GDP of the concerned areas. 



“Contrary to expectations, the preservation of forests, wetlands, and existing protected areas has little impact on the gross domestic product of the respective regions," says lead author Julia Schneider of <a href="https://www.lmu.de/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München</a>.



"Global agricultural production is also only slightly reduced as a result. In return, the greenhouse gas emissions caused by expansion are significantly reduced." 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-navigating-policy-pathways">Navigating policy pathways</h2>



To address the complex interplay between agricultural expansion and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/potassium-depletion-in-agricultural-soils-threatens-food-security/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">environmental stewardship</a>, policymakers must navigate a multifaceted landscape of regulations, incentives, and stakeholder collaboration.



One promising approach is the implementation of sustainable <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ai-paves-the-way-for-climate-conscious-farming/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">agricultural practices</a> that optimize yields while minimizing ecological impacts. 



This may involve transitioning to agroecological methods, integrating crop diversification, and utilizing precision <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/unleashing-the-potential-of-nanotechnology-in-agriculture/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">agriculture technologies</a>.



Policymakers are urged to promote subsidies and grants that support these sustainable practices, encouraging farmers to adopt behaviors that protect <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/concrete-becoming-great-carbon-sink-capturing-storing-co2/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">carbon sequestration</a> and biodiversity.



Furthermore, engaging local communities in decision-making processes can foster a sense of ownership and responsibility over land-use practices, potentially leading to more effective conservation outcomes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-balancing-agriculture-and-ecology">Balancing agriculture and ecology</h2>



These findings could be instrumental in managing the delicate balance between meeting the ever-increasing demand for agricultural goods and safeguarding our biodiversity. 



The study's insights could also inform the ongoing Kunming-Montreal Biodiversity Convention's discussions, where the international community is striving to protect 30% of the global land surface by 2030.



Dr. Zabel and his team's work does more than just identify the regions under threat; it underscores the potential fallout of agricultural expansion on our economy and environment. 



The goal? To enable the planning of protected regions in such a way that multiple objectives, like climate protection, biodiversity conservation, and economical interests, can all coexist harmoniously, leading us towards a more <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sustainable-food-systems-are-gaining-momentum/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sustainable future</a>.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41893-024-01410-x" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Sustainability</a>.



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Using more land for agriculture will harm climate and biodiversity

A new study warns that global agricultural expansion, especially in...

In a remarkable revelation, recent research shows that mature forests are critical warriors in the battle against <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/asian-forests-proving-resilient-both-climate-change-human-actions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a>. 



Contrary to prevailing theories, the study has revealed that older trees react to higher atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) by boosting their production of woody biomass.



This discovery strengthens the argument for the role of mature forests as natural climate solutions in trapping and storing atmospheric CO2.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-unforeseen-power-of-mature-forests">The unforeseen power of mature forests</h2>



As CO2 levels in the atmosphere rise, scientists have discovered that older forests do possess the capacity to respond. These old trees absorb the enhanced levels of CO2 by increasing their woody biomass production.



Interestingly, other elements such as leaves or fine roots, which release CO2 into the atmosphere rather rapidly, did not show a similar increase in productivity.



“Our findings refute the notion that older, mature forests cannot respond to rising levels of atmospheric CO2, but how they respond will likely depend on the supply of nutrients from the soil," said study lead author Professor Richard Norby from the <a href="https://www.birmingham.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Birmingham</a>.



“Evidence from BIFoR FACE of a significant increase in woody biomass production supports the role of mature, long-established forests as natural climate solutions in the coming decades while society strives to reduce its dependency on carbon.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mature-forests-challenging-misconceptions">Mature forests: Challenging misconceptions</h2>



Professor Norby noted that these findings refute the misconception that mature forests are incapable of responding to changing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-soil-bacteria-contribute-to-atmospheric-co2/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">atmospheric CO2</a> levels.



However, he adds a caveat that the way these forests react will likely be determined by the soil's nutrient supply.



A significant, noteworthy point that the study makes clear is that old, long-established forests are natural <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nature-based-climate-solutions-are-now-more-critical-than-ever/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate solutions</a> that will play a crucial role in the upcoming decades, helping societies reduce their carbon dependence.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-tool-for-climate-predictions">A tool for climate predictions</h2>



FACE experiments have been instrumental in understanding the interaction of forests, atmosphere, and climate. However, they were primarily conducted in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/young-trees-are-not-responding-well-to-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">young tree</a> plantations, leaving doubts about whether mature forests would respond similarly.



The research from the University of Birmingham has dispelled such doubts and provides invaluable insights for policymakers grappling with the intricate issue of climate change.



“We believe these results, at about the halfway point of our fifteen-year experiment at BIFoR FACE, will prove invaluable for policymakers around the globe as they grapple with the complexities of climate change," said study co-author Professor Rob MacKenzie.



“FACE experiments such as ours provide foundations for predictions of future atmospheric CO2 concentrations and so greatly improve confidence in policy decisions. But even if the increase in tree growth translates to a medium-term increase in carbon storage in forests, this in no way offers a reason to delay reductions in fossil fuel consumption.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-reason-for-action-not-delay">A reason for action, not delay</h2>



Despite the promising results, the researchers caution against perceiving the increased tree growth and potential <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mixed-forests-with-many-tree-species-are-more-effective-at-carbon-storage/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">carbon storage in forests</a> as a justification for postponing reductions in fossil fuel consumption.



The BIFoR FACE experiment, which altered the atmosphere around the forest since 2017, calculates the overall growth of the forest (net primary productivity, NPP). This includes the production of leaves, fine roots, flowers, seeds, and even the release of biologically active compounds from roots.



The researchers discovered that in 2021 and 2022, the net primary productivity was 9.7 and 11.5 percent larger in elevated CO2 conditions respectively. However, the increase was mostly due to wood production, with no change detected in leaf or fine-root mass production.



These findings underscore the importance of forest protection and management required to offset even essential fossil-fuel emissions. 



According to the study, the CO2 absorbed by mature forests is equivalent to only one percent of the CO2 emitted by a single commercial passenger aircraft flying one-way London to New York. This is a testament to the daunting task at hand.



The BIFoR FACE experiment is set to continue into the 2030s to further explore these relationships and to probe the long-standing interactions between forest carbon, other plant nutrients, and the forest food web.



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Mature forests play a surprising role in climate mitigation

In a remarkable revelation, recent research shows that mature forests...

Young,Happy,Caucasian,Woman,Bringing,Seedling,Of,Tree,And,Man

Often perceived as a tug of war between different goals, forest restoration has typically been viewed through the lens of trade-offs. Is the goal to capture carbon, rehabilitate nature, or perhaps, enhance human livelihoods? 



Thanks to new research, we may no longer need to choose just one. The study, spearheaded by Dr. Trisha Gopalakrishna, reveals that restoration plans aimed at a solitary goal often fall short in achieving others.



However, they found that an 'integrated' approach can concurrently deliver over 80% of the benefits in all three areas: human livelihoods, climate change mitigation, and biodiversity.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-forest-restoration-efforts">Forest restoration efforts</h2>



The researchers utilized a framework known as Nature's Contribution to People (<a href="https://www.ipbes.net/news/natures-contributions-people-ncp-article-ipbes-experts-science" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NCP</a>), which underscores the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/international-day-of-forests-2024-new-solutions-for-a-better-world/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mutually beneficial relationship</a> that exists between restoration efforts and the advantages they bring to humanity.



They examined large regions in India, assessing the potential benefits of naturally regenerating native forests in areas not currently part of the forest canopy.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-consequence-of-narrow-focus">Consequence of narrow focus</h2>



"Restoration projects sometimes have a narrow focus, which can lead to trade-offs," warns Dr. Gopalakrishna, currently from the <a href="https://www.exeter.ac.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Exeter</a>, previously affiliated with <a href="https://www.ox.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Oxford University</a>. 



For example, if you focus on carbon storage, you might plant particular tree species and fence the forests off to protect them.



If you focus on biodiversity, you might manage forests for particular species, like the emblematic Bengal tiger or Asiatic elephant. 



If you focus on human livelihoods, you might plant species that provide housing materials and fuelwood for cooking.



"The philosophy you choose would dictate your choices. Unsurprisingly, our study shows that plans with one NCP in mind tend not to deliver the others," Dr. Gopalakrishna explained.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-integrated-philosophy-and-forest-restoration">Integrated philosophy and forest restoration</h2>



Dr. Gopalakrishna calls attention to the strength of an integrated approach.



"We were surprised and pleased to find that an 'integrated' plan can deliver all three remarkably efficiently,” she shares. 



Furthermore, she points out that this approach disproportionately benefits socioeconomically disadvantaged groups, pointing towards a more equitable model of forest <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/world-environment-day-2024-a-call-for-land-restoration/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">conservation</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-forest-restoration-in-practice">Forest restoration in practice</h2>



In practice, the researchers used an optimization algorithm to pinpoint the possible forest restoration area, avoiding land that’s better suited for agriculture or grasslands. 



The results painted a compelling picture: integrated forest restoration plans deliver 83.3% of climate change mitigation NCP, 89.9% of biodiversity value NCP, and 93.9% of societal NCP, as compared to single-objective plans.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-does-integration-work">Why does integration work?</h2>



According to Dr. Gopalakrishna, integrated plans work well because they create a multifunctional landscape. They provide connectivity that enables a thriving ecosystem for both humans and animals.



The researchers discovered that 38-41% of individuals affected by integrated spatial plans come from socioeconomically disadvantaged groups. 



This percentage is notably higher than their overall representation in India’s population, suggesting a positive shift towards a more equitable approach to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/planting-trees-is-important-but-reforestation-can-help-too/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">conservation efforts</a>. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-social-equity">Social equity</h2>



By involving underrepresented communities in spatial planning, these initiatives not only address environmental concerns but also promote social equity. 



This finding highlights the importance of inclusive practices in conservation, ensuring that the benefits of such plans reach those who are often marginalized.



It reinforces the idea that effective conservation strategies must consider the social dynamics at play, ultimately leading to better outcomes for both the environment and the communities involved. 



As we move forward, it is crucial to continue monitoring and supporting policies that prioritize the inclusion of disadvantaged groups in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/planting-trees-is-important-but-reforestation-can-help-too/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">conservation efforts</a>, fostering a more just and sustainable future for all.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-looking-ahead">Looking ahead</h2>



While this research offers a promising blueprint for conservation policy, Dr. Gopalakrishna acknowledges the need for further study. 



She urges an exploration of whether these findings hold true in other countries with different types of ecosystem restoration plans.



In conclusion, this research, funded by the Oxford India Centre for Sustainable Development, offers a roadmap for forest conservation that no longer requires sacrificing one benefit for another.



Instead, it offers a compelling case for an integrated approach that delivers on multiple fronts - improving livelihoods, protecting biodiversity, and combating climate change.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2402970121" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a>.



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Forest restoration aids humans, nature, and climate together

Often perceived as a tug of war between different goals,...

Beneath the ocean waves, a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-meadows-under-threat-herbivores-migrating-warm-waters/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">green oasis exists</a> that often goes unnoticed: seagrass meadows. Think of them as the underwater equivalent of your local park. However, a recent study reveals that these meadows offer significant public health benefits that demand our attention.



The study, led by Joleah Lamb from the <a href="https://www.universityofcalifornia.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of California, Irvine</a>, and joined by Drew Harvell from <a href="https://www.cornell.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cornell University</a>, brings forth an intriguing linkage.



The research reveals that these peaceful underwater prairies have a potent protective weapon – the ability to drastically reduce bacterial pathogens in marine bivalves.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-silent-crisis">A silent crisis</h2>



Diseases from marine environments impacting humans leave an annual economic dent of a staggering $12 billion. 



Now add to this the ominous specter of antibiotic resistance, which is forecasted to cause over 300 million deaths and cost the global economy a heart-stopping $100 trillion. 



It's not tough to see why natural barriers like seagrass ecosystems are not just incredible, but vital.



"Our paper presents the first evidence that coastal urban seagrass ecosystems can reduce human bacterial pathogens, several with known widespread antibiotic resistance, in a food source that has the potential to support over half of global seafood production and consumption," said Lamb.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-seagrass-meadows-and-bacterial-pathogens">Seagrass meadows and bacterial pathogens </h2>



When the dedicated research team undertook a comprehensive inspection of mussels collected from 20 different beaches in the picturesque Puget Sound, they focused on areas that exhibited varying degrees of seagrass presence. 



The findings were nothing short of astounding. Mussels thriving in regions enriched with seagrass demonstrated a remarkable 65% reduction in bacterial pathogens compared to their counterparts from areas devoid of seagrass. 



This significant decline highlights the crucial role that seagrass plays in enhancing the health of marine ecosystems, providing not only habitat for various marine species but also contributing to the overall water quality in these coastal environments.



The implications of such research underscore the importance of preserving seagrass habitats to support healthier populations of marine life, including mussels, which are vital indicators of ocean health.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-seagrass-meadows-and-seafood-safety">Seagrass meadows and seafood safety</h2>



On their own, these findings are remarkable. But when coupled with previous research by Lamb and Harvell, which demonstrated a similar fall in pathogenic bacteria in Indonesia's seagrass meadows, they paint an even larger picture. 



It seems that flourishing seagrass ecosystems could play a critical role in advancing public health and guaranteeing safer seafood the world over.



"Seagrasses have untapped potential to contribute to the chain of survival for humans and our coastal biodiversity," Harvell said. "Seagrass meadows are prime feeding grounds for&nbsp;wild birds&nbsp;and shelter crabs, oysters, mussels and sea stars, and so the role of lower bacteria has yet unmeasured benefit for wildlife as well as humans."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-beyond-health-benefits">Beyond health benefits</h2>



But wait, the rabbit hole of seagrass benefits goes deeper. Beyond health, Lamb emphasizes that seagrass meadows provide <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-is-of-fundamental-importance-to-earths-future/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">myriad public health benefits</a>, including nutrient cycling, carbon sequestration, and shoreline protection.



Moreover, the study uncovers a worrisome fact - a substantial 1.1 billion people live within a 50-kilometer radius of seagrass ecosystems. 



Tragically, these ecosystems are disappearing at an alarming rate of 7% per year, thereby opening the door for urban planning and conservation strategies to incorporate these natural defenses.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-clarion-call-for-conservation">Clarion call for conservation</h2>



"As ecosystems continue to decline globally, there is an urgent need to invest in environmental conservation and assess the value of ecosystem services," Lamb said. 



"By doing so, we can make significant strides in addressing the biodiversity and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-meadows-and-climate-change-an-uncertain-future/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate crises</a> while simultaneously improving human health and food security."



Backed by esteemed institutions such as the Sea Doc Society, the University of California, Irvine, and The Nature Conservancy, the findings of this study call for serious attention and action.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-from-sea-to-sushi-roll">From sea to sushi roll</h2>



Ever pondered how your sushi roll is connected to the health and biodiversity of marine ecosystems? The humble seagrass plays a silent but significant role in ensuring the health and sustainability of your seafood platter. 



So, the next time you indulge in a tasty morsel of seafood, take a moment to appreciate the silent hero that is the seagrass meadow. It's a nod to our interconnectedness and a reminder of nature's often overlooked solutions to our most pressing challenges.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41893-024-01408-5" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Sustainability</a>.



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Seagrass meadows filter human pathogens, making seafood safer

Beneath the ocean waves, a green oasis exists that often...

Potatoes may have long been overshadowed by their less starchy counterparts, but new research reveals that these humble tubers could be a game-changer for those managing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/healthy-plant-based-diets-reduce-the-risk-of-type-2-diabetes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Type 2 diabetes</a> and looking to improve heart health.



Often criticized for their carbohydrate content, potatoes, especially when prepared properly, offer a powerhouse of nutrients capable of slashing waistlines and improving blood sugar levels. 



Despite their rich mineral content and numerous health benefits, potatoes have been unfairly stigmatized by many weight-conscious individuals.



However, new findings by Neda Akhavan, an assistant professor in the Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition Sciences at <a href="https://www.unlv.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UNLV</a>’s School of Integrated Health Sciences, are set to revolutionize how we view these versatile vegetables.



Akhavan, who recently presented her findings to the Alliance for Potato Research and Education, explained the motivation behind the study.



“I like doing research on food items that are highly stigmatized in the nutrition world," said Akhavan. Most people associate the potato as something that is mostly fried or has a lot of fat, and we wanted to shine a light on how a potato - when prepared properly - can be both functional and healthy.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-heart-health-benefits-of-potatoes">Heart health benefits of potatoes</h2>



The research was focused on 24 individuals, all with well-managed Type 2 diabetes. Participants in the study group were given a pre-prepared baked potato with the skin, portioned to 100g, with a hand-sized 20 grams of carbohydrates to integrate as a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/potato-chips-and-fries-will-now-be-a-healthy-snack-with-new-cooking-method/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">daily snack</a> or side dish. A control group consumed an equivalent serving of white rice.



The study extended over 12 weeks, which is the minimum duration required to observe changes in glycemic control and cardiometabolic health indicators.



The participants were allowed to flavor the potatoes with herbs, spices, or up to ½ tbsp of butter, with the only restriction being against frying the potato.



Akhavan’s study is believed to be the first of its kind to scientifically measure the cardiovascular benefits of potatoes for adults with diabetes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-potatoes-for-heart-health">Potatoes for heart health</h2>



The results painted a positive picture for potatoes. Those participants who consumed potatoes noticed a modest decrease in fasting blood glucose levels, improvements in body composition, waist circumference, and a reduction in resting heart rate.



“The results from our study provide evidence that white potatoes can be healthfully incorporated in the diet of individuals with Type 2 diabetes when substituted for other foods with a high glycemic load, such as long-grain white rice,” said Akhavan. 



“Additionally, there were no harmful effects on measured health outcomes, and some cardiometabolic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/potatoes-are-packed-with-health-benefits/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">health benefits</a> were shown, which aligned with what we expected to see. Therefore, diabetics should not shy away from potatoes.”



Akhavan emphasized the importance of moderation and preparation methods. “Potatoes are a very versatile food and can be eaten with most types of cuisines, but you want to make sure to incorporate them into a well-rounded diet." 



"For those tight on time, consider making a large batch of baked or roasted potatoes and meal prep to last you a while. I’m not against boiling potatoes, but you want to keep as much of the potassium from the skin as you can, and you lose some of that when you boil them.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-source-of-dietary-potassium">Source of dietary potassium </h2>



Potatoes are the richest source of dietary potassium in Western diets, and high-potassium diets have been shown to prevent high blood pressure and Type 2 diabetes development. 



Additionally, potato skins contain a type of fiber called "resistance starch," which has been shown to improve glucose control, lipid profiles, and satiety. Because of these added health benefits, Akhavan recommends eating potatoes with the skin.



So, the next time you want to reach for a banana, she suggests, reach for that potato instead. “A lot of people are shocked to learn that a potato has a higher level of potassium than a banana,” noted Akhavan. 



“Believe it or not, a baked potato is one of the most satiating foods consumed within the Western diet. And, when it is consumed baked, it increases our ability to feel fuller throughout the day.”



Looking ahead, Akhavan intends to expand the study to include a larger and more diverse participant population, as well as to explore the role of potato consumption within a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mediterranean-diet-keeps-the-brain-sharp-even-in-old-age/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mediterranean dietary pattern</a> and its effects on dietary patterns and related health benefits.



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Potatoes are an unexpected ally for heart health

Potatoes may have long been overshadowed by their less starchy...

The world today is more understanding – and embracing – of cannabis use than it has ever been before. Oddly enough, the green herb with its distinctive odor has quickly jumped the ranks from a controversial substance to an almost celebrated component of pop culture.



However, like with most things too good to be true, it may have a darker side. New research unveils that cannabis, while soothing in its allure, might be hiding some <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/smoking-cannabis-significantly-increases-the-risk-of-heart-attack/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">not-so-chill health risks</a> in its smoke puffs -- namely, an elevated likelihood of developing head and neck cancer!



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cancer-connection-to-cannabis">Cancer connection to cannabis</h2>



The study that lets this cat out of the bag was led by Dr. Niels Kokot, a reputable head and neck surgeon from the USC Head and Neck Center, an integral part of <a href="https://keck.usc.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Keck School of Medicine</a> at USC.



“This is one of the first studies -- and the largest that we know of to date -- to associate head and neck cancer with cannabis use,” said&nbsp;<a href="https://www.keckmedicine.org/provider/niels-c-kokot/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Niels Kokot, MD</a>, a head and neck surgeon with the USC Head and Neck Center and senior author of the study.



“The detection of this risk factor is important because head and neck cancer may be preventable once people know which behaviors increase their risk.”&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-numbers-that-demand-attention">Numbers that demand attention</h2>



The study finds that individuals with cannabis use disorder (in simpler words, a dependency on the drug) are about 3.5 to 5 times more prone to develop head and neck cancer compared to non-users.



These digits are not just mathematical concoctions. They represent real, breathing people whose lives could take a nose-dive because of their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/recreational-cannabis-use-protects-against-cognitive-decline/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">affinity for cannabis</a>.



Head and neck cancer, the unwelcome sixth most common type of cancer worldwide, encompasses malignancies that manifest in the mouth, pharynx, larynx, oropharynx (which includes the tongue, tonsils, and back of the throat), and the neighboring salivary glands.



The study suggests that the link between cannabis use disorder and increased head and neck cancer risks holds true across different demographics – age, gender, ethnicity – making it all the more chilling.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cannabis-smoke-and-cancer-risk">Cannabis smoke and cancer risk</h2>



So, what is the true villain in this narrative? Our researchers point to the smoke produced when cannabis is ignited.



While many people view <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/why-cannabis-use-disorder-risk-varies-among-young-adults/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cannabis as entirely safe</a>, it is critical to acknowledge that both cannabis and tobacco smoke may represent different aspects of the same challenge.



Each contains a complex array of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cannabis-potency-linked-to-dramatic-rise-in-psychiatric-disorders/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">harmful chemicals</a>, including tar and various carcinogens, which can disrupt the intricate structure of DNA and contribute to inflammation in the tissues of the head and neck. 



Over time, this cumulative damage could lead to serious health concerns, including cancer.



Understanding the impact of these substances on our health is essential, as it empowers us to make informed choices about their use and underscores the need for further research into their long-term effects on the body.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cannabis-vs-tobacco">Cannabis vs. tobacco</h2>



The analogy between cannabis and tobacco is vital, primarily when many individuals consider <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/chemical-found-in-cannabis-plants-can-actually-reduce-cannabis-induced-anxiety/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cannabis as a safer alternative</a>.



However, the findings from this research could turn the tables, indicating that cannabis may carry similar, if not higher, risks when it comes to head and neck cancers.



“Cannabis smoking is typically unfiltered and involves deeper inhalation <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cannabis-and-nicotine-use-during-pregnancy-linked-to-infant-mortality/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">compared to tobacco</a>,” Kokot emphasized. “Additionally, cannabis burns at a higher temperature than tobacco, increasing the risk of cancer-causing inflammation.”  



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-need-for-more-research">Need for more research</h2>



This doesn't imply it's the end of the road. The study reiterates the need for more extensive research work, especially as cannabis is becoming a global mainstay.



The researchers hope to sprinkle awareness about potential risks tied to cannabis use while continuing their quest for more concrete findings.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-smoke-signal-for-the-world">Smoke signal for the world</h2>



With <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cannabis-smokers-not-lazy-unmotivated-despite-stereotypes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cannabis topping the charts</a> as the most frequently used illicit substance globally, the study's findings could send ripples throughout the world.



As more regions contemplate making cannabis legal, these health risks should be on the table of discussion too.



Remember that when it comes to cannabis (or anything else, for that matter), informed decisions are your best bet. 



This study is a wake-up call for us to stay updated about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/prenatal-cannabis-exposure-has-unexpected-effect-on-infant-language/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">likely consequences</a>, particularly when they are as severe as head and neck cancer.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cancer-and-the-future-of-cannabis">Cancer and the future of cannabis</h2>



The link between cannabis use and head and neck cancer represents a crucial finding that warrants careful consideration. 



As <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/americas-cannabis-capitals-people-these-us-cities-consume-most-marijuana/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cannabis becomes increasingly mainstream</a>, this study underscores the necessity of understanding the potential risks linked to its use.



How might these findings influence our choices regarding health and wellness?



As research progresses, it is essential for individuals to reflect on these insights, prioritizing their long-term health and well-being in an informed manner.



By fostering a deeper awareness of such critical issues, we can better navigate the complexities of our choices and their implications for our lives.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaotolaryngology/article-abstract/2822269" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">JAMA Otolaryngology–Head &amp; Neck Surgery</a>.



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Cannabis use directly linked to head and neck cancer

The world today is more understanding – and embracing –...

Antarctica, the land of ice and snow, holds more life than you might imagine. A recent study that mapped plant life across the continent for the first time unveils surprising insights.



Covering mosses, lichens, and algae, the research uncovers a wealth of greenery expanding even in areas previously believed to be barren. These findings are set to steer conservation initiatives in the region, taking them to new frontiers.



The high-tech survey of Antarctica's plant life involved the use of a satellite belonging to the European Space Agency (<a href="https://www.esa.int" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESA</a>).



Together with data from several summer seasons' worth of field measurements, the survey discovered almost 45 square <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/antarctica-is-experiencing-rapid-plant-growth-concerning-scientists/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">kilometers of vegetation</a>.



That's approximately equivalent to triple the size of Lake Windermere in the UK's Lake District.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plant-life-of-antarctica">Plant life of Antarctica</h2>



A group of international researchers discovered that over 80% of the vegetation discovered thrives in the Antarctic Peninsula and neighboring islands.



Despite the extensive exploration, the team found that the vegetation accounts for a minuscule 0.12 percent of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/melting-glaciers-unleash-invasive-species-into-unexpected-areas/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Antarctica’s non-icy area</a>. 



This highlights the need for focused monitoring of areas abundant in vegetation, as these are inadequately shielded by the existing Antarctic Specially Protected Area (ASPA) system, according to experts.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-silent-warriors-of-antarctica">Silent warriors of Antarctica</h2>



Plant life in Antarctica, mainly mosses and lichens, has developed remarkable adaptations to withstand the region's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/record-low-antarctic-sea-ice-and-rapid-melting-pace-stuns-climate-scientists/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">harsh polar conditions</a>. 



Each plant serves a critical function in the recycling of carbon and nutrients at a local level. Before this study, the extent and distribution of these resilient greens across the continent were largely uncharted.



The exceptional environmental sensitivity of Antarctica’s flora can serve as a reliable measure of regional <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/antarctic-fish-are-increasingly-threatened-by-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a>. 



Monitoring these plants within the untouched landscapes of Antarctica might offer insights on the response of similar vegetation in other fragile regions around the world, like some areas of the Arctic.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-mosses-and-lichens">Understanding mosses and lichens</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/plant-encyclopedia/bryophytes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mosses</a> and lichens are tough, tiny organisms that make a big difference in the world. Mosses are small and soft. They usually grow in thick, green patches in damp or shady spots. 



Without roots, they soak up water and nutrients directly through their leaves. Mosses help keep the soil in place, hold moisture, and create homes for small creatures.



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hundreds-of-plant-and-lichen-species-are-overlooked-victims-of-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Lichens</a> are a bit different. They are a team made up of a fungus and an alga or cyanobacterium. The fungus offers support and shelter, while the algae or cyanobacteria make food through photosynthesis. 



This teamwork lets lichens survive in some of the harshest places on Earth, like icy tundras or bare rock surfaces. Lichens also help turn rocks into soil and provide food for various animals.



Both mosses and lichens are vital for the health of ecosystems, especially in tough environments where few other plants can live.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-influence-of-antarctica-s-plant-diversity">Influence of Antarctica's plant diversity </h2>



"Our continent-wide map reveals crucial details about vegetation in remote, seldom-visited areas," said Charlotte Walshaw, a PhD researcher at the University of Edinburgh's <a href="https://www.ed.ac.uk/geosciences" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">School of GeoSciences</a>. 



"This will significantly enhance our understanding of vegetation distribution across the continent and the factors that shape it," she concluded.



"Lichens and mosses in Antarctica face the planet's harshest conditions every day. Only the toughest organisms survive there," said Dr. Claudia Colesie, a researcher at the University of Edinburgh's School of GeoSciences. "With this knowledge, we can now focus on targeted conservation efforts to protect their future."



“Remote sensing approaches such as this are low impact methods to study Antarctica’s fragile ecosystem as well as monitor changes to its vegetation in the future,” noted Dr Andrew Gray from the <a href="https://www.nina.no/english/Home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Norwegian Institute for Nature Research</a>, who jointly led the study.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-role-of-technology-in-ecological-research">Role of technology in ecological research</h2>



As our understanding of ecosystems deepens, the integration of advanced technology in ecological research has become increasingly vital. 



The recent aerial survey of Antarctica's plant life exemplifies how innovative tools can enhance our ability to gather data in remote and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/antarctica-has-lost-3000-billion-tons-of-ice-in-25-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">harsh environments</a>.



Technologies such as satellite imagery and remote sensing not only allow researchers to map vegetation efficiently but also provide a broader perspective on ecological changes over time. 



These methods enable scientists to monitor shifts in plant distributions, assess the health of ecosystems, and identify areas at risk from climate change or human activity.



The use of drones with imaging technology is also transforming ecological studies by navigating challenging terrains and capturing detailed imagery. This allows rapid data collection and timely conservation strategies adaptable to a changing climate.



Combining satellite data, field measurements, and drone technology expands our understanding of remote regions. These tools help unveil hidden ecosystems and enhance biodiversity protection. 



Embracing technology in ecological research is vital for effective future conservation and management.



-----



The majority of the research team hailed from the <a href="https://www.ed.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Edinburgh</a>, along with the <a href="https://www.nina.no/english/Home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Norwegian Institute for Nature Research</a>, <a href="https://www.bas.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">British Antarctic Survey</a>, and <a href="https://www.sams.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Scottish Association for Marine Science</a>.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41561-024-01492-4">Nature Geoscience</a>.



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Antarctica hosts more plant life than scientists expected to find

Antarctica, the land of ice and snow, holds more life...

Tipuana trees are emerging as a beacon of hope amidst the serious threat of climate change, which is altering weather patterns and leading to extreme conditions like heatwaves and droughts. 



In São Paulo, Brazil, scientists have discovered that these remarkable trees not only survive but thrive in challenging environments, continuing to provide invaluable contributions to the ecosystem.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-drought-in-sao-paulo-s-green-spaces">Drought in São Paulo's green spaces</h2>



In a study focusing on the 2013-14 <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/drought-kills-trees-faster-than-previously-thought/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">drought</a>, scientists observed how this extreme weather event affected urban trees. The researchers studied seasonal changes, noting that usually, a rainy summer should encourage vigorous tree growth.



Surprisingly, Tipuana trees seemed to thrive despite these challenging conditions, exhibiting accelerated photosynthesis and higher growth rates, even under severe weather conditions.



Study co-author Giuliano Locosselli noted: "We need cities to be increasingly resilient in the context of global warming."



Advocating for intentional decisions in tree planting, the argument leans towards species capable of withstanding <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/extreme-weather-can-flip-forests-from-carbon-sinks-to-carbon-sources/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">extreme weather</a>, thereby guaranteeing the provision of indispensable ecosystem services, like carbon capture and temperature regulation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-research">Focus of the research </h2>



"Cities are vulnerable to droughts and heatwaves due to the decline in permeable green spaces and the emergence of heat islands," wrote the study authors. 



"To tackle these environmental challenges, many cities adopted ambitious tree-planting initiatives. However, tree tolerance to climate extremes is overlooked even though physiological and growth limitations jeopardize ecosystem services provision."



Notably, the researchers responsible for this vital discovery hail from the <a href="https://www5.usp.br/english/institutional/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of São Paulo</a>’s Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture (CENA-USP). Their important work was supported by FAPESP through two separate projects.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-urban-areas-the-epicenter-of-climate-change">Urban areas: The epicenter of climate change </h2>



As urbanization progresses, it is estimated that 68% of the global population will be residing in cities by 2050. This rapid expansion, coupled with the growing number of heat islands, increases vulnerability to droughts and other <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-will-climate-change-affect-extreme-weather-events/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">extreme events</a>.



In an urban environment, the health of plants is often compromised by concrete structures, air pollution, and shifts in microclimates due to rising greenhouse gas emissions. 



Consequently, the urgency for incorporating <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tree-diversity-makes-forests-more-resilient-against-storms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">resilient species</a> such as the Tipuana tree into urban landscapes becomes even more critical. The trees play a pivotal role in enhancing ecosystem services and fostering a healthy, sustainable urban environment in the face of climate change.



In response to this threat, the Brazilian government launched the Resilient Green Cities program on World Environment Day.



This forward-thinking program focuses on fostering sustainable practices and integrating policies to enhance the value of ecosystem services provided by urban green spaces, ultimately aiming to create a more resilient and thriving urban ecosystem for generations to come.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tipuana-trees-a-model-for-resilience">Tipuana trees: A model for resilience</h2>



The study emphasizes the need for city planning to include resilient species in the urban plant cover, ensuring that these plants can adapt and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plants-in-dry-landscapes-have-surprising-diversity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">thrive</a> under challenging environmental conditions.



The research adds significant value to urban biodiversity, with the resilient Tipuana tree standing as a prime model of adaptability and robustness.



Furthermore, the team is actively exploring other resilient native species to further diversify and enrich the city's ecological framework.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-power-of-the-resilient-tipuana-tree">The power of the resilient Tipuana tree</h2>



Originally from Bolivia and northern Argentina, the Tipuana tree has become a common sight in São Paulo and other parts of the world, including North America, Europe, Asia, the Middle East, and Australia. 



The tree's resilience, which has been present for over a century, is now being recognized as a significant asset in building climate resilience.



In their research, the scientists analyzed growth rings in street and park trees, focusing on stable carbon isotopes that reflect processes relating to the carbon cycle. Their findings showed an increase in these isotopes during the drought, boosting the growth of the Tipuana trees.



"Having Tipuana trees in the city is a significant advantage," said Locosselli. However, he said it remains to be seen whether the species will be able to maintain its tolerance of water stress if a sequence of extreme events occurs.



The study opens new possibilities in our global fight against climate change, offering a promising look into nature-based solutions. 



Through intentional and strategic urban planning, our cities can become resilient sanctuaries in the face of increasing weather extremities.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2212095524001603" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Urban Climate</a>.



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Resilient trees can help protect cities from climate change

Tipuana trees are emerging as a beacon of hope amidst...

Plants are the survivors of nature, equipped with a remarkable ability to cope with diverse climatic conditions. Their resilience against weather extremes and grazing pressure offers rich insights about biodiversity and the future of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/restoration-of-drylands-essential-for-survival/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dryland ecosystems</a>.



Even more intriguing is the fact that such resilient traits, which help plants thrive in dry landscapes, are not as uncommon as one might presume.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-puzzling-phenomenon-of-plant-traits">Puzzling phenomenon of plant traits</h2>



An international team of scientists led by Fernando Maestre of the <a href="https://www.kaust.edu.sa/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">King Abdullah University of Science and Technology</a> (KAUST) delved into the fascinating world of plant traits and their response to changes in aridness and grazing pressure across global drylands.



Surprisingly, the researchers found that as aridity and grazing pressure increased, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plant-diversity-may-never-fully-recover-from-agriculture/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plant diversity</a> did not decrease as expected.



Instead, the diversity of traits, particularly those linked to nutrient cycling, rose notably above an aridity threshold of 0.7, which marks the transition between semi-arid and arid zones. This increase in diversity was consistent with elevated grazing pressure.



Maestre, who was at the helm of this revolutionary study termed BIODESERT, noted that global initiatives aiming to describe plant trait diversity have focused on plant morphology and leaf carbon economy, but neglected the diversity of chemical elements that sustain plant survival and growth.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plant-survival-strategies-in-dry-landscapes">Plant survival strategies in dry landscapes </h2>



The research team conducted a thorough field survey to analyze the implications of aridity and grazing pressure on plant traits. They selected 98 sites from 25 countries, representing a global aridity gradient. Their selection included several plots spanning local gradients of grazing pressure.



The findings of the study were eye-opening. Variations in functional traits highlighted shifts in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-reveals-how-plants-adapt-to-changing-climates/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plant adaptation</a> strategies under changing environmental conditions.



Similarly, the researchers noticed that aridity and grazing triggered a plethora of strategies to endure water shortage and grazing.



The team measured traits associated with the concentration of 14 chemical elements in leaves, leaf and plant size, and the leaf carbon economy.



This invaluable data sheds light on how aridity and grazing shape the co-variations and trade-offs observed among multiple morphological and chemical plant traits across dry landscapes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-defying-nature-s-rule-book">Defying nature’s rule book</h2>



With rising levels of aridity, plants exhibited contrasting strategies. Some were tall species with fast-growing leaves following stress-avoidance strategies, and others were small conservative species following stress-tolerance strategies. The experts also noticed variations in Mg-Ca and Zn-Na concentrations in the leaves.



“These elemental strategies can reflect the contrasting role of chemical elements in plants, either as a way to tolerate high aridity levels or as base elements for defensive compounds against grazers," noted Maestre.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-redefining-plant-phenotypic-diversity">Redefining plant phenotypic diversity</h2>



The study provides novel insights into how vascular plants react to biotic stressors and environmental extremes.



More than half of the trait diversity was observed in the most arid and grazed drylands, highlighting the unique nature of these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plants-change-their-roots-to-survive-harsh-conditions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">harsh environments</a>. Contrary to popular belief, harsh environmental conditions did not reduce plant trait diversity. 



“Our results also highlight the importance of considering a plant’s chemical composition (the elementone) to understand dryland biodiversity responses to ongoing climate change,” said Maestre. 



“Plants could have many alternative strategies to cope with increases in environmental stress induced by climate change and land-use intensification.”



Maestre plans to expand the BIODESERT survey into the arid and hyper-arid ecosystems of Saudi Arabia. His research offers valuable insights into how Saudi plant diversity can respond to ongoing climate change and also aids the selection of species suitable for ongoing and future greening programs.



The research confirms that plants are far from fragile, devising astounding strategies to survive and thrive in the harshest of conditions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-role-of-conservation-in-arid-ecosystems">The role of conservation in arid ecosystems</h2>



Understanding plant diversity in arid terrains highlights the urgent need for conservation efforts to protect these unique ecosystems. Climate change poses significant threats, making proactive measures essential to preserve <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/algae-genetics-could-help-engineer-more-resilient-plants/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">resilient plant species</a>.



Conservation should focus on safeguarding habitats from land degradation, overgrazing, and unsustainable agriculture, while also restoring degraded landscapes to enhance biodiversity. 



Involving local communities and incorporating Indigenous knowledge can create a collaborative approach to land management.



Promoting research and monitoring programs will ensure ongoing understanding of plant adaptation, enabling targeted conservation strategies. 



By recognizing the importance of these efforts, we can help sustain the resilient plant species that thrive in the harshest climates.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07731-3" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a>.



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Plants in dry landscapes have surprising diversity

Plants are the survivors of nature, equipped with a remarkable...

The natural world is full of wonders, one of which involves the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-do-symbiotic-relationships-evolve-between-species/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">symbiotic relationship</a> between plants and the animals that assist in seed dispersal.



The conventional wisdom is that birds and mammals, tempted by the sight of red fruit hanging from branches, are the primary players in this relationship. 



A study from <a href="https://www.kobe-u.ac.jp/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Kobe University</a>, however, has shown that insects might be doing more to help plants reproduce than we previously realized.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-allure-of-tasty-fruit">The allure of tasty fruit</h2>



Plants offer delicious fruit to animals like <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/birds-increase-forest-recovery-by-dispersing-seeds/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">birds</a> and mammals with the aim of getting them to swallow their smooth, sturdy seeds. 



These creatures then move away from the plant and excrete the seeds, giving them a chance to grow in a new location. 



But are bigger animals the only ones playing this seed-dispersal role? Traditional thought may have led us to believe so, but the intriguing new study offers a different perspective.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-insects-unsung-heroes-of-seed-dispersal">Insects: Unsung heroes of seed dispersal</h2>



Led by botanist SUETSUGU Kenji, the research team focused on interactions between plants and arthropods, particularly those plants that produce dust-like seeds.



These are often encapsulated in whitish, somewhat translucent fruit that promptly falls to the ground once ripe. 



Due to their minute size and ground-dwelling habits, insects become the best candidates for dispersing these subtle seeds.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-investigating-insects-in-action">Investigating insects in action</h2>



The researchers traveled to Amami-Oshima Island in Japan to study a shrub-like plant called Rhynchotechum discolor, which produces such translucent fruit with dust seeds. 



The team undertook nocturnal photography, capturing images of insects feasting on the fallen fruit. They also trapped <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/natures-silent-language-decoding-the-chemical-signals-of-insects/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">insects</a> nearby and examined their excrement to identify whether plant seeds were present and viable.



The team's findings verified that insects, specifically camel crickets, were the primary consumers of the Rhynchotechum discolor fruit.According to the researchers, roughly 80% of the seeds found in the insects' excrement were still viable.



"This result provides the first evidence of insects acting as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/woodlice-prove-crucial-players-plant-seed-dispersal/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">seed dispersers</a> for a light-harvesting, green plant in regions inhabited by land-dwelling mammals," said SUETSUGU Kenji.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenging-conventional-wisdom">Challenging conventional wisdom </h2>



These findings challenge the traditional thought that insects only play a major role in seed dispersal in special situations. 



"Our findings challenge the notion that insect-mediated seed dispersal is a special case and suggest that it may be more widespread and ecologically important than previously understood," noted SUETSUGU Kenji.



The research also sheds light on the evolution of dust seeds. The small size and minimal energy reserves of dust seeds have often been linked with heterotrophy.



Yet, the study on Rhynchotechum discolor suggests that small seed size could have evolved as a strategy to transform seed-eating insects into seed-dispersing agents.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-paving-the-way-for-future-studies">Paving the way for future studies</h2>



The Kobe University team believes that similar seed dispersal systems might be common in plants that produce dust seeds, which are found in at least 13 families. 



"We have laid the groundwork for future studies to investigate similar interactions in other regions and with other plant species," rapid SUETSUGU Kenji. 



"This research enhances our knowledge of how plants adapt to their environments and the roles that different organisms play in their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plant-life-cycles-predicting-the-impacts-of-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">life cycles</a>."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-of-insect-mediated-seed-dispersal">Implications of insect-mediated seed dispersal</h2>



Understanding the role of insects in seed dispersal opens new avenues for appreciating ecosystem dynamics. 



Insects are abundant and diverse, often occupying various ecological niches that larger animals cannot. This means they can facilitate plant reproduction in environments that are less accessible to traditional seed dispersers. 



For instance, in densely packed forests or urban areas where larger mammals might be scarce, insects can ensure that plant species continue to thrive by spreading their seeds effectively.



Moreover, the relationship between plants and their insect seed dispersers emphasizes the interconnectedness of life forms in an ecosystem. 



As insects help disperse seeds, they also contribute to genetic diversity by allowing plants to colonize new areas and creating opportunities for adaptation to changing environments. 



This ecological function is vital in the face of climate change, as plants that can distribute their seeds effectively may have a better chance of survival.



Finally, recognizing insects as significant players in seed dispersal can inform conservation strategies. Protecting insect populations is crucial not only for their intrinsic value but also for maintaining healthy plant communities and ecosystems. 



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://nph.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ppp3.10556" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Plants People Planet</a>.



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Insects play a much bigger role in seed dispersal than we thought

The natural world is full of wonders, one of which...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that scientists never expected.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hidden-waters-beneath-ancient-craters">Hidden waters beneath ancient craters</h2>



Scientists have made a startling discovery that challenges everything we thought we knew about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/saturn-moon-mimas-has-remarkably-young-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Saturn's moon Mimas</a>. Beneath the heavily cratered surface that earned it the nickname "Death Star" lies a global ocean that formed just 5 to 15 million years ago—a remarkably young age by cosmic standards.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cassini-data-reveals-orbital-secrets">Cassini data reveals orbital secrets</h2>



The discovery, led by Dr. Valéry Lainey of the <a href="https://observatoiredeparis.psl.eu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Observatoire de Paris</a>, emerged from careful analysis of <a href="https://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>'s Cassini spacecraft data. By studying subtle irregularities in Mimas's orbit around Saturn, researchers detected the gravitational signature of liquid water hidden 20 to 30 kilometers beneath the moon's icy shell.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-an-unlikely-ocean-world">An unlikely ocean world</h2>



At only 400 kilometers in diameter, Mimas seemed like the least likely candidate to harbor a subsurface ocean. Unlike other ocean moons such as Europa and Enceladus, which show clear surface signs of internal activity, Mimas displays no obvious hints of the liquid water beneath its ancient, crater-scarred exterior.



"Mimas is a small moon, and its heavily cratered surface gave no hint of the hidden ocean beneath," explained Dr. Nick Cooper from <a href="https://www.qmul.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Queen Mary University of London</a>, a study co-author.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-astrobiology">Implications for astrobiology</h2>



The ocean's recent formation makes Mimas a prime target for studying how oceans develop and potentially support life. This discovery adds another member to the exclusive club of ocean worlds in our solar system, each offering unique insights into the conditions necessary for habitability.



The research, published in <a href="https://www.nature.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a> journal, demonstrates how advanced orbital analysis can reveal hidden features of celestial bodies, opening new possibilities for understanding ocean formation throughout the cosmos.



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Scientists discover unexpected young ocean on Saturn's cratered moon Mimas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ 'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE
</div></figure>



On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop and sunlight barely penetrates through the polar winter. It was here, however, that an international team of scientists found <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/predatory-worms-were-terror-beasts-half-a-billion-years-ago/#google_vignette" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evidence of sea monsters</a> that would change our understanding of ocean life in the past.



This video captures the discovery of Timorebestia fossils that had been hidden for more than 500 million years in the Sirius Passet formation. The "terror beasts," as they are called, are a hidden chapter in the evolutionary history of <a href="https://www.earth.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth</a>, showing that sophisticated predator-prey interactions occurred much earlier than previously envisioned.



Dr. Jakob Vinther and his research team at the <a href="https://www.bristol.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bristol</a>, in collaboration with researchers at the <a href="https://eng.kopri.re.kr/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Korean Polar Research Institute</a>, braved extreme weather conditions at 82.5 north latitude to locate these giant creatures. Using sophisticated electron microprobe analysis, they revealed the detailed anatomy of the animals, including their muscle and nerve tissues.



The find upsets the traditional timeline of sea predators. Although we've long appreciated that Cambrian oceans were at one time ruled by <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jWI3-UgA3_o&amp;list=PL1QLQMW9MWDwpkFOnvgAmu7wT6rZmYqdJ&amp;index=19" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">arthropods</a>, these discoveries indicate that relatives of arrow worms were first to dominate the seas. These worms were building sophisticated food webs several million years before other predator groups arose.



Each fossil is a story of ancient hunger, with fossil stomach contents revealing these meter-long beasts dined on heavily armored arthropods regularly, cementing their place as the ocean's first apex predators.



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Worms dominated seas before dinosaurs

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">New York is the site of the world's oldest forest.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-385-million-year-old-trees-discovered">385-million-year-old trees discovered</h2>



Scientists have uncovered something extraordinary just two hours north of New York City. The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/worlds-oldest-forest-discovered-close-to-new-york-city/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">world's oldest forest</a>, dating back 385 million years, offers a window into how Earth's first complex forests shaped our planet's atmosphere.



Located near <a href="https://townofcairo.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cairo, New York</a>, in Greene County, these weren't merely primitive plants struggling to survive. These were sophisticated trees with root systems remarkably similar to modern forests. This ancient woodland predates dinosaurs by 140 million years.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-cairo-forest-discovery">The Cairo forest discovery</h2>



385 million years ago, upstate New York was a tropical paradise near the equator. Thanks to continental drift, this ancient forest has traveled thousands of miles to its current location.



The fossil forest sits in an abandoned quarry, roughly half the size of a football field. This represents just a slice of what was likely a massive forest system stretching from New York into Pennsylvania.



Charles Ver Straeten, curator of sedimentary rocks at the <a href="https://www.nysm.nysed.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">New York State Museum</a>, made the discovery in 2009. While scouting the former highway department property, his trained eye spotted wandering patterns in the stone that looked like marine features.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-age-and-preservation">Revolutionary age and preservation</h2>



The site contains 385-million-year-old rocks with fossilized woody roots forming horizontal patterns up to 18 feet (5.5 meters) wide. As Christopher Berry, a paleobotanist at Cardiff University, explains: "You are walking through the roots of ancient trees."



This discovery pushes back advanced tree evolution by millions of years. The research, published in <a href="https://www.cell.com/current-biology/home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current Biology</a> in December 2019, fundamentally changes our understanding of when complex forests first emerged.



Researchers believe a massive flood buried the forest floor, creating perfect fossilization conditions. Over millions of years, sediment hardened into rock, preserving these root patterns like nature's time capsule.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meet-archaeopteris-the-first-modern-tree">Meet Archaeopteris: the first modern tree</h2>



The star of this ancient forest is Archaeopteris – not to be confused with the feathered dinosaur Archaeopteryx. This tree was far older and more revolutionary.



William Stein from <a href="https://www.binghamton.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Binghamton University</a> describes the roots as "strikingly modern, essentially what you'd see outside in my yard right now." These weren't simple root systems you'd expect from ancient plants.



Some fossilized roots are six inches (15 centimeters) in diameter, forming 36-foot-wide (11-meter) patterns. These giants grew up to 65 feet (20 meters) tall with five-foot-diameter (1.5-meter) trunks.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-changing-impact">Climate-changing impact</h2>



These trees fundamentally changed Earth's environment. Kevin Boyce, a Stanford University geoscientist, explains how their deep roots triggered "weathering," chemical reactions that pulled carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.



This process dropped atmospheric CO2 levels from 10-15 times higher than today to roughly modern concentrations. These ancient trees helped create atmospheric conditions that made complex life possible.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ancient-forest-ecosystem">Ancient forest ecosystem</h2>



The forest was remarkably diverse. Scientists identified Eospermatopteris, palm tree-like plants with short roots that reached 30 feet (9 meters) tall but lacked woody structure. The forest also housed cladoxylopsids and a mysterious third species still being studied.



All reproduced through spores rather than seeds – millions of years before seeds evolved. This tropical environment had no grass, flowers, or flying insects, just towering trees creating Earth's first complex forest canopy.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-significance">Scientific significance</h2>



Before this finding, the Gilboa forest, located 25 miles (40 kilometers) away, held the "oldest forest" title. Cairo's trees are 2-3 million years older, showing that complex forest ecosystems developed much faster than scientists believed possible.



Patricia Gensel, a <a href="https://www.unc.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of North Carolina</a> paleobotanist, notes: "The size of those root systems is really changing the picture. Even 20 years ago, researchers assumed trees with such complex root systems didn't evolve so early."



The Cairo site presents three unique root systems, suggesting Devonian period forests were diverse ecosystems with different trees occupying different environmental niches, much like today's forests.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-preservation-efforts">Modern preservation efforts</h2>



In 2022, New York State Senator Michelle Hinchey secured a $170,000 grant for the town of Cairo to construct specialized fencing around the fossil forest site. The town plans to conduct a feasibility study exploring the possibility of creating an educational center and working lab on-site.



Joe Hasenkopf, chair of the Cairo Planning Board, hopes to partner with educational institutions to create a research facility serving scientists, students, and the public.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lessons-for-today-s-climate">Lessons for today's climate</h2>



Why does a 385-million-year-old forest matter today? It shows how dramatically forests can change Earth's climate. These ancient woodlands created the atmospheric conditions supporting complex life.



Understanding how prehistoric forests transformed the planet helps us appreciate modern forests' critical role in addressing climate change. Forests remain Earth's most effective carbon capture systems.



These prehistoric trees changed Earth's atmosphere by pulling massive amounts of carbon dioxide from the air. As we face modern climate challenges, this ancient forest reminds us of trees' incredible power to transform our planet's environment.



The next time you walk through a forest, remember you're experiencing an ecosystem whose blueprint was established 385 million years ago in upstate New York. These ancient pioneers didn't just survive – they thrived and changed the world forever.



The full study was published in the journal Current Biology.



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Earth's oldest forest found in the United States

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ New York is the site of the world's oldest...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Acid rain and a crisis solved.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-don-t-we-ever-hear-about-acid-rain-anymore-the-environmental-crisis-that-was-solved">Why don't we ever hear about "acid rain" anymore? The environmental crisis that was solved</h2>



Remember the 1980s when acid rain dominated headlines? Dire warnings about rain eating buildings, killing fish, and destroying forests filled every news cycle. Then, almost like magic, acid rain vanished from public discourse. What happened? Did we actually solve one of the late 20th century's most pressing environmental challenges?



The answer might surprise you. Unlike many environmental issues that drag on indefinitely, acid rain represents one of modern history's most successful ecological recovery stories. It's a tale of science, politics, and technology working together to tackle what seemed impossible.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What was acid rain?</h2>



Acid rain isn't regular rain having a bad day – it's precipitation that became significantly more acidic due to air pollution. When power plants, factories, and vehicles burn fossil fuels, they release sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) into the atmosphere.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The science behind it</h2>



Think of acid rain as nature's chemistry experiment gone wrong. These compounds react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form sulfuric and nitric acids. When mixed with water vapor in clouds, they create precipitation with dangerously low pH levels.



While clean rain has a pH of about 5.6, acid rain could drop as low as 4.2 to 4.4 – roughly as acidic as tomato juice or coffee. According to US Geological Survey documentation, Scottish chemist Angus Smith first coined "acid rain" in 1872, but it didn't become a household phrase until the 1960s and 1970s when Swedish scientist Svante Odén documented its devastating effects on Scandinavian lakes and European forests.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The crisis at its peak</h2>



During the height of public concern, environmental damage was both widespread and visible. This wasn't some abstract future threat – people could see destruction happening in real-time.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Environmental devastation</h2>



The most dramatic impacts were impossible to ignore. Research documented by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation shows that in the Adirondack Mountains, more than 200 lakes became so acidic they couldn't support fish life. The Adirondack Council reports that 409 lakes once supported brook trout, but many lost their fish populations due to acid rain.



By 1976, when scientists cataloged all acidified lakes in the Adirondack Park, researchers found that half of the lakes over 2,000 feet above sea level had no fish, according to studies published in environmental journals. The acidification process worked like a slow-motion disaster. As acid rain fell into watersheds, it gradually lowered pH levels. Fish couldn't survive in acidic water, and their food sources died off too.



Trees at high elevations showed stress directly linked to acid rain. It weakened them by leaching nutrients and making them susceptible to disease. Historical records show Germany's Black Forest saw nearly half its trees damaged by the mid-1980s.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Economic impact</h2>



Acid rain wasn't just environmental – it was expensive. Acidic precipitation corroded infrastructure, buildings, and monuments. Historic stone structures deteriorated at accelerated rates. Tourism suffered as lakes became fishless and forests declined. EPA economic analyses from the period documented repair costs mounting into billions annually.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The solution: government action and technology</h2>



Transformation from crisis to success required unprecedented cooperation between governments, industries, and environmental groups.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The Clean Air Act of 1990</h2>



The turning point came with the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, signed by President George H.W. Bush. This represented a fundamentally new approach to environmental regulation, as documented in EPA historical records.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Cap-and-trade success</h2>



Instead of mandating specific technologies, the 1990 amendments introduced something revolutionary: a cap-and-trade system for sulfur dioxide emissions. EPA program documentation shows this market-based approach set overall limits but allowed companies to trade emission allowances.



The genius was harnessing market forces to find cost-effective pollution reduction. Companies reducing emissions cheaply could sell excess allowances to those facing higher costs. Research published in environmental economics journals and EPA progress reports shows this resulted in dramatic SO2 reduction at a fraction of projected costs.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Technology advances</h2>



Policy provided the framework, but technology made reductions possible. Studies in atmospheric science journals document the widespread adoption of flue gas desulfurization systems ("scrubbers") that removed sulfur dioxide before it reached the atmosphere. By the 2000s, new installations could remove over 95% of SO2 emissions, according to EPA technical reports.



The push coincided with cleaner energy development. Natural gas produces fewer sulfur compounds than coal. Wind and solar, emerging in the 1990s, captured growing market share, reducing reliance on high-sulfur coal.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-we-don-t-hear-about-it-today">Why we don't hear about it today</h2>



Why did acid rain disappear from headlines? Simple: the problem was largely solved.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Success doesn't make news</h2>



There's an old journalism saying: "If it bleeds, it leads." Environmental success stories don't generate urgency like crisis reporting. Media attention shifted to other challenges: climate change, plastic pollution, and biodiversity loss. There's only so much environmental anxiety the public can absorb, and newer concerns replaced acid rain.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Mission accomplished</h2>



The primary reason is beautifully simple: interventions worked. EPA monitoring data shows sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990. Academic research published in environmental science journals confirms pH levels in formerly affected areas returned closer to normal. This represents one of history's most dramatic environmental recoveries. Studies by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation show fishless lakes now support healthy populations. Forests recovered, and building damage slowed dramatically.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-is-it-really-gone">Is it really gone?</h2>



The crisis is largely resolved, but monitoring data shows the problem isn't completely eliminated – it's managed to acceptable levels. Some areas still experience occasional events during high pollution periods. International environmental research indicates that rapidly industrializing Asian countries face similar problems to what we experienced decades ago, though they're implementing successful strategies.



EPA research shows nitrogen oxide emissions proved more challenging than sulfur dioxide, coming from vehicles and mobile sources. Climate science studies suggest changing weather patterns add complexity to how acid rain forms and falls.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What this teaches us</h2>



The acid rain experience proves that seemingly intractable environmental problems can be solved with scientific understanding, political will, and technological innovation. Environmental monitoring data shows recovery speed was remarkable – within a decade, measurable improvements appeared in air quality and ecosystem health.



Success came from bipartisan support across party lines. Policy analysis studies show the market-based approach appealed to those preferring economic incentives while achieving environmental goals. This support created lasting policy surviving political changes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Conclusion</h2>



Acid rain's disappearance from public consciousness represents environmental science's greatest success stories. Through effective regulation, technological innovation, and international cooperation, we transformed an overwhelming crisis into a manageable challenge.



Today's silence isn't because we forgot – it's because we solved it. The 1990 Clean Air Act, combined with technology and energy market changes, reduced acid rain emissions over 90%, according to comprehensive EPA data analysis.



This success offers hope for current challenges. It proves complex problems can be solved when science, policy, and technology work together. As we face climate change and plastic pollution, acid rain reminds us that dramatic positive change is possible.



Next time someone asks whether environmental regulations work, remember acid rain. It's proof that sometimes, we get it right.



<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>



Sources: This article draws from EPA official documentation and progress reports, peer-reviewed research published in environmental and atmospheric science journals, historical data from the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation records, US Geological Survey publications, policy analysis studies, and environmental monitoring data collected over three decades.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Frequently Asked Questions</h2>



1. Is acid rain completely gone? No, but EPA monitoring shows it's reduced to manageable levels. US sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990, making acid rain much less severe than the 1980s crisis.



2. How long did solving take? Environmental monitoring data shows significant improvements began within 5-10 years of 1990s emission controls. Full ecosystem recovery took longer – some areas need 20-30 years for complete recovery.



3. What made the solution successful? Clear scientific understanding, visible damage motivating action, bipartisan support, available technology, and innovative market-based policies like cap-and-trade.



4. Do other countries have acid rain problems? Yes, particularly rapidly industrializing Asian countries. However, international environmental research shows many implement similar successful control strategies.



5. Could acid rain return? Potentially, if regulations weaken or we return to high-sulfur coal without controls, though effects would take years to become severe according to environmental projections.



6. Can you recommend any teaching tools on the subject of "acid rain"? The United States Environmental Protection Agency produced a wonderful teacher's guide for ages 14 and under that you can find on the EPA website here: <a href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf</a>



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The environmental problem we actually solved

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk Acid rain and a crisis solved. Why don't we...

Fresh,Radish,Harvest,On,Soil,In,Garden.

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/Fi2OeEwuzRM?si=vTyd2m9FMmtyWkex
</div></figure>







Mid-July is an opportune time to kick-start a thriving fall garden, and this guide lays out the best vegetables and herbs to plant now for a fruitful autumn harvest. 



Fast-growing leafy greens such as spinach, lettuce, kale, and arugula perform especially well in the waning summer heat, with harvests beginning as soon as 30 days. 



These cool-season crops relish the transition into fall, offering repeated yields with cut-and-come-again methods.



Root vegetables like radishes, carrots, and beets also excel during this period. Radishes deliver satisfaction in under a month, while carrots and beets mature in about two months. Employing succession planting ensures a continuous stream of produce deep into the cooler months. 



For a boost of fresh flavor, herbs like cilantro, basil, dill, and chervil are excellent picks. These heat-loving varieties flourish in July’s warmth and are harvest-ready in about 30 days, especially when sown continuously.



Gardeners in zones 6 through 9 can benefit from planting bush beans and snap peas, which don’t require trellising and are ideal for compact plots. 



Maturing in 50–60 days, they’re a smart choice for quick, protein-rich harvests. For those in hotter regions, heat-tolerant crops such as okra and southern peas provide reliable yields and thrive in scorching conditions.



This guide emphasizes more than crop selection—it highlights the importance of timing, soil preparation, and ongoing sowing techniques. 



With thoughtful planning and attention to regional climate needs, even late-summer gardeners can enjoy fresh salads, hearty stews, and the satisfaction of a robust, homegrown harvest well into fall.



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What to plant in your garden in mid-July

https://youtu.be/Fi2OeEwuzRM?si=vTyd2m9FMmtyWkex Mid-July is an opportune time to kick-start a thriving...

Green,Ecoduct,Over,An,Empty,Highway,During,Sunset.

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU
</div></figure>



A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that wildlife tunnels significantly reduce amphibian road mortality during seasonal migrations. 



Frogs and salamanders often cross roads to reach breeding ponds each spring, but many are killed by vehicles. 



Researchers from the <a href="https://www.uvm.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Vermont</a>, in collaboration with local citizens and the Vermont Agency of Natural Resources, installed two underpass tunnels in 2015. 



Over a 12-year monitoring period, they observed an 80.2% reduction in amphibian deaths, and up to 94% for non-climbing species like salamanders. 



The study used a before-after-control-impact design and documented more than 5,200 amphibians, highlighting the tunnels’ effectiveness even in nearby buffer zones.



Funded at $342,397 - far cheaper than wildlife crossings for large mammals - the project showcased the power of community-led conservation.



Local groups initiated the effort after observing mass amphibian deaths. Wildlife cameras later captured over 2,200 amphibians using a tunnel in just one spring, along with other species like raccoons and bobcats, indicating wider ecosystem benefits.



This marks the first peer-reviewed, long-term data set in the northeastern U.S. confirming amphibian-specific underpasses work. 



The study urges transportation departments to incorporate these designs into road planning and highlights how community action, thoughtful infrastructure, and persistence can make a real difference for biodiversity.



The full study was published in the <a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1617138125000780" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal for Nature Conservation</a>.



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Wildlife tunnels save millions of amphibians

https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that...

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. 



The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.



<figure class="wp-block-embed aligncenter is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/Ug657J67iEo?si=w96YjGMsg939LD_3
</div></figure>



Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. 



Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.



Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. 



They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).



Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.



Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.



This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?



One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;



While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;



Video Credit: ACS Reactions



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

How does salt makes things taste better?

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;



'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."



"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Santiago, Chile in South America

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Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

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Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.



The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;



"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."



"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."



"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."



The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.



Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.



According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."



Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;



ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. 



Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.



"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.



"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."



Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.



"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.



"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."



Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.



The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.



At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;



"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.



"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."



The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.



Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

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Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."



The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.



"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;



"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

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