The benefits of psilocybin-assisted therapy for major depression reportedly endures for years, if not forever. 



In a new analysis of people who took part in a 2020 psilocybin clinical trial, 67 percent were still in full remission from depression an average of five years later - up from 58 percent at the one-year mark.



Study lead author Alan Davis is an associate professor and director of the <a href="https://www.cpdre.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Center for Psychedelic Drug Research and Education</a> at The Ohio State University.



“Across the board - <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/gut-microbes-have-an-unexpected-link-to-anxiety/">anxiety</a>, depression, global functioning, self-reported depression - we kept seeing the same signal of continued improvement," said Davis.



The follow-up results offer a rare long view of outcomes after psychedelic-assisted therapy, an area where long-term data are still sparse.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-psilocybin-the-basics">Understanding psilocybin - the basics</h2>



Psilocybin is a natural compound found in certain mushrooms, often called “magic mushrooms.” When you ingest psilocybin, your body quickly converts it into psilocin, the active form that interacts with your brain. 



Psilocin closely resembles <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-dopamine-and-serotonin-shape-behavior/">serotonin</a>, a key neurotransmitter, so it binds to serotonin receptors - especially the 5-HT2A receptor. 



This binding alters the way nerve cells communicate, which leads to changes in perception, mood, and thought patterns. 



From a scientific standpoint, psilocybin disrupts the brain’s usual patterns of activity and connectivity. 



Brain imaging studies show that it quiets the “default mode network,” a system linked to self-reflection and the inner voice we all carry. 



At the same time, it boosts communication between brain regions that don’t normally interact.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-curing-depression-with-psilocybin">Curing depression with psilocybin</h2>



The peer-reviewed study, published in 2021, enrolled adults with major depressive disorder and compared two groups: one received psilocybin treatment immediately, and the other started after a wait-list period.



All the participants ultimately completed a standardized protocol: two dosing sessions with psilocybin paired with about 13 hours of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/psychotherapy-is-key-to-the-success-of-psychedelic-treatment/">psychotherapy</a> (including preparation, support during sessions, and integration).



The initial results showed large reductions in depression severity, with half of participants in remission up to one year.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tracking-patients-over-time">Tracking patients over time</h2>



Of the 24 people in the original trial, 18 took part in the five-year check-in. Online questionnaires were used to assess depression, anxiety, and functional impairment. 



The researchers also applied a clinician-rated depression scale and conducted qualitative interviews to capture changes the numbers might miss.



The team made a conservative assumption to avoid overstating success. They counted the six who did not return as having fully relapsed to pre-treatment levels.



Even under that assumption, depression scores remained “very large and significantly” reduced at five years, Davis noted, and the share of participants in complete remission nudged upward.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-than-psilocybin">More than psilocybin</h2>



The lasting gains cannot be chalked up solely to the two psilocybin sessions. Only three people reported no additional depression-related treatment in the years since. 



Others used antidepressant medications, tried <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ketamine-treatment-may-now-last-months-instead-of-weeks/">ketamine</a> or other psychedelics, or engaged in psychotherapy.



Interviews helped explain that context. Many participants described life with depression as profoundly constricted before the trial - too little energy, too little hope to engage. 



Afterward, several said their depression felt more situational and manageable. They reported a greater capacity for positive emotion and motivation, and a different relationship to low moods when they returned.



A few who experimented with psychedelics on their own found the experiences less helpful without a clinical framework. This underscores a theme from other work by Davis and colleagues: the therapeutic container matters.



A strong alliance with trained therapists, structured preparation, and integration support may play as big a role as the drug itself.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-psilocybin-safety-over-time">Psilocybin safety over time</h2>



At the five-year mark, 11 of 18 participants reported no adverse effects since the trial. Looking back, three remembered feeling unprepared for the heightened emotional sensitivity that followed their dosing sessions. 



Two said tapering off <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cure-for-alcohol-addiction-was-discovered-by-accident/">medications</a> and waiting during the original trial was especially difficult, and two wished they’d had more formal integration therapy afterward.



The study is small, non-randomized at follow-up, and based on a motivated sample - limitations the authors emphasize.



With just 18 people contributing long-term data, it’s impossible to generalize broadly or disentangle psilocybin’s contribution from other treatments and life changes.



Larger, placebo-controlled trials with systematic follow-up will be needed to test durability, dosing strategies, and who benefits most.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-psilocybin-depression-and-healthcare">Psilocybin, depression, and healthcare</h2>



Even with the study's limitations, the pattern is encouraging. Many participants maintained remission or continued to function better. 



Several described a shift that outlasted symptom scores - more engagement with family, work, and meaningful activities, and fewer episodes of withdrawal and isolation, which are among depression’s most disabling features.



“Five years later, most people continued to view this treatment as safe, meaningful, and important - something that catalyzed an ongoing betterment of their life,” Davis said.



“Despite some symptoms coming back, they weren’t experiencing the same levels of impairment - suggesting this approach might, for some, kick-start lasting positive change.”



The bottom line: psilocybin-assisted therapy remains experimental, and it’s not a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-gut-bacteria-morganella-morganii-could-cause-depression-not-a-brain-disorder/">depression</a> cure-all. But in this small cohort, the combination of guided psychedelic sessions and psychotherapy was associated with durable relief - and in many cases, a different relationship to depression - years down the road.



The study is published in the <a href="https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/aop/article-10.1556-2054.2025.00461/article-10.1556-2054.2025.00461.xml" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of Psychedelic Studies</a>.



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Patients report no signs of depression five years after psilocybin treatment

The benefits of psilocybin-assisted therapy for major depression reportedly endures for years, if not forever. In a new analysis of people who took part in a 2020 psilocybin clinical trial, 67 percent were still in full remission from depression an average of five years later - up from 58 percent at the one-year mark. Study lead author Alan Davis is an associate professor and director of the Center for Psychedelic Drug Research and Education at The Ohio State University. “Across the board - anxiety, depression, global functioning,...

Thailand,Rain,Forest,Landscape

The resilience of Asian forests in the face of escalating disturbances from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/forests-rich-tree-diversity-adapt-better-changing-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a> and human activities is nothing short of remarkable. 



Since the mid-19th century, the world has witnessed a steady increase in global temperatures, fueled largely by human-driven greenhouse gas emissions. 



These changes have put immense pressure on forests across Asia, challenging their stability and ecological functions. 



Despite these adversities, new findings suggest that these ecosystems are not only enduring but also demonstrating significant resilience.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-forest-dynamics-in-climate-change">Forest dynamics in climate change</h2>



The foundation of this optimistic outlook stems from a recent study by ecologists from <a href="http://bjfu.admissions.cn/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Beijing Forestry University</a> and the <a href="http://english.iap.cas.cn/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Institute of Atmospheric Physics</a> in China. 



Published in Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, their research utilized satellite remote sensing data to undertake a thorough analysis of forest disturbances and their resilience across East Asia, South Asia, and Southeast Asia.



Forests play a crucial role in absorbing about 33% of carbon dioxide emissions from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/good-news-plants-are-absorbing-more-human-produced-co2-than-expected/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">human activities</a>, a key factor in mitigating climate change impacts. 



The study employed the Breaks For Additive Seasonal and Trend (BFAST) method to detect abrupt changes and analyze the Enhanced Vegetation Index time series. 



This approach has shed light on how forests respond to various external pressures, providing critical insights into their dynamic nature.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-asian-forests-response-to-climate-change-disturbances">Asian forests' response to climate change disturbances</h2>



"20% of forests in Asia's low and middle latitudes experienced disturbances between 2000 and 2022, with Southeast Asian countries being particularly affected," notes Yiying Zhu, an ecology master at Beijing Forestry University and the first author of the study.



Despite these challenges, 95% of the forests showed robust resilience and recovered from disturbances within a few decades.



Interestingly, Asian forests that faced <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/forests-play-an-overlooked-role-in-the-climate-system/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">greater disturbances</a> tended to exhibit stronger resilience, recovering more rapidly than those with less severe impacts.



This suggests a promising capacity for these ecosystems to adapt to future extreme events driven by climate change or human activities.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-human-impacts-and-recovery-processes">Human impacts and recovery processes</h2>



The study further highlighted the causes and recovery processes of these disturbances. 



"Almost half of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/complex-canopies-help-forests-recover-from-disturbances/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">forest disturbances</a> were driven by commodity-driven deforestation, and it typically takes a forest ecosystem about 16.2 years to return to its pre-disturbance state," noted Prof. Hesong Wang, a global change ecology researcher.



These findings emphasize the significant effects of land-use changes due to human activities and underline the importance of understanding ecosystem recovery to mitigate forest damage.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-role-of-technology-in-forest-conservation">The role of technology in forest conservation</h2>



The application of satellite remote sensing is pivotal in monitoring and managing forest ecosystems. 



"Satellite remote sensing provides valuable insights for sustainable forest management practices in the region and should be employed globally," stated Prof. Anzhi Zhang, an associate professor at the Institute of Atmospheric Physics.



This technology is instrumental in elucidating the relationship between disturbances and forest recovery, offering a powerful tool for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wealthy-nations-are-making-more-progress-toward-sustainable-development/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sustainable management</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-resilience-and-recovery-of-asian-forests">Resilience and recovery of Asian forests</h2>



The resilience demonstrated by Asian forests is a testament to their ability to withstand and recover from significant environmental disturbances. 



This research not only advances our understanding of forest ecology but also informs conservation strategies critical for preserving these vital ecosystems. 



The continued application of advanced technologies like satellite remote sensing will be crucial in these ongoing efforts, ensuring that Asian forests remain robust in the face of global environmental challenges.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-forest-resilience-to-climate-change">Significance of forest resilience to climate change</h2>



Forest resilience holds immense significance. Resilient forests contribute to climate stability by absorbing large amounts of carbon dioxide, mitigating global warming. 



Their ability to recover from disturbances ensures the continued provision of essential ecosystem services, such as water purification, soil stabilization, and habitat for biodiversity.



Additionally, resilient forests support local economies by sustaining resources for timber, medicine, and food, benefiting millions who rely on these ecosystems for their livelihoods. 



They also act as natural buffers, reducing the impact of extreme weather events like floods and landslides, thus protecting human communities.



Understanding and enhancing forest resilience can inform better conservation strategies, promoting sustainable management practices. It encourages global cooperation to combat deforestation and climate change, ensuring these vital ecosystems thrive for future generations. 



Ultimately, resilient forests play a crucial role in maintaining ecological balance and supporting life on Earth.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674283424000606?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters</a>.



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Many forests are proving to be resilient to both climate change and human actions

The resilience of Asian forests in the face of escalating...

Plants have always been the unsung heroes of our homes, quietly converting carbon dioxide into oxygen and purifying our air while we go about our lives. But what if they could do more?



What if they could actively combat the invisible <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/u-s-air-pollution-levels-have-dropped-but-not-for-everyone/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pollutants</a> that lurk in our indoor air? Enter Neo Px, the bioengineered pothos plant poised to revolutionize the way we purify our homes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hidden-dangers-of-indoor-air">Hidden dangers of indoor air</h2>



Recent studies have shown that the air quality within our homes can be surprisingly worse than the air outside. In fact, indoor air can contain two to five times the amount of pollutants compared to outdoor air. 



A significant contributor to this problem is a group of chemicals called volatile organic compounds,&nbsp;or VOCs.&nbsp;These gaseous pollutants are emitted from a wide range of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/green-cleaning-products-may-be-as-harmful-as-traditional-ones/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">common household items</a>,&nbsp;including cleaning products,&nbsp;furniture,&nbsp;paints,&nbsp;and building materials.&nbsp;



Even seemingly harmless objects like <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/gas-stoves-release-more-harmful-nanoparticles-than-vehicle-exhaust/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gas stoves</a>, carpets, air fresheners, and personal care products can release VOCs into the air we breathe. 



Over time, the accumulation of these pollutants can significantly degrade indoor air quality, potentially leading to health issues.



The health implications of VOC exposure are nothing to sneeze at. "These <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/chemical-composition-of-us-air-pollution-has-changed-over-time/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">chemicals</a> are associated with a range of adverse health effects, including cancer, especially for the young, older people, and people who are already vulnerable," said Tracey Woodruff, a professor of reproductive sciences at the <a href="https://www.ucsf.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of California, San Francisco</a>.



"They can bring respiratory related effects or reproductive health effects... like adverse pregnancy outcomes, preterm birth, miscarriages, as well as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/magnetic-particles-in-air-pollution-may-lead-to-alzheimers-disease/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">neurological disorders</a> like Parkinson's."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-pretty-air-purifying-plant">A pretty air purifying plant</h2>



The air purifier may appear to be a <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/houseplant-identification-101/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">typical pothos plant</a> with its familiar variegated foliage,&nbsp;but it is far from ordinary.&nbsp;This innovative houseplant has been enhanced with a unique feature:&nbsp;a carefully engineered microbiome.&nbsp;



This microbiome, a community of beneficial microorganisms, is the key to Neo Px's exceptional air-purifying abilities. 



Unlike regular houseplants that passively absorb some pollutants, Neo Px actively breaks down and neutralizes harmful VOCs through the metabolic action of its microbiome. 



"This bacteria colonizes the plant's roots, soil and leaves...[and] absorbs the VOCs to grow and reproduce. The plant is there to create this ecosystem for the bacteria. So we have a symbiotic system between plants and bacteria," explains Lionel Mora, co-founder of Neoplants, the French startup behind <a href="https://neoplants.com/product/neo-px" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Neo Px</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-of-air-purification-via-plants">Future of air purification via plants</h2>



While the current version of Neo Px relies on a microbiome to purify the air, Neoplants has even bigger plans for the future. 



They envision genetically modified plants that can directly metabolize VOCs, further enhancing their air-purifying capabilities.



Beyond indoor air quality, Neoplants sees the potential for their technology to address global challenges like climate change. 



The company is actively researching the potential of genetically modifying trees to enhance their capacity for carbon dioxide absorption, a critical step in combating climate change. 



Additionally,&nbsp;they are exploring the development of crop varieties that are more resilient to drought conditions,&nbsp;offering a potential solution to the increasing threat of water scarcity in many regions.&nbsp;



These ambitious goals are underpinned by the company's strong foundation in plant science and biotechnology,&nbsp;positioning them as a leader in the field of plant-based solutions for a sustainable future.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-green-investment-in-a-cleaner-future">Green investment in a cleaner future</h2>



Google product manager Vincent Nallatamby, an early investor in Neoplants, is a testament to the product's appeal. He proudly displays his Neo Px in his San Francisco home, a testament to the plant's aesthetic and functional value.



"It's more my wife who takes care of them, except this one. This one's me!" Nallatamby jokes.



As more and more people become aware of the hidden dangers of indoor air pollution, it's clear that Neo Px has tapped into a growing demand for healthier, more sustainable living. This is a movement towards a future where our homes are not only beautiful but also actively contribute to our well-being.



With its innovative approach to air purification and its commitment to a greener future, Neo Px is not just a super plant; it's a super solution for a cleaner, healthier world.



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Bioengineered 'super plant' acts as a natural indoor air purifier

Plants have always been the unsung heroes of our homes,...

In the lush, vibrant rainforests of Peninsular Malaysia, a fascinating new plant species has emerged from the shadows – Thismia malayana. This remarkable <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fairy-lanterns-have-a-new-family-member-discovered-in-japan/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fairy lantern plant</a>, a fungus parasite, has captivated botanists and nature enthusiasts alike with its peculiar lifestyle and delicate beauty.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-thismia-malayana-plant-with-a-taste-for-fungi">Thismia malayana: Plant with a taste for fungi</h2>



Thismia malayana belongs to an exclusive group of plants known as mycoheterotrophs. Unlike their photosynthetic counterparts, which harness sunlight to create their own food, these botanical rebels have evolved a clever strategy for survival: they <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/fairy-lantern-plant_thismia-malayana_new-species_diagram_credit-Mat-Yunoh_Siti-Munirah_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">steal nutrients from underground fungi</a>.



Picture this: a network of fungi, known as mycorrhizae, forms a mutually beneficial relationship with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/autophagy-what-makes-plant-roots-grow-faster-stronger/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tree roots</a>. 



The fungi help the tree absorb water and nutrients from the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/trees-are-moving-to-soils-that-lack-the-fungi-to-support-them/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">soil</a>, while the tree provides the fungi with sugars produced through <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plants-cleverly-adapt-their-photosynthesis-to-changes-in-light/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">photosynthesis</a>. This symbiotic partnership is vital for the health and growth of both organisms.



But Thismia malayana has found a way to hack this system. Instead of contributing to the exchange, it acts as a parasite, siphoning off carbon resources from the fungi without offering anything in return. 



This cunning adaptation allows it to thrive in the dimly lit understory, where photosynthesis is a challenge.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hidden-fungus-parasite-plant">Hidden fungus parasite plant</h2>



"Despite its small size,&nbsp;Thismia malayana&nbsp;is very sensitive to environmental changes and has been classified as Vulnerable according to the <a href="https://www.iucnredlist.org" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">IUCN Red List</a> criteria," explains lead researcher Dr. Siti-Munirah Mat Yunoh from the Forest Research Institute Malaysia (<a href="https://www.frim.gov.my" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">FRIM</a>).



The unusual plant, measuring a mere 2 cm in length, is typically found hidden amongst leaf litter, nestled near tree roots or decaying logs. Its elusive nature makes it a true treasure for those fortunate enough to stumble upon it.



Thismia malayana has been found in two very different places: the lowlands of Gunung Angsi Forest Reserve in Negeri Sembilan and the hilly dipterocarp forests of Gunung Benom in Pahang. 



This shows that this special plant can live in a variety of environments. It isn't limited to just one type of habitat.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-conservation-of-thismia-malayana">Conservation of Thismia malayana </h2>



Although Thismia malayana has successfully adapted to its unique ecological niche, it faces significant threats to its survival. 



This newly discovered plant species has a very restricted range, meaning it is only found in a few specific locations. 



Additionally, it is highly sensitive to changes in its environment. Activities such as hiking and trampling can easily damage or destroy these delicate plants, posing a serious risk to their continued existence. 



These factors highlight the urgent need for conservation measures to protect and preserve this vulnerable species and its habitat.



"Its limited distribution and the potential threat from trampling due to its proximity to hiking trails underscore the importance of continued conservation efforts," emphasizes Dr. Siti-Munirah.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-interconnectedness-in-parasitic-plant-and-fungus">Interconnectedness in parasitic plant and fungus</h2>



The identification of Thismia malayana underscores the complex interconnectedness within ecosystems. 



It emphasizes that every species, regardless of its size or perceived importance, contributes to the delicate equilibrium of the natural world. 



Even seemingly minor organisms like Thismia malayana play a crucial role in maintaining the health and functionality of their environment.



As scientific exploration continues to uncover the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plant-genetics-research-just-got-a-lot-easier-with-a-simple-trick/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">secrets of nature</a>,&nbsp;discoveries such as Thismia malayana spark curiosity and wonder,&nbsp;motivating us to safeguard the rich variety of life forms that exist on our planet.&nbsp;



These findings serve as a potent reminder of the urgent need to protect and conserve biodiversity for the well-being of both current and future generations.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-parasitic-plants-beyond-thismia-malayana">Parasitic plants: Beyond Thismia malayana</h2>



Parasitic plants are <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/extreme-parasitism-balanophora-convinces-a-host-to-grow-into-its-tissue/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fascinating members</a> of the plant kingdom that derive nutrients from other living plants or fungi, rather than producing their own food through photosynthesis. This unique adaptation allows them to thrive in environments where traditional plants might struggle. 



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-different-types-of-parasitic-plants">Different types of parasitic plants</h3>



The different types include:



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-holoparasites">Holoparasites</h4>



These plants are fully parasitic and do not perform photosynthesis at all. They rely entirely on their host plants for nutrients. Examples include:



<ul>
<li>Rafflesia arnoldii: Known as the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-corpse-flower-smelliest-flower-on-earth-is-at-grave-risk-of-extinction/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">corpse flower</a>, this plant produces the largest individual flower on Earth and emits a foul odor to attract pollinators.</li>



<li>Hydnora africana: Found in southern Africa, this plant grows underground and only its flowers emerge above the soil.</li>
</ul>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hemiparasites">Hemiparasites</h4>



Hemiparasites can photosynthesize to some extent but still rely on their host plants for water and nutrients. Examples include:



<ul>
<li>Mistletoe: A <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mistletoe-has-a-strategy-to-keep-its-host-plant-alive/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">well-known hemiparasite</a> that attaches to tree branches and extracts water and nutrients while still performing some photosynthesis.</li>



<li>Striga: Often called <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plant-hormones-crop-invaders/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">witchweed</a>, it is a major agricultural pest that affects crops like maize, rice, and sorghum.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-adaptations-and-mechanisms">Adaptations and mechanisms</h3>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/parasitic-plants-steal-genetic-material/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Parasitic plants</a> have evolved a variety of mechanisms to attach to and extract nutrients from their hosts:



<ul>
<li>Haustoria: Specialized structures that penetrate the host plant's tissues to access its vascular system. This allows the parasitic plant to siphon off water, minerals, and organic nutrients.</li>



<li>Chemical mimicry: Some parasitic plants release chemicals that mimic the host plant's signals, tricking it into allowing the parasite to attach and grow.</li>



<li>Seed dispersal: Many parasitic plants have evolved unique ways to disperse their seeds, ensuring they land near suitable host plants. For example, mistletoe seeds are often spread by birds that eat the berries and excrete the seeds onto tree branches.</li>
</ul>



So, the next time you wander through a rainforest, take a moment to appreciate the hidden wonders beneath your feet. 



You never know what secrets nature might reveal -- perhaps even a tiny, parasitic plant with a penchant for stolen fungi snacks.



The study is provided by <a href="https://pensoft.net/">Pensoft Publishers</a> and published in the journal <a href="https://phytokeys.pensoft.net/article/120967/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PhytoKeys</a>.



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Newly discovered 'fairy lantern' plant species steals nutrients from fungi

In the lush, vibrant rainforests of Peninsular Malaysia, a fascinating...

Switching to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/planet-friendly-foods-can-reduce-your-risk-of-mortality-by-25-percent/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">environmentally friendly food</a> and drink alternatives could reduce greenhouse gas emissions from household groceries by more than a quarter. Making more significant food swaps, such as opting for vegetarian over meat products, could reduce emissions by up to 71 percent.



This is the conclusion of a new study led by the <a href="https://www.georgeinstitute.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">George Institute for Global Health</a> and <a href="https://www.imperial.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Imperial College London</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-substantial-changes-are-needed">Substantial changes are needed</h2>



“The food and beverage sector ranks second only to the energy sector in terms of global contributions to carbon dioxide equivalent greenhouse gas emissions,” noted the study authors.&nbsp;



“Food and beverage consumption patterns, particularly in higher-income countries, need to change substantially to become environmentally sustainable according to the Paris Climate Agreement and other international reports.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-food-choices-and-global-emissions">Food choices and global emissions</h2>



“Dietary habits need to change significantly if we are to meet global emissions targets, particularly in high-income countries like Australia, the UK, and the US,” said lead author Allison Gaines, a PhD student in food policy at the George Institute.&nbsp;



“But while consumers are increasingly aware of the environmental impact of the food system and willing to make more sustainable food choices, they lack reliable information to identify the more environmentally friendly options.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-projecting-emissions-from-food-products">Projecting emissions from food products </h2>



The researchers analyzed data on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-food-system-must-change-if-nations-hope-to-reduce-greenhouse-gas-emissions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">greenhouse gas emissions</a> and sales from tens of thousands of supermarket products, reflecting the Western diet.&nbsp;



The team used information on ingredients, weights, and production life cycles from the George Institute’s <a href="https://www.georgeinstitute.org/projects/foodswitch" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">FoodSwitch database</a> and global environmental impact datasets to calculate projected emissions from the annual grocery purchases of 7,000 Australian households.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-simple-food-swaps-make-a-difference-nbsp">Simple food swaps make a difference&nbsp;</h2>



Swaps within the same sub-categories of foods could reduce emissions by 26 percent in Australia, equivalent to taking over 1.9 million cars off the road. More significant changes within minor food categories could lead to a 71 percent reduction.&nbsp;



“The results of our study show the potential to significantly reduce our environmental impact by switching like-for-like products. This is also something consumers in the UK could, and would probably like, to do if we put emissions information onto product labels,” Gaines explained.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lowering-emissions-without-compromising-nutrition-nbsp">Lowering emissions without compromising nutrition&nbsp;</h2>



Importantly, the switches would not compromise the overall healthiness of food. “We showed that you can switch to lower emissions products while still enjoying <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nutrient-profiling-system-ranks-healthy-foods/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nutritious foods</a>. In fact, we found it would lead to a slight reduction in the proportion of ultra-processed foods purchased, which is a positive outcome because they’re generally less healthy,” said Gaines.



The analysis found that meat products contributed almost half (49%) of all greenhouse gas emissions but only made up 11 percent of total purchases. Conversely, fruits, vegetables, nuts, and legumes accounted for 25 percent of all purchases but only five percent of emissions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-millions-of-deaths-could-be-prevented-nbsp">Millions of deaths could be prevented&nbsp;</h2>



Globally, the food and agriculture sector contributes to about one-third of greenhouse gas emissions, with combined health and environmental costs estimated at 10-14 trillion USD per year. Over 12 million deaths annually could be prevented with a transition to healthy, low-emission <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/modern-human-diets-pose-many-risks-health-environment/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">diets</a>.&nbsp;



“There is currently no standardized framework for regulating the climate or planetary health parameters of our food supply, and voluntary measures have not been widely adopted by most countries," said Bruce Neal, executive director at the George Institute Australia and professor of clinical epidemiology at Imperial College London. 



"This research shows how innovative ways of approaching the problem could enable consumers to make a real impact."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rating-food-products-based-on-planetary-health-nbsp">Rating food products based on planetary health&nbsp;</h2>



The George Institute has developed a free app called <a href="https://www.georgeinstitute.org/projects/ecoswitch" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ecoSwitch</a>, available in Australia, which allows shoppers to scan a product barcode and check its ‘Planetary Health Rating,’ indicating the product's emissions on a scale from half a star (high emissions) to five stars (low emissions).&nbsp;



The institute plans to extend the ecoSwitch algorithm to include other environmental indicators such as land and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/californias-farms-have-a-good-chance-of-navigating-the-water-crisis/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">water use</a> and biodiversity and to introduce the tool in other countries.



“While ecoSwitch is a much-needed first step in providing environmental transparency for grocery shoppers, the vision is for mandatory display of a single, standardized sustainability rating system on all supermarket products,” Neal concluded.



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s43016-024-00971-6" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Food</a>.



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Simple food swaps could have a major environmental impact

Switching to environmentally friendly food and drink alternatives could reduce...

In recent years, vast swaths of sargassum seaweed have been causing significant disruptions along the coastlines of the Caribbean and West Africa. 



This floating <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/stunning-photos-show-seaweed-bloom-nearing-florida-beaches/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">seaweed</a> has been a part of the North Atlantic's marine landscape since it was first noted by Christopher Columbus in the 15th century.



The explosive growth and overabundance of sargassum is tied to a combination of factors, including climate change and nutrient pollution.



Since 2011, this proliferation has intensified, forming what is now known as "the great Atlantic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-drives-the-great-atlantic-sargassum-belt/">sargassum belt</a>." This massive bloom stretches approximately 9,000km and weighs an estimated 35 million tons, making it visible from space.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenges-posed-by-sargassum-seaweed">Challenges posed by sargassum seaweed </h2>



The presence of sargassum seaweed is not without its problems. It blocks fishing routes, hampers tourism, disrupts turtle nesting sites, and affects reefs and mangroves. Sargassum also emits a toxic gas that is harmful to both human health and electrical equipment. 



Previously, smaller quantities of sargassum that washed ashore were beneficial to marine ecosystems. The seaweed provided natural habitats for various marine life and contributed to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/thinking-of-a-florida-beach-vacation-think-again-unless-you-like-sargassum-seaweed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">beach</a> formation through its decomposition. 



However, the unprecedented scale of sargassum blooms presents a formidable global challenge with severe implications for affected regions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-exploration-and-discovery">Scientific exploration and discovery</h2>



An international team of researchers has embarked on a significant research endeavor. The experts set out to analyze the biomass composition of sargassum in an effort to explore its potential for sustainable product development. 



Despite its abundance, the utilization of sargassum is limited due to its high arsenic content. This poses a challenge to its application in safe and environmentally friendly products.



Dr. Carla Machado, the first author of the study, emphasized the shift in the role of sargassum due to its increased volumes. 



"The vast sargassum blooms of the past decade are a global problem that will continue to grow and have a major impact in the affected countries," noted Dr. Machado.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-insights-from-the-study">Insights from the study</h2>



The researchers applied a variety of methods to process sargassum, such as shade-drying and freezing, to determine the best way to preserve its protein content while potentially reducing other unwanted elements like <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/arsenic-regulations-water-safer/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">arsenic</a>. 



The results of the study indicate that the seaweed's biochemical composition remains consistent throughout the year. This means that if it is processed correctly, sargassum could be transformed into valuable biomaterials.



An intriguing discovery was made during the study period, which coincided with the April 2021 eruption of La Soufrière volcano on the Caribbean island of Saint Vincent. 



The team found that sargassum exposed to volcanic ash had reduced levels of arsenic but had accumulated other minerals like nickel and zinc. This finding opens new avenues for understanding how environmental conditions affect sargassum's composition.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mitigating-sargassum-s-impact">Mitigating sargassum’s impact </h2>



Lead researcher Dr. Thierry Tonon from the Department of Biology at the <a href="https://www.york.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of York</a> highlighted the broader environmental interactions at play. "With the great sargassum belt also receiving nutrients from Sahara dust blown across the Atlantic, the issue of seaweed wash-up is likely to persist as a new normal."



The research not only expands our understanding of sargassum but also paves the way for potential solutions to mitigate its impacts. 



The identification of a "volcanic tag" in the sargassum that reaches Jamaican shores after a months-long journey across the Atlantic underscores the marine connectivity of the region and points to the longevity and resilience of this seaweed.



As researchers continue to unravel the complex behaviors of sargassum seaweed and its interactions with environmental factors, the knowledge gained will be crucial in shaping an international response to the challenges it presents. The ultimate goal is to transform this marine nuisance into a valuable resource.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">How did sargassum become such a big problem?</h2>



Many factors have contributed to the significant increase in sargassum blooms observed in recent years, affecting coastal regions with massive influxes that can impact local ecosystems, tourism, and fisheries.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Nutrient enrichment</h3>



Increased levels of nutrients in the ocean, especially from agricultural runoff, sewage, and other sources of pollution, provide fertile conditions for sargassum growth. Nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus act as fertilizers, boosting the seaweed's growth rates.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Ocean currents</h3>



Sargassum is highly mobile due to ocean currents. It originates in the Sargasso Sea, where it reproduces and grows, and then spreads via currents such as the Gulf Stream, which carries it into the Caribbean Sea and further into the Atlantic Ocean.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Climate change</h3>



Rising <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ocean-temperatures-hit-a-record-high-this-week-with-the-worst-heat-still-to-come/">sea temperatures</a> and altered ocean currents, both consequences of climate change, may create more favorable conditions for sargassum to thrive and spread. Warmer waters can enhance the growth rate of the seaweed.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Reproductive strategy</h3>



Sargassum reproduces efficiently through fragmentation, meaning that parts broken off by waves or other disturbances can start new colonies wherever they drift.



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Sargassum seaweed is a growing problem seeking a sustainable solution

In recent years, vast swaths of sargassum seaweed have been...

The quest for cleaner air is a noble, shared aspiration for a healthier planet and happier lungs. But what if this pursuit to improve <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/u-s-air-pollution-levels-have-dropped-but-not-for-everyone/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">air quality</a> by reducing aerosol pollution, however well-intentioned, inadvertently fuels a different kind of environmental disaster?



A study from the University of California, Riverside (<a href="https://www.ucr.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UCR</a>) reveals a startling paradox: reducing air pollution could lead to an increase in forest fires, particularly in the vast boreal forests of the northern hemisphere.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-aerosol-pollution-and-wildfires">Aerosol pollution and wildfires</h2>



The culprits behind this unexpected twist of pollution are aerosols, tiny particles like dust, sea salt, and airborne chemicals produced by fossil fuel combustion. 



While these particles are notorious for their role in poor air quality, they also possess a surprising ability to reflect sunlight and brighten clouds, effectively shielding the Earth from some of the sun's heat.



As we clean up our air by reducing aerosol pollution, we inadvertently remove this protective shield, allowing more solar radiation to reach the ground. 



"Cleaning up the air, which is something we all want to do, will accelerate global warming and also impact wildfires unless we also reduce emissions of greenhouse gases like methane and carbon dioxide," warns Robert Allen, a UCR climatology professor and the lead author of the study.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-boreal-forests-and-aerosol-pollution">Boreal forests and aerosol pollution</h2>



The boreal forests, spanning Canada, Alaska, northern Europe, and northern Russia, are particularly vulnerable to this warming effect by reduced pollution. 



The increased heat, combined with the greenhouse effect of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/met-office-2024-co2-levels-will-surpass-the-point-of-no-return/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">rising carbon dioxide (CO2) levels</a>, creates a perfect storm for wildfires.



Heatwaves and droughts become more frequent and intense, drying out the soil and vegetation, turning them into prime fuel for flames. 



"When you dry out the soil, that also dries out plants, which makes them more combustible," explains Allen. "Warming contributes to wildfires."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-air-pollution-and-wildfire-paradox">Air pollution and wildfire paradox</h2>



While both CO2 and aerosol reductions contribute to warming and increased fire risk, the study reveals a surprising twist: reducing aerosol emissions actually leads to a more significant increase in fires than reducing CO2 <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/urban-greening-is-a-powerful-weapon-against-air-pollution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">emissions</a>. This is due to a complex interplay between plant physiology, water availability, and temperature.



As plants photosynthesize, they absorb CO2 through pores in their leaves. With higher CO2 levels, these pores don't need to stay open as long, leading to reduced water loss and drier soil. 



However, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/extreme-rainfall-gets-an-unpredictable-boost-from-air-pollution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">warming effect</a> of reduced aerosols exacerbates this drying effect, as higher temperatures increase evaporation from both plants and soil. This creates a tinderbox scenario, where parched vegetation and dry soil become highly susceptible to ignition.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-methane-a-key-piece-of-the-puzzle">Methane: A key piece of the puzzle</h2>



The good news is that there are ways to mitigate the warming effects of aerosol reduction. One promising avenue is to focus on reducing methane emissions from agriculture, fossil fuels, and landfill waste. 



Methane, a potent greenhouse gas with a shorter lifespan than CO2, has a disproportionately large impact on global warming. Reducing methane emissions could effectively offset the warming induced by aerosol mitigation.



Fortunately, there is already a global movement to address methane emissions. More than 150 countries have pledged to reduce methane emissions by at least 30 percent from 2020 levels by 2030. 



"We are on the right trajectory with regards to aerosols and methane," says Allen. "I still have hope, but there is a narrow window of time to make this happen and avoid the worst projected climate impacts. This decade is the important one."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-balancing-air-pollution">Balancing air pollution</h2>



The UCR study serves as a stark reminder of the complex and interconnected nature of our planet's systems. 



While the pursuit of cleaner air is undeniably important, it's crucial to consider the unintended consequences of our actions. The air <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/chemical-composition-of-us-air-pollution-has-changed-over-time/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pollution</a> paradox highlights the necessity of addressing both aerosol pollution and greenhouse gas emissions simultaneously.



By simultaneously reducing both aerosol and greenhouse gas emissions, we can strive for a future where both our air and our forests are healthy and resilient. It's a delicate balance, but one that we must achieve for the sake of our planet and future generations.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adl4007" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science Advances</a>.



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Reducing aerosol pollution causes more wildfires in an ironic twist of fate

The quest for cleaner air is a noble, shared aspiration...

Have you ever wondered why some plants, or planet genus, seem to be everywhere, while others are <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rare-sapphire-tower-plant-puya-alpestris-blooms-first-time-ten-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">rare</a> as a blue moon? Scientists have pondered this question for decades, seeking to understand the secrets behind the success of certain plant groups. 



These dominant groups, known as "big plant genera," comprise a significant portion of Earth's plant diversity and play a crucial role in our lives and ecosystems.



A recent study led by <a href="https://www.tcd.ie" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Trinity College Dublin</a> has shed new light on these plant titans. The research reveals that big plant genera are not only thriving but also growing larger at an unprecedented rate.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-big-plant-genera">Big plant genera </h2>



In the world of botany, a genus is a group of closely related plant species. Some genera contain only a single, unique species, while others boast thousands of members. 



Big plant genera are the heavyweights of the plant kingdom, housing an astonishing one in four of all flowering plant species. These giants include familiar names like sunflowers, peas, and orchids, as well as lesser-known but ecologically important groups like grasses and sedges.



The Trinity College Dublin study, which builds upon a previous assessment conducted twenty years ago, has found that big plant genera have expanded significantly since the turn of the millennium. More than 10,000 new species have been discovered within just 83 big genera since the year 2000. 



That's roughly 2.5 times the total number of plant species found in Ireland. This astounding <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/autophagy-what-makes-plant-roots-grow-faster-stronger/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">growth</a> highlights the remarkable success of these plant groups and their ability to adapt and diversify.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-secrets-of-success">Secrets of success</h2>



But what makes these big plant genera so successful? That's the question that Dr. Peter Moonlight, Assistant Professor at Trinity's School of Natural Sciences and lead author of the study, and his team are eager to answer.



"Until recently, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/these-plants-have-maintained-genetic-stability-for-350-million-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">big plant</a> genera were seen as too large to study. But a recent revolution in methods in plant science and the development of global, collaborative networks has allowed us to update our understanding of plant evolution and global plant diversity," Dr. Moonlight explains.



The researchers are now on a quest to uncover the common traits that might explain the extraordinary success of big plant genera. 



Do they share similar geographic distributions, genetic makeup, or physical characteristics? These are the questions that will drive their future investigations.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-importance-of-big-plant-genera-evolution">Importance of big plant genera evolution</h2>



Understanding the factors behind the success of big plant genera is not just an <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plant-genetics-research-just-got-a-lot-easier-with-a-simple-trick/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">academic pursuit</a>; it has real-world implications. These plants play a vital role in our lives, providing us with food, medicine, and other essential resources. They also support ecosystems and contribute to the overall health of our planet.



"Big genera represent lineages of flowering plants that have been extremely successful in the game of evolution. Understanding why they became so successful may help us predict how they and other lineages on the tree of life will respond to the ongoing climate and biodiversity crises," Dr. Moonlight points out.



However, the very traits that have made big plant genera so successful may also make them vulnerable to environmental changes. 



Many of these species have specialized ecological niches, meaning they thrive in specific conditions and may struggle to adapt to changing climates. This raises concerns about their future survival and the potential impact on our ecosystems and livelihoods.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-of-plant-titans">Future of plant titans</h2>



The ongoing research on big plant genera promises to unlock valuable insights into the forces that shape plant <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fibonacci-spirals-an-unexpected-twist-in-plant-evolution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evolution</a> and diversity. By understanding the secrets behind the success of these titans, we can better predict how they will respond to future challenges and develop effective conservation strategies to protect them.



Dr. Moonlight and his colleagues are optimistic about the future of their research. They plan to lead a symposium at the <a href="https://www.iaptglobal.org/single-post/international-botanical-congress-madrid-2024" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">International Botanical Congress</a> in Madrid this summer, where they will collaborate with experts from around the world to delve deeper into the mysteries of big plant genera.



As we face the twin crises of climate change and biodiversity loss, the knowledge gained from this research will be more critical than ever. The fate of these plant titans may hold the key to understanding the future of our planet's ecosystems and our own well-being.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2024.0702" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences</a>.



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Why some plants spread farther and grow faster than others

Have you ever wondered why some plants, or planet genus,...

The common spotted <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/despite-their-incredible-adaptability-orchids-are-disappearing/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">orchid</a> (Dactylorhiza fuchsii) is prevalent across the UK, yet its clustering pattern, with seedlings often found near mature plants, has puzzled ecologists since Darwin's era. 



A new study led by the <a href="https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Sheffield</a>, in collaboration with the <a href="https://www.manchester.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Manchester</a>, has found that underground fungal networks facilitate this clustering by enabling a form of parental nurture.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-study">Focus of the study</h2>



“The Orchidaceae is a diverse, globally distributed plant family, representatives of which are found in nearly all terrestrial ecosystems. As such, it is important to better understand the mechanisms that regulate the structure of its populations,” wrote the study authors.&nbsp;



“Such knowledge is critical both from the perspective of understanding orchid ecology, but also to aid efforts to conserve these iconic plants.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mycorrhizal-networks">Mycorrhizal networks</h2>



The researchers investigated how fungal networks, known as mycorrhizal networks, serve as pathways for mature orchids to share sugars with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rainforests-replanted-seedlings-after-logging-do-not-recover-well/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">seedlings</a>. 



Mycorrhizal networks refer to the symbiotic associations between fungi and plant roots, crucial for both parties involved. In this relationship, the fungi enhance plant nutrient uptake (especially phosphorus and nitrogen) in exchange for carbon derived from the plants.&nbsp;



These networks can connect multiple plants, even of different species, allowing them to exchange nutrients, water, and chemical signals, effectively facilitating communication and resource sharing within an ecosystem.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-parent-orchids-nurture-seedlings">Parent orchids nurture seedlings</h2>



“Our results support the idea that some orchids engage in a form of ‘parental nurture’ with their seedlings,” said senior author Katie Field, a biologist at Sheffield.



“By supplying early stage seedlings with essential nutrients via shared fungal connections, the parent orchids give the seedlings an advantage over neighboring plants that are competing for the same resources.”&nbsp;



“This finding is exciting because why these orchids are often found in clumps, despite their seeds being wind dispersed, has been a puzzle for hundreds of years.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-connecting-mature-orchids-and-seedlings">Connecting mature orchids and seedlings</h2>



The experts examined the interaction between the common spotted orchid and its fungal partner, Ceratobasidium cornigerum.&nbsp;



The researchers created a system connecting mature, photosynthesizing orchids with developing, chlorophyll-free seedlings through a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fungal-networks-that-help-trees-communicate-determine-the-nature-of-forests/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fungal network</a> grown on agar. They exposed the mature plants to a traceable form of carbon dioxide, then monitored its movement.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mature-orchids-and-symbiotic-fungi">Mature orchids and symbiotic fungi</h2>



The results showed that the seedlings accumulated the labeled carbon, proving that parent orchids shared sugars with them via the fungal network.



“What is now revealed is that the belowground development of these essentially reserve-free seeds can be supported by photosynthetically produced sugars that are transported to them from mature plants growing above ground through a shared mycelium of symbiotic fungi,” explained lead author David Read, a biologist at the same university.



The experts also found that carbon transfer depends on environmental conditions. When the fungus had access to richer food sources, less carbon was transferred to seedlings, suggesting that the demand from seedlings influences <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fungi-rely-on-bacteria-to-release-nutrients-for-their-host-plants/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nutrient</a> flow.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications-of-the-study">Broader implications of the study</h2>



This study, published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nph.19810" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">New Phytologist</a>, has significant implications for orchid conservation and ecology, emphasizing the role of fungal connections in supporting orchid populations. 



Future research aims to explore these findings in natural habitats and investigate whether similar mechanisms apply to other orchid species.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-common-spotted-orchid-nbsp">Common spotted orchid&nbsp;</h2>



The common spotted orchid is a widespread species of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/masters-of-deception-orchids-use-trickery-to-get-what-they-need/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">orchid</a> native to Europe and parts of Asia. It's named for the distinctive spotted patterns found on its leaves, which serve as an attractive feature beneath the flower spikes. 



This orchid blooms between June and August, showcasing flowers that range in color from pink to purple, often adorned with darker, symmetrical markings that enhance their appeal.



These orchids typically thrive in a variety of habitats, including woodlands, meadows, and marshes, showing a particular fondness for calcareous soils that are moist but well-drained.&nbsp;



As a hardy terrestrial plant, the common spotted orchid has a robust nature that allows it to adapt to different environments, although it faces threats from habitat loss and over-collection in some areas.



The common spotted orchid is not only admired for its beauty but also plays a role in its ecosystem, supporting various pollinators including bees, butterflies, and other insects. Its presence in a habitat can indicate a healthy ecosystem, making it an important species for biodiversity.&nbsp;



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Orchid parents nurture seedlings through fungal networks

The common spotted orchid (Dactylorhiza fuchsii) is prevalent across the...

Although <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/why-are-hornets-so-successful-as-invasive-species/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">invasive species</a> have been recognized as a major threat for some time, immediate action is now crucial to address this global issue. This conclusion comes from 88 experts, representing 101 organizations across 47 countries, in their article ‘Curbing the major and growing threats from invasive alien species is urgent and achievable,’ published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-024-02412-w" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature, Ecology &amp; Evolution</a>. 



The paper, led by Professor Helen Roy from the <a href="https://www.ceh.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UK Center for Ecology &amp; Hydrology</a> and the <a href="https://www.exeter.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Exeter</a>, is based on findings from the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) <a href="https://www.ipbes.net/ias" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">thematic assessment report</a> on invasive alien species and their control.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-global-perspective-on-biological-invasions">Global perspective on biological invasions </h2>



“The paper brought together the entire expert team of the IAS assessment, with this diverse group spanning many disciplines with perspectives from around the world drawing the same conclusion about the need for urgent action on the major and growing threat of invasive alien species,” Roy explained.



“With the number of invasive alien species set to rise, the IPBES invasive alien species assessment provides the evidence-base and options to inform immediate and ongoing action. To achieve this there is a need for collaboration, communication, and cooperation, not only across borders but within countries.”



“Interdisciplinarity is key to the success of IPBES assessments,” added Peter Stoett from <a href="https://ontariotechu.ca/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ontario Tech University</a>, the co-chair of the IPBES IAS assessment. “It was wonderful to see social science and humanities experts interacting with invasion biologists and other natural scientists, in a community-building process that will inform policy decisions moving forward.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-increasing-threats-from-invasive-species-nbsp">Increasing threats from invasive species&nbsp;</h2>



The threats from invasive species are expected to increase. Every year, around 200 new alien species are introduced globally by human activities to regions where they were not previously found.&nbsp;



Even without human introduction, established alien species will continue to expand their geographic ranges naturally, impacting new areas. Simple projections based on current impacts likely underestimate the future consequences.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-role-of-biodiversity-loss-nbsp">The role of biodiversity loss&nbsp;</h2>



Interactions among various <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/invasive-species-could-cause-dramatic-biodiversity-loss/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">biodiversity loss</a> drivers amplify biological invasions. No single driver acts independently. Climate change, for example, facilitates the establishment and spread of invasive alien species into previously inhospitable regions, including the Arctic and Antarctic. 



In mountainous regions, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/melting-glaciers-unleash-invasive-species-into-unexpected-areas/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a>, combined with other biodiversity loss factors, has enabled invasive species to expand their ranges into higher elevations twice as quickly as native species.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-biological-invasions-can-be-mitigated-nbsp">Biological invasions can be mitigated&nbsp;</h2>



The IPBES assessment provided the first comprehensive global synthesis of evidence, concluding that biological invasions pose a significant threat but can be mitigated with urgent, cross-sectoral cooperative action.&nbsp;



Developing management actions with multiple stakeholders, including government and private sectors, Indigenous Peoples, and local communities, will be crucial for addressing biological <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/biological-hazard-soil-on-sea-freight-loaded-with-invasive-species/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">invasions</a> successfully.



“This is not only the most comprehensive global assessment on invasive alien species to date, but also the selection of experts and the evidence gathering was done under the highest standards of inclusivity, resulting in a report which provides critical insights for all stakeholders,” said Aníbal Pauchard, co-chair of the IPBES IAS assessment and expert in biological invasions at the <a href="https://www.udec.cl/pexterno/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Concepción</a>, Chile.



Coordinating bodies like the <a href="https://nonnativespecies.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Non-Native Species Secretariat</a> can ensure effective collaboration among diverse stakeholder groups. For example, the response to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bumblebees-have-unique-defense-tactics-against-asian-hornets/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Asian hornet</a> (Vespa velutina) incursions in the UK involved multiple stakeholders working together to ensure rapid information flow and effective nest control.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-public-awareness-and-community-engagement-nbsp">Public awareness and community engagement&nbsp;</h2>



According to the experts, public engagement through awareness campaigns, education, and community science platforms is essential for managing biological invasions. Community science initiatives, supported by digital identification tools, are critical for the rapid detection of invasive species.&nbsp;



For instance, records submitted by the public through the <a href="https://www.brc.ac.uk/app/asian-hornet-watch" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Asian Hornet Watch app</a> in the UK significantly contributed to early warning and rapid response efforts for Vespa velutina.



The study emphasizes the urgent need for immediate and concerted global efforts to address the rising threat of invasive alien species. This coordinated action is both necessary and achievable, with the right strategies in place.



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Growing threat of invasive species requires immediate action

Although invasive species have been recognized as a major threat...

When <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bamboo-plants-shows-great-potential-to-become-the-next-big-renewable-energy-source/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plants</a> draw water from their roots to nourish their stems and leaves, they produce an electric potential that could be harnessed as a renewable energy source. 



However, like all living things, plants are subject to a circadian rhythm - the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plants-biological-clocks-grow/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">biological clock</a> that runs through day and night cycles and influences biological processes. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bioelectricity-in-plants">Bioelectricity in plants</h2>



In plants, this daily cycle includes capturing light energy for photosynthesis and absorbing water and nutrients from the soil during the day and slowing its growth processes at night.&nbsp;



A recent study led by the <a href="https://www.iitkgp.ac.in/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Indian Institute of Technology</a> (IIT) Kharagpur has detailed how biological processes produce voltage in plants and the impact of the cyclic day and night changes on this voltage.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sustainable-energy-from-plants">Sustainable energy from plants</h2>



“This streaming potential, essentially a consequence of the natural energy gathered in the plant, offers a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earth-could-be-powered-entirely-by-renewable-energy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">renewable energy</a> source that is continuous and can be sustainable over long periods,” said senior author Suman Chakraborty, a mechanical engineer at IIT. 



“The question we wanted to answer was how much potential it can produce, and how is electric potential influenced by the plant’s biological clock?”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-rhythm-nbsp-of-energy-flow-in-plants">The rhythm&nbsp;of energy flow in plants</h2>



To find out, the scientists inserted electrodes into the stems of water hyacinths and attached reservoirs with electrodes to pieces of lucky bamboo to closely examine how electrical potential changes depending on types of ions, ion concentration, and the pH of the fluid flowing through the plants.



“Our eureka moment was when our first experiments showed it is possible to produce electricity in a cyclic rhythm and the precise linkage between this and the plant’s inherent daily rhythm,” Chakraborty said. “We could exactly pinpoint how this is related to water transpiration and the ions the plant carries via the ascent of sap.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-electric-streaming-potential-nbsp">Electric streaming potential&nbsp;</h2>



The study quantified the voltage response originating from the movement of ions through the plant’s pathways that align uniquely with the plant’s daily rhythms.&nbsp;



The authors discovered plants can actively moderate the flow of fluid or sap in sync with the day and night cycles. They also found the electric streaming potential increases with decreased concentration of ions or increased pH in the fluid.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plants-can-help-address-the-energy-crisis-nbsp">Plants can help address the energy crisis&nbsp;</h2>



“We not only rediscovered the plant’s electrical rhythm, articulating it in terms of voltages and currents, but we also provided insight into potentially tapping electrical power output from plants in a sustainable manner with no environmental impact and no disruption to the ecosystem,” Chakraborty explained.&nbsp;



“The findings could help develop biomimetic, nature-inspired systems that can address the global energy crisis with an eco-friendly, sustainable solution in which planting a tree not only relieves the crises of climate change and declining environmental quality, but also provides a way to harness electricity from it,” he concluded.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-electric-voltage-in-plants">Electric voltage in plants</h2>



Electric voltage in plants refers to the bioelectric potentials that occur naturally within plant tissues. These electrical signals are part of the way plants manage internal processes and respond to their environment.&nbsp;



The existence of voltage differences in plants is due to ion gradients across cellular membranes, much like the bioelectric processes in animal and human cells.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-stress-signals">Stress signals</h3>



For instance, when a plant is injured or <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sensors-that-detect-plant-stress-could-revolutionize-farming/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">stressed</a> by environmental factors like cutting or burning, changes in electric potential can be detected. 



These changes often serve as signals that can propagate to other parts of the plant, initiating physiological responses such as the healing of wounds, changes in growth, or defensive mechanisms against pests and diseases.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plant-communication-nbsp">Plant communication&nbsp;</h3>



Moreover, some research suggests that these electrical signals may help <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-capture-plant-communication-on-video/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plants communicate</a> distress or physiological states between different parts of themselves, or even with other plants, though this area of study is still quite exploratory.



These bioelectric phenomena are instrumental for understanding how plants interact with their environment and manage their internal functions without a nervous system, highlighting the complexity and adaptability of plant life.



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0195088" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Physics of Fluids</a>.



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Bioelectric future: Harnessing the natural energy of plants

When plants draw water from their roots to nourish their...

<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/oranges-lower-risk-macular-degeneration/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Orange</a> peels might be key to better cardiovascular health, according to new research led by the <a href="https://www.ufl.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Florida</a>. 



Heart disease, a leading cause of death, has been linked to gut bacteria that produce trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) when digesting certain nutrients.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-potential-of-orange-peel-extracts">Potential of orange peel extracts</h2>



Funded by a $500,000 USDA grant, a team led by Yu Wang - an associate professor of food science and human nutrition - investigated orange peel extracts for their potential to reduce TMAO production. The researchers tested both polar and nonpolar fractions of the extracts.&nbsp;



“If you imagine your salad dressing, anything in the water or vinegar part are the polar fraction; anything in the oil away from water is the non-polar fraction,” explained Professor Wang. “The solvents we used were not exactly like water and oil, but they possess similar polarity.”&nbsp;



The analysis revealed that the non-polar fraction effectively inhibited harmful chemical production. The scientists also identified a compound called feruloylputrescine in the polar fraction significantly inhibited the enzyme responsible for TMA production.



“This is a novel finding that highlights the previously unrecognized health potential of feruloylputrescine in reducing the risk of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cardiovascular-disease-death/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cardiovascular disease</a>,” said Wang.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-orange-peel-extracts-are-safe-for-consumption-nbsp">Orange peel extracts are safe for consumption&nbsp;</h2>



This discovery is especially relevant given that five million tons of orange peels are produced annually in the U.S., primarily from juice production. Typically, half of these peels are used for cattle feed, while the rest is discarded.&nbsp;



However, the FDA considers natural orange peel extracts safe for human consumption, opening up possibilities for repurposing them.



“These findings suggest that orange peels, often discarded as waste in the citrus industry, can be repurposed into valuable health-promoting ingredients, such as diet supplements or food ingredients,” Wang explained.&nbsp;



“Our research paves the way for developing functional foods enriched with these bioactive compounds, providing new therapeutic strategies for heart health,” she concluded.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-orange-peels">More about orange peels</h2>



Orange peels, the brightly colored outer skin of oranges, are more than just a protective covering for the juicy citrus segments inside. They contain essential oils that are responsible for their vibrant aroma and are often used in culinary dishes, cleaning products, and aromatherapy.&nbsp;



Despite their bitter taste, orange peels are edible and are a rich source of dietary fiber, vitamins, and antioxidants, which can provide various health benefits such as boosting the immune system and reducing the risk of certain diseases.&nbsp;



They also have applications in traditional medicine and can be used in various forms such as zest, in marmalades, or as a flavor enhancer. Additionally, their natural oil extracts are commonly found in skin care products due to their anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-vitamin-c-and-heart-health-nbsp">Vitamin C and heart health&nbsp;</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/strawberries-promote-cardiometabolic-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Vitamin C</a> is a powerful antioxidant which plays a significant role in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/vegan-diet-improves-heart-health-in-a-matter-of-weeks/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">heart health</a>, primarily through its involvement in various biological functions. 



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-blood-vessels-and-arteries">Blood vessels and arteries</h3>



Vitamin C helps in the production of collagen, which is crucial for maintaining the integrity of blood vessels. This is important for preventing and managing conditions like atherosclerosis where arteries stiffen due to plaque buildup.



Research suggests that vitamin C can help reduce blood pressure and the stiffness of arteries, lower the levels of LDL cholesterol and triglycerides, and improve endothelial function, which is the ability of blood vessels to dilate properly. These effects collectively help reduce the risk of heart disease.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-oxidative-stress-nbsp">Oxidative stress&nbsp;</h3>



Moreover, vitamin C's antioxidant properties help combat oxidative stress, which is linked to many chronic diseases including heart disease. By neutralizing free radicals, vitamin C helps protect the heart and blood vessels from damage.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-are-supplements-effective">Are supplements effective?</h3>



However, while a diet rich in vitamin C is associated with numerous health benefits, the effectiveness of vitamin C supplements in preventing cardiovascular disease has been debated. Some studies suggest benefits, while others show no significant reduction in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/refined-grains-increase-the-risk-of-heart-disease/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">heart disease risk</a> with supplementation. 



Therefore, obtaining vitamin C from natural sources like fruits and vegetables is generally recommended over supplements for overall heart health.



The study is published in the <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.3c09005" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry</a>.



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Orange peels: An unexpected weapon against heart disease

Orange peels might be key to better cardiovascular health, according...

As our planet warms, many species are relocating to new areas, but <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/trees-struggling-to-breathe-store-co2-hotter-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">trees</a> are lagging behind other plants and animals. A recent study published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2308811121" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a> (PNAS) suggests that the reason for this delay in tree migration might be found underground - in soil fungi.&nbsp;



The researchers found that trees, especially those in northern regions, may be moving to soils that lack the mycorrhizal fungi necessary to support them.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-trees-and-soil-fungi-in-a-warming-world-nbsp">Trees and soil fungi in a warming world&nbsp;</h2>



Most plants, including large coniferous trees in northern latitudes, rely on symbiotic relationships with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plants-distribute-enormous-amounts-of-co2-to-mycorrhizal-fungi/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mycorrhizal fungi</a>.&nbsp;These microscopic fungi form networks in the soil, connecting with plant roots to supply essential nutrients in exchange for carbon.&nbsp;



The study showed that 35% of tree-fungi partnerships could be negatively impacted by climate change, according to lead author Michael Van Nuland, a fungal ecologist at the <a href="https://www.spun.earth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Society for the Protection of Underground Networks</a> (SPUN).



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-diverse-soil-fungi-help-trees-survive">Diverse soil fungi help trees survive</h2>



The trees most at risk in North America belong to the pine family. The study highlighted that trees on the edges of their ranges, where conditions are harshest, have higher survival rates when they have more diverse mycorrhizal fungi. This diversity is critical for helping trees withstand <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fungi-in-boreal-forests-are-sensitive-to-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a>.



“Ectomycorrhizal fungi have a different relationship to climate than ectomycorrhizal trees do,” explained co-author Clara Qin, a data scientist at SPUN.&nbsp;



“While we expect climate-driven migrations to be limited by abiotic factors like the availability of space at higher latitudes and elevations, we don't usually account for biotic limitations like the availability of symbiotic partners.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-assisted-migration-strategies-nbsp">Assisted migration strategies&nbsp;</h2>



“It’s absolutely vital that we continue to work to understand how climate change is affecting mycorrhizal symbioses,” Van Nuland added. “These relationships underpin all life on Earth - it’s critical that we understand and protect them.”



“While more empirical work on this topic is certainly warranted, it may help explain previous observations of migration failure amongst a wide range of North American tree species. Consequently, our findings suggest that mycorrhizal fungi will need to be carefully considered as part of any assisted migration strategies for North American tree species,” the authors concluded.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pine-trees-of-north-america">Pine trees of North America</h2>



The pine family, scientifically known as Pinaceae, is a prominent group of coniferous trees that are widespread across North America. This family includes not only pines but also firs, spruces, cedars, and larches, among others.&nbsp;



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pine-tree-characteristics">Pine tree characteristics</h3>



These trees are characterized by their needle-like leaves, which are typically evergreen, and their cone-bearing reproductive structures.&nbsp;



Pines, in particular, are known for their long, slender needles grouped in clusters called fascicles, which can contain anywhere from one to five needles depending on the species.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pine-species-diversity-nbsp">Pine species diversity&nbsp;</h3>



In North America, the diversity of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/some-of-californias-pine-forests-may-never-return/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pine species</a> is significant, adapting to a wide range of climates and soils. They are found from the cold boreal forests of Canada, where species like the white pine and red pine thrive, to the warm southern regions where species like the ponderosa and lodgepole pine are common.&nbsp;



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ecological-and-economic-significance-nbsp">Ecological and economic significance&nbsp;</h3>



The adaptability of these trees makes them ecologically important as they provide habitat and food for wildlife, help in soil stabilization, and contribute to the forest's fire dynamics due to their flammable resin.



Economically, the pine family is equally significant. Many species are harvested for timber and paper production, and pine trees are also popular as Christmas trees due to their appealing fragrance and shape.&nbsp;



The resilience and utility of the pine family make it a vital component of North American forests, both in natural settings and in managed landscapes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-role-of-soil-fungi-in-tree-health">Role of soil fungi in tree health</h2>



Soil fungi play a crucial role in the health and growth of trees primarily through their symbiotic relationships with tree roots. These fungi, particularly mycorrhizal fungi, extend their networks into the soil, greatly expanding the surface area of tree roots.&nbsp;



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-water-and-essential-nutrients">Water and essential nutrients</h3>



This increased surface area allows trees to absorb water and essential nutrients, like phosphorus and nitrogen, more efficiently than roots could on their own.&nbsp;



In return, the fungi receive carbohydrates produced by the trees through photosynthesis, which are vital for their growth and reproduction.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fungi-and-soil-structure-nbsp">Fungi and soil structure&nbsp;</h3>



Moreover, soil fungi improve the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/amazon-dark-earth-could-revolutionize-forest-restoration/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">soil structure</a>, which enhances water retention and aeration, providing a better growing environment for trees.&nbsp;



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-soil-composition-nbsp">Soil composition&nbsp;</h3>



Fungi also play a key role in decomposing organic matter in the soil, which recycles nutrients that are essential for the ecosystem's sustainability. 



This interaction not only boosts tree health but also enhances their resistance to various stresses, including drought and diseases, helping maintain the overall resilience and stability of forest ecosystems.&nbsp;



By fostering a complex web of interactions within the soil, fungi contribute significantly to the ecological success and longevity of trees.



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Trees are moving to soils that lack the fungi to support them

As our planet warms, many species are relocating to new...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that scientists never expected.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hidden-waters-beneath-ancient-craters">Hidden waters beneath ancient craters</h2>



Scientists have made a startling discovery that challenges everything we thought we knew about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/saturn-moon-mimas-has-remarkably-young-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Saturn's moon Mimas</a>. Beneath the heavily cratered surface that earned it the nickname "Death Star" lies a global ocean that formed just 5 to 15 million years ago—a remarkably young age by cosmic standards.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cassini-data-reveals-orbital-secrets">Cassini data reveals orbital secrets</h2>



The discovery, led by Dr. Valéry Lainey of the <a href="https://observatoiredeparis.psl.eu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Observatoire de Paris</a>, emerged from careful analysis of <a href="https://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>'s Cassini spacecraft data. By studying subtle irregularities in Mimas's orbit around Saturn, researchers detected the gravitational signature of liquid water hidden 20 to 30 kilometers beneath the moon's icy shell.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-an-unlikely-ocean-world">An unlikely ocean world</h2>



At only 400 kilometers in diameter, Mimas seemed like the least likely candidate to harbor a subsurface ocean. Unlike other ocean moons such as Europa and Enceladus, which show clear surface signs of internal activity, Mimas displays no obvious hints of the liquid water beneath its ancient, crater-scarred exterior.



"Mimas is a small moon, and its heavily cratered surface gave no hint of the hidden ocean beneath," explained Dr. Nick Cooper from <a href="https://www.qmul.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Queen Mary University of London</a>, a study co-author.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-astrobiology">Implications for astrobiology</h2>



The ocean's recent formation makes Mimas a prime target for studying how oceans develop and potentially support life. This discovery adds another member to the exclusive club of ocean worlds in our solar system, each offering unique insights into the conditions necessary for habitability.



The research, published in <a href="https://www.nature.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a> journal, demonstrates how advanced orbital analysis can reveal hidden features of celestial bodies, opening new possibilities for understanding ocean formation throughout the cosmos.



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Scientists discover unexpected young ocean on Saturn's cratered moon Mimas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ 'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE
</div></figure>



On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop and sunlight barely penetrates through the polar winter. It was here, however, that an international team of scientists found <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/predatory-worms-were-terror-beasts-half-a-billion-years-ago/#google_vignette" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evidence of sea monsters</a> that would change our understanding of ocean life in the past.



This video captures the discovery of Timorebestia fossils that had been hidden for more than 500 million years in the Sirius Passet formation. The "terror beasts," as they are called, are a hidden chapter in the evolutionary history of <a href="https://www.earth.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth</a>, showing that sophisticated predator-prey interactions occurred much earlier than previously envisioned.



Dr. Jakob Vinther and his research team at the <a href="https://www.bristol.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bristol</a>, in collaboration with researchers at the <a href="https://eng.kopri.re.kr/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Korean Polar Research Institute</a>, braved extreme weather conditions at 82.5 north latitude to locate these giant creatures. Using sophisticated electron microprobe analysis, they revealed the detailed anatomy of the animals, including their muscle and nerve tissues.



The find upsets the traditional timeline of sea predators. Although we've long appreciated that Cambrian oceans were at one time ruled by <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jWI3-UgA3_o&amp;list=PL1QLQMW9MWDwpkFOnvgAmu7wT6rZmYqdJ&amp;index=19" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">arthropods</a>, these discoveries indicate that relatives of arrow worms were first to dominate the seas. These worms were building sophisticated food webs several million years before other predator groups arose.



Each fossil is a story of ancient hunger, with fossil stomach contents revealing these meter-long beasts dined on heavily armored arthropods regularly, cementing their place as the ocean's first apex predators.



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Worms dominated seas before dinosaurs

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">New York is the site of the world's oldest forest.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-385-million-year-old-trees-discovered">385-million-year-old trees discovered</h2>



Scientists have uncovered something extraordinary just two hours north of New York City. The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/worlds-oldest-forest-discovered-close-to-new-york-city/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">world's oldest forest</a>, dating back 385 million years, offers a window into how Earth's first complex forests shaped our planet's atmosphere.



Located near <a href="https://townofcairo.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cairo, New York</a>, in Greene County, these weren't merely primitive plants struggling to survive. These were sophisticated trees with root systems remarkably similar to modern forests. This ancient woodland predates dinosaurs by 140 million years.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-cairo-forest-discovery">The Cairo forest discovery</h2>



385 million years ago, upstate New York was a tropical paradise near the equator. Thanks to continental drift, this ancient forest has traveled thousands of miles to its current location.



The fossil forest sits in an abandoned quarry, roughly half the size of a football field. This represents just a slice of what was likely a massive forest system stretching from New York into Pennsylvania.



Charles Ver Straeten, curator of sedimentary rocks at the <a href="https://www.nysm.nysed.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">New York State Museum</a>, made the discovery in 2009. While scouting the former highway department property, his trained eye spotted wandering patterns in the stone that looked like marine features.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-age-and-preservation">Revolutionary age and preservation</h2>



The site contains 385-million-year-old rocks with fossilized woody roots forming horizontal patterns up to 18 feet (5.5 meters) wide. As Christopher Berry, a paleobotanist at Cardiff University, explains: "You are walking through the roots of ancient trees."



This discovery pushes back advanced tree evolution by millions of years. The research, published in <a href="https://www.cell.com/current-biology/home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current Biology</a> in December 2019, fundamentally changes our understanding of when complex forests first emerged.



Researchers believe a massive flood buried the forest floor, creating perfect fossilization conditions. Over millions of years, sediment hardened into rock, preserving these root patterns like nature's time capsule.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meet-archaeopteris-the-first-modern-tree">Meet Archaeopteris: the first modern tree</h2>



The star of this ancient forest is Archaeopteris – not to be confused with the feathered dinosaur Archaeopteryx. This tree was far older and more revolutionary.



William Stein from <a href="https://www.binghamton.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Binghamton University</a> describes the roots as "strikingly modern, essentially what you'd see outside in my yard right now." These weren't simple root systems you'd expect from ancient plants.



Some fossilized roots are six inches (15 centimeters) in diameter, forming 36-foot-wide (11-meter) patterns. These giants grew up to 65 feet (20 meters) tall with five-foot-diameter (1.5-meter) trunks.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-changing-impact">Climate-changing impact</h2>



These trees fundamentally changed Earth's environment. Kevin Boyce, a Stanford University geoscientist, explains how their deep roots triggered "weathering," chemical reactions that pulled carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.



This process dropped atmospheric CO2 levels from 10-15 times higher than today to roughly modern concentrations. These ancient trees helped create atmospheric conditions that made complex life possible.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ancient-forest-ecosystem">Ancient forest ecosystem</h2>



The forest was remarkably diverse. Scientists identified Eospermatopteris, palm tree-like plants with short roots that reached 30 feet (9 meters) tall but lacked woody structure. The forest also housed cladoxylopsids and a mysterious third species still being studied.



All reproduced through spores rather than seeds – millions of years before seeds evolved. This tropical environment had no grass, flowers, or flying insects, just towering trees creating Earth's first complex forest canopy.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-significance">Scientific significance</h2>



Before this finding, the Gilboa forest, located 25 miles (40 kilometers) away, held the "oldest forest" title. Cairo's trees are 2-3 million years older, showing that complex forest ecosystems developed much faster than scientists believed possible.



Patricia Gensel, a <a href="https://www.unc.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of North Carolina</a> paleobotanist, notes: "The size of those root systems is really changing the picture. Even 20 years ago, researchers assumed trees with such complex root systems didn't evolve so early."



The Cairo site presents three unique root systems, suggesting Devonian period forests were diverse ecosystems with different trees occupying different environmental niches, much like today's forests.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-preservation-efforts">Modern preservation efforts</h2>



In 2022, New York State Senator Michelle Hinchey secured a $170,000 grant for the town of Cairo to construct specialized fencing around the fossil forest site. The town plans to conduct a feasibility study exploring the possibility of creating an educational center and working lab on-site.



Joe Hasenkopf, chair of the Cairo Planning Board, hopes to partner with educational institutions to create a research facility serving scientists, students, and the public.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lessons-for-today-s-climate">Lessons for today's climate</h2>



Why does a 385-million-year-old forest matter today? It shows how dramatically forests can change Earth's climate. These ancient woodlands created the atmospheric conditions supporting complex life.



Understanding how prehistoric forests transformed the planet helps us appreciate modern forests' critical role in addressing climate change. Forests remain Earth's most effective carbon capture systems.



These prehistoric trees changed Earth's atmosphere by pulling massive amounts of carbon dioxide from the air. As we face modern climate challenges, this ancient forest reminds us of trees' incredible power to transform our planet's environment.



The next time you walk through a forest, remember you're experiencing an ecosystem whose blueprint was established 385 million years ago in upstate New York. These ancient pioneers didn't just survive – they thrived and changed the world forever.



The full study was published in the journal Current Biology.



-----



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Earth's oldest forest found in the United States

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ New York is the site of the world's oldest...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Acid rain and a crisis solved.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-don-t-we-ever-hear-about-acid-rain-anymore-the-environmental-crisis-that-was-solved">Why don't we ever hear about "acid rain" anymore? The environmental crisis that was solved</h2>



Remember the 1980s when acid rain dominated headlines? Dire warnings about rain eating buildings, killing fish, and destroying forests filled every news cycle. Then, almost like magic, acid rain vanished from public discourse. What happened? Did we actually solve one of the late 20th century's most pressing environmental challenges?



The answer might surprise you. Unlike many environmental issues that drag on indefinitely, acid rain represents one of modern history's most successful ecological recovery stories. It's a tale of science, politics, and technology working together to tackle what seemed impossible.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What was acid rain?</h2>



Acid rain isn't regular rain having a bad day – it's precipitation that became significantly more acidic due to air pollution. When power plants, factories, and vehicles burn fossil fuels, they release sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) into the atmosphere.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The science behind it</h2>



Think of acid rain as nature's chemistry experiment gone wrong. These compounds react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form sulfuric and nitric acids. When mixed with water vapor in clouds, they create precipitation with dangerously low pH levels.



While clean rain has a pH of about 5.6, acid rain could drop as low as 4.2 to 4.4 – roughly as acidic as tomato juice or coffee. According to US Geological Survey documentation, Scottish chemist Angus Smith first coined "acid rain" in 1872, but it didn't become a household phrase until the 1960s and 1970s when Swedish scientist Svante Odén documented its devastating effects on Scandinavian lakes and European forests.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The crisis at its peak</h2>



During the height of public concern, environmental damage was both widespread and visible. This wasn't some abstract future threat – people could see destruction happening in real-time.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Environmental devastation</h2>



The most dramatic impacts were impossible to ignore. Research documented by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation shows that in the Adirondack Mountains, more than 200 lakes became so acidic they couldn't support fish life. The Adirondack Council reports that 409 lakes once supported brook trout, but many lost their fish populations due to acid rain.



By 1976, when scientists cataloged all acidified lakes in the Adirondack Park, researchers found that half of the lakes over 2,000 feet above sea level had no fish, according to studies published in environmental journals. The acidification process worked like a slow-motion disaster. As acid rain fell into watersheds, it gradually lowered pH levels. Fish couldn't survive in acidic water, and their food sources died off too.



Trees at high elevations showed stress directly linked to acid rain. It weakened them by leaching nutrients and making them susceptible to disease. Historical records show Germany's Black Forest saw nearly half its trees damaged by the mid-1980s.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Economic impact</h2>



Acid rain wasn't just environmental – it was expensive. Acidic precipitation corroded infrastructure, buildings, and monuments. Historic stone structures deteriorated at accelerated rates. Tourism suffered as lakes became fishless and forests declined. EPA economic analyses from the period documented repair costs mounting into billions annually.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The solution: government action and technology</h2>



Transformation from crisis to success required unprecedented cooperation between governments, industries, and environmental groups.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The Clean Air Act of 1990</h2>



The turning point came with the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, signed by President George H.W. Bush. This represented a fundamentally new approach to environmental regulation, as documented in EPA historical records.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Cap-and-trade success</h2>



Instead of mandating specific technologies, the 1990 amendments introduced something revolutionary: a cap-and-trade system for sulfur dioxide emissions. EPA program documentation shows this market-based approach set overall limits but allowed companies to trade emission allowances.



The genius was harnessing market forces to find cost-effective pollution reduction. Companies reducing emissions cheaply could sell excess allowances to those facing higher costs. Research published in environmental economics journals and EPA progress reports shows this resulted in dramatic SO2 reduction at a fraction of projected costs.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Technology advances</h2>



Policy provided the framework, but technology made reductions possible. Studies in atmospheric science journals document the widespread adoption of flue gas desulfurization systems ("scrubbers") that removed sulfur dioxide before it reached the atmosphere. By the 2000s, new installations could remove over 95% of SO2 emissions, according to EPA technical reports.



The push coincided with cleaner energy development. Natural gas produces fewer sulfur compounds than coal. Wind and solar, emerging in the 1990s, captured growing market share, reducing reliance on high-sulfur coal.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-we-don-t-hear-about-it-today">Why we don't hear about it today</h2>



Why did acid rain disappear from headlines? Simple: the problem was largely solved.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Success doesn't make news</h2>



There's an old journalism saying: "If it bleeds, it leads." Environmental success stories don't generate urgency like crisis reporting. Media attention shifted to other challenges: climate change, plastic pollution, and biodiversity loss. There's only so much environmental anxiety the public can absorb, and newer concerns replaced acid rain.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Mission accomplished</h2>



The primary reason is beautifully simple: interventions worked. EPA monitoring data shows sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990. Academic research published in environmental science journals confirms pH levels in formerly affected areas returned closer to normal. This represents one of history's most dramatic environmental recoveries. Studies by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation show fishless lakes now support healthy populations. Forests recovered, and building damage slowed dramatically.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-is-it-really-gone">Is it really gone?</h2>



The crisis is largely resolved, but monitoring data shows the problem isn't completely eliminated – it's managed to acceptable levels. Some areas still experience occasional events during high pollution periods. International environmental research indicates that rapidly industrializing Asian countries face similar problems to what we experienced decades ago, though they're implementing successful strategies.



EPA research shows nitrogen oxide emissions proved more challenging than sulfur dioxide, coming from vehicles and mobile sources. Climate science studies suggest changing weather patterns add complexity to how acid rain forms and falls.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What this teaches us</h2>



The acid rain experience proves that seemingly intractable environmental problems can be solved with scientific understanding, political will, and technological innovation. Environmental monitoring data shows recovery speed was remarkable – within a decade, measurable improvements appeared in air quality and ecosystem health.



Success came from bipartisan support across party lines. Policy analysis studies show the market-based approach appealed to those preferring economic incentives while achieving environmental goals. This support created lasting policy surviving political changes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Conclusion</h2>



Acid rain's disappearance from public consciousness represents environmental science's greatest success stories. Through effective regulation, technological innovation, and international cooperation, we transformed an overwhelming crisis into a manageable challenge.



Today's silence isn't because we forgot – it's because we solved it. The 1990 Clean Air Act, combined with technology and energy market changes, reduced acid rain emissions over 90%, according to comprehensive EPA data analysis.



This success offers hope for current challenges. It proves complex problems can be solved when science, policy, and technology work together. As we face climate change and plastic pollution, acid rain reminds us that dramatic positive change is possible.



Next time someone asks whether environmental regulations work, remember acid rain. It's proof that sometimes, we get it right.



<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>



Sources: This article draws from EPA official documentation and progress reports, peer-reviewed research published in environmental and atmospheric science journals, historical data from the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation records, US Geological Survey publications, policy analysis studies, and environmental monitoring data collected over three decades.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Frequently Asked Questions</h2>



1. Is acid rain completely gone? No, but EPA monitoring shows it's reduced to manageable levels. US sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990, making acid rain much less severe than the 1980s crisis.



2. How long did solving take? Environmental monitoring data shows significant improvements began within 5-10 years of 1990s emission controls. Full ecosystem recovery took longer – some areas need 20-30 years for complete recovery.



3. What made the solution successful? Clear scientific understanding, visible damage motivating action, bipartisan support, available technology, and innovative market-based policies like cap-and-trade.



4. Do other countries have acid rain problems? Yes, particularly rapidly industrializing Asian countries. However, international environmental research shows many implement similar successful control strategies.



5. Could acid rain return? Potentially, if regulations weaken or we return to high-sulfur coal without controls, though effects would take years to become severe according to environmental projections.



6. Can you recommend any teaching tools on the subject of "acid rain"? The United States Environmental Protection Agency produced a wonderful teacher's guide for ages 14 and under that you can find on the EPA website here: <a href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf</a>



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The environmental problem we actually solved

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk Acid rain and a crisis solved. Why don't we...

Fresh,Radish,Harvest,On,Soil,In,Garden.

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/Fi2OeEwuzRM?si=vTyd2m9FMmtyWkex
</div></figure>







Mid-July is an opportune time to kick-start a thriving fall garden, and this guide lays out the best vegetables and herbs to plant now for a fruitful autumn harvest. 



Fast-growing leafy greens such as spinach, lettuce, kale, and arugula perform especially well in the waning summer heat, with harvests beginning as soon as 30 days. 



These cool-season crops relish the transition into fall, offering repeated yields with cut-and-come-again methods.



Root vegetables like radishes, carrots, and beets also excel during this period. Radishes deliver satisfaction in under a month, while carrots and beets mature in about two months. Employing succession planting ensures a continuous stream of produce deep into the cooler months. 



For a boost of fresh flavor, herbs like cilantro, basil, dill, and chervil are excellent picks. These heat-loving varieties flourish in July’s warmth and are harvest-ready in about 30 days, especially when sown continuously.



Gardeners in zones 6 through 9 can benefit from planting bush beans and snap peas, which don’t require trellising and are ideal for compact plots. 



Maturing in 50–60 days, they’re a smart choice for quick, protein-rich harvests. For those in hotter regions, heat-tolerant crops such as okra and southern peas provide reliable yields and thrive in scorching conditions.



This guide emphasizes more than crop selection—it highlights the importance of timing, soil preparation, and ongoing sowing techniques. 



With thoughtful planning and attention to regional climate needs, even late-summer gardeners can enjoy fresh salads, hearty stews, and the satisfaction of a robust, homegrown harvest well into fall.



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What to plant in your garden in mid-July

https://youtu.be/Fi2OeEwuzRM?si=vTyd2m9FMmtyWkex Mid-July is an opportune time to kick-start a thriving...

Green,Ecoduct,Over,An,Empty,Highway,During,Sunset.

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU
</div></figure>



A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that wildlife tunnels significantly reduce amphibian road mortality during seasonal migrations. 



Frogs and salamanders often cross roads to reach breeding ponds each spring, but many are killed by vehicles. 



Researchers from the <a href="https://www.uvm.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Vermont</a>, in collaboration with local citizens and the Vermont Agency of Natural Resources, installed two underpass tunnels in 2015. 



Over a 12-year monitoring period, they observed an 80.2% reduction in amphibian deaths, and up to 94% for non-climbing species like salamanders. 



The study used a before-after-control-impact design and documented more than 5,200 amphibians, highlighting the tunnels’ effectiveness even in nearby buffer zones.



Funded at $342,397 - far cheaper than wildlife crossings for large mammals - the project showcased the power of community-led conservation.



Local groups initiated the effort after observing mass amphibian deaths. Wildlife cameras later captured over 2,200 amphibians using a tunnel in just one spring, along with other species like raccoons and bobcats, indicating wider ecosystem benefits.



This marks the first peer-reviewed, long-term data set in the northeastern U.S. confirming amphibian-specific underpasses work. 



The study urges transportation departments to incorporate these designs into road planning and highlights how community action, thoughtful infrastructure, and persistence can make a real difference for biodiversity.



The full study was published in the <a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1617138125000780" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal for Nature Conservation</a>.



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Wildlife tunnels save millions of amphibians

https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that...

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. 



The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.



<figure class="wp-block-embed aligncenter is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/Ug657J67iEo?si=w96YjGMsg939LD_3
</div></figure>



Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. 



Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.



Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. 



They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).



Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.



Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.



This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?



One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;



While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;



Video Credit: ACS Reactions



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

How does salt makes things taste better?

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;



'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."



"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Santiago, Chile in South America

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Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

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Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.



The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;



"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."



"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."



"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."



The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.



Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.



According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."



Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;



ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. 



Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.



"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.



"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."



Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.



"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.



"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."



Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.



The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.



At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;



"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.



"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."



The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.



Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

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Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."



The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.



"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;



"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

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