The benefits of psilocybin-assisted therapy for major depression reportedly endures for years, if not forever. 



In a new analysis of people who took part in a 2020 psilocybin clinical trial, 67 percent were still in full remission from depression an average of five years later - up from 58 percent at the one-year mark.



Study lead author Alan Davis is an associate professor and director of the <a href="https://www.cpdre.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Center for Psychedelic Drug Research and Education</a> at The Ohio State University.



“Across the board - <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/gut-microbes-have-an-unexpected-link-to-anxiety/">anxiety</a>, depression, global functioning, self-reported depression - we kept seeing the same signal of continued improvement," said Davis.



The follow-up results offer a rare long view of outcomes after psychedelic-assisted therapy, an area where long-term data are still sparse.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-psilocybin-the-basics">Understanding psilocybin - the basics</h2>



Psilocybin is a natural compound found in certain mushrooms, often called “magic mushrooms.” When you ingest psilocybin, your body quickly converts it into psilocin, the active form that interacts with your brain. 



Psilocin closely resembles <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-dopamine-and-serotonin-shape-behavior/">serotonin</a>, a key neurotransmitter, so it binds to serotonin receptors - especially the 5-HT2A receptor. 



This binding alters the way nerve cells communicate, which leads to changes in perception, mood, and thought patterns. 



From a scientific standpoint, psilocybin disrupts the brain’s usual patterns of activity and connectivity. 



Brain imaging studies show that it quiets the “default mode network,” a system linked to self-reflection and the inner voice we all carry. 



At the same time, it boosts communication between brain regions that don’t normally interact.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-curing-depression-with-psilocybin">Curing depression with psilocybin</h2>



The peer-reviewed study, published in 2021, enrolled adults with major depressive disorder and compared two groups: one received psilocybin treatment immediately, and the other started after a wait-list period.



All the participants ultimately completed a standardized protocol: two dosing sessions with psilocybin paired with about 13 hours of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/psychotherapy-is-key-to-the-success-of-psychedelic-treatment/">psychotherapy</a> (including preparation, support during sessions, and integration).



The initial results showed large reductions in depression severity, with half of participants in remission up to one year.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tracking-patients-over-time">Tracking patients over time</h2>



Of the 24 people in the original trial, 18 took part in the five-year check-in. Online questionnaires were used to assess depression, anxiety, and functional impairment. 



The researchers also applied a clinician-rated depression scale and conducted qualitative interviews to capture changes the numbers might miss.



The team made a conservative assumption to avoid overstating success. They counted the six who did not return as having fully relapsed to pre-treatment levels.



Even under that assumption, depression scores remained “very large and significantly” reduced at five years, Davis noted, and the share of participants in complete remission nudged upward.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-than-psilocybin">More than psilocybin</h2>



The lasting gains cannot be chalked up solely to the two psilocybin sessions. Only three people reported no additional depression-related treatment in the years since. 



Others used antidepressant medications, tried <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ketamine-treatment-may-now-last-months-instead-of-weeks/">ketamine</a> or other psychedelics, or engaged in psychotherapy.



Interviews helped explain that context. Many participants described life with depression as profoundly constricted before the trial - too little energy, too little hope to engage. 



Afterward, several said their depression felt more situational and manageable. They reported a greater capacity for positive emotion and motivation, and a different relationship to low moods when they returned.



A few who experimented with psychedelics on their own found the experiences less helpful without a clinical framework. This underscores a theme from other work by Davis and colleagues: the therapeutic container matters.



A strong alliance with trained therapists, structured preparation, and integration support may play as big a role as the drug itself.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-psilocybin-safety-over-time">Psilocybin safety over time</h2>



At the five-year mark, 11 of 18 participants reported no adverse effects since the trial. Looking back, three remembered feeling unprepared for the heightened emotional sensitivity that followed their dosing sessions. 



Two said tapering off <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cure-for-alcohol-addiction-was-discovered-by-accident/">medications</a> and waiting during the original trial was especially difficult, and two wished they’d had more formal integration therapy afterward.



The study is small, non-randomized at follow-up, and based on a motivated sample - limitations the authors emphasize.



With just 18 people contributing long-term data, it’s impossible to generalize broadly or disentangle psilocybin’s contribution from other treatments and life changes.



Larger, placebo-controlled trials with systematic follow-up will be needed to test durability, dosing strategies, and who benefits most.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-psilocybin-depression-and-healthcare">Psilocybin, depression, and healthcare</h2>



Even with the study's limitations, the pattern is encouraging. Many participants maintained remission or continued to function better. 



Several described a shift that outlasted symptom scores - more engagement with family, work, and meaningful activities, and fewer episodes of withdrawal and isolation, which are among depression’s most disabling features.



“Five years later, most people continued to view this treatment as safe, meaningful, and important - something that catalyzed an ongoing betterment of their life,” Davis said.



“Despite some symptoms coming back, they weren’t experiencing the same levels of impairment - suggesting this approach might, for some, kick-start lasting positive change.”



The bottom line: psilocybin-assisted therapy remains experimental, and it’s not a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-gut-bacteria-morganella-morganii-could-cause-depression-not-a-brain-disorder/">depression</a> cure-all. But in this small cohort, the combination of guided psychedelic sessions and psychotherapy was associated with durable relief - and in many cases, a different relationship to depression - years down the road.



The study is published in the <a href="https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/aop/article-10.1556-2054.2025.00461/article-10.1556-2054.2025.00461.xml" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of Psychedelic Studies</a>.



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Patients report no signs of depression five years after psilocybin treatment

The benefits of psilocybin-assisted therapy for major depression reportedly endures for years, if not forever. In a new analysis of people who took part in a 2020 psilocybin clinical trial, 67 percent were still in full remission from depression an average of five years later - up from 58 percent at the one-year mark. Study lead author Alan Davis is an associate professor and director of the Center for Psychedelic Drug Research and Education at The Ohio State University. “Across the board - anxiety, depression, global functioning,...

In today's fast-paced urban lifestyle, we often find ourselves disconnected from nature and its countless benefits. However, a recent collaborative study has shed light on a simple yet powerful way to enhance our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/gardening-significantly-improves-sleep-quality-in-adults/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">health and well-being</a>: indoor gardening.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-benefits-of-urban-indoor-gardening">Benefits of urban indoor gardening</h2>



Doctoral Researcher Mika Saarenpää from the Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, <a href="https://www.helsinki.fi/en/faculty-biological-and-environmental-sciences" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Helsinki</a>, conducted a fascinating study that explored the impact of urban indoor gardening on the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/your-microbiome-trillions-of-bacteria-unique-like-your-fingerprint/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">human microbiota</a> and immune regulation.



The study involved two groups of participants: one engaged in indoor gardening using a microbially rich <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/urban-gardens-promote-biodiversity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">growing medium</a> that mimicked forest soil, while the control group used a microbially poor peat-based medium. The results were astounding.



"One month of urban indoor gardening boosted the diversity of bacteria on the skin of the subjects and was associated with higher levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines in the blood. The group studied used a growing medium with high microbial diversity emulating the forest soil," explains Saarenpää.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-our-clean-lives-might-be-making-us-sick">Our "clean" lives might be making us sick</h2>



Urbanization has brought about many conveniences, but it has also led to a significant reduction in our exposure to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microbial-life-soil-planet-warming-global-carbon-cycle/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">diverse microbes</a>. This shift has been linked to a rise in immune-mediated diseases such as allergies, asthma, and autoimmune disorders.



"We live too 'cleanly' in cities," Saarenpää emphasizes. The sanitized urban environment, he explains, has led to a significant reduction in our exposure to diverse microbes, altering the delicate balance of our body's microbiota. This shift has been linked to a concerning rise in immune-mediated diseases. 



"Our study shows that engaging in meaningful and natural activities, such as indoor gardening, can help counteract these effects by increasing the diversity of our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/certain-gut-bacteria-lower-cholesterol-and-the-risk-of-heart-disease/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">microbiota</a> and supporting the regulation of our immune system," Saarenpää asserts.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bringing-nature-home-is-simple-and-accessible">Bringing nature home is simple and accessible</h2>



One of the most exciting aspects of this study is that increasing microbial exposure can be done easily and safely at home, all year round. 



The space and financial investment required is minimal. Participants in the study used regular flower boxes and readily available plants such as peas, beans, mustards, and salads.



"We don't yet know how long the changes observed in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/secrets-of-aging-have-been-found-in-the-skin-microbiome/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">skin microbiota</a> and anti-inflammatory cytokines persist, but if gardening turns into a hobby, it can be assumed that the regulation of the immune system becomes increasingly continuous," Saarenpää notes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-exposing-children-to-nature-at-an-early-age">Exposing children to nature at an early age</h2>



Saarenpää stresses the importance of exposing children to nature and microbes early on, as their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/babies-immune-systems-have-hidden-and-surprising-strength/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">immune systems</a> develop rapidly during childhood. 



He suggests introducing planter boxes filled with microbially rich soil in kindergartens, schools, and even hospitals, especially in densely built urban areas.



However, Saarenpää also emphasizes the need for caution, saying, "For urban gardening to bring health benefits instead of risks, the skin of the hands in particular must be unbroken, and the inhalation of dusty growing media avoided."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reconnecting-with-nature-s-diversity">Reconnecting with nature's diversity</h2>



While indoor gardening offers a practical solution for increasing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microbes-in-an-infant-gut-have-their-unique-circadian-rhythms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">microbial exposure</a>, Saarenpää envisions a broader goal: creating urban environments that are diverse enough to provide the necessary microbial exposure without relying on specially designed products.



"My research emphasizes the dependence of our health on the diversity of nature and that of soil in particular," Saarenpää states. He underscores the fundamental truth that human well-being is intimately connected to the rich tapestry of species around us. 



"In an ideal world, our urban landscapes would be designed to nurture this diversity, providing a natural source of beneficial <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/umbrella-toxin-discovery-may-help-human-antibiotic-resistance/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">microbial exposure</a> without the need for specially engineered solutions," Saarenpää envisions. 



"By recognizing our place within the intricate web of life, we can create cities that promote health and resilience for all their inhabitants."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-health-and-happiness-from-indoor-gardening">Health and happiness from indoor gardening</h2>



In summary, by embracing indoor gardening, we can cultivate a healthier future for ourselves and our communities. 



This simple yet powerful activity brings the benefits of nature into our homes and serves as a reminder of our intricate connection with the diverse world around us. 



As we nurture our plants, we also nurture our own well-being, strengthening our immune systems and reducing the risk of chronic diseases. 



So let us plant the seeds of change, one planter box at a time, and watch as our cities transform into thriving, resilient ecosystems that support the health and happiness of all who call them home.



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Mika Saarenpää was joined by researchers from the <a href="https://www.luke.fi/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Natural Resources Institute Finland</a> and <a href="https://www.tuni.fi/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Tampere University</a> for this study.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412024002915?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Environment International</a>.



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Indoor gardening has many surprising health benefits

In today's fast-paced urban lifestyle, we often find ourselves disconnected...

Siberian,Chipmunk,(eutamias,Sibiricus),In,The,Forest,In,Noord,Brabant

Deep within the Penobscot Experimental Forest in Maine, a team of researchers has uncovered a fascinating phenomenon involving small mammals. 



These woods, located about 10 miles north of Bangor, are scattered with hidden treasures -- not gold or jewels, but eastern white pine seeds. 



These seed caches were strategically placed by researchers to study the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mammal-social-behavior-dates-back-to-the-age-of-dinosaurs/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">behavior</a> of the forest's small mammal inhabitants.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-behavior-of-small-mammals-in-forests">Behavior of small mammals in forests</h2>



This intriguing study is led by Brigit Humphreys, a graduate student at the <a href="https://umaine.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Maine</a>, as part of her National Science Foundation-funded research. 



For the past two years, Humphreys has been investigating how the personalities of small mammals influence their behavior, particularly in the context of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/woodlice-prove-crucial-players-plant-seed-dispersal/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">seed dispersal</a>. 



Her work is part of a larger, eight-year project nearing its conclusion, aimed at understanding the role of individual animal personalities in ecological processes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ecological-importance">Ecological importance</h2>



The point of the project was to figure out how small mammal personality and animal personality in general influence different ecological processes. 



"We’re focused on small mammals because they’re abundant, we get a really good sample size, and we can conduct experiments on them in the forest. Seed dispersal is crucial to Maine’s economy, recreation, and aesthetics," Humphreys explained.



This research sheds light on an often overlooked aspect of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/history-can-affect-the-outcome-of-ecological-restoration/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ecology</a> -- individual behavioral differences within species. 



By focusing on these differences, Humphreys aims to highlight their significance in ecosystems, tree growth, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tiny-ants-make-a-huge-contribution-to-forest-regeneration/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">forest regeneration</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-catching-the-thieves-in-action">Catching the thieves in action</h2>



Under the guidance of Professor Alessio Mortelliti from the Department of Wildlife, Fisheries, and Conservation Biology, Humphreys and her team conducted their fieldwork from June to October 2022.



They set traps for various small mammals, including squirrels, chipmunks, mice, voles, and shrews, across a six-grid system in the forest. Each captured animal was tagged and its personality traits recorded.



After clearing the traps from each grid, the team planted artificial seed caches equipped with circular antennas to detect the tagged animals. Game cameras were also installed to capture footage of the animals pilfering the seeds.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-discovering-personality-traits">Discovering personality traits</h2>



Humphreys' findings reveal that the personality of small mammals significantly influences their seed-stealing success. 



"We found that more exploratory deer mice were more likely to find caches to pilfer," Humphreys notes. "They move around more and don't consider predation risk as much, so they find these caches and steal them."



The research also highlighted that skinnier animals were more desperate to pilfer due to hunger, and female voles were more likely to steal seeds, aligning with previous research on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/social-behavior-of-voles-linked-to-oxytocin-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">vole behavior</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unexpected-pilferers">Unexpected pilferers</h2>



Throughout the study, the team observed a variety of species pilfering the caches. 



"We had over 10 different species come and pilfer the caches," Humphreys says. "Some were unexpected, like raccoons. The other common pilferers were American red squirrels, eastern chipmunks, Sorex shrews, and jumping mice."



Even with a small sample of jumping mice, their effectiveness was notable. "The ones that were present in our areas were very effective. They got like 10 caches in a night," Humphreys adds.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-small-mammals-healthy-forests-happy-planet">Small mammals, healthy forests, happy planet</h2>



Humphreys’ research, recently published in the Journal of Animal Ecology, emphasizes the importance of individual behavioral diversity within species. 



"The take-home message of all the research we are doing is that individuals are important," she concludes. "There’s a big push in the science community to conserve biodiversity, but beyond biodiversity, we have to be conserving behavioral diversity within a species if we truly want to have fully functional ecosystems."



In summary, as we delve deeper into the secret lives of forest critters, Brigit Humphreys and her team at the University of Maine continue to unravel the complex relationships between small mammal personalities and the ecosystems they inhabit. 



Their research not only highlights the importance of individual quirks in shaping forest dynamics but also underscores the need to conserve behavioral diversity within species.



By understanding and preserving the unique personalities of these furry thieves, we can ensure the health, resilience, and beauty of our forests for years to come. 



So the next time you take a walk in the woods, remember that beneath the tranquil canopy, a lively cast of characters is busy pilfering, exploring, and shaping the world around them, one stolen seed at a time.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1365-2656.14059" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of Animal Ecology</a>.



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Small mammals play a vital role in maintaining forest health

Deep within the Penobscot Experimental Forest in Maine, a team...

For many, chocolate is a beloved treat made from cocoa mass and cocoa butter extracted from the cocoa fruit. However, the fruit contains other valuable ingredients that have been underutilized until now. 



Researchers and the chocolate industry are collaborating to maximize the <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/cocoa-fruit_interior-diagram_illustration_credit-Kim-Mishra_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">use of the entire cocoa fruit</a>. This effort aims to boost the profitability of cocoa cultivation while making chocolate a healthier treat.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-maximizing-the-potential-of-cocoa-fruit">Maximizing the potential of cocoa fruit</h2>



Researchers at <a href="https://ethz.ch/en.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ETH Zurich</a>, in collaboration with start-up Koa and Swiss chocolate manufacturer <a href="https://www.felchlin.com/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Felchlin</a>, have developed a recipe for cocoa-fruit chocolate. 



This project, part of an Innosuisse initiative, was led by emeritus ETH professor Erich Windhab. The team focused on harnessing the full potential of the cocoa fruit, including the flesh and parts of the fruit shell, known as the endocarp.



Kim Mishra, the main author of the study published in the journal Nature Food, explains that the cocoa fruit is similar to the honeydew melon. 



"These fruits have similar structures. Both have a hard outer shell that reveals the flesh of the fruit when cut open, as well as the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cocoa-beans-reduce-the-risk-of-fatal-cardiovascular-events/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cocoa beans</a> or melon seeds and pulp in the interior," notes Mishra. 



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/chocolate-with-less-sugar-still-tastes-great-with-a-secret-ingredient/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Traditional chocolate</a> uses only the beans, but the researchers utilized the entire fruit to create a cocoa gel. This gel is extremely sweet and can replace the added powdered sugar typically used in chocolate.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-from-tree-to-chocolate-journey-of-cocoa-fruit">From tree to chocolate: Journey of cocoa fruit</h2>



The cocoa fruit, also known as the cacao pod, grows on the trunk and branches of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/secret-cocoa-pollinators-revealed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Theobroma cacao</a> tree. The pod typically measures between 6 to 12 inches long and has an oval or oblong shape. The pod's thick, leathery skin ranges in color from yellow to orange when ripe, depending on the variety.



Inside the pod, a sweet, white pulp encases 20 to 60 cocoa beans, which are arranged in rows. The pulp, also called the mucilage, has a soft, slippery texture and a tart, citrusy flavor. The beans themselves are covered by a thin, pale membrane and have a bitter taste.



When the pod ripens, harvesters carefully cut it from the tree using a machete or a sharp knife, ensuring not to damage the delicate stem that will produce future flowers and fruits. 



They then crack open the pod and scoop out the pulp-covered beans, which undergo fermentation, drying, and roasting to develop the rich, chocolate flavor we associate with cocoa.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-perfecting-the-recipe">Perfecting the recipe</h2>



Finding the perfect recipe for cocoa-fruit chocolate was a challenge. The researchers systematically tested various compositions in the lab. 



Too much fruit juice from the pulp made the chocolate clumpy, while too little resulted in insufficient sweetness. The goal was to achieve the right balance between sweetness and texture. 



The experiments showed that chocolate could contain up to 20% of the cocoa gel, providing sweetness equivalent to chocolate with 5-10% powdered sugar. In contrast, conventional <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dark-chocolate-triggers-mood-boosting-changes-in-the-gut/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dark chocolate</a> can contain 30-40% powdered sugar.



To test the sensory experience, trained panelists from the <a href="https://www.bfh.ch/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Bern University of Applied Sciences</a> taste-tested 5-gram pieces of chocolate, some with powdered sugar and others sweetened with cocoa gel. 



"This allowed us to empirically determine the sweetness of our recipe as expressed in the equivalent amount of powdered sugar," says Mishra.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-healthier-sustainable-option">Healthier, sustainable option</h2>



Using cocoa gel as a sweetener results in cocoa-fruit chocolate with a higher fiber content (15 grams versus 12 grams per 100 grams) and lower saturated fat content (23 grams versus 33 grams) compared to typical European dark chocolate. 



"Fibre is valuable from a physiological perspective because it naturally regulates intestinal activity and prevents <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/people-become-hangry-when-their-blood-sugar-is-low/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">blood sugar</a> levels from rising too rapidly when consuming chocolate," explains Mishra.



Saturated fat can also pose a health risk when too much is consumed. There’s a relationship between increased consumption of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/diet-plays-a-major-role-in-preventing-alzheimers-disease/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">saturated fats</a> and increased risk of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cocoa-beans-reduce-the-risk-of-fatal-cardiovascular-events/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cardiovascular diseases.</a>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-benefits-for-farmers">Benefits for farmers</h2>



Small-scale farmers can benefit from this innovation by diversifying their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cacao-trees-5000-year-odyssey-global-domestication/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">product</a> offerings and increasing their income. 



By using more components of the cocoa fruit, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/deadly-virus-threatens-global-chocolate-supply/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">farmers</a> can sell not only the beans but also the dried juice from the pulp and the endocarp, ground into powder. 



"This would allow them to generate income from three value-creation streams. And more value creation for the cocoa fruit makes it more sustainable," says Mishra.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-of-cocoa-fruit">Future of cocoa fruit</h2>



While cocoa-fruit chocolate has shown promise, it won't be hitting grocery store shelves immediately. 



"Although we've shown that our chocolate is attractive and has a comparable sensory experience to normal chocolate, the entire value creation chain will need to be adapted, starting with the cocoa farmers, who will require drying facilities,” says Mishra. 



"Cocoa-fruit chocolate can only be produced and sold on a large scale by chocolate producers once enough powder is produced by food processing companies," she concluded.



The first step has been taken: ETH has filed a patent for its innovative cocoa-fruit chocolate recipe. This development is a promising example of how technology, nutrition, eco-compatibility, and income diversification for small farmers can work together to improve the value-creation chain of the cocoa plant.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s43016-024-00967-2" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Food</a>.



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Healthier chocolate created by using the entire cocoa fruit

For many, chocolate is a beloved treat made from cocoa...

In the field of cancer research, unexpected heroes sometimes emerge from the most surprising sources. Who would have thought that a virus related to the humble black-eyed pea plant could hold the key to a potential breakthrough in cancer <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/chaotic-protein-that-fuels-75-of-cancers-can-be-controlled/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">treatment</a>? 



Yet, that's exactly what a remarkable study from the University of California San Diego (<a href="https://ucsd.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UC San Diego</a>) suggests.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-treating-metastatic-cancer-with-a-plant-virus">Treating metastatic cancer with a plant virus</h2>



Metastatic cancer, also known as stage 4 cancer, is when cancer cells spread from the primary tumor to other parts of the body. This process is called metastasis. Metastatic cancer can affect various organs, including the liver, lungs, bones, and brain.



The spread happens when cancer cells break away from the original tumor, travel through the bloodstream or <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/aging-turns-lymph-nodes-into-fat-impairing-immunity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lymphatic system</a>, and form new tumors in other organs or tissues. These new tumors are made of the same type of cancer cells as the primary tumor. 



For example, if breast cancer spreads to the lungs, the cancer cells in the lungs are still <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/flaxseeds-influence-on-the-gut-could-reduce-breast-cancer-risk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">breast cancer</a> cells, not lung cancer cells.



Metastatic cancer is more challenging to treat than cancer that remains in one location. Treatment usually aims to slow the growth of the cancer, manage symptoms, and improve quality of life. 



Common treatments include chemotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, radiation therapy, and sometimes surgery. Each case is unique, and treatment plans are tailored to the individual's specific situation.



Despite the advanced stage of metastatic cancer, ongoing research and new treatments are continually improving outcomes and offering hope for patients. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rising-cancer-rates-in-young-adults-linked-to-accelerated-aging/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Early detection</a> and advancements in medical science play crucial roles in managing this complex condition.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plant-virus-in-cancer-treatment">Plant virus in cancer treatment</h2>



Researchers at UC San Diego have harnessed the power of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/a-plant-virus-could-help-cure-cancer/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cowpea</a> mosaic virus, a virus that typically infects black-eyed pea plants, to develop an experimental cancer treatment. 



When transformed into nanoparticles, the virus has shown remarkable promise in protecting against a broad range of metastatic cancers in mice.



The ability of this plant virus-based treatment to combat metastasis across various cancer <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/unique-fingerprint-of-cancer-cells-revealed-in-hydrogen-atoms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">types</a>, including <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/colon-cancer-colorectal-screening-accurate-new-blood-test/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">colon</a>, ovarian, melanoma, and breast cancer, is a significant step forward.



"We are providing a systemic treatment to wake up the body's immune system to eliminate the disease before metastases even form and settle," said Nicole Steinmetz, a professor of nanoengineering at UC San Diego and a leading researcher in this study.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-does-it-work">How does it work?</h2>



The beauty of this treatment lies in its simplicity and natural origins. Scientists grow black-eyed pea plants in the lab and infect them with the cowpea mosaic virus. 



The plants then produce millions of copies of the virus, which are harvested as ball-shaped nanoparticles. These nanoparticles, with no further modification, are ready for use in experiments.



These nanoparticles don't directly <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/holy-grail-molecule-can-kill-all-types-of-solid-cancer-tumors/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">attack cancer cells</a>. Instead, they act as an immune system alarm. Even though the virus is harmless to mammals, the body's immune cells recognize it as a foreign invader. 



This triggers a robust immune response, not only against any existing tumors but also against future ones, effectively preventing cancer from spreading and recurring.



The immune response is crucial because it harnesses the body's natural defense mechanisms to fight cancer. By stimulating the immune system, the treatment helps the body identify and destroy cancer cells more effectively. 



This approach targets both the primary tumor and any potential metastases, offering a comprehensive strategy to combat cancer.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plant-virus-cancer-treatment-shows-promise-in-mice">Plant virus cancer treatment shows promise in mice</h2>



The effectiveness of this plant virus treatment has been demonstrated in mouse models. 



Mice injected with the cowpea mosaic virus nanoparticles and then exposed to metastatic tumors showed significantly improved survival rates and reduced tumor growth compared to untreated mice.



"Here, we do not treat established tumors or metastatic disease -- we prevent them from forming," said Steinmetz. This preventive approach is a game-changer. It means potentially stopping cancer in its tracks before it becomes a life-threatening problem. 



Even more exciting is the treatment's effectiveness after surgery. In mice that had tumors surgically removed, the nanoparticles helped boost the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/reprogramming-the-immune-system-to-attack-cancer-cells/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">immune system</a>, preventing any remaining cancer cells from spreading and causing a recurrence.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-of-plant-based-virus-cancer-therapy">Future of plant-based virus cancer therapy</h2>



The researchers are enthusiastic about the potential of this plant virus treatment. They are now gearing up for clinical trials, with the goal of eventually testing this therapy in humans. While there's still a long road ahead, the initial results are highly promising.



"Even if you perform surgery to remove the tumors, no surgery is perfect and there is outgrowth of metastasis if no additional treatment is provided," explained Steinmetz. "Here, we use our plant virus nanoparticles after surgery to boost the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/turning-cancers-defense-against-itself-using-novel-car-t-therapy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">immune system</a> to reject any residual disease and prevent circulating tumor cells from metastatic seeding. We found that it works really, really well!"



This research also opens the door to exploring other plant-based therapies for cancer. It highlights the vast potential of nature to provide solutions for some of our most pressing medical challenges.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-hope-for-patients">New hope for patients</h2>



The possibility of a plant virus-based cancer treatment is an exciting development for cancer patients and their families. While more research is needed, the early results suggest that this innovative approach could offer a safer and more effective way to prevent and treat metastatic cancer.



The cowpea mosaic virus, once just a threat to black-eyed pea plants, may soon become a powerful ally in the fight against cancer.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/advs.202308237" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Advanced Science</a>.



-----



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-----

Plant virus that attacks black-eyed peas also kills cancer tumors

In the field of cancer research, unexpected heroes sometimes emerge...

Flowers brighten our gardens, fill our vases, and inspire countless poets. But have you ever wondered about the drama unfolding within their petals? It turns out, plants have a fascinating (and surprisingly complex) way of choosing their fertilization partners. 



Scientists at <a href="https://en.nagoya-u.ac.jp" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nagoya University</a> in Japan have just pulled back the curtain on this hidden world, and what they've found could change the way we think about agriculture.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-flower-fertilization">Flower fertilization</h2>



Flowering plants, known as <a href="https://www.earth.com/plant-encyclopedia/angiosperms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">angiosperms</a>, have male and female parts. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sunflower-family-tree-explains-evolution-of-flower-symmetry/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Reproduction</a> kicks off when a pollen grain (carrying male genetic material) lands on the stigma of a flower (the female part). 



This triggers the growth of a pollen tube, a microscopic tunnel that delivers sperm cells to the ovule for fertilization. It's like a tiny, botanical version of a sperm whale diving to the depths of the ocean.



But how does a flower choose which pollen grain gets to fertilize it? To answer this, the Nagoya University team developed a technique using a two-photon microscope, allowing them to <a href="https://www.embopress.org/doi/suppl/10.1038/s44319-024-00151-4/suppl_file/44319_2024_151_moesm13_esm.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">peer deep inside a living flower</a> for the first time.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-attraction-and-repulsion-in-flower-fertilization">Attraction and repulsion in flower fertilization</h2>



What they saw was a captivating pattern of attraction and rejection in flower fertilization. The female tissue of the flower emits a signal that lures a single <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-twist-in-the-evolution-of-plant-pollinator-relationships/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pollen</a> tube towards it. It's like a siren song, guiding the pollen tube along the precise path towards fertilization.



Once the lucky pollen tube has been chosen, the female tissue releases a second signal, this one designed to repel any other suitors. It's as if the flower says, "Thanks, but I'm taken!" This dual mechanism ensures that only one pollen tube gets to fertilize the ovule.



Lead researcher Yoko Mizuta described this repulsion system as "fascinating," noting the complex interplay of different cell types involved in this intricate process of attraction and repulsion. It's like a botanical soap opera, complete with love triangles and dramatic rejections.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-significance">Study significance</h2>



This discovery goes beyond mere scientific curiosity about flower fertilization. It has significant implications for agriculture. By understanding how plants regulate fertilization, we can potentially optimize seed production and improve crop yields. 



The precise mechanism of one-to-one pollen tube guidance ensures successful fertilization and efficient seed production. This knowledge can help develop methods to enhance these natural processes. 



By mimicking or enhancing the signals that attract and repel pollen tubes, agricultural scientists could increase seed production and improve germination rates. This could lead to more efficient crop production, especially under challenging environmental <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/urbanization-alters-the-dynamics-of-plant-pollinator-networks/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">conditions</a>. 



Ultimately, this research provides valuable insights that could benefit agricultural breeding practices, leading to higher yields and more robust crops. This could play a crucial role in addressing food security issues by making agricultural practices more efficient and productive.



"By precisely orchestrating the behavior of pollen tubes, plants have evolved a mechanism to ensure successful fertilization and efficient seed production on dry land with a limited number of suitors," Mizuta explained.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-of-plant-breeding">Future of plant breeding</h2>



This research opens up a whole new world of possibilities for plant <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/how-does-a-lotus-flower-grow/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">breeding</a>. 



By manipulating the signals that attract and repel pollen tubes, scientists could potentially develop crops that are more resistant to environmental stressors, produce higher yields, and have better germination rates. 



Understanding the precise mechanisms of one-to-one pollen tube guidance allows for targeted interventions in plant reproduction processes. 



By enhancing the attraction signals, we can ensure that more pollen tubes reach the ovules, leading to successful fertilization and increased seed production. 



Conversely, by optimizing the repulsion signals in flowers, we can prevent multiple pollen tubes from fertilizing the same ovule, improving the efficiency of fertilization. 



This could lead to the development of crops that thrive in challenging environmental conditions, such as drought or poor soil quality. Overall, this research provides a foundation for innovative plant breeding techniques that could significantly enhance agricultural productivity and sustainability.



So, the next time you see a flower, remember, there's more going on than meets the eye. It's not just a pretty face, but a complex organism with a fascinating reproductive strategy – one that could help us feed a growing planet.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.embopress.org/doi/full/10.1038/s44319-024-00151-4" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EMBO Reports</a>.



—–



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Flowers are picky when choosing their mate for fertilization

Flowers brighten our gardens, fill our vases, and inspire countless...

Corn,Close-up

Climate change is significantly impacting <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pollution-prevents-nighttime-pollinators-from-finding-flowers/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pollinator activity</a>, leading to a decrease in plant pollen production and diversity. This could have serious implications for global food production. 



Researchers from several institutions have meticulously examined the long-term effects of global warming on plant-pollinator interactions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-change-pollinators-and-food-production">Climate change, pollinators, and food production</h2>



The study, conducted by researchers at <a href="https://www.uta.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The University of Texas at Arlington</a>, the <a href="https://www.unr.edu/">University of Nevada, Reno</a>, and <a href="https://www.vt.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Virginia Tech</a>, investigates how shifts in flowering times and extreme weather events affect the availability of essential food sources for insect pollinators. 



The lead author of the study, Behnaz Balmaki, is an assistant professor of research in biology at UTA. “This research is crucial as it examines the long-term impacts of climate change on plant-pollinator interactions,” Balmaki emphasized.



This study investigates how shifts in flowering times and extreme weather events affect the availability of critical food sources for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/environmental-dna-can-help-monitor-pollinators/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">insect pollinators</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-great-basin-living-laboratory-for-pollinators">Great Basin: Living laboratory for pollinators</h2>



The research team, which included UTA's Masoud A. Rostami, focused their efforts on the Great Basin and Sierra Nevada mountains. 



The Great Basin, spanning across 95% of Nevada and parts of California, Oregon, Idaho, and Wyoming, serves as an ideal location for this type of research due to its unique geographical features. The mountains act as a shield, protecting the region from Pacific storms, rain, and snow.



Home to over 200 butterfly species, many of which act as pollinators, the Great Basin region plays a vital role in agriculture. 



Pollinators are essential for the fertilization of flowers, enabling them to produce fruit. The research team established 19 sampling sites throughout the region, collecting a diverse sample of butterflies to study their role in pollen distribution.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-warmer-climate-no-pollination-no-food">Warmer climate, no pollination, no food</h2>



To gain a comprehensive understanding of the changes in pollination dynamics over time, the research team collected new samples and examined previously captured butterfly specimens stored at the University of Nevada, Reno <a href="https://www.unr.edu/natural-history" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Museum of Natural History</a>. These samples, dating back to 2000, provided a wealth of historical data spanning 21 years.



Balmaki emphasized the significance of the study's extensive historical data analysis, spanning an impressive 21 years. She noted that this long period provides a clear and comprehensive view of the changes in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/insect-apocalypse-australasia-is-facing-a-hidden-pollination-crisis/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pollination services</a> over time. 



"By analyzing 21 years of historical data, a very long period that provides clear views, the research offers detailed perspectives on the consequences of habitat loss, fragmented landscapes and changes in plant assemblages on pollination services," Balmaki stated. 



The study delves into the intricate relationships between <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/saving-pollinators-wild-bees-boosts-food-supply-income/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pollinators and their environment</a>, shedding light on how factors such as habitat loss, landscape fragmentation, and shifts in plant communities can have profound effects on the ability of pollinators to carry out their crucial role in ecosystems.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Museum specimens reveal alarming trends</h2>



Balmaki highlighted the innovative approach employed in the research, which involved utilizing museum specimens to track changes in pollen over time. 



This novel methodology provides a unique perspective on the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hornets-are-the-most-important-pollinators-for-some-plants/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dynamic nature</a> of pollination and offers valuable insights into the long-term trends and patterns that may have gone unnoticed in shorter-term studies. 



By leveraging the wealth of information stored in museum collections, the researchers were able to uncover a new dimension in understanding the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/urban-expansion-linked-to-global-decline-of-wild-pollinators/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">complex interplay</a> between pollinators, plants, and the environment.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-imperative-of-pollinator-conservation">The imperative of pollinator conservation</h2>



One of the key takeaways from this study is the critical importance of pollinators in maintaining food production essential for human survival. 



Without effective pollination, many crops crucial to the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/record-breaking-heat-is-threatening-wheat-and-the-global-food-supply/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">global food supply</a> could fail.



"Our research underscores the necessity of developing targeted conservation policies to protect pollinators and maintain essential pollination services during global warming, thereby addressing some of the most significant environmental challenges of our time," Balmaki concluded.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-protecting-pollinators-for-sustainable-food-production">Protecting pollinators for sustainable food production</h2>



The findings of this research serve as a powerful call to action, emphasizing the urgent need for targeted conservation policies to safeguard pollinators and preserve the delicate balance of ecosystems. 



By addressing the challenges posed by climate change and implementing effective measures to protect pollinators, we can ensure the sustainability of natural ecosystems and secure the future of human agriculture and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/food-production-is-one-of-the-biggest-drivers-of-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">food production</a>.



As we face the mounting pressures of global warming, studies like this provide invaluable insights into the complex dynamics of plant-pollinator interactions and the far-reaching consequences of climate change. 



By understanding these intricate relationships and taking proactive steps to conserve pollinators, we can work towards mitigating the impact of climate change and preserving the vital services that pollinators provide for our planet.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00442-024-05533-y" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Oecologia</a>.



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Food production is becoming much more difficult due to climate change

Climate change is significantly impacting pollinator activity, leading to a...

Fresh,Green,Corn,Plants,With,Roots

In the vast kingdom of plants, roots serve as the vital "mouths" through which they absorb water and nutrients, anchor themselves, grow, and thrive in the face of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/good-news-plants-are-absorbing-more-human-produced-co2-than-expected/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">environmental challenges</a>. 



Yet, the intricate mechanisms behind plant root growth have long remained a mystery. Now, an important study has solved this puzzle, revealing a surprising connection between plant root growth and a biological process familiar to those who practice fasting.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-autophagy-is-the-hero-of-plant-root-growth">Autophagy is the hero of plant root growth</h2>



Researchers from the University of Copenhagen's <a href="https://www1.bio.ku.dk/english/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Department of Biology</a>, led by Assistant Professor Eleazar Rodriguez, have discovered that a beneficial clean-up mechanism called autophagy plays a crucial role in the growth and strength of plant roots. 



Autophagy, which is also present in humans and has gained popularity as part of a health trend, helps cells dispose of various waste products during periods without food.



"<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fasting-triggers-remarkable-changes-throughout-the-body/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Fasting</a> has become popular as it seems to have a range of health-promoting effects in humans, as periods without food cause the body to activate a clean-up processes to dispose of various waste products in cells," explains Assistant Professor Eleazar Rodriguez.



"In our study, we have proven that the same mechanism, which also exists in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plants-pass-down-memories-to-help-offspring-survive/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plant kingdom</a>, plays a vital role in the ability of plant roots to grow and absorb water and nutrients for the rest of the plant," Rodriguez continued.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-autophagy">Understanding autophagy</h2>



The process of autophagy acts as a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fasting-and-feeding-cycle-is-crucial-for-healthy-aging/">cellular recycling</a> system, breaking down and repurposing old, damaged, or unnecessary components within the cell. 



By doing so, autophagy maintains <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dietary-restriction-slows-brain-aging-and-increases-lifespan/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cellular health</a>, promotes survival during stress, and plays a crucial role in various physiological processes.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Three types of autophagy</h3>



Cells carry out autophagy through three main pathways:



<ol>
<li>Macroautophagy: This is the most well-known form of autophagy, often referred to simply as "autophagy." In this process, a double-membraned vesicle called an autophagosome engulfs cellular components and fuses with a lysosome, where the contents are degraded.</li>



<li>Microautophagy: In this process, the lysosome directly engulfs small portions of the cytoplasm, including proteins and organelles, through invaginations in its membrane.</li>



<li>Chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA): This highly selective process targets specific proteins that contain a particular amino acid sequence. These proteins are recognized by chaperone proteins and directly transported into the lysosome for degradation.</li>
</ol>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Benefits of autophagy</h3>



Autophagy provides numerous benefits to cells and organisms:



<ul>
<li>Cellular clean-up: By removing damaged or dysfunctional components, autophagy helps maintain cellular health and prevents the accumulation of toxic substances that can lead to disease.</li>



<li>Nutrient recycling: During periods of starvation or stress, autophagy breaks down cellular components to generate energy and building blocks for essential processes.</li>



<li>Immune defense: Autophagy plays a role in defending cells against invading pathogens, such as bacteria and viruses, by targeting them for degradation.</li>



<li>Longevity: Increased autophagy has been linked to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/intermittent-fasting-may-be-the-secret-to-slowing-down-aging/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">increased lifespan</a> in various organisms, from yeast to mammals, likely due to its role in maintaining cellular health and preventing age-related diseases.</li>
</ul>



As research continues to uncover the complex mechanisms and far-reaching implications of autophagy, it becomes increasingly clear that this cellular self-cleaning process plays a vital role in maintaining health and preventing disease across various living organisms, from plants to humans.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-root-growth-has-a-heartbeat">Root growth has a heartbeat</h2>



It is well-known that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plants-change-their-roots-to-survive-harsh-conditions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">auxin</a>, a plant hormone, controls plant growth, including root growth. Auxin acts as a fuel for a kind of heartbeat that pulsates in each root tip of a plant. 



Every four to six hours, auxin levels and the heartbeat in a plant's roots reach a maximum, triggering the growth of new roots.



"The movement of a root is almost like watching a snake slithering forward in search of water and nourishment in the soil. And we can see that the heartbeat is strongest every time the root meanders forth," says Eleazar Rodriguez.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-role-of-autophagy-in-plant-root-growth">Role of autophagy in plant root growth</h2>



To understand the significance of autophagy in root growth, the researchers disabled the clean-up mechanism in their experiments. The results were striking.



"In our experiments, we disabled the clean-up mechanism to understand its significance. Imagine if every garbage collector in Copenhagen went on strike –- it wouldn't be long before trash filled the streets," notes Rodriguez.



The scientists observed the exact same thing happening in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/light-and-temperature-collaborate-to-boost-plant-growth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plant cells</a>, as the heartbeats that drive root growth became much weaker and went out of sync.



This allowed the researchers to conclude that autophagy helps maintain the perfect balance of different biochemical components, enabling the most efficient root growth.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-climate-change">Implications for climate change</h2>



The new knowledge about plant roots could have significant implications in the fight against <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plants-have-a-way-of-telling-us-what-climate-they-can-survive-in/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a>. As extended periods of drought and floods become more common, food security is increasingly threatened. Crops with roots that can grow even in these harsh conditions are crucial.



"Numerous methods to change the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/coffee-plants-fight-climate-change-with-a-genetic-weapon/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">genetic characteristics</a> of plants are available today. These can be used to get plants to develop longer roots, faster, and in doing so, become more resistant to droughts or floods," explains Ph.D. student Jeppe Ansbøl, a co-author of the study.



"One of the methods enlists the help of bacteria that live in symbiosis with the plant and can cause the plant to change its <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ai-sleap-creating-new-plants-that-help-fight-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">growth pattern</a>. Several companies in Denmark are working on this right now," noted Ansbøl.



The researchers believe that this new knowledge applies to all flowering plants and potentially more. In principle, crops like tomatoes, potatoes, rice, wheat, and corn could be altered to grow more and denser roots, thanks to this newfound understanding of how plants get their roots to grow.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-of-plant-root-growth-autophagy-discovery">Impact of plant root growth autophagy discovery</h2>



The discovery of the role of autophagy in plant root growth represents a significant step forward in our understanding of plants. 



"The more roots the plants have the more water and nutrients they can take, so the plants grow better faster. We're heavily dependent on plants because they feed us, extract CO2 from the atmosphere and produce the oxygen we breathe. As such, it is extremely important to understand them fully, to which end we have just taken a big step forward," concluded Rodriguez.



In summary, by harnessing this new knowledge and applying innovative techniques, such as genetic modification and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/beneficial-plant-bacteria-likely-to-decline-due-to-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bacterial symbiosis</a>, we can develop plants with more extensive and efficient root systems, better equipped to absorb water and nutrients in challenging environmental conditions. 



As we continue to unravel the mysteries of plant biology, we move closer to ensuring food security and sustainability in an ever-changing world, reminding us of the vital importance of understanding the complex mechanisms that sustain life on our planet.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.embopress.org/doi/full/10.1038/s44319-024-00142-5" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EMBO Reports</a>.



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Scientists learn what makes plants grow strong roots in new study

In the vast kingdom of plants, roots serve as the...

Vegan,Leather,Shoes,From,Mushroom,Mycelium,And,Samples,Of,Vegan

The fashion world is buzzing about a new material that's changing the game: mushroom leather. Made from mycelium, this <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/eco-friendly-vegan-leather-could-transform-the-fashion-industry/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">innovative textile</a> is taking the industry by storm, offering a sustainable and stylish alternative to traditional leather. 



But it's not just about looking good -- this fungal fashion movement is about embracing a more eco-conscious and cruelty-free approach to clothing production.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-mycelium">Understanding mycelium</h2>



What makes mushroom leather so remarkable? It all starts with mycelium, the thread-like, dense cellular structure that forms the vegetative <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/understanding-fungi-characteristics-and-function/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">part of a fungus</a>. 



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mycocrete-new-material-made-of-fungi-hopes-to-replace-concrete-in-construction-projects/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mycelium</a> consists of a network of fine white filaments called hyphae. These hyphae can penetrate various substrates, including soil, wood, and organic matter. It is the main growth structure of fungi, playing a crucial role in nutrient absorption and decomposition. 



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-function-and-ecological-role">Function and ecological role</h3>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fungi-engage-in-more-conversations-after-rainfall/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mycelium</a> serves as the primary mode of nutrient absorption for fungi. It breaks down complex organic materials into simpler compounds that the fungus can absorb and utilize. 



It also plays a vital role in ecosystems as a decomposer, breaking down dead organic matter and recycling nutrients back into the soil. This process is essential for soil health and plant growth.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-symbiosis-and-applications">Symbiosis and applications</h3>



Some fungi form symbiotic relationships with plants through mycelium. One example is <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plants-distribute-enormous-amounts-of-co2-to-mycorrhizal-fungi/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mycorrhizal fungi</a>, which form mutualistic associations with plant roots, enhancing the plant's nutrient uptake while receiving carbohydrates in return.



<a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/a-beginners-guide-to-mycology/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mycelium</a> has various applications, including in agriculture (as a natural fertilizer), medicine (antibiotics and other drugs), environmental cleanup (bioremediation), and now textiles (mushroom leather). It is also being explored for use in sustainable materials, such as biodegradable packaging and building materials.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mycelium-as-the-backbone-of-mushroom-leather">Mycelium as the backbone of mushroom leather</h2>



Scientists and designers have discovered that this humble organism can be harnessed to create a material that closely resembles <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fast-fashion-carbon-footprint/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">traditional</a> leather in texture, durability, and versatility.



Unlike animal leather, which requires intensive processing and generates harmful waste products, mycelium leather is cultivated through a natural process. 



By growing mycelium on agricultural waste or other organic matter, it can grow into sheets that can be tanned, dyed, and transformed into a variety of fashion products.



"As our world searches for sustainable alternatives to traditional materials, there has been growing interest in using living organisms to produce biodegradable material substitutes with low environmental impact -- such as mycelium leather, which is an eco-friendly leather alternative," explains lead author of the study Assia Crawford, of the <a href="https://www.colorado.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Colorado</a> in the United States.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-impact-of-traditional-leather">Environmental impact of traditional leather</h2>



Traditional leather production significantly harms the environment. Raising livestock for leather involves deforestation, water pollution, and substantial greenhouse gas emissions. The process also requires large amounts of water and land, contributing to further environmental degradation. 



Synthetic leather alternatives, derived from petroleum-based products, are not without issues. These alternatives involve extracting fossil fuels, which has its own set of environmental costs, including pollution and long-term degradation.



In contrast, mycelium leather presents a much more sustainable option. It does not need large tracts of land, reducing the pressure on natural habitats and forests. 



Mycelium leather production also requires less water, addressing one of the significant issues associated with traditional leather. The energy required to produce mycelium leather is lower, making the process more efficient and less harmful. 



Moreover, the production process of mycelium leather generates fewer harmful byproducts, contributing to a cleaner, more sustainable manufacturing method. This makes mycelium leather a promising alternative that can help reduce the environmental impact of the fashion industry.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evolution-of-mycelium-leather">Evolution of mycelium leather</h2>



The development of mycelium leather has been a journey of innovation and experimentation.&nbsp;Researchers have been exploring different cultivation methods,&nbsp;refining the texture and quality of the material,&nbsp;and experimenting with various applications in fashion and design.



Early pioneers in this field focused on growing mycelium on solid substrates like agricultural waste.&nbsp;However,&nbsp;newer techniques have emerged,&nbsp;such as submerged fermentation,&nbsp;which allows for greater control over the growth process and produces a more uniform material.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-of-fashion-is-fungal">Future of fashion is fungal</h2>



The possibilities for the new leather are endless.&nbsp;From high-end luxury brands to sustainable startups,&nbsp;designers are embracing this versatile material to create a wide range of products.&nbsp;We're seeing mycelium leather used in everything from shoes and handbags to jackets and upholstery.



But the impact of mycelium leather extends beyond the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/why-fast-fashion-jeans-bad-for-environment/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fashion</a> industry.&nbsp;Its potential applications span various sectors, including automotive interiors,&nbsp;furniture,&nbsp;and even construction materials.&nbsp;This versatile and sustainable material could pave the way for a more eco-conscious future.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mycelium-leather-challenges-and-opportunities">Mycelium leather challenges and opportunities</h2>



While the future of mycelium leather looks bright,&nbsp;there are still challenges to overcome.&nbsp;Scaling up production to meet growing demand remains a key hurdle.&nbsp;Additionally,&nbsp;ensuring consistency in quality and texture across different batches of mycelium leather is an ongoing challenge.



However,&nbsp;as research and development continue,&nbsp;these challenges are being addressed.&nbsp;New technologies and techniques are emerging to streamline production and improve the overall quality of mycelium leather.



As consumers become more aware of the environmental and ethical impact of their fashion choices,&nbsp;the demand for sustainable and cruelty-free alternatives is on the rise.&nbsp;The newly developed leather from fungus offers a compelling solution,&nbsp;combining style and sustainability in a way that benefits both the planet and its inhabitants.



So,&nbsp;the next time you're updating your wardrobe,&nbsp;consider opting for a mycelium leather accessory or <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fragrance-releasing-fabric-gym-clothes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">garment</a>.&nbsp;By supporting this innovative and eco-friendly material,&nbsp;you're not just making a fashion statement – you're contributing to a more sustainable and compassionate future.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/research-directions-biotechnology-design/article/growing-mycelium-leather-a-paste-substrate-approach-with-posttreatments/8B0BAD4C1481BDE26583408B4FAA9D13" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Research Directions: Biotechnology Design</a>.



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'Mushroom leather' is quickly becoming the latest eco-friendly fashion trend

The fashion world is buzzing about a new material that's...

Grasslands often fly under the radar when it comes to public awareness of their ecosystem services. While forests are well-known for their timber production, water regulation, climate impact, and recreational value, grasslands are rarely mentioned in the same breath. 



However, these unassuming landscapes play a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/grasslands-play-a-major-role-in-mitigating-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">crucial role</a> in our food supply and offer a wide range of benefits that are essential for human well-being.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revealing-the-secrets-of-grassland-ecosystem-services">Revealing the secrets of grassland ecosystem services</h2>



Valentin Klaus, a senior scientist at ETH Zurich's Institute of Agricultural Sciences (<a href="https://www.ias.ethz.ch/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">IAS</a>), and his colleagues from Agroscope recently published a study in Nature Communications that highlights the diverse <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ancient-grasslands-take-a-long-time-to-recover/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ecosystem services</a> provided by grasslands. 



The researchers examined 90 permanent grassland areas on over 30 farms in the canton of Solothurn, Switzerland, to understand how different farming practices influence these services.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-provisioning-regulating-and-cultural-services">Provisioning, regulating, and cultural services</h2>



Grasslands are not just vast expanses of green. They serve as important carbon stores, helping to mitigate climate change. They also provide a haven for biodiversity, supporting a wide range of plant and animal species. 



Additionally, grasslands protect against <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/grasslands-can-be-managed-to-benefit-biodiversity-and-soil-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">soil erosion</a> and offer cultural services, such as an attractive landscape with grazing animals that delights hikers and tourists.



The researchers considered three main grassland farming practices in their study: fertilization (use of fertilizer or unfertilized extensive grassland), type of use (meadow or pasture), and farming system (conventional IP Suisse or organic). 



They analyzed the soils and plant communities of all the grasslands involved and split their analysis into three groups: <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/elephants-thrived-on-early-african-grasslands/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">provisioning services</a>, regulating services, and cultural services.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unlocking-grassland-ecosystem-potential-through-farming">Unlocking grassland ecosystem potential through farming</h2>



The study revealed that farming practices have a significant effect on many ecosystem services. However, there is no one-size-fits-all approach that delivers all ecosystem services simultaneously.



"We've observed that farming practices have a significant effect on many ecosystem services," says Valentin Klaus. "However, there's no one 'Swiss army knife' of farming practice that delivers all ecosystem services."



Extensive farming without fertilizer, such as semi-natural pastures and meadows, greatly <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-activities-grassland-plant-diversity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">enhances biodiversity</a>, soil protection, and landscape aesthetics. However, it significantly reduces the quantity and quality of feed production for farmers.



"This trade-off between feed production and cultural or regulating services is well known. However, we were able to clearly show that extensive grassland farming produces not only biodiversity benefits but also many societally relevant ecosystem services," Klaus explains.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pastures-vs-meadows-debate-continues">Pastures vs. meadows debate continues</h2>



The researchers found a pronounced effect on ecosystem services depending on whether grassland was used as pasture or meadow. 



Pastures are richer in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/drier-savannas-store-more-soil-carbon-than-previously-realized/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plant species</a>, have a higher quality of animal feed, and are aesthetically pleasing due to the presence of livestock. 



On the other hand, meadows produce a higher amount of animal feed, which is important to farmers. Additionally, the plant communities in meadows, particularly unfertilized ones, are more visually appealing due to the abundance of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-meadow-full-of-flowers-benefit-mankind/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">flowering herbs</a>.



Klaus attributes these differences to the frequent mowing of meadows, which favors certain plant species while suppressing others. 



Meadows are also fertilized more intensively on average than pastures, which has an additional impact on many <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/grassland-ecosystem-stability-is-driven-by-biodiversity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ecosystem services</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-organic-farming-provides-a-surprising-twist">Organic farming provides a surprising twist</h2>



Surprisingly, organic farming had only a slight positive effect on the grassland's ecosystem services. 



Although the researchers found more <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/symbiotic-relationship-plant-roots-underground-mycorrhizal-fungi/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">symbiotic fungi</a> and a lower risk of nitrogen leaching in organically farmed areas, conventionally and organically farmed grassland performed roughly equally well in terms of all ecosystem services.



"Although we found more symbiotic fungi and a lower risk of nitrogen leaching in such areas, conventionally and organically farmed grassland performs roughly equally well in terms of all ecosystem services," Klaus says.



Klaus assumes that the reason for this weak effect of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hidden-costs-of-organic-farming-wildlife-may-struggle-through-the-transition/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">organic farming</a> is due to the high similarity in how conventionally and organically farmed grassland is managed. Both can be relatively intensively used with ample fertilizer.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mosaic-of-farming-practices-needed">Mosaic of farming practices needed</h2>



The study highlights that no one type of grassland management provides all ecosystem services simultaneously. To promote grassland ecosystem services in our landscapes effectively, a mosaic of different <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cattle-farming-expansion-could-expose-more-than-a-billion-cows-to-heat-stress/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">farming practices</a> is necessary.



"To specifically increase and promote grassland ecosystem services in our landscapes, we need a mosaic of the farming practices mentioned; in other words, a combination of areas with and without fertilization as well as meadows and pastures next to each other," Klaus explains. 



He notes that there is no one ideal type of grassland, so weighing the pros and cons is important, saying, "We have to ask ourselves: Who's benefiting the most from what kind of management and in what location?"



If a meadow is used mainly to produce feed, biodiversity and other important services suffer. In extensive unfertilized meadows, farmers must reckon with considerable production losses. 



"If we want to sustain and facilitate the provision of all ecosystem services, we need a combination of different grassland types at the farm and landscape level," Klaus emphasizes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-maximizing-grassland-ecosystems-benefits">Maximizing grassland ecosystems benefits</h2>



The researchers plan to use these findings to support farmers, land cooperatives, and cantonal authorities. The study helps to balance the various demands and interests and to achieve a high level of ecosystem service multifunctionality at the landscape level.



In summary, this important study unveils the hidden benefits of grasslands and emphasizes the importance of diverse farming practices in promoting ecosystem services. The findings challenge our perception of grasslands and highlight the need for a mosaic approach to grassland management. 



By combining different farming practices, such as fertilization, use, and farming systems, we can unlock the full potential of grasslands and ensure the provision of essential ecosystem services. 



The study serves as a valuable tool for farmers, land cooperatives, and decision-makers, empowering them to make informed choices that balance the various demands and interests while promoting sustainable grassland management. 



As we move forward, it is crucial to recognize the unsung heroes of our landscapes -- grasslands -- and work towards preserving and enhancing these valuable ecosystems for the benefit of both humans and the environment.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-48049-y" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Communications</a>.



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Grasslands are a critical component of global agriculture and ecosystems

Grasslands often fly under the radar when it comes to...

The debate over the best diet for our beloved dogs has been raging for years,&nbsp;with raw food enthusiasts,&nbsp;kibble connoisseurs,&nbsp;and now,&nbsp;vegan proponents,&nbsp;all vying for the title of "healthiest" diet.&nbsp;



A 2022 study made headlines claiming that a vegan diet was the healthiest and least hazardous choice for dogs,&nbsp;but a new analysis from the <a href="https://www.liverpool.ac.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Liverpool</a> challenges those findings.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-vegan-dog-diet-study">Vegan dog diet study</h2>



The 2022 study, which garnered significant attention, relied on an online survey of dog owners who were asked about their dogs' diets, veterinary care, and overall health. The study's results suggested that dogs fed either a raw meat or <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/vegan-diet-for-dogs-given-the-thumbs-up-by-scientists/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">vegan diet</a> seemed to be healthier than those fed a conventional diet.



However, it's important to examine the methodology and potential limitations of any scientific study. The study's reliance on owner perceptions and its observational design raised questions about the validity of its conclusions. 



Owner-reported data can be subjective and may not accurately reflect the actual health of the dogs. Additionally, an observational study design can show correlations but cannot prove cause-and-effect relationships. Therefore, the findings must be interpreted with caution.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reanalysis-of-vegan-dog-diet">Reanalysis of vegan dog diet</h2>



Researchers at the University of Liverpool decided to take a closer look at the data from the original study. They reanalyzed the data using different statistical techniques, focusing on one key outcome: owner opinions of dog health.



"On first reading this paper in 2022, it was evident that the study exclusively relied upon owner survey data and had an observational design, meaning that the associations between <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dogs-with-vegan-diets-may-have-better-health-outcomes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">diet</a> type and dog health could only suggest a possible correlation and not causality," explained Professor Alex German, an animal medicine expert.



The Liverpool team's analysis revealed that the dog's age was the most significant factor influencing owner perceptions of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/which-thanksgiving-leftovers-are-safe-to-give-your-dog/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dog</a> health. Other important variables included owner age, owner education, and breed size. These factors strongly impacted how owners viewed their dogs' health. 



Veterinary care variables also played a role but had less influence compared to the dog's age and the other mentioned factors. The analysis found minimal association between feeding a vegan diet and owner opinions of health. This means that whether a dog was fed a vegan diet or not had little effect on how owners perceived their dogs' health.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications">Study implications</h2>



"Crucially, we cannot draw a firm conclusion as to what diet type is actually best for dogs; this was never possible given the nature of the original dataset and study design. However, we can conclude that variables other than dog diet are more strongly associated with owner opinions about the health of their dog," noted Professor Richard Barrett-Jolley, an expert in neuropharmacology.



So, where does this leave dog owners who are considering a vegan diet for their furry friends? It's important to remember that the new analysis doesn't definitively prove or disprove the benefits of a vegan diet for <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/can-dogs-eat-bananas-and-other-fruits/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dogs</a>. Instead, it highlights the need for more rigorous research to determine the true impact of diet on canine health.



Dog owners should consider that the current evidence does not strongly support the health benefits of vegan diets for dogs. This means more comprehensive studies are necessary to understand how different diets affect dogs. Until then, it's best for owners to consult with veterinarians and rely on established dietary guidelines to ensure their dogs' health and well-being.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-role-of-veterinary-guidance">Role of veterinary guidance</h2>



If you're considering switching your dog to a vegan diet, consult your veterinarian. They can help you assess your dog's individual needs and ensure that any dietary changes are made safely and gradually. Under veterinary supervision, a well-formulated vegan diet can provide all the necessary nutrients for a dog to thrive.



The debate over the best diet for dogs continues. One thing is clear: more research is needed. Scientists must study the long-term effects of different diets on canine health. 



Only with comprehensive research can we understand the true impact of various diets on dogs. The reanalysis of the 2022 study serves as a reminder that scientific findings are not always definitive. 



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0280173" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PLoS ONE</a>.



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Vegan diets may not be best for dogs, after all

The debate over the best diet for our beloved dogs...

Vegetable,Saute,Or,Caponata,,Or,Pisto,With,Eggplant,,Peppers,,Tomatoes

In recent years, plant-based diets have garnered attention for their potential <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/physicians-need-to-know-the-benefits-of-plant-based-diets/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">health benefits</a>. Extensive research spanning two decades now suggests that vegetarian and vegan lifestyles could be linked to improved cardiovascular health and a lower risk of various diseases, including cancer. 



The research, which involved a comprehensive review of 49 studies published between 2000 and 2023, offers new insights into how diet influences long-term health outcomes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-health-benefits-of-plant-based-diets">Health benefits of plant-based diets</h2>



The "umbrella" review conducted by the researchers allowed them to extract and synthesize data from multiple sources, focusing on how plant-based <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plant-based-diets-are-proven-better-for-human-and-environmental-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">diets</a> affect the risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer. 



The findings reveal a strong statistical relationship between vegetarian and vegan diets and better management of several risk factors, including blood pressure, blood sugar levels, and body mass index (BMI). 



Notably, plant-based diets are linked with a reduced risk of ischemic heart disease, as well as gastrointestinal and prostate cancers.



However, it's not all definitive wins. The research pointed out that among pregnant women, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/vegetarian-diet-boston/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">vegetarian</a> diets did not significantly alter the risk of gestational diabetes and hypertension when compared to non-plant-based diets. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-debate-continues">The debate continues</h2>



Despite these promising findings, the researchers caution against a wholesale endorsement of plant-based diets for everyone. 



The variation in results across studies - due to differences in diet specifics, participant demographics, and study durations - suggests that the overall benefits of plant-based diets need clearer definition. 



Additionally, some vegetarian or <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/vegan-diet-improves-heart-health-in-a-matter-of-weeks/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">vegan diets</a> might lead to deficiencies in essential vitamins and minerals, indicating potential drawbacks that must be considered.



Study lead author Angelo Capodici from the <a href="https://www.unibo.it/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bologna</a> and his colleagues emphasize the need for further research to solidify their findings and address the gaps in our understanding of plant-based diets. 



"Our study evaluates the different impacts of animal-free diets for cardiovascular health and cancer risk, showing how a vegetarian diet can be beneficial to human health and be one of the effective preventive strategies for the two most impactful chronic diseases on human health in the 21st century," noted the researchers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-the-study">Significance of the study </h2>



“Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and cancer currently represent the leading causes of death and disability worldwide. Studies performed on large cohorts worldwide have identified several modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. Among them, robust evidence supports diet as a major modifiable risk factor," explained the study authors. 



“A suboptimal diet, marked by insufficient consumption of fruits, vegetables, legumes, and whole grains, coupled with an excessive intake of meat (particularly red and processed), salt, refined grains and sugar, has been shown to notably elevate both mortality rates and disability-adjusted life years. Over time, these dietary choices have led to a concerning increase in health-related issues.”



“Additionally, the reduction of products of animal origin in favor of vegetarian ones has been suggested to reduce CVD and cancer risk.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The future of dietary guidance</h2>



The analysis paints a generally positive picture of plant-based diets, associating them with significant health advantages. However, the complexities and variations found in the studies call for a more nuanced approach to dietary recommendations. 



"By utilizing an umbrella review, the research enables the synthesis of existing systematic reviews and meta-analyses, providing a higher level of evidence and summarizing a vast quantity of information," wrote the study authors. 



"Furthermore, its alignment with current health concerns, specifically targeting cardiovascular diseases and cancer, makes the study highly relevant to ongoing public health challenges and positions it as a valuable resource for informing preventive measures and dietary guidelines."



As we continue to explore the connections between diet and health, it becomes increasingly clear that what works for one may not work for all. 



Future studies are needed to build on these findings and help tailor dietary guidelines that can be broadly recommended, ensuring that they are beneficial without unintended health consequences.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-plant-based-diets">More about plant-based diets</h2>



A plant-based diet focuses primarily on foods derived from plants. This includes not only fruits and vegetables, but also nuts, seeds, oils, whole grains, legumes, and beans. 



Plant-based diets are not only beneficial to human health by lowering the risk of serious diseases, but are also more environmentally sustainable than diets rich in animal products because they use fewer natural resources and are associated with much less environmental damage. 



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0300711" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PLoS ONE</a>.



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Plant-based diets lower the risk of most major diseases

In recent years, plant-based diets have garnered attention for their...

The baobab tree, often celebrated as the "mother of the forest" or the "tree of life," captures the fascination of many with its imposing presence and unique features. 



Despite its cultural and ecological significance, the evolutionary origins of the baobab tree have remained largely enigmatic, wrapped in a veil of mystery.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-madagascar-as-the-cradle-of-baobabs">Madagascar as the cradle of baobabs</h2>



A new study led by the Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, based at the <a href="http://english.wbg.cas.cn/">Wuhan Botanical Garden</a> of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, has shed light on these magnificent <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-highlights-the-value-of-old-large-trees/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">trees</a>. 



The comprehensive study, which utilized advanced genomic and ecological analyses, pinpoints Madagascar as the ancestral home of the baobab from which all existing species have dispersed.



The research was based on high-quality genomic data from all eight currently existing baobab species. The findings suggest that the baobabs first appeared in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/madagascar-extinctions-linked-to-human-expansion-1000-years-ago/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Madagascar</a> and subsequently spread across Africa and Australia. 



The study reveals how various factors like environmental changes, animal pollinators, and fluctuations in local sea levels have tailored each species to thrive in its specific environment.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-insights-from-the-genomes">Insights from the genomes</h2>



The genetic clues indicate that all baobabs likely share a common origin in Madagascar. Intriguingly, six out of the eight known species are exclusively found on this island, hinting at a deep-rooted history intertwined with the geological and ecological dynamics of Madagascar. 



"What we see about baobabs in Madagascar today was greatly influenced by both interspecific competition and the geological history of the island, especially changes in local sea levels," said Dr. WAN Junnan, the lead researcher of the study.



Understanding how these environmental factors influence the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/baobab-trees/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Malagasy baobab</a> provides insights that could help predict how baobabs in other regions might respond to similar challenges. 



Historical data on global mean sea levels (GMSL) over the past 10 million years suggest that baobab trees were more likely to spread and expand during periods of lower sea levels. 



This pattern could be disrupted by the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/some-coastal-salt-marshes-are-keeping-pace-with-sea-level-rise/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">rising sea levels</a> associated with ongoing climate change, potentially impacting the future expansion and survival of baobab populations.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-conservation-challenges-for-baobab-trees">Conservation challenges for baobab trees</h2>



The unique ecological niches that baobabs inhabit, combined with their limited opportunities for expansion, present a complex conservation challenge. 



The loss of habitat for the trees and their crucial pollinators, such as fruit bats and hawkmoths, further threatens these iconic species. As a result, researchers are calling for a reevaluation of the conservation status of some <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/baobab-trees-dying-africa/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">baobab</a> species.



There are ongoing proposals to the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species to update the classification of certain baobabs from endangered to critically endangered. This status would better reflect the severe declines some populations have faced.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">More about baobab trees</h2>



Baobab <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/baobab-trees-dying-off/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">trees</a> are among the most iconic and resilient flora native to the arid regions of Madagascar, Africa, and Australia. Known for their enormous trunk girth, baobabs store large quantities of water to endure harsh drought conditions. 



These trees are often called "upside down trees" due to the root-like appearance of their gnarled branches. Baobabs can live for thousands of years, which makes them historical landmarks in their respective landscapes.



Their fruit, known as baobab fruit, is rich in vitamin C, antioxidants, and other nutrients, making it a valuable food source in arid regions. The fruit has a velvety shell and is about the size of a coconut, containing a dry, nutritious pulp that tastes somewhat like a blend of grapefruit, pear, and vanilla.



The baobab also plays a crucial role in the ecosystem as a habitat and food source for various birds and animals, including some endangered species. In addition to its ecological roles, the baobab tree has significant cultural importance and appears in many local myths and legends as a symbol of life and resilience.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07447-4">Nature</a>.



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Mysterious origin of baobab trees has finally been revealed

The baobab tree, often celebrated as the "mother of the...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that scientists never expected.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hidden-waters-beneath-ancient-craters">Hidden waters beneath ancient craters</h2>



Scientists have made a startling discovery that challenges everything we thought we knew about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/saturn-moon-mimas-has-remarkably-young-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Saturn's moon Mimas</a>. Beneath the heavily cratered surface that earned it the nickname "Death Star" lies a global ocean that formed just 5 to 15 million years ago—a remarkably young age by cosmic standards.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cassini-data-reveals-orbital-secrets">Cassini data reveals orbital secrets</h2>



The discovery, led by Dr. Valéry Lainey of the <a href="https://observatoiredeparis.psl.eu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Observatoire de Paris</a>, emerged from careful analysis of <a href="https://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>'s Cassini spacecraft data. By studying subtle irregularities in Mimas's orbit around Saturn, researchers detected the gravitational signature of liquid water hidden 20 to 30 kilometers beneath the moon's icy shell.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-an-unlikely-ocean-world">An unlikely ocean world</h2>



At only 400 kilometers in diameter, Mimas seemed like the least likely candidate to harbor a subsurface ocean. Unlike other ocean moons such as Europa and Enceladus, which show clear surface signs of internal activity, Mimas displays no obvious hints of the liquid water beneath its ancient, crater-scarred exterior.



"Mimas is a small moon, and its heavily cratered surface gave no hint of the hidden ocean beneath," explained Dr. Nick Cooper from <a href="https://www.qmul.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Queen Mary University of London</a>, a study co-author.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-astrobiology">Implications for astrobiology</h2>



The ocean's recent formation makes Mimas a prime target for studying how oceans develop and potentially support life. This discovery adds another member to the exclusive club of ocean worlds in our solar system, each offering unique insights into the conditions necessary for habitability.



The research, published in <a href="https://www.nature.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a> journal, demonstrates how advanced orbital analysis can reveal hidden features of celestial bodies, opening new possibilities for understanding ocean formation throughout the cosmos.



—–



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Scientists discover unexpected young ocean on Saturn's cratered moon Mimas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ 'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE
</div></figure>



On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop and sunlight barely penetrates through the polar winter. It was here, however, that an international team of scientists found <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/predatory-worms-were-terror-beasts-half-a-billion-years-ago/#google_vignette" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evidence of sea monsters</a> that would change our understanding of ocean life in the past.



This video captures the discovery of Timorebestia fossils that had been hidden for more than 500 million years in the Sirius Passet formation. The "terror beasts," as they are called, are a hidden chapter in the evolutionary history of <a href="https://www.earth.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth</a>, showing that sophisticated predator-prey interactions occurred much earlier than previously envisioned.



Dr. Jakob Vinther and his research team at the <a href="https://www.bristol.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bristol</a>, in collaboration with researchers at the <a href="https://eng.kopri.re.kr/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Korean Polar Research Institute</a>, braved extreme weather conditions at 82.5 north latitude to locate these giant creatures. Using sophisticated electron microprobe analysis, they revealed the detailed anatomy of the animals, including their muscle and nerve tissues.



The find upsets the traditional timeline of sea predators. Although we've long appreciated that Cambrian oceans were at one time ruled by <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jWI3-UgA3_o&amp;list=PL1QLQMW9MWDwpkFOnvgAmu7wT6rZmYqdJ&amp;index=19" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">arthropods</a>, these discoveries indicate that relatives of arrow worms were first to dominate the seas. These worms were building sophisticated food webs several million years before other predator groups arose.



Each fossil is a story of ancient hunger, with fossil stomach contents revealing these meter-long beasts dined on heavily armored arthropods regularly, cementing their place as the ocean's first apex predators.



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Worms dominated seas before dinosaurs

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">New York is the site of the world's oldest forest.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-385-million-year-old-trees-discovered">385-million-year-old trees discovered</h2>



Scientists have uncovered something extraordinary just two hours north of New York City. The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/worlds-oldest-forest-discovered-close-to-new-york-city/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">world's oldest forest</a>, dating back 385 million years, offers a window into how Earth's first complex forests shaped our planet's atmosphere.



Located near <a href="https://townofcairo.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cairo, New York</a>, in Greene County, these weren't merely primitive plants struggling to survive. These were sophisticated trees with root systems remarkably similar to modern forests. This ancient woodland predates dinosaurs by 140 million years.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-cairo-forest-discovery">The Cairo forest discovery</h2>



385 million years ago, upstate New York was a tropical paradise near the equator. Thanks to continental drift, this ancient forest has traveled thousands of miles to its current location.



The fossil forest sits in an abandoned quarry, roughly half the size of a football field. This represents just a slice of what was likely a massive forest system stretching from New York into Pennsylvania.



Charles Ver Straeten, curator of sedimentary rocks at the <a href="https://www.nysm.nysed.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">New York State Museum</a>, made the discovery in 2009. While scouting the former highway department property, his trained eye spotted wandering patterns in the stone that looked like marine features.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-age-and-preservation">Revolutionary age and preservation</h2>



The site contains 385-million-year-old rocks with fossilized woody roots forming horizontal patterns up to 18 feet (5.5 meters) wide. As Christopher Berry, a paleobotanist at Cardiff University, explains: "You are walking through the roots of ancient trees."



This discovery pushes back advanced tree evolution by millions of years. The research, published in <a href="https://www.cell.com/current-biology/home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current Biology</a> in December 2019, fundamentally changes our understanding of when complex forests first emerged.



Researchers believe a massive flood buried the forest floor, creating perfect fossilization conditions. Over millions of years, sediment hardened into rock, preserving these root patterns like nature's time capsule.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meet-archaeopteris-the-first-modern-tree">Meet Archaeopteris: the first modern tree</h2>



The star of this ancient forest is Archaeopteris – not to be confused with the feathered dinosaur Archaeopteryx. This tree was far older and more revolutionary.



William Stein from <a href="https://www.binghamton.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Binghamton University</a> describes the roots as "strikingly modern, essentially what you'd see outside in my yard right now." These weren't simple root systems you'd expect from ancient plants.



Some fossilized roots are six inches (15 centimeters) in diameter, forming 36-foot-wide (11-meter) patterns. These giants grew up to 65 feet (20 meters) tall with five-foot-diameter (1.5-meter) trunks.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-changing-impact">Climate-changing impact</h2>



These trees fundamentally changed Earth's environment. Kevin Boyce, a Stanford University geoscientist, explains how their deep roots triggered "weathering," chemical reactions that pulled carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.



This process dropped atmospheric CO2 levels from 10-15 times higher than today to roughly modern concentrations. These ancient trees helped create atmospheric conditions that made complex life possible.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ancient-forest-ecosystem">Ancient forest ecosystem</h2>



The forest was remarkably diverse. Scientists identified Eospermatopteris, palm tree-like plants with short roots that reached 30 feet (9 meters) tall but lacked woody structure. The forest also housed cladoxylopsids and a mysterious third species still being studied.



All reproduced through spores rather than seeds – millions of years before seeds evolved. This tropical environment had no grass, flowers, or flying insects, just towering trees creating Earth's first complex forest canopy.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-significance">Scientific significance</h2>



Before this finding, the Gilboa forest, located 25 miles (40 kilometers) away, held the "oldest forest" title. Cairo's trees are 2-3 million years older, showing that complex forest ecosystems developed much faster than scientists believed possible.



Patricia Gensel, a <a href="https://www.unc.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of North Carolina</a> paleobotanist, notes: "The size of those root systems is really changing the picture. Even 20 years ago, researchers assumed trees with such complex root systems didn't evolve so early."



The Cairo site presents three unique root systems, suggesting Devonian period forests were diverse ecosystems with different trees occupying different environmental niches, much like today's forests.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-preservation-efforts">Modern preservation efforts</h2>



In 2022, New York State Senator Michelle Hinchey secured a $170,000 grant for the town of Cairo to construct specialized fencing around the fossil forest site. The town plans to conduct a feasibility study exploring the possibility of creating an educational center and working lab on-site.



Joe Hasenkopf, chair of the Cairo Planning Board, hopes to partner with educational institutions to create a research facility serving scientists, students, and the public.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lessons-for-today-s-climate">Lessons for today's climate</h2>



Why does a 385-million-year-old forest matter today? It shows how dramatically forests can change Earth's climate. These ancient woodlands created the atmospheric conditions supporting complex life.



Understanding how prehistoric forests transformed the planet helps us appreciate modern forests' critical role in addressing climate change. Forests remain Earth's most effective carbon capture systems.



These prehistoric trees changed Earth's atmosphere by pulling massive amounts of carbon dioxide from the air. As we face modern climate challenges, this ancient forest reminds us of trees' incredible power to transform our planet's environment.



The next time you walk through a forest, remember you're experiencing an ecosystem whose blueprint was established 385 million years ago in upstate New York. These ancient pioneers didn't just survive – they thrived and changed the world forever.



The full study was published in the journal Current Biology.



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Earth's oldest forest found in the United States

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ New York is the site of the world's oldest...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Acid rain and a crisis solved.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-don-t-we-ever-hear-about-acid-rain-anymore-the-environmental-crisis-that-was-solved">Why don't we ever hear about "acid rain" anymore? The environmental crisis that was solved</h2>



Remember the 1980s when acid rain dominated headlines? Dire warnings about rain eating buildings, killing fish, and destroying forests filled every news cycle. Then, almost like magic, acid rain vanished from public discourse. What happened? Did we actually solve one of the late 20th century's most pressing environmental challenges?



The answer might surprise you. Unlike many environmental issues that drag on indefinitely, acid rain represents one of modern history's most successful ecological recovery stories. It's a tale of science, politics, and technology working together to tackle what seemed impossible.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What was acid rain?</h2>



Acid rain isn't regular rain having a bad day – it's precipitation that became significantly more acidic due to air pollution. When power plants, factories, and vehicles burn fossil fuels, they release sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) into the atmosphere.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The science behind it</h2>



Think of acid rain as nature's chemistry experiment gone wrong. These compounds react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form sulfuric and nitric acids. When mixed with water vapor in clouds, they create precipitation with dangerously low pH levels.



While clean rain has a pH of about 5.6, acid rain could drop as low as 4.2 to 4.4 – roughly as acidic as tomato juice or coffee. According to US Geological Survey documentation, Scottish chemist Angus Smith first coined "acid rain" in 1872, but it didn't become a household phrase until the 1960s and 1970s when Swedish scientist Svante Odén documented its devastating effects on Scandinavian lakes and European forests.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The crisis at its peak</h2>



During the height of public concern, environmental damage was both widespread and visible. This wasn't some abstract future threat – people could see destruction happening in real-time.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Environmental devastation</h2>



The most dramatic impacts were impossible to ignore. Research documented by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation shows that in the Adirondack Mountains, more than 200 lakes became so acidic they couldn't support fish life. The Adirondack Council reports that 409 lakes once supported brook trout, but many lost their fish populations due to acid rain.



By 1976, when scientists cataloged all acidified lakes in the Adirondack Park, researchers found that half of the lakes over 2,000 feet above sea level had no fish, according to studies published in environmental journals. The acidification process worked like a slow-motion disaster. As acid rain fell into watersheds, it gradually lowered pH levels. Fish couldn't survive in acidic water, and their food sources died off too.



Trees at high elevations showed stress directly linked to acid rain. It weakened them by leaching nutrients and making them susceptible to disease. Historical records show Germany's Black Forest saw nearly half its trees damaged by the mid-1980s.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Economic impact</h2>



Acid rain wasn't just environmental – it was expensive. Acidic precipitation corroded infrastructure, buildings, and monuments. Historic stone structures deteriorated at accelerated rates. Tourism suffered as lakes became fishless and forests declined. EPA economic analyses from the period documented repair costs mounting into billions annually.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The solution: government action and technology</h2>



Transformation from crisis to success required unprecedented cooperation between governments, industries, and environmental groups.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The Clean Air Act of 1990</h2>



The turning point came with the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, signed by President George H.W. Bush. This represented a fundamentally new approach to environmental regulation, as documented in EPA historical records.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Cap-and-trade success</h2>



Instead of mandating specific technologies, the 1990 amendments introduced something revolutionary: a cap-and-trade system for sulfur dioxide emissions. EPA program documentation shows this market-based approach set overall limits but allowed companies to trade emission allowances.



The genius was harnessing market forces to find cost-effective pollution reduction. Companies reducing emissions cheaply could sell excess allowances to those facing higher costs. Research published in environmental economics journals and EPA progress reports shows this resulted in dramatic SO2 reduction at a fraction of projected costs.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Technology advances</h2>



Policy provided the framework, but technology made reductions possible. Studies in atmospheric science journals document the widespread adoption of flue gas desulfurization systems ("scrubbers") that removed sulfur dioxide before it reached the atmosphere. By the 2000s, new installations could remove over 95% of SO2 emissions, according to EPA technical reports.



The push coincided with cleaner energy development. Natural gas produces fewer sulfur compounds than coal. Wind and solar, emerging in the 1990s, captured growing market share, reducing reliance on high-sulfur coal.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-we-don-t-hear-about-it-today">Why we don't hear about it today</h2>



Why did acid rain disappear from headlines? Simple: the problem was largely solved.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Success doesn't make news</h2>



There's an old journalism saying: "If it bleeds, it leads." Environmental success stories don't generate urgency like crisis reporting. Media attention shifted to other challenges: climate change, plastic pollution, and biodiversity loss. There's only so much environmental anxiety the public can absorb, and newer concerns replaced acid rain.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Mission accomplished</h2>



The primary reason is beautifully simple: interventions worked. EPA monitoring data shows sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990. Academic research published in environmental science journals confirms pH levels in formerly affected areas returned closer to normal. This represents one of history's most dramatic environmental recoveries. Studies by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation show fishless lakes now support healthy populations. Forests recovered, and building damage slowed dramatically.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-is-it-really-gone">Is it really gone?</h2>



The crisis is largely resolved, but monitoring data shows the problem isn't completely eliminated – it's managed to acceptable levels. Some areas still experience occasional events during high pollution periods. International environmental research indicates that rapidly industrializing Asian countries face similar problems to what we experienced decades ago, though they're implementing successful strategies.



EPA research shows nitrogen oxide emissions proved more challenging than sulfur dioxide, coming from vehicles and mobile sources. Climate science studies suggest changing weather patterns add complexity to how acid rain forms and falls.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What this teaches us</h2>



The acid rain experience proves that seemingly intractable environmental problems can be solved with scientific understanding, political will, and technological innovation. Environmental monitoring data shows recovery speed was remarkable – within a decade, measurable improvements appeared in air quality and ecosystem health.



Success came from bipartisan support across party lines. Policy analysis studies show the market-based approach appealed to those preferring economic incentives while achieving environmental goals. This support created lasting policy surviving political changes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Conclusion</h2>



Acid rain's disappearance from public consciousness represents environmental science's greatest success stories. Through effective regulation, technological innovation, and international cooperation, we transformed an overwhelming crisis into a manageable challenge.



Today's silence isn't because we forgot – it's because we solved it. The 1990 Clean Air Act, combined with technology and energy market changes, reduced acid rain emissions over 90%, according to comprehensive EPA data analysis.



This success offers hope for current challenges. It proves complex problems can be solved when science, policy, and technology work together. As we face climate change and plastic pollution, acid rain reminds us that dramatic positive change is possible.



Next time someone asks whether environmental regulations work, remember acid rain. It's proof that sometimes, we get it right.



<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>



Sources: This article draws from EPA official documentation and progress reports, peer-reviewed research published in environmental and atmospheric science journals, historical data from the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation records, US Geological Survey publications, policy analysis studies, and environmental monitoring data collected over three decades.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Frequently Asked Questions</h2>



1. Is acid rain completely gone? No, but EPA monitoring shows it's reduced to manageable levels. US sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990, making acid rain much less severe than the 1980s crisis.



2. How long did solving take? Environmental monitoring data shows significant improvements began within 5-10 years of 1990s emission controls. Full ecosystem recovery took longer – some areas need 20-30 years for complete recovery.



3. What made the solution successful? Clear scientific understanding, visible damage motivating action, bipartisan support, available technology, and innovative market-based policies like cap-and-trade.



4. Do other countries have acid rain problems? Yes, particularly rapidly industrializing Asian countries. However, international environmental research shows many implement similar successful control strategies.



5. Could acid rain return? Potentially, if regulations weaken or we return to high-sulfur coal without controls, though effects would take years to become severe according to environmental projections.



6. Can you recommend any teaching tools on the subject of "acid rain"? The United States Environmental Protection Agency produced a wonderful teacher's guide for ages 14 and under that you can find on the EPA website here: <a href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf</a>



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The environmental problem we actually solved

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk Acid rain and a crisis solved. Why don't we...

Fresh,Radish,Harvest,On,Soil,In,Garden.

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/Fi2OeEwuzRM?si=vTyd2m9FMmtyWkex
</div></figure>







Mid-July is an opportune time to kick-start a thriving fall garden, and this guide lays out the best vegetables and herbs to plant now for a fruitful autumn harvest. 



Fast-growing leafy greens such as spinach, lettuce, kale, and arugula perform especially well in the waning summer heat, with harvests beginning as soon as 30 days. 



These cool-season crops relish the transition into fall, offering repeated yields with cut-and-come-again methods.



Root vegetables like radishes, carrots, and beets also excel during this period. Radishes deliver satisfaction in under a month, while carrots and beets mature in about two months. Employing succession planting ensures a continuous stream of produce deep into the cooler months. 



For a boost of fresh flavor, herbs like cilantro, basil, dill, and chervil are excellent picks. These heat-loving varieties flourish in July’s warmth and are harvest-ready in about 30 days, especially when sown continuously.



Gardeners in zones 6 through 9 can benefit from planting bush beans and snap peas, which don’t require trellising and are ideal for compact plots. 



Maturing in 50–60 days, they’re a smart choice for quick, protein-rich harvests. For those in hotter regions, heat-tolerant crops such as okra and southern peas provide reliable yields and thrive in scorching conditions.



This guide emphasizes more than crop selection—it highlights the importance of timing, soil preparation, and ongoing sowing techniques. 



With thoughtful planning and attention to regional climate needs, even late-summer gardeners can enjoy fresh salads, hearty stews, and the satisfaction of a robust, homegrown harvest well into fall.



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What to plant in your garden in mid-July

https://youtu.be/Fi2OeEwuzRM?si=vTyd2m9FMmtyWkex Mid-July is an opportune time to kick-start a thriving...

Green,Ecoduct,Over,An,Empty,Highway,During,Sunset.

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A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that wildlife tunnels significantly reduce amphibian road mortality during seasonal migrations. 



Frogs and salamanders often cross roads to reach breeding ponds each spring, but many are killed by vehicles. 



Researchers from the <a href="https://www.uvm.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Vermont</a>, in collaboration with local citizens and the Vermont Agency of Natural Resources, installed two underpass tunnels in 2015. 



Over a 12-year monitoring period, they observed an 80.2% reduction in amphibian deaths, and up to 94% for non-climbing species like salamanders. 



The study used a before-after-control-impact design and documented more than 5,200 amphibians, highlighting the tunnels’ effectiveness even in nearby buffer zones.



Funded at $342,397 - far cheaper than wildlife crossings for large mammals - the project showcased the power of community-led conservation.



Local groups initiated the effort after observing mass amphibian deaths. Wildlife cameras later captured over 2,200 amphibians using a tunnel in just one spring, along with other species like raccoons and bobcats, indicating wider ecosystem benefits.



This marks the first peer-reviewed, long-term data set in the northeastern U.S. confirming amphibian-specific underpasses work. 



The study urges transportation departments to incorporate these designs into road planning and highlights how community action, thoughtful infrastructure, and persistence can make a real difference for biodiversity.



The full study was published in the <a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1617138125000780" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal for Nature Conservation</a>.



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Wildlife tunnels save millions of amphibians

https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that...

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. 



The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.



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https://youtu.be/Ug657J67iEo?si=w96YjGMsg939LD_3
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Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. 



Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.



Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. 



They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).



Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.



Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.



This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

[sendtonews key="3upvlAaHgO-2256633-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?



One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;



While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;



Video Credit: ACS Reactions



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

How does salt makes things taste better?

[sendtonews key="X0f6OHYoI4-2310561-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;



'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."



"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Santiago, Chile in South America

[sendtonews key="JRaP49ISmm-2357509-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

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Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.



The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;



"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."



"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."



"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."



The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.



Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

[sendtonews key="e4ZG0Jawp3-2374785-12187" type="single"] Astronomers at Johns Hopkins University have created...

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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.



According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."



Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;



ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. 



Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

[sendtonews key="uV9Lh2fQbV-1760058-12187" type="single"] Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.



"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.



"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."



Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

[sendtonews key="qjvhBOBnY8-2426650-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.



"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.



"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."



Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

[sendtonews key="oL4FnPTGCV-2384527-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

[sendtonews key="0879czfG3k-1785905-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from NASA...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.



The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.



At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;



"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.



"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."



The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.



Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

[sendtonews key="6HyfrAJTBI-1831843-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."



The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.



"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;



"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

[sendtonews key="QIoVYJqRBi-2434608-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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