The benefits of psilocybin-assisted therapy for major depression reportedly endures for years, if not forever. 



In a new analysis of people who took part in a 2020 psilocybin clinical trial, 67 percent were still in full remission from depression an average of five years later - up from 58 percent at the one-year mark.



Study lead author Alan Davis is an associate professor and director of the <a href="https://www.cpdre.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Center for Psychedelic Drug Research and Education</a> at The Ohio State University.



“Across the board - <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/gut-microbes-have-an-unexpected-link-to-anxiety/">anxiety</a>, depression, global functioning, self-reported depression - we kept seeing the same signal of continued improvement," said Davis.



The follow-up results offer a rare long view of outcomes after psychedelic-assisted therapy, an area where long-term data are still sparse.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-psilocybin-the-basics">Understanding psilocybin - the basics</h2>



Psilocybin is a natural compound found in certain mushrooms, often called “magic mushrooms.” When you ingest psilocybin, your body quickly converts it into psilocin, the active form that interacts with your brain. 



Psilocin closely resembles <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-dopamine-and-serotonin-shape-behavior/">serotonin</a>, a key neurotransmitter, so it binds to serotonin receptors - especially the 5-HT2A receptor. 



This binding alters the way nerve cells communicate, which leads to changes in perception, mood, and thought patterns. 



From a scientific standpoint, psilocybin disrupts the brain’s usual patterns of activity and connectivity. 



Brain imaging studies show that it quiets the “default mode network,” a system linked to self-reflection and the inner voice we all carry. 



At the same time, it boosts communication between brain regions that don’t normally interact.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-curing-depression-with-psilocybin">Curing depression with psilocybin</h2>



The peer-reviewed study, published in 2021, enrolled adults with major depressive disorder and compared two groups: one received psilocybin treatment immediately, and the other started after a wait-list period.



All the participants ultimately completed a standardized protocol: two dosing sessions with psilocybin paired with about 13 hours of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/psychotherapy-is-key-to-the-success-of-psychedelic-treatment/">psychotherapy</a> (including preparation, support during sessions, and integration).



The initial results showed large reductions in depression severity, with half of participants in remission up to one year.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tracking-patients-over-time">Tracking patients over time</h2>



Of the 24 people in the original trial, 18 took part in the five-year check-in. Online questionnaires were used to assess depression, anxiety, and functional impairment. 



The researchers also applied a clinician-rated depression scale and conducted qualitative interviews to capture changes the numbers might miss.



The team made a conservative assumption to avoid overstating success. They counted the six who did not return as having fully relapsed to pre-treatment levels.



Even under that assumption, depression scores remained “very large and significantly” reduced at five years, Davis noted, and the share of participants in complete remission nudged upward.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-than-psilocybin">More than psilocybin</h2>



The lasting gains cannot be chalked up solely to the two psilocybin sessions. Only three people reported no additional depression-related treatment in the years since. 



Others used antidepressant medications, tried <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ketamine-treatment-may-now-last-months-instead-of-weeks/">ketamine</a> or other psychedelics, or engaged in psychotherapy.



Interviews helped explain that context. Many participants described life with depression as profoundly constricted before the trial - too little energy, too little hope to engage. 



Afterward, several said their depression felt more situational and manageable. They reported a greater capacity for positive emotion and motivation, and a different relationship to low moods when they returned.



A few who experimented with psychedelics on their own found the experiences less helpful without a clinical framework. This underscores a theme from other work by Davis and colleagues: the therapeutic container matters.



A strong alliance with trained therapists, structured preparation, and integration support may play as big a role as the drug itself.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-psilocybin-safety-over-time">Psilocybin safety over time</h2>



At the five-year mark, 11 of 18 participants reported no adverse effects since the trial. Looking back, three remembered feeling unprepared for the heightened emotional sensitivity that followed their dosing sessions. 



Two said tapering off <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cure-for-alcohol-addiction-was-discovered-by-accident/">medications</a> and waiting during the original trial was especially difficult, and two wished they’d had more formal integration therapy afterward.



The study is small, non-randomized at follow-up, and based on a motivated sample - limitations the authors emphasize.



With just 18 people contributing long-term data, it’s impossible to generalize broadly or disentangle psilocybin’s contribution from other treatments and life changes.



Larger, placebo-controlled trials with systematic follow-up will be needed to test durability, dosing strategies, and who benefits most.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-psilocybin-depression-and-healthcare">Psilocybin, depression, and healthcare</h2>



Even with the study's limitations, the pattern is encouraging. Many participants maintained remission or continued to function better. 



Several described a shift that outlasted symptom scores - more engagement with family, work, and meaningful activities, and fewer episodes of withdrawal and isolation, which are among depression’s most disabling features.



“Five years later, most people continued to view this treatment as safe, meaningful, and important - something that catalyzed an ongoing betterment of their life,” Davis said.



“Despite some symptoms coming back, they weren’t experiencing the same levels of impairment - suggesting this approach might, for some, kick-start lasting positive change.”



The bottom line: psilocybin-assisted therapy remains experimental, and it’s not a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-gut-bacteria-morganella-morganii-could-cause-depression-not-a-brain-disorder/">depression</a> cure-all. But in this small cohort, the combination of guided psychedelic sessions and psychotherapy was associated with durable relief - and in many cases, a different relationship to depression - years down the road.



The study is published in the <a href="https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/aop/article-10.1556-2054.2025.00461/article-10.1556-2054.2025.00461.xml" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of Psychedelic Studies</a>.



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Patients report no signs of depression five years after psilocybin treatment

The benefits of psilocybin-assisted therapy for major depression reportedly endures for years, if not forever. In a new analysis of people who took part in a 2020 psilocybin clinical trial, 67 percent were still in full remission from depression an average of five years later - up from 58 percent at the one-year mark. Study lead author Alan Davis is an associate professor and director of the Center for Psychedelic Drug Research and Education at The Ohio State University. “Across the board - anxiety, depression, global functioning,...

Climate change is transforming the very fabric of our ecosystems, and as it progresses, its effects on rainfall patterns have become more pronounced. 



April showers, traditionally light and frequent, are increasingly turning into <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/thunderstorms-are-becoming-more-intense-due-to-climate-change/">heavy downpours</a>. This shift is not limited to just one month; it's a year-round global trend that is leading to more intense but less frequent rainfalls. 



A comprehensive study led by the <a href="https://www.umd.edu/">University of Maryland</a> is shedding light on how changing rainfall patterns are affecting plant life across the globe.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-concentrated-rainfall-and-its-ecological-effects">Concentrated rainfall and its ecological effects</h2>



The study reveals a significant trend. In most regions, over half of the annual rainfall now falls on just 12 days each year. Predictions indicate that future rainfall events will become even more concentrated. This new pattern of longer dry periods punctuated by heavy rains seems to offer mixed blessings. 



According to Andrew Feldman, a researcher at the <a href="https://webhost.essic.umd.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center</a> and the first author of the paper, plants in arid regions like the American West may benefit from these intense downpours. However, plants in naturally wetter areas could suffer under the same conditions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-diverse-plant-responses-to-new-rainfall-regimes">Diverse plant responses to new rainfall regimes</h2>



The response of plants to these changing conditions varies dramatically. Plants in dry ecosystems generally respond better to large bursts of rainfall than those in wetter environments. This sensitivity can shift dominant vegetation types, potentially altering the balance of an ecosystem.



"Typically, more rainfall over a year will make plants happier and allow the ecosystem to support more vegetation," Feldman explained. "But changes in how rain is delivered - shifting from frequent light showers to fewer, heavier events - can adjust a plant's photosynthesis and growth by 10% to 30%, even if the total amount of water they receive remains constant."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-global-studies-on-plant-responses">Global studies on plant responses</h2>



Research also shows that plants in moderately wet regions, such as the Midwestern United States, are highly susceptible to these shifts. Their functional changes could see as much as a 25% alteration within a year due to changing rainfall patterns.



Global studies also reflect diverse reactions. While 42% of cases showed plants struggling under new rainfall regimes, 35% indicated improvement. Meanwhile, 23% saw no significant change.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-beyond-rainfall-the-broader-climate-change-context">Beyond rainfall: the broader climate change context</h2>



This nuanced picture underscores the complexity of plant responses to rainfall variability. This variability is a critical factor influencing everything from crop yields to the absorption of carbon emitted by human activities.



"Plants are responsible for the largest flux of carbon on global land," Feldman noted, emphasizing the broader implications of these findings. "Understanding how they respond to daily rainfall variability is crucial, as it affects agricultural productivity and our planet's ability to sequester carbon."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-road-ahead-future-research-directions">The road ahead: Future research directions</h2>



The research team, including experts from the <a href="https://twin-cities.umn.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Minnesota</a>, <a href="https://www.montana.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Montana State University</a>, <a href="https://www.stanford.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Stanford University</a>, <a href="https://www.colostate.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Colorado State University</a>, the <a href="https://www.usda.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">U.S. Department of Agriculture</a>, and NASA's <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Goddard Spaceflight Center</a>, is expanding their studies. 



The experts are preparing a global analysis to examine how plants respond to intense, sporadic rainfall through satellite measurements.



In addition, Feldman and his colleagues aim to identify the optimal rainfall frequencies that maximize photosynthesis and growth in plants. 



"To accurately predict the impact of increasingly extreme rainfall on plant life, we must invest in understanding the soil and plant processes that are influenced by individual rainstorms and the subsequent dry periods," said Feldman.



As challenges evolve, the urgency for detailed, continuous research highlights the complex interplay between climate change and the natural world.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Rising temperatures and intense rainfall</h2>



The link between rising temperatures and intense rainfall is primarily due to the increased capacity of warmer air to hold moisture. Here’s how it works:



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Increased water vapor</h3>



As temperatures rise due to global warming, the amount of evaporation from the Earth's surface also increases. Warmer air can hold more <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sci-fi-inspired-scenarios-illustrate-our-impact-on-earths-water-cycle/">water vapor</a> than cooler air. For every 1°C rise in temperature, the air's capacity to hold water vapor increases by about 7 percent.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Convection and instability</h3>



Warmer temperatures often lead to greater atmospheric instability. This instability occurs because warm, moist air rises more readily. As this air rises, it cools and the water vapor condenses into cloud droplets, eventually leading to precipitation. The stronger and more rapid this rising motion (convection), the more intense the resulting <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-rising-impact-of-tropical-cyclones-in-a-warming-world/">storms</a> can be.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Increased rainfall intensity</h3>



With more moisture in the atmosphere, when rain does occur, it can be more intense. This is because as the water vapor condenses into liquid or ice, it releases latent heat, which in turn fuels the storm, making it stronger and potentially more capable of producing heavy bursts of rain.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Climate patterns and changes</h3>



Climate change also alters various climate patterns and systems like jet streams and ocean currents, which can further affect weather systems, potentially leading to more frequent and intense storms.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s43017-024-00534-0" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Reviews Earth &amp; Environment.</a>



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How changing rainfall patterns impact plants worldwide

Climate change is transforming the very fabric of our ecosystems,...

In recent decades, the U.S. wheat market has shown remarkable stability despite facing the growing challenges of climate change and extreme weather conditions. 



A recent study led by the <a href="https://www.southampton.ac.uk/">University of Southampton</a> delves deep into the wheat sector's resilience and the broader theme of food security in developed countries.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wheat-market-forces-weather-economic-shifts">Wheat market forces weather economic shifts</h2>



The research highlights the crucial role of market forces in maintaining price stability in the food market. Even under the pressures of varying climate conditions, this stability has persisted over the past half-century.



According to lead author Dr. Vincenzo De Lipsis, the study reveals significant shifts in what influences <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wheat-prices-will-spike-as-climate-changes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wheat prices</a> in the United States. 



"Before the mid-70s, oil was the dominant driver of wheat price fluctuations in the US, but after this point, we see a much stronger influence coming from a wider set of factors that includes weather and food consumption," said Dr. De Lipsis.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-of-climate-on-global-agriculture">Impact of climate on global agriculture</h2>



The study points out an increase in extreme weather events worldwide. Events such as droughts and floods have become more frequent and intense due to climate change.



Dr. De Lipsis emphasized the importance of understanding these changes. "Understanding the impact of this variability on food commodity prices is crucial, as it could have serious implications for food security," he said.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-agricultural-resilience-in-the-face-of-climate-variability">Agricultural resilience in the face of climate variability</h2>



Despite the potential for weather fluctuations to adversely affect wheat prices, the research found minimal impact on the market. Such fluctuations have not significantly disturbed the market's stability.



Accordingly, we attribute this stability to the resilience and flexibility of the agricultural sector. Farmers and industries have successfully smoothed out supply chain disruptions.



"The market system around <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/record-breaking-heat-is-threatening-wheat-and-the-global-food-supply/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wheat</a> has remained competitive, functioning well and adapting to the new uncertain climate conditions," Dr. De Lipsis explained.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-investments-strengthen-wheat-market-stability">Investments strengthen wheat market stability</h2>



Substantial investments have further supported the stability in wheat prices and associated goods. These investments include storage facilities, modern infrastructure, and efficient transport links.



Consequently, these developments help buffer the supply of grain to retailers and consumers, reducing the market shocks that poor harvests might cause.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-harnessing-market-strength-for-climate-adaptation">Harnessing market strength for climate adaptation</h2>



Dr. De Lipsis outlined several takeaways for policymakers: "We have shown that market forces provide a powerful stabilizing mechanism to counter the increased variability in weather and harvest observed in the last half a century." 



He noted that effective adaptation to climate challenges involves several key components. These include a competitive market, modern infrastructure, sufficient storage capacity, and a liquid futures market.



However, Dr. De Lipsis cautioned that while the U.S. system has proven robust, predicting its future effectiveness is challenging. These mechanisms may face unprecedented levels of weather variability.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-us-wheat-market-s-blueprint-for-global-food-security">US wheat market's blueprint for global food security</h2>



The resilience demonstrated by the U.S. wheat sector serves as a benchmark for other regions, especially developing countries.



Furthermore, the study underscores the importance of prioritizing investments in key areas to ensure a reliable and secure food supply globally.



However, while stability is more readily achieved in affluent nations, developing regions face a different reality. They are encouraged to enhance their infrastructure and market systems to safeguard against future <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fungal-infections-are-threatening-global-food-security/">food security</a> challenges.



As the world grapples with climate change and rising food demand, this study offers invaluable insights. It provides a roadmap for boosting food security with strategic investments and strong market mechanisms, preparing nations to manage the unpredictability of global agriculture. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-wheat-market-in-the-u-s">Significance of wheat market in the U.S</h2>



The wheat market in the USA holds considerable significance for several key reasons:



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-economic-impact">Economic impact </h3>



Agriculture is a major sector in the U.S. economy, and within this sector, wheat stands out as one of the top produced grains. The cultivation, harvesting, processing, and distribution of wheat generate thousands of jobs and contribute billions of dollars to the national GDP. 



Wheat production also supports ancillary industries, including manufacturing (for farm equipment and machinery), transportation, and export services.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-food-security">Food security</h3>



Wheat is a fundamental component of the American diet, used in a wide variety of foods such as bread, pasta, cereals, and other staple goods. Ensuring a stable supply of wheat is critical for maintaining food security. 



The U.S. government, through policies and subsidies, often aims to stabilize wheat production to prevent market disruptions that could lead to price spikes or shortages, affecting millions of consumers.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-global-influence">Global influence</h3>



The United States is one of the world's leading wheat exporters, making its wheat market significant not just domestically but globally. 



Changes in U.S. wheat production can have ripple effects on global wheat prices and availability. This means that U.S. wheat farmers and policymakers play a crucial role in global food security, especially in countries dependent on wheat imports.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-research-and-development">Research and development</h3>



The U.S. invests heavily in agricultural research and development, including in the wheat sector. Innovations in crop genetics, pest management, and farming techniques developed in the U.S. can lead to higher yields, better disease resistance, and greater environmental sustainability. 



These advancements not only benefit U.S. farmers but also have the potential to improve wheat production worldwide.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-considerations">Environmental considerations</h3>



As climate change poses increasing challenges to <a href="https://www.earth.com/search-results/?search=Agriculture%20&amp;start=0">agriculture</a>, the U.S. wheat market's adaptability becomes even more crucial. 



Research and practices in sustainable farming, water management, and crop rotation developed in the U.S. contribute to the resilience of the wheat market against environmental stresses. This not only ensures steady production but also serves as a model for other countries dealing with similar issues.



The study is published in the <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165188924000150?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control</a>.



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U.S. wheat market has been remarkably resilient amid climate change

In recent decades, the U.S. wheat market has shown remarkable...

Did you know that something as simple as living near <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/green-spaces-are-beneficial-for-childrens-lung-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">green spaces</a> full of trees, grass, and parks could lead to greater emotional well-being in children? A new study suggests that it very well could. 



Researchers have found that kids who grow up with nature nearby tend to have fewer emotional problems in their preschool years. This fascinating discovery has us asking: could a daily dose of outdoor adventure be a key to better mental health in the critical years of early development?



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-green-spaces-happy-emotional-states-in-children">Green spaces, happy emotional states in children</h2>



The study, which received funding from the National Institutes of Health (<a href="https://www.nih.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NIH</a>), involved a large and diverse group of children from all over the United States. This broad scale allowed the researchers to draw stronger conclusions about how green spaces might affect overall childhood wellbeing.



The team used a fascinating approach to gather information. They employed satellite data to measure the amount of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/lack-of-green-space-linked-to-adhd-in-children/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">green space</a> surrounding each child's home. This includes vibrant natural areas like parks, forests, or even backyards with lots of trees and plants.



Once the researchers had a picture of how much nature each child was exposed to, they combined this information with parent reports detailing the child's emotional state and any behavioral concerns.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-green-spaces-and-better-emotional-health">Green spaces and better emotional health</h2>



The analysis revealed a clear pattern: children who lived in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/exposure-to-green-space-reduces-oxidative-stress-in-children/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">greener environments</a> from birth had a decreased likelihood of experiencing anxiety or depression in their preschool years (ages 2 to 5).



Dr. Nissa Towe-Goodman is an ECHO researcher from the Frank Porter Graham Child Development Institute at the <a href="https://www.unc.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of North Carolina</a>, Chapel Hill. 



"Our research supports existing evidence that being in nature is good for kids," said Dr. Towe-Goodman. "It also suggests that the early childhood years are a crucial time for exposure to green spaces.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-green-spaces-and-emotional-well-being-in-children">Green spaces and emotional well-being in children</h2>



While the link between <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/green-spaces-are-beneficial-for-young-adults/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">green spaces</a> and our emotional well-being isn't new, understanding why it works is exciting. Here are a few theories:



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-improved-brain-activity">Improved brain activity</h3>



<ul>
<li>A quieter environment:&nbsp;Green spaces like parks and forests tend to be naturally quieter than busy streets or homes filled with electronic devices. This reduced noise and distraction provides our brains with a much-needed break, allowing for relaxation and improved focus.</li>



<li>Reduced sensory overload:&nbsp;In addition to being quieter, the natural sights and sounds we experience outdoors are often less overwhelming than the constant stimulation of screens, crowds, and traffic. This helps lower levels of stress and anxiety, which can be especially beneficial to young children.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-joy-of-exploring">The joy of exploring</h3>



<ul>
<li>Active play:&nbsp;Natural environments invite exploration and active play in a unique way. Trees are there to be climbed, puddles demand to be splashed in, and sticks and rocks become tools for imaginative building projects. This encourages healthy physical activity and supports a child's overall development.</li>



<li>Creativity:&nbsp;Unlike highly structured playgrounds, nature offers open-ended possibilities. With no set rules, children can use their imaginations to invent games, build their own worlds, and follow their curiosity. This freedom boosts creativity and problem-solving skills.</li>
</ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-sense-of-wonder">A sense of wonder</h2>



<ul>
<li>Observation and discovery:&nbsp;The natural world is full of surprises - from tiny insects to awe-inspiring weather patterns. Observing and interacting with these elements fosters a deep sense of wonder and teaches children about the world around them.</li>



<li>Appreciation of the simple:&nbsp;Nature highlights the beauty found in things like a colorful bug, a uniquely shaped rock, or a bird in flight. These joyful encounters nurture an appreciation for the everyday marvels that might otherwise be ignored in a busy, technology-driven world.</li>
</ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-about-older-children">What about older children?</h2>



The study's findings were specific to younger children (ages 2 to 5) and did not show the same strong connection between green spaces and mental health in older children (ages 6 to 11). 



Preschool-aged children are less independent and tend to spend the majority of their time within their immediate neighborhood. The amount of green space directly around their home likely has a significant impact on their regular exposure to nature.



Once children reach school age, their world broadens. School field trips, family outings, sports activities, and time spent at friends' homes might take them out to a variety of natural settings further away from their primary residence. This means the greenness around their house may be a less important factor in their overall nature experience.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-using-green-spaces-wisely">Using green spaces wisely</h2>



Now that we know green spaces can be beneficial for emotional well-being, how can we make them a bigger part of daily life with children? Here are some actionable ideas:



<ul>
<li>Make green space a priority:&nbsp;Intentionally schedule visits to parks, trails, or other natural areas into your family's routine. Even if it's just a quick walk around a green neighborhood, frequent exposure is valuable.</li>



<li>Turn exploration into a game:&nbsp;Nature scavenger hunts are an easy way to make outdoor time more engaging. Create a simple list of things to find (a pinecone, a smooth rock, a yellow flower) or focus on spotting wildlife like birds and squirrels.</li>



<li>Embrace the mess:&nbsp;While it might feel tempting to keep kids pristine, fighting against a little dirt is often counterproductive. Allow kids to dig, splash, and get messy – that's how they connect most deeply with the natural environment.</li>



<li>Support green initiatives:&nbsp;Your individual actions matter, but there's power in collective effort. Be a voice for preserving and expanding green spaces in your community. This could involve planting trees, volunteering at a local park cleanup, or supporting organizations that protect natural areas.</li>
</ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-directions">Future directions</h2>



"In the future, researchers could look into what kinds of experiences in nature are connected to kids' early mental health," said Dr. Towe-Goodman. "Also, we should study how creating or preserving natural areas around homes and schools might make a difference in a child's mental health.”



While more research is needed, this discovery is a wonderful reminder of the power of the outdoors. When we give children the space to explore nature at their own pace, something beautiful blooms – and not just wildflowers.



The study is published in the journal JAMA Network Open.



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Green spaces near homes reduce emotional problems in children

Did you know that something as simple as living near...

We all make food choices every day. But did you know those choices can affect not only your health but also the health of the planet? A recent study out of the <a href="https://www.u-tokyo.ac.jp/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Tokyo</a> has researchers thinking about the food we eat a little differently. The experts are not just looking at basic food groups – they're studying the carbon impacts of dishes and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mixed-farming-could-increase-food-productivity-and-reduce-emissions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mixed diet</a> as a whole.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-focus-on-individual-dishes">Why focus on individual dishes?</h2>



How we relate to food is cultural. The ingredients available, the way food is prepared, and the cultural significance of meals vary drastically from place to place. 



A traditional Italian tomato-based pasta relies on different resources and creates different environmental impacts compared to a Japanese seafood-based pasta dish.



Focusing on complete dishes helps researchers understand how people&nbsp;actually&nbsp;eat and what choices are realistic within a specific culture. By studying dishes, we gain more precise knowledge. That knowledge empowers consumers to select specific meals that improve both their own health and the health of the planet.



"Our main conclusion is this: Mixed diets can offer good health and environmental outcomes," said study lead author Professor Yin Long. "This is because mixed diets can afford consumers a larger diversity of dishes that can meet both nutritional requirements and have low <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/small-dietary-changes-could-offset-carbon-emissions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">carbon</a> footprints."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-is-a-mixed-diet-nbsp">What is a "mixed diet"?&nbsp;</h2>



A mixed diet includes a balanced variety of foods from all of the food groups. 



<ul>
<li>Fruits and vegetables: These nutritional powerhouses offer vitamins, minerals, fiber, and antioxidants which are crucial for good health. </li>



<li>Whole grains: Opt for whole grains (brown rice, whole-wheat bread, oats) over refined versions. They provide sustained energy, fiber, and important nutrients. </li>



<li>Lean proteins: Think chicken, fish, beans, tofu, or lentils. These sources of protein help build and repair body tissue. </li>



<li>Healthy fats: Found in foods like nuts, seeds, avocados, and olive oil. These fats are important for heart health, brain function, and keep you feeling full.</li>
</ul>



But how do we know which dishes within those diets are the "best" choices? The University of Tokyo study has some insights.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-carbon-footprint-of-mixed-diet">Carbon footprint of mixed diet</h2>



The researchers analyzed 45 popular Japanese dishes, breaking them down by ingredient, cooking time, and, crucially, their environmental impact.



You might be surprised to learn that some plant-based dishes, while low in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-science-behind-a-smoothie-the-fruit-you-choose-makes-a-difference/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">carbon</a> emissions, didn't pack the same nutritional punch as one might expect. This is where the research gets helpful. It identifies those healthy, eco-friendly dishes and gives us tools to find similar foods in our own regional cuisines.



“We believe dish-based approaches can inform better the day-to-day organization of food consumption... by acting as a reality check to inform, design, and convey feasible and acceptable ways to steer dietary habits toward more sustainable directions,” said study co-author Professor Alexandros Gasparatos.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mixed-diets-with-a-lower-carbon-footprint">Mixed diets with a lower carbon footprint</h2>



The beauty of a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/healthy-dietary-shifts-could-keep-global-climate-goals-within-reach/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mixed diet</a> is that with a few simple shifts, we can make a difference by reducing our carbon footprint



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-become-a-label-detective">Become a label detective</h3>



Ingredient lists and nutritional information on packaged foods tell you a lot. Look for terms like "whole grain," prioritize shorter ingredient lists, and be mindful of things like added sugars and sodium content.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-expand-your-recipe-repertoire">Expand your recipe repertoire</h3>



Don't be afraid to experiment. There are countless resources online and in cookbooks with delicious, healthy recipes that use a wide range of ingredients. A bit of exploring can lead to wonderful discoveries.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-choose-sustainable-businesses">Choose sustainable businesses</h3>



When eating out or shopping for groceries, consider businesses that make sustainability a priority. Ask about locally sourced ingredients, inquire about their food waste policies, or look for certifications that show ethical practices.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-remember-small-steps-matter">Remember, small steps matter</h3>



You don't have to overhaul your entire diet overnight. Even small changes, like replacing one processed snack with some fruit or trying a new vegetarian recipe once a week, add up over time.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-do-mixed-diets-reduce-carbon-emissions">How do mixed diets reduce carbon emissions?</h2>



A mixed food <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-reveals-the-environmental-impacts-of-various-diets/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">diet</a> lowers carbon emissions primarily by diversifying the sources of food we consume. Here's how it works in more detail:



<ol>
<li>Reduced reliance on meat: Meat, especially red meat, has a high carbon footprint due to methane emissions from livestock and the energy-intensive nature of meat production. By incorporating more plant-based options, mixed diets can significantly reduce carbon emissions. </li>



<li>Efficient use of resources: Plant-based foods generally require less water and land than animal-based foods. A diet that includes a variety of plant-based dishes can lead to more efficient use of resources and lower emissions. </li>



<li>Variety leads to sustainability: Mixed diets encourage the consumption of a wider range of foods, which can include locally sourced and seasonally available produce. This reduces the need for transportation and the associated carbon emissions. </li>



<li>Optimization of nutrient intake without excess: By focusing on the nutritional value and environmental impact of individual dishes, mixed diets can optimize nutrient intake without the excess associated with some high-carbon foods, thereby reducing waste and emissions. </li>



<li>Encourages mindful eating practices: Mixed diets also promote mindfulness about food choices, encouraging consumers to consider the environmental impact of their meals. This awareness can lead to choices that are both nutritionally beneficial and lower in carbon footprint.</li>
</ol>



By diversifying our diet, we can support food production systems that are generally more sustainable and have a lower environmental impact.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-significance">Study significance</h2>



Taking these kinds of actions builds awareness and makes you an informed consumer. Not only are you making better choices for your body, but you're also sending a message. Your choices can influence the food industry and push for the broader changes needed for a healthier planet.



“Varying cultural preferences and ingredient availability lead to radically different ways to build healthy and sustainable diets between different countries and local contexts," said Gasparatos.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adh1077" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science Advances</a>.



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Mixed diets offer health benefits and lower carbon footprint

We all make food choices every day. But did you...

Did you know that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-reveals-why-blueberries-are-blue/">blueberries</a> are more than just a tasty snack? They're also home to a whole world of microbes that could be the secret to blueberries unique flavor and health benefits. Trouble is, new research suggests that climate change and how we manage our forests could turn this beautiful relationship sour.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meet-the-microbes-blueberry-s-secret-ingredient">Meet the microbes: Blueberry's secret ingredient</h2>



"Microbes" aren't all bad guys. Sure, some cause diseases, but many others are partners in crime with plants. These helpful microbes, called "symbiotic microbes," live inside the blueberry plant and its <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-harness-fruit-waste-to-extract-energy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fruits</a>.



"Symbiotic microbes can play an important role in the formation of health-promoting compounds in berries," said Professor Anna Maria Pirttilä, a researcher at the <a href="https://www.oulu.fi/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Oulu</a>, Finland. In other words, these microbes could be the reason blueberries are so good for us.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-microbes-in-north-vs-south-blueberries">Microbes in north vs. south blueberries</h2>



Scientists from the University of Oulu discovered that the types of microbes inside <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/blueberries-grown-grass/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">blueberries</a> are different depending on where they grow. Blueberries from the south of Finland have different microbial communities than those from the north.



Why the difference? Factors like weather, temperature, soil quality, and even what other plants are growing nearby play a big role in shaping the blueberry's microbes. 



"The study suggests that climate change and intensive forestry practices can change the diversity of symbiotic microbes in the fruits of blueberry, which in turn may affect, for example, the taste or shelf life of the fruits," said Professor Pirttilä.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-change-and-blueberries">Climate change and blueberries</h2>



Climate change isn't just about rising average temperatures. It brings more extreme weather events – heat waves, chilling winters, and intense storms. These sudden swings are tough on plants, causing them physiological stress.



The microbes that partner with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/blueberries-could-be-key-to-treating-non-healing-wounds/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">blueberries</a> have evolved alongside them under certain conditions. Drastic changes in their environment can disrupt that balance. Some beneficial microbes might struggle to survive, while less helpful, potentially even harmful, microbes could take advantage of the stressed plant and proliferate.



Microbes are major contributors to the health and development of blueberry plants and to the fruits themselves. When climate change throws their populations out of whack, it could directly affect the berries' flavor, how well they store, and their nutritional profile.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-intensive-forestry-and-blueberries">Intensive forestry and blueberries</h2>



Large-scale tree harvesting and planting drastically alter the forest ecosystem where <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/blueberries-may-protect-our-brains-against-dementia/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">blueberries</a> thrive. This can change factors like sunlight, soil composition, and the presence of other plant species that naturally support blueberries.



These rapid alterations are yet another stressor for blueberries and can further disrupt the delicate balance among the microbes they rely on, potentially making them even more vulnerable to the negative effects of climate change.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-does-it-mean-for-blueberry-lovers">What does it mean for blueberry lovers?</h2>



While it's important to be aware of the challenges that climate change poses to blueberries, there's also a glimmer of hope. This new research, though in its early stages, sheds light on a previously less understood aspect of blueberry cultivation – its microbes. 



The research underscores the complex and interconnected ways climate change can trickle down and affect our food systems. By understanding the intricate relationship between blueberries and their microbes, scientists could potentially develop strategies to help these plants (and their beneficial microbes) adapt to the challenges of a changing climate. 



This could involve things like:



<ul>
<li>Selective breeding:&nbsp;Identifying blueberry varieties with naturally more resilient microbial communities.</li>



<li>Probiotic boost:&nbsp;Developing ways to introduce helpful microbes to blueberry plants and support their growth.</li>



<li>Smart cultivation:&nbsp;Adjusting farming practices to reduce plant stress and create conditions favorable to beneficial microbes.</li>
</ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-significance">Study significance</h2>



The goal isn't necessarily to make blueberries invincible to climate change, but rather to give them the tools they need to thrive. This research could open doors to blueberries that are not only tastier but more resilient and able to retain their health benefits even in challenging conditions.



Next time you pop a handful of blueberries, remember they're more than meets the eye. They're an example of nature's intricate connections. 



What happens to our climate and our forests has ripple effects, even down to the microscopic level. And that could definitely change the way we experience a simple fruit like a blueberry. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-key-functions-of-microbes-in-blueberries">Key functions of microbes in blueberries</h2>



As discussed, microbes play several crucial roles in blueberries, affecting their growth, health, and the benefits they offer to those who consume them. Here are some of the key functions:



<ol>
<li>Nutrient acquisition: Some microbes help blueberries absorb nutrients from the soil, converting them into forms the plant can use easily.</li>



<li>Disease resistance: Certain microbes offer natural protection against diseases by outcompeting harmful pathogens or by enhancing the plant's immune responses.</li>



<li>Stress tolerance: Microbes can help plants tolerate environmental stresses such as drought, salinity, and extreme temperatures, ensuring better growth and yield under challenging conditions.</li>



<li>Flavor and nutritional value: Microbial activity can influence the development of compounds that contribute to the taste, aroma, and nutritional content of blueberries, including antioxidants and vitamins.</li>



<li>Shelf life: Some microbes have roles that can impact the shelf life of blueberries post-harvest, either by protecting against spoilage or, conversely, causing the fruit to deteriorate more quickly.</li>



<li>Soil health: Beyond the direct benefits to blueberries, microbes contribute to the overall health of the soil ecosystem, promoting biodiversity and the cycling of organic matter.</li>
</ol>



Understanding and managing the microbial communities associated with blueberries can lead to improved fruit quality, yield, and environmental sustainability in blueberry cultivation.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://doi.org/10.1186/s40793-024-00551-y" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Environmental Microbiome</a>.



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Climate change is messing with vital microbes in blueberries

Did you know that blueberries are more than just a...

Fly,Amanita,Mushroom,In,The,Center,,With,Background,Of,Pine

Beneath the earth's surface, a silent partnership has been thriving for millions of years. Plants and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plants-distribute-enormous-amounts-of-co2-to-mycorrhizal-fungi/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mycorrhizal fungi</a> work together in a remarkable way. 



Plants share the carbon they make from sunlight. In return, fungi provide them with water and important nutrients. 



At the center of this trade-off, fungi extend tiny structures into the plant roots, making it easier for both sides to exchange these vital resources.



Utilizing RNA sequencing, researchers have achieved spatially-resolved transcriptomics. This approach is a first of its kind for cross-kingdom research. 



Consequently, with this method, they have mapped the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plant-genetics-research-just-got-a-lot-easier-with-a-simple-trick/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gene expression</a> of both plants and fungi with astonishing clarity.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plants-fungi-and-the-wonders-of-symbiosis">Plants, fungi, and the wonders of symbiosis</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plants-distribute-enormous-amounts-of-co2-to-mycorrhizal-fungi/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Symbiosis</a> is a biological concept referring to the interaction between two different organisms living in close physical association, typically to the advantage of both. 



This relationship can vary in nature, being mutualistic, parasitic, or commensalistic:



<ul>
<li>Mutualism involves interactions where both species benefit from the relationship. An example is the relationship between bees and flowers, where bees get nectar for food while pollinating the flowers in the process. </li>



<li>Parasitism is a relationship where one organism, the parasite, benefits at the expense of the other, the host. Parasites may live on the skin or inside the host organism. An example is the relationship between tapeworms and vertebrates. </li>



<li>Commensalism involves a relationship where one organism benefits, and the other is neither helped nor harmed. An example is barnacles that attach to whales. The barnacles gain mobility and access to nutrient-rich waters, while the whale is unaffected by their presence.</li>
</ul>



The relationship between <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-reveals-that-some-birds-hunt-for-truffles/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">underground fungi</a> and plant roots falls under the category of mutualism and is specifically known as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fungi-everywhere/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mycorrhiza</a>. In this symbiotic association, the fungi colonize the plant roots, leading to a mutually beneficial relationship.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-cellular-interactions">Understanding cellular interactions</h2>



Benjamin Cole, the senior author of the study and a research scientist at the U.S. Department of Energy's <a href="https://jgi.doe.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Joint Genome Institute (JGI)</a>, emphasized the importance of understanding the cellular dynamics of this relationship. 



"Our goal was to dissect the symbiosis at the cellular level, to see how these distinct cell types from different kingdoms interact without the distraction of external biological activity," Cole explained.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-and-agricultural-implications">Environmental and agricultural implications</h2>



The implications of this research are profound. On the fungal side, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fungal-networks-that-help-trees-communicate-determine-the-nature-of-forests/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mycorrhizal networks</a> can act as carbon sinks, storing the carbon compounds that plants synthesize.



Moreover, this aspect of their relationship suggests a strategy for improving soil <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/deep-rooted-crops-can-significantly-improve-soil-carbon-storage/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">carbon storage</a>, a crucial factor in combating atmospheric carbon dioxide levels.



Subsequently, for plants, particularly those used as biofuel feedstocks in nutrient-deficient soils, enhancing this symbiotic relationship could significantly boost survival and productivity.



"This interaction is pivotal for plant survival in such challenging environments," noted Karen Serrano, the paper's first author and a graduate researcher at the Joint BioEnergy Institute (JBEI).



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-deep-dive-into-the-root-of-the-matter">A deep dive into the root of the matter</h2>



Focusing on the model legume Medicago truncatula and the mycorrhizal fungi Rhizophagus irregularis, the team investigated their cooperative relationship from the ground up. 



By introducing R. irregularis spores to M. truncatula seedlings under controlled conditions, researchers observed the fungi's colonization of the plant roots. They then compared gene expression in both organisms against control seedlings.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genetic-dialogues-between-plants-and-fungi">Genetic dialogues between plants and fungi</h2>



Employing single nuclei RNA sequencing, the researchers could distinguish cell types within the plant roots and chart their gene expression. 



Spatial transcriptomics provided a map of gene expression across circular areas about the width of a human hair. This enabled a detailed view of the molecular dialogue between plant and fungal cells.



"This technique allowed us to capture a comprehensive profile of gene expression from both kingdoms, given its reliance on capturing polyadenylated transcripts," Serrano explained.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genetic-engineering-and-bioenergy-crops">Genetic engineering and bioenergy crops</h2>



The team identified over 12,000 fungal genes and numerous plant genes, offering a granular insight into the symbiosis's dynamics. 



Among these, over 1,000 genes were upregulated, with 188 echoing findings from previous studies, presenting potential targets for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/modified-plants-produce-pheromones-to-confuse-pests/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">genetic engineering</a>.



"These genes are prime candidates for future research. We hope the wider scientific community will build upon our findings," Serrano added.



Furthermore, while this research focused on a well-understood model system, future studies aim to explore arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis in bioenergy crops like sorghum and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/switchgrass-could-be-a-major-weapon-in-the-fight-against-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">switchgrass</a>.



"We're currently refining our methods to apply our findings to other bioenergy grasses, setting the stage for further advancements," Cole concluded.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plants-fungi-and-earth-s-future">Plants, fungi, and Earth's future</h2>



This fascinating research has unlocked new insights into the ancient symbiotic relationship between plants and fungi. 



By employing cutting-edge techniques such as single nuclei RNA sequencing and spatial transcriptomics, they have revealed the intricate molecular interactions that take place at the cellular level. 



The study's findings offer exciting possibilities for improving carbon storage, biofuel production, and sustainable agriculture. 



As the team continues to explore this fascinating symbiosis in other bioenergy grasses, we can anticipate further advancements in our understanding and application of this powerful alliance between plants and fungi.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41477-024-01666-3" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Plants</a>.



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Exploring the symbiotic relationship of plant roots and underground fungi

Beneath the earth's surface, a silent partnership has been thriving...

Plants use the process of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/key-to-life-on-earth-photosynthesis-begins-on-the-quantum-level-with-a-single-photon/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">photosynthesis</a> to convert light into energy for growth. However, the amount of sunlight they receive can fluctuate throughout the day. Too much or too little sunlight can negatively impact their energy production. 



Recent research sheds light on how plants manage these shifts, revealing a communication system that lets them adjust their photosynthesis in real-time.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-stages-in-photosynthesis">Stages in photosynthesis</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-have-finally-decoded-the-process-of-photosynthesis/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Photosynthesis</a> can be broken down into two main interconnected stages:



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-stage-1-the-light-driven-reaction">Stage 1: The light-driven reaction</h3>



This stage takes place within the chloroplasts, specialized structures found in plant cells. Chloroplasts are packed with membranes called thylakoids, which is where the light-driven reactions occur.



<ul>
<li>The power of chlorophyll: Chlorophyll, the green pigment that gives plants their color, is located within the thylakoid membranes. Its job is to capture light energy from the sun, acting like a tiny solar panel. </li>



<li>Energy conversion: When sunlight hits chlorophyll, it excites electrons within the molecules. This newfound energy is passed through a series of proteins within the thylakoids. Think of this like a relay race where the energy gets passed along. </li>



<li>Generating chemical energy: This electron transfer chain creates a sort of 'electrical current' within the chloroplast. The plant cell harnesses this energy flow to produce ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate). Consider ATP and NADPH as energy-carrying molecules, like rechargeable batteries that power the next stage of photosynthesis.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-stage-2-the-carbon-fixing-reaction">Stage 2: The carbon-fixing reaction</h3>



This stage occurs in the stroma, the fluid-filled area of the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoids.



<ul>
<li>Building with carbon dioxide: The carbon-fixing reaction, also known as the Calvin Cycle, uses the ATP and NADPH generated in the light-driven reaction to capture carbon dioxide (CO2) from the air. </li>



<li>Sugar production: Through a series of enzyme-driven steps, CO2 is combined with other molecules and rearranged, using the energy stored in ATP and NADPH. The ultimate output of this process is sugar, primarily in the form of glucose. </li>



<li>Fuel for the plant: These glucose molecules form the building blocks for the plant's growth and development. They can be used immediately for energy, combined into more complex carbohydrates like starches for storage, or even used to build the plant's physical structure in the form of cellulose.</li>
</ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fluctuating-light-and-photosynthesis">Fluctuating light and photosynthesis</h2>



Light availability for plants is in a state of near-constant change. Several factors contribute to this:



<ul>
<li>Clouds: Cloud cover can dramatically reduce the amount of sunlight reaching a plant, often switching between bright sun and shade within minutes. </li>



<li>Shade: Plants growing beneath trees, within dense foliage, or in the shadows of buildings experience less direct sunlight and may need to adapt accordingly. </li>



<li>Day and night: The natural cycle of day and night presents the most predictable change in light conditions. Plants often adjust their internal processes in preparation for darkness.</li>
</ul>



Hence, plants require a delicate balance within their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/photosynthesis-efficient-enough/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">photosynthetic</a> machinery to ensure survival and efficient growth. In low-light conditions, plants need to focus on capturing as much sunlight as possible to produce the chemical energy that fuels their growth. They need to ramp up their light-harvesting processes to make the most of the limited light.



Too much sunlight can be harmful. The intense energy can overload the plant's photosynthetic machinery, leading to the production of damaging molecules called reactive oxygen species. To counter this, plants need mechanisms to quickly dissipate excess energy and protect themselves.



Due to dynamic light conditions, plants have evolved sophisticated ways to fine-tune their photosynthesis on a moment-to-moment basis, ensuring they either make the most of available sunlight or protect themselves from its excess.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-qe-plant-s-protection-mechanism">"qE": Plant's protection mechanism</h2>



Plants activate a protective mechanism called "energy-dependent quenching" (qE) when there's varying sunlight. This mechanism gets triggered when sensors inside the plant's chloroplasts signal an energy overload. 



Once active, qE acts like a safety valve – excess light energy is released as heat, preventing damage to the plant's photosynthetic machinery. While qE is crucial for survival in bright light, it reduces the plant's ability to harvest energy, especially when light levels change quickly. 



Understanding this balance between protection and energy production is an important area of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/researchers-boost-photosynthesis/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">research</a> for scientists aiming to improve plant growth and agricultural yields.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-kea3-the-master-switch-of-qe">KEA3: The master switch of qE</h2>



Scientists have discovered that a protein called KEA3 acts as a control switch for photosynthesis.



"The research team has decoded the molecular mechanism used by the plant to synchronize the two sub-processes of photosynthesis with each other," explained Professor Dr. Ute Armbruster from the <a href="https://www.molphot.hhu.de/en/molecular-photosynthesis" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Institute of Molecular Photosynthesis</a>, the study's lead author.



KEA3 functions by monitoring conditions inside the chloroplast:



<ul>
<li>Sensor 1 (pH levels): The acidity (or pH level) of the area around chloroplasts changes in response to light – it becomes more acidic in bright light and less acidic in the shade. </li>



<li>Sensor 2 (Energy availability): KEA3 also gauges the plant's energy supply by directly sensing the levels of the ATP and NADPH molecules.</li>
</ul>



KEA3 uses the information from these two sensors to regulate <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/revealing-the-secrets-of-photosynthesis-through-pep/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">photosynthesis</a>. As the light-driven reactions ramp up, they pump protons (positively charged hydrogen ions) into the interior of the thylakoid membranes. This leads to a rapid drop in pH within the chloroplast, making it more acidic.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-kea3-role-in-photosynthesis-during-varying-light">KEA3 role in photosynthesis during varying light</h2>



Increased light also means a surge in the production of the energy-carrying molecules ATP and NADPH. The chloroplast becomes flush with chemical fuel.



KEA3, the master switch protein, directly senses both the pH change and the high levels of ATP and NADPH. This combination of signals causes a change in the protein's structure that renders it inactive.



With KEA3 inactive, the protective qE mechanism is allowed to fully engage. Excess energy is safely released as heat, preventing damage caused by the overload of sunlight. Lots of sunlight leads to a rapid drop in pH and ample fuel supply. This inactivates KEA3, allowing qE to engage (protecting the plant).



When shifting to shade, the pH rises again, and fuel supplies decrease. This activates KEA3, which then signals to other parts of the plant to boost the light-harvesting reactions and maximize energy production under lower light conditions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-photosynthesis-in-changing-light">Understanding photosynthesis in changing light</h2>



"Through our work, we now understand for the first time how the two functional modules of photosynthesis communicate with each other via KEA3," said Professor Armbruster. 



"It is important to know this with a view to developing strategies to improve photosynthesis in the field, in order to increase crop yields in the long term."



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-47151-5" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Communications</a>.



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Plants cleverly adapt their photosynthesis to changes in light

Plants use the process of photosynthesis to convert light into...

Bearded,Mature,Man,Smoking,Medical,Marijuana,In,Nature.

A recent study has uncovered a surprising link between recreational cannabis use and a decreased risk of subjective cognitive decline (SCD). The findings challenge previous research that suggested negative associations between <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/smoking-cannabis-significantly-increases-the-risk-of-heart-attack/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cannabis</a> use and cognitive health. 



This discovery has prompted a closer look at the potential protective effects of recreational cannabis consumption.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-studying-cognitive-decline-and-cannabis-use">Studying cognitive decline and cannabis use</h2>



Zhi Chen, a Master of Public Health (MPH) student, and Professor Roger Wong, Ph.D., MPH, MSW, from <a href="https://www.upstate.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Upstate Medical University</a>, analyzed data from the <a href="https://www.cdc.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CDC</a>.



They discovered that non-medical cannabis use, such as for recreational purposes, was associated with a 96 percent decreased odds of SCD compared to non-users. 



Medical and dual (medical and non-medical) use also showed decreased odds of SCD, although not statistically significant. Surprisingly, cannabis consumption frequency and method were not significantly associated with SCD.



"The main takeaway is that cannabis might be protective for our cognition, but it is really crucial to have longitudinal studies because this is just a snapshot of 2021," said Wong, an assistant professor in the Department of Public Health &amp; Preventive Medicine. 



"We do not know if non-medical <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cannabis-use-linked-to-psychosis-among-adolescents/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cannabis</a> leads to better cognition or the other way around if those with better cognition are more likely to use non-medical cannabis. We need longitudinal studies to see long term if non-medical cannabis use is protecting our cognition over time. That's something we don't know yet, but that research is hindered since cannabis remains illegal federally," Wong explained.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unique-study-design">Unique study design</h2>



The study, published in Current Alzheimer Research, differs from previous research by focusing on middle-aged and older adults. In addition, they considered three facets of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cannabis-use-strongly-linked-to-mental-disorders-in-a-new-study/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cannabis use</a>: type of use (medical or non-medical), frequency of use, and mode of use (smoking, vaping, eating, or dabbing).



"The reason I think this study is so great is we looked at all the different dimensions of cannabis use," Wong said. "The fact that we included all three is a huge contribution to the research because I do not believe such a study has been done before."



The authors acknowledged some limitations with the study, including the inability to consider state-by-state <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/half-of-americans-have-tried-cannabis-and-nearly-a-fifth-use-it-regularly/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cannabis regulations</a>, which could lead to potential selection bias if certain states are over or underrepresented due to varying measures of cannabis use. 



However, the study's strengths include using a national data set, which increases the generalizability of the findings.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mechanisms-behind-cannabis-protection-from-cognitive-decline">Mechanisms behind cannabis protection from cognitive decline</h2>



Wong suggested that the difference in protection between medical and non-medical use could be attributed to the compounds that make up <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/after-centuries-of-speculation-heres-what-really-causes-the-munchies/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cannabis</a>. 



Non-medical cannabis has higher concentrations of THC, while medical-grade cannabis has higher concentrations of CBD. 



Non-medical users often use cannabis to improve sleep and reduce stress, which are risk factors for dementia. The protective effects of non-medical cannabis on SCD could come from better sleep and stress relief.



"Based on our findings, we don't see the CBD in medical cannabis being beneficial for cognitive health," Wong said.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-and-future-research">Implications and future research</h2>



In summary, this fascinating study challenges previous notions about the relationship between <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cannabis-potency-linked-to-dramatic-rise-in-psychiatric-disorders/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cannabis</a> use and cognitive health, revealing that non-medical cannabis use may offer protection against subjective cognitive decline. 



While the findings are intriguing, the authors emphasize the need for longitudinal studies to better understand the long-term effects of non-medical <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/most-cannabis-users-no-longer-need-conventional-sleep-aids/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cannabis use</a> on cognition and to explore the potential mechanisms behind these protective effects. 



As cannabis remains illegal at the federal level, researchers face challenges in conducting the necessary studies to fully unravel the complexities of this relationship. 



Nevertheless, this study serves as a starting point for further investigation into the potential benefits of non-medical cannabis use for cognitive health and highlights the importance of considering the various facets of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/runners-high-cannabis-makes-exercise-more-enjoyable-and-boosts-motivation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cannabis use</a> when examining its impact on the brain.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-recreational-cannabis-use-and-cognitive-decline">More about recreational cannabis use and cognitive decline</h2>



As discussed previously, recreational cannabis use has gained significant attention in recent years, with an increasing number of states and countries legalizing its use for non-medical purposes. 



As the stigma surrounding cannabis continues to diminish, more people are exploring the potential benefits and risks associated with recreational use.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-is-recreational-cannabis-use">What is recreational cannabis use?</h3>



Recreational cannabis use refers to the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cannabis-users-seem-to-sleep-better-than-most-other-people/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">consumption of cannabis</a> products for non-medical purposes, such as relaxation, social enjoyment, or personal experimentation. 



Unlike medical cannabis use, which aims to treat specific health conditions under the guidance of a healthcare professional, recreational use focuses on the pleasurable and psychoactive effects of the plant.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-popular-methods-of-consumption">Popular methods of consumption</h3>



Cannabis enthusiasts have developed various methods to consume the plant for recreational purposes:



<ul>
<li>Smoking: The most common method, involving inhaling the smoke from burning cannabis flowers or concentrates.</li>
</ul>



<ul>
<li>Vaporizing: A healthier alternative to smoking, vaporizers heat the cannabis to a temperature that releases the active compounds without producing harmful smoke.</li>
</ul>



<ul>
<li>Edibles: Cannabis-infused foods and beverages offer a discreet and long-lasting way to experience the effects of the plant.</li>
</ul>



<ul>
<li>Topicals: Cannabis-infused lotions, balms, and oils can be applied directly to the skin for localized effects, without the psychoactive properties.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-science-behind-the-cannabis-high">Science behind the cannabis high</h3>



The primary <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/why-cannabis-use-disorder-risk-varies-among-young-adults/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">psychoactive compound</a> in cannabis is tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), which interacts with the body's endocannabinoid system to produce various effects, such as euphoria, relaxation, and altered perception. 



However, cannabis also contains numerous other compounds, like cannabidiol (CBD), which can modulate the effects of THC and provide potential therapeutic benefits.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-responsible-use-and-harm-reduction">Responsible use and harm reduction</h3>



While recreational cannabis use is becoming more socially acceptable, it is crucial to approach it with caution and responsibility. Some key considerations include:



<ul>
<li>Legal age restrictions: Most jurisdictions that have legalized recreational cannabis set a minimum age limit of 21 years old.</li>
</ul>



<ul>
<li>Moderation: Starting with low doses and gradually increasing can help minimize the risk of adverse effects.</li>
</ul>



<ul>
<li>Avoiding driving: Cannabis can impair judgment and reaction time, making it dangerous to operate vehicles under its influence.</li>
</ul>



<ul>
<li>Being mindful of personal and family history: Those with a personal or family history of mental health issues or substance abuse should exercise extra caution when using cannabis recreationally.</li>
</ul>



As the legal landscape surrounding recreational cannabis use continues to evolve, it is essential for individuals to stay informed about the latest research, regulations, and best practices to ensure safe and responsible consumption.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.eurekaselect.com/article/138726" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current Alzheimer Research</a>.



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Recreational cannabis use helps protect against cognitive decline

A recent study has uncovered a surprising link between recreational...

A recent study reveals that deep-rooted crops, AI, and gene editing significantly enhance soil carbon storage. Soil carbon enhancement is crucial in the battle against climate change, a fact underscored by the agricultural sector's significant contribution to global carbon emissions.



In 2020 alone, agriculture was responsible for emitting a staggering 16 billion tons of carbon dioxide equivalent, marking a 9% increase since 2000. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (<a href="https://www.fao.org/home/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">FAO</a>) has highlighted these figures, pointing to the urgent need for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/agricultural-technologies-can-reverse-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">innovative agricultural solutions</a>. 



In this context, a recent article titled "Going deep: Roots, carbon, and analyzing subsoil carbon dynamics," offers a promising strategy. 



Written by Angela Fernando and her team at the <a href="https://alliancebioversityciat.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Alliance of Bioversity International and CIAT</a>, the article highlights soil carbon enhancement as a versatile solution. It improves food production, aids in achieving net-zero agricultural emissions, and tackles climate change effects.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-deep-roots-in-soil-carbon-storage">Deep roots in soil carbon storage</h2>



Fernando's mission is clear: to compile existing methodologies and insights in a singular, comprehensive resource for experts to leverage effectively. 



At the core of their findings is the significance of deeper root systems in crops. Traditional practices often result in carbon release into the atmosphere, due to deep tillage and the decomposition of shallow roots. In contrast, Fernando supports the use of crop varieties that have deeper roots.



She metaphorically describes soil organic carbon as "a cushion hidden in the soil," emphasizing its resilience against microbial decomposition at depths around two meters and its vital role as a nutrient and water reservoir, especially during droughts.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-deep-root-s-dro1-gene-in-soil-carbon">Deep root's DRO1 gene in soil carbon</h2>



The discovery of the DRO1 gene, responsible for controlling root angle, represents a significant breakthrough. This advancement allows for the creation of crop and forage varieties with roots that extend downwards to a meter or more.



"There's no new biomass; the roots are simply oriented to grow vertically down, thus safeguarding soil carbon," said Fernando.



Joe Tohme, director of the Alliance's Americas Hub, shares this excitement, calling the DRO1 discovery a major leap forward. He highlights its importance for adapting food crops to withstand water stress by tapping into deeper subsoil moisture.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-shift-to-ai-and-remote-sensing">The shift to AI and remote sensing</h2>



Yet, the quest to harness soil's carbon sequestration potential encounters significant hurdles, primarily in its measurement. 



Michael Gomez Selvaraj, a digital agriculture scientist at the Alliance, highlights the drawbacks of traditional soil core analysis for large-scale studies, noting its labor intensity and limited representation. He advocates for combining remote sensing and artificial intelligence (AI) for quicker, more accurate soil carbon assessments across extensive areas.



Gomez describes the Alliance's efforts to fine-tune an AI model for precise <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/organic-carbon-stored-underground/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">organic carbon</a> measurement across large areas. "We are on the cusp of revolutionizing how we measure soil carbon," he says, envisioning deeper, non-intrusive methods in the pipeline.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-merging-genetics-ai-and-sustainability">Merging genetics, AI, and sustainability</h2>



Looking ahead, the researchers are optimistic about the broader implications of their work. Enhanced soil carbon measurement techniques could facilitate farmers' entry into carbon markets. Specifically, this is achieved by providing the accuracy necessary for carbon certification.



Moreover, creating <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/deeper-plant-roots-could-boost-soil-carbon-storage/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">deep-rooted crops</a> and forage varieties could increase carbon storage in the soil. Gene-editing technologies, such as CRISPR, are key to speeding up the development of these resource-efficient plants. 



This innovative approach blends genetic discoveries with AI and remote sensing technologies. It meets global climate goals and brings real advantages to farmers globally - setting the stage for a future of sustainable, carbon-efficient farming.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-deep-rooted-crops-and-soil-carbon-measurement">Deep-rooted crops and soil carbon measurement </h2>



The research heralds a new era in agriculture, promising tangible benefits for farmers and the environment. Here's how these innovations could manifest in real-world agricultural settings:



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-drought-resistance-and-reduced-water-usage">Drought resistance and reduced water usage</h3>



Deep-rooted crops can access water from deeper soil layers, making them more resilient during drought conditions. This trait could significantly reduce the need for irrigation, lowering water usage and costs for farmers in arid and semi-arid regions. 



The adoption of these crops can ensure stable yields even in challenging weather conditions, securing food production and farmers' livelihoods.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-soil-health-and-fertility">Soil health and fertility</h3>



By promoting the growth of crops with deeper root systems, farmers can enhance soil structure and fertility. Deep roots help in aerating the soil, reducing erosion, and facilitating the cycling of nutrients. This natural process can diminish the reliance on chemical fertilizers, leading to healthier soils and reduced input costs.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-carbon-sequestration-and-financial-incentives">Carbon sequestration and financial incentives</h3>



The use of advanced soil carbon measurement techniques can accurately quantify the carbon sequestered in farmlands. This precision opens doors for farmers to participate in carbon markets, earning carbon credits for their sustainable practices. 



By providing a financial incentive for adopting carbon-friendly farming methods, this approach not only combats climate change but also enhances farmers' income streams.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://journals.aps.org/prx/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevX.14.011028" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Molecular Plant</a>.



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Deep-rooted crops can significantly improve soil carbon storage

A recent study reveals that deep-rooted crops, AI, and gene...

Sunflowers,In,The,Garden,,Flowers,Image

Unraveling the secrets of flower symmetry within the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sunflower-extracts-shield-blueberries-from-fruit-rot/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sunflower</a> family, a new study offers insights into the evolutionary history of this diverse group. Encompassing a broad array of species such as asters, daisies, lettuce, and artichokes, the research delves into the intricate development of symmetrical patterns across sunflowers. 



These findings advance our understanding of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fibonacci-spirals-an-unexpected-twist-in-plant-evolution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plant evolution</a> significantly. Furthermore, they open up new avenues for agricultural innovation. This highlights the potential for selective breeding to enhance desirable traits in crops, thereby improving food production and horticulture.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-symmetry-in-sunflowers-family-tree">Symmetry in sunflowers family tree</h2>



The research, published in the prestigious journal Plant Communication, was led by Hong Ma, a renowned expert in plant reproductive development and evolution at <a href="https://www.psu.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Penn State</a>. 



Ma's team embarked on a quest to explore the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sunflowers-use-multiple-light-response-systems-to-track-the-sun/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sunflower</a> family tree, uncovering that the symmetry seen in sunflower flowers -- a trait often taken for granted -- evolved several times independently through convergent evolution.



"<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/convergent-evolution-reptiles-amphibians/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Convergent evolution</a> occurs when unrelated species develop similar traits independently, often in response to analogous environmental challenges or lifestyles," Ma elucidates. 



"This can make it difficult to determine how closely related two species are by comparing their traits, so having a detailed family tree based on DNA sequence is crucial to understanding how and when these traits evolved," Ma explained.



This revelation challenges prior assumptions, showcasing the complexity and dynamism of evolutionary paths within the sunflower family. Consequently, it underscores the importance of genetic research in unraveling these mysteries.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sunflowers-bilateral-symmetry">Sunflowers' bilateral symmetry</h2>



The study's insights into the family's flower symmetry are particularly fascinating. The sunflower, with its head composed of numerous smaller flowers, typically shows radial symmetry. 



However, the team discovered that bilateral symmetry -- where the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sunflowers-use-an-internal-clock-to-bloom-at-optimal-times/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">flower</a> can be divided into two equal halves along only one line -- has independently appeared across different species within the family. Intriguingly, this feature has also disappeared multiple times over the course of evolutionary history.



This finding is tightly linked to the function of the CYC2 gene, which plays a crucial role in regulating flower development. 



The emergence and loss of bilateral symmetry in sunflowers point to the nuanced and complex interactions between genetics and evolutionary processes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genomic-analysis-of-sunflower-symmetry">Genomic analysis of sunflower symmetry</h2>



To achieve a more detailed family tree, Ma and his colleagues combined public and newly generated transcriptomes. They also utilized an extensive collection of skimmed genomes.



This innovative approach includes genome skimming from both fresh and dried plant samples. As a result, the team was able to broaden their analysis to encompass 706 species within the sunflower family.



"Our increased sample size allowed us to resolve more of the finer branches on the sunflower family tree. This higher-resolution tree allowed us to reconstruct where and when traits like flower symmetry evolved, demonstrating that bilateral symmetry must have evolved many times independently," Ma states. 



This deeper understanding not only illuminates the evolutionary journey of the sunflower family but also enriches our general knowledge of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/these-plants-have-maintained-genetic-stability-for-350-million-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plant evolution</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-role-of-cyc2-gene-in-sunflower-symmetry">Role of CYC2 gene in sunflower symmetry</h2>



The study further investigates the molecular evolution of the CYC2 gene. It finds a significant correlation between its expression and the development of bilaterally symmetric flowers.



This discovery suggests that variations in how the CYC2 gene is expressed in different sunflower species may drive the convergent evolution of flower symmetry. 



Consequently, this research sets the stage for future studies and breeding programs to enhance plant traits.



By understanding the genetic underpinnings of traits like flower symmetry, scientists can guide the selective breeding process more effectively. 



As a result, this could potentially lead to the development of more productive and resilient plant varieties.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-and-future-research">Implications and future research</h2>



The implications of this study extend far beyond the confines of academic research. The sunflower family, one of the largest and most economically significant plant families, includes over 28,000 species. Many of these species play crucial roles in agriculture and horticulture. 



Moreover, the insights gained from understanding the evolutionary relationships and genetic mechanisms within this family can inform the development of new plant varieties. This contributes to food security, biodiversity, and the sustainability of agricultural systems.



In summary, this study marks a significant advancement in our comprehension of sunflower symmetry, plant evolution and genetics. By elucidating the complex evolutionary history of the sunflower family, this research provides valuable insights. 



Consequently, these insights could revolutionize plant breeding, offering new strategies for enhancing the diversity and resilience of plant species.



Ultimately, this research not only deepens our understanding of the natural world but also holds promise for future innovations in agriculture and beyond.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://journals.aps.org/prx/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevX.14.011028" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Plant Communications</a>.



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Sunflower family tree explains evolution of flower symmetry

Unraveling the secrets of flower symmetry within the sunflower family,...

Researchers have discovered that a plant-based plastics release significantly fewer <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/contamination-crisis-microplastics-found-in-88-of-protein-sources/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">microplastics</a> than its conventional counterpart when exposed to sunlight and seawater. 



The findings highlight the potential of bio-based plastics as a more environmentally friendly alternative to traditional petroleum-derived plastics.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plant-based-plastics-vs-conventional-plastics">Plant-based plastics vs. conventional plastics</h2>



The research, led by Professor <a href="https://www.port.ac.uk/about-us/structure-and-governance/our-people/our-staff/hom-dhakal" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Hom Dhakal</a> from the University of Portsmouth's <a href="https://www.port.ac.uk/about-us/structure-and-governance/organisational-structure/our-academic-structure/faculty-of-technology/school-of-mechanical-and-design-engineering" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">School of Mechanical and Design Engineering</a> and experts from the Flanders Marine Institute (<a href="https://www.vliz.be/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">VLIZ</a>) in Belgium, compared the breakdown of two types of plastic under extreme conditions. 



The study subjected a bio-based plastic made from natural feedstocks and a conventional plastic made from petroleum derivatives to intense UV light and seawater for 76 days, simulating 24 months of sun exposure in central Europe.



"Bio-based plastics are gaining interest as alternatives to conventional plastics, but little is known about their potential source of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microplastics-found-embedded-in-tissues-of-whales-and-dolphins/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">microplastics</a> pollution in the marine environment," explained Professor Dhakal, a member of Revolution Plastics. 



"It's important to understand how these materials behave when they're exposed to extreme environments, so we can predict how they'll work when they're used in marine applications, like building a boat hull, and what impact they might have on ocean life," Dhakal continued.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-causes-of-microplastics-pollution">Causes of microplastics pollution</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/contamination-crisis-microplastics-found-in-88-of-protein-sources/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Microplastic pollution</a> has emerged as one of the most pressing environmental issues of our time. These tiny plastic particles, measuring less than 5mm in size, infiltrate marine ecosystems, posing a severe threat to aquatic life and potentially entering the human food chain. 



To effectively combat this growing problem, we must first understand the primary causes behind the proliferation of microplastics in our oceans.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Plastic waste tsunami</h3>



The primary culprit behind the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microplastics-discovered-in-every-human-placenta-tested-after-birth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">microplastics crisis</a> is the staggering amount of plastic waste that enters our oceans daily.



This relentless influx of plastic debris, ranging from single-use packaging to discarded fishing gear, sets the stage for the formation of microplastics.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Fragmentation of plastic waste</h3>



When exposed to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microplastics-found-in-clouds-may-be-affecting-the-weather/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">environmental stressors</a> such as UV radiation, wind, and waves, larger plastic items begin to degrade and fragment into smaller pieces. 



This process of physical breakdown is accelerated by the harsh conditions found in marine environments. As a result, once-intact plastic waste gradually disintegrates into countless microplastic particles that contaminate the oceans.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Primary microplastics</h3>



In addition to the fragmentation of larger plastic debris, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/citizen-scientists-uncover-microplastics-in-the-remote-arctic/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">microplastics</a> can also enter the oceans directly in their microscopic form. 



Known as primary microplastics, these particles are intentionally manufactured for various applications, such as cosmetic exfoliants, industrial abrasives, and synthetic clothing fibers. 



When these products are used or washed, the microplastics they contain can easily find their way into waterways and, ultimately, the oceans.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Microplastics' impact on marine life</h3>



Once microplastics enter the marine environment, they pose a significant threat to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microplastic-pollution-found-in-every-aquatic-species-tested/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">aquatic organisms</a>. Many marine species, from tiny zooplankton to majestic whales, inadvertently ingest these plastic particles, mistaking them for food. 



This ingestion can lead to malnutrition, digestive blockages, and even starvation. Moreover, microplastics can act as vectors for harmful chemicals, introducing toxins into the marine food web.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nine-times-less-microplastics-from-plant-based-plastics">Nine times less microplastics from plant-based plastics</h2>



The study's results showed that the plant-based plastic material released nine times less microplastics than the conventional plastic. 



According to the <a href="https://plasticoceans.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Plastic Oceans International Organization</a>, a truckload of plastic waste is dumped into the oceans every minute, contributing to the growing problem of microplastic pollution.



"By knowing the effect of different types of plastics on the environment, we can make better choices to protect our oceans," Professor Dhakal emphasized.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pla-vs-polypropylene">PLA vs. polypropylene</h2>



The researchers compared polypropylene, a non-biodegradable and difficult-to-recycle conventional industrial polymer, with polylactic acid (PLA), a biodegradable polymer. 



While the PLA released fewer microplastics, Professor Dhakal cautioned, "Although our findings show that the PLA released less microplastics, which means using plant-based plastics instead of oil-based ones might seem like a good idea to reduce plastic pollution in the ocean, we need to be careful as microplastics are still clearly being released and that remains a concern."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-stressors-favor-plant-based-plastics">Environmental stressors favor plant-based plastics</h2>



The study also revealed that the size and shape of the released <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microplastics-linked-to-risk-of-stroke-and-heart-attack/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">microplastics</a> varied depending on the type of plastic. The conventional plastic released smaller pieces and had fewer fiber-like shapes compared to the plant-based plastic.



"Overall our research provides valuable insights into the behavior of different plastic types under environmental stressors, which is important for our future work to tackle plastic pollution," Professor Dhakal said. 



"There is a clear need for continued research and proactive measures to mitigate the impact of microplastics on marine ecosystems," he concluded.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plant-based-plastics-offer-hope-for-the-future">Plant-based plastics offer hope for the future</h2>



In summary, the fight against <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microplastics-pose-a-greater-threat-to-some-ocean-animals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">microplastic pollution</a> in our oceans continues, and the development of new plant-based plastics offers a glimmer of hope. 



While this study shows that plant-based plastics release less microplastics than conventional plastics, the presence of these tiny particles in our oceans remains a concern. 



The <a href="https://www.port.ac.uk/research/research-groups-and-centres/revolution-plastics-institute" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Revolution Plastics</a> initiative, of which Professor Dhakal is a member, plays a crucial role in driving research, informing policies, and contributing to the global effort to end plastic pollution. 



As we move forward, it is essential to continue exploring innovative solutions, raising awareness, and taking proactive measures to protect our marine ecosystems from the detrimental effects of microplastics.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0147651324000563?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety</a>.



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Plant-based plastics drastically reduce microplastic pollution

Researchers have discovered that a plant-based plastics release significantly fewer...

The,Sun,In,Space,On,A,Dark,Background.,Elements,Of

In a remarkable scientific breakthrough, researchers have discovered a new way to study the impact of solar storms on Earth by analyzing the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/radiocarbon-could-be-key-in-predicting-earths-future/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">radiocarbon</a> concentration in tree rings. 



This finding has significant implications for understanding the frequency and severity of solar storms, as well as their potential effects on modern technology and society.



The study was conducted by a research group coordinated by the <a href="https://www.helsinki.fi/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Helsinki</a>, in collaboration with the Natural Resources Institute Finland (<a href="https://www.luke.fi/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Luke</a>) and the <a href="https://www.oulu.fi/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Oulu</a>. 



The team was able to detect a spike in radiocarbon concentration in trees from Lapland, Finland, following the Carrington Event of 1859, one of the largest recorded solar storms in the last two centuries.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-solar-storms-and-their-impact">Understanding solar storms and their impact</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/canyon-of-fire-solar-eruption-extended-more-than-60000-miles/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Solar storms</a> occur when magnetized clouds of charged particles, known as solar plasma flows, are released from the Sun and interact with <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/earths-magnetic-field-origin-structure-and-impact-on-humanity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth's geomagnetic field</a>. 



These interactions can result in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/geomagnetic-storms-are-influenced-by-earths-atmosphere/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">geomagnetic storms</a>, which can cause aurorae, disrupt electrical and mobile networks, and pose challenges for satellite and navigation systems.



"Radiocarbon is like a cosmic marker describing phenomena associated with Earth, the solar system and outer space," says Markku Oinonen, Director of the University of Helsinki's Laboratory of Chronology, who headed the study.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-decoding-solar-storm-secrets-in-tree-rings">Decoding solar storm secrets in tree rings</h2>



To uncover the information stored in tree rings, researchers extract samples by carving from the wood material grown over individual years. 



The samples are then processed to cellulose and converted into pure carbon through burning and chemical reduction. Finally, the fraction of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earths-largest-ever-solar-storm-discovered-through-tree-rings/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">radiocarbon</a> in the pure carbon is measured using a particle accelerator.



"It's possible that the excess of radiocarbon caused by the solar flare was primarily transported to the lower atmosphere through northern regions, contrary to the general understanding of its movement," muses Doctoral Researcher Joonas Uusitalo from the Laboratory of Chronology.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-modern-society">Implications for modern society</h2>



A solar storm of the magnitude of the Carrington Event occurring in modern times would have severe consequences for our technology-dependent society. 



It could disrupt electrical and mobile networks, cause major problems for satellite and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/space-weather-poses-significant-risks-to-railway-safety/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">navigation systems</a>, and lead to issues in various sectors, such as air traffic. Therefore, accurate knowledge of solar behavior is crucial for societal preparedness.



"It's also possible that the cyclic change in the production of radiocarbon in the upper atmosphere caused by the variation in solar activity has resulted in the local differences on the ground level seen in our findings," Uusitalo adds.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-role-of-atmospheric-dynamics-and-the-carbon-cycle">Role of atmospheric dynamics and the carbon cycle</h2>



The study also addresses the atmospheric dynamics and the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-significantly-impacted-neolithic-populations/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">carbon cycle</a> from the time before human-generated fossil fuel emissions. 



The findings can help develop increasingly detailed carbon cycle models, contributing to a better understanding of our planet's complex systems.



"The dynamic atmospheric carbon transport model was specifically developed for describing geographical differences in the distribution of radiocarbon in the atmosphere," says Postdoctoral Researcher Kseniia Golubenko from the University of Oulu.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-solar-storms-tree-rings-and-future-research">Solar storms, tree rings, and future research</h2>



While this fascinating study has opened up new avenues for investigating large solar storms like the Carrington Event, further research is needed to fully understand the implications of these findings. 



Historical records show that significant geomagnetic storms also took place in 1730 and 1770, making them likely targets for future research.



As scientists continue to unravel the secrets hidden within tree rings, we can expect to gain a deeper understanding of the complex interactions between the Sun, Earth, and the cosmic forces that shape our world.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-solar-storms-and-the-carrington-event">More about solar storms and the Carrington Event</h2>



As discussed above, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/aurora-borealis-seen-as-far-south-as-the-equator-after-largest-known-solar-storm/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">solar storms</a>, also known as solar flares or coronal mass ejections (CMEs), are explosive events that occur on the Sun's surface. 



These powerful eruptions release vast amounts of energy, radiation, and charged particles into space, potentially affecting Earth and other planets in the solar system.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-anatomy-of-a-solar-storm">Anatomy of a solar storm</h3>



Solar storms originate from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/large-coronal-hole-from-geomagnetic-storm-prompts-aurora-alert-for-northern-us/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sunspots</a>, which are dark, cool areas on the Sun's surface characterized by intense magnetic activity. 



When the magnetic field lines near sunspots become tangled and snap, they release an enormous amount of energy in the form of a solar flare.



 This sudden burst of radiation spans the entire electromagnetic spectrum, from radio waves to gamma rays.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-coronal-mass-ejections-the-sun-s-plasma-projectiles">Coronal mass ejections: The Sun's plasma projectiles</h3>



In addition to solar flares, the Sun occasionally releases billions of tons of plasma and magnetic fields into space, known as coronal mass ejections (CMEs). 



These colossal clouds of charged particles travel at speeds of up to several million miles per hour, potentially causing geomagnetic storms when they interact with Earth's magnetic field.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-of-solar-storms-on-earth">Impact of solar storms on Earth</h3>



When a solar storm <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/severe-solar-storm-will-generate-auroras-as-far-south-as-alabama/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">reaches Earth</a>, it can cause a range of effects:



<ul>
<li>Aurorae: The charged particles from the Sun interact with Earth's magnetic field, causing the beautiful displays of light known as the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/solar-storms-will-intensify-then-slow-as-the-solar-cycle-peaks-in-early-2024/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Northern and Southern Lights</a> (aurora borealis and aurora australis).</li>
</ul>



<ul>
<li>Satellite Disruptions: Solar storms can damage or disrupt the operation of satellites, affecting GPS navigation, communication systems, and other technology that relies on satellite data.</li>
</ul>



<ul>
<li>Power Grid Failures: Strong geomagnetic storms can induce currents in power lines, potentially causing widespread blackouts and damaging electrical infrastructure.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-monitoring-and-predicting-solar-storms">Monitoring and predicting solar storms</h3>



Scientists continuously monitor the Sun using various instruments, such as the Solar Dynamics Observatory (<a href="https://sdo.gsfc.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">SDO</a>) and the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (<a href="https://science.nasa.gov/mission/soho/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">SOHO</a>). These satellites provide real-time data on solar activity, allowing researchers to detect and study solar storms as they occur.



Predicting the timing and intensity of solar storms remains a challenge, but advances in solar physics and space weather modeling are improving our ability to forecast these events and mitigate their potential impact on Earth.



As we continue to explore the mysteries of the Sun and its effects on our planet, understanding solar storms becomes increasingly crucial for protecting our technology-dependent society and ensuring the safety of our space-based assets.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2023GL106632" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geophysical Research Letters</a>.



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Carrington Event: Massive solar storm left scars in tree rings on Earth

In a remarkable scientific breakthrough, researchers have discovered a new...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that scientists never expected.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hidden-waters-beneath-ancient-craters">Hidden waters beneath ancient craters</h2>



Scientists have made a startling discovery that challenges everything we thought we knew about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/saturn-moon-mimas-has-remarkably-young-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Saturn's moon Mimas</a>. Beneath the heavily cratered surface that earned it the nickname "Death Star" lies a global ocean that formed just 5 to 15 million years ago—a remarkably young age by cosmic standards.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cassini-data-reveals-orbital-secrets">Cassini data reveals orbital secrets</h2>



The discovery, led by Dr. Valéry Lainey of the <a href="https://observatoiredeparis.psl.eu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Observatoire de Paris</a>, emerged from careful analysis of <a href="https://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>'s Cassini spacecraft data. By studying subtle irregularities in Mimas's orbit around Saturn, researchers detected the gravitational signature of liquid water hidden 20 to 30 kilometers beneath the moon's icy shell.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-an-unlikely-ocean-world">An unlikely ocean world</h2>



At only 400 kilometers in diameter, Mimas seemed like the least likely candidate to harbor a subsurface ocean. Unlike other ocean moons such as Europa and Enceladus, which show clear surface signs of internal activity, Mimas displays no obvious hints of the liquid water beneath its ancient, crater-scarred exterior.



"Mimas is a small moon, and its heavily cratered surface gave no hint of the hidden ocean beneath," explained Dr. Nick Cooper from <a href="https://www.qmul.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Queen Mary University of London</a>, a study co-author.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-astrobiology">Implications for astrobiology</h2>



The ocean's recent formation makes Mimas a prime target for studying how oceans develop and potentially support life. This discovery adds another member to the exclusive club of ocean worlds in our solar system, each offering unique insights into the conditions necessary for habitability.



The research, published in <a href="https://www.nature.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a> journal, demonstrates how advanced orbital analysis can reveal hidden features of celestial bodies, opening new possibilities for understanding ocean formation throughout the cosmos.



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Scientists discover unexpected young ocean on Saturn's cratered moon Mimas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ 'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE
</div></figure>



On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop and sunlight barely penetrates through the polar winter. It was here, however, that an international team of scientists found <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/predatory-worms-were-terror-beasts-half-a-billion-years-ago/#google_vignette" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evidence of sea monsters</a> that would change our understanding of ocean life in the past.



This video captures the discovery of Timorebestia fossils that had been hidden for more than 500 million years in the Sirius Passet formation. The "terror beasts," as they are called, are a hidden chapter in the evolutionary history of <a href="https://www.earth.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth</a>, showing that sophisticated predator-prey interactions occurred much earlier than previously envisioned.



Dr. Jakob Vinther and his research team at the <a href="https://www.bristol.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bristol</a>, in collaboration with researchers at the <a href="https://eng.kopri.re.kr/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Korean Polar Research Institute</a>, braved extreme weather conditions at 82.5 north latitude to locate these giant creatures. Using sophisticated electron microprobe analysis, they revealed the detailed anatomy of the animals, including their muscle and nerve tissues.



The find upsets the traditional timeline of sea predators. Although we've long appreciated that Cambrian oceans were at one time ruled by <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jWI3-UgA3_o&amp;list=PL1QLQMW9MWDwpkFOnvgAmu7wT6rZmYqdJ&amp;index=19" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">arthropods</a>, these discoveries indicate that relatives of arrow worms were first to dominate the seas. These worms were building sophisticated food webs several million years before other predator groups arose.



Each fossil is a story of ancient hunger, with fossil stomach contents revealing these meter-long beasts dined on heavily armored arthropods regularly, cementing their place as the ocean's first apex predators.



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Worms dominated seas before dinosaurs

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">New York is the site of the world's oldest forest.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-385-million-year-old-trees-discovered">385-million-year-old trees discovered</h2>



Scientists have uncovered something extraordinary just two hours north of New York City. The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/worlds-oldest-forest-discovered-close-to-new-york-city/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">world's oldest forest</a>, dating back 385 million years, offers a window into how Earth's first complex forests shaped our planet's atmosphere.



Located near <a href="https://townofcairo.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cairo, New York</a>, in Greene County, these weren't merely primitive plants struggling to survive. These were sophisticated trees with root systems remarkably similar to modern forests. This ancient woodland predates dinosaurs by 140 million years.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-cairo-forest-discovery">The Cairo forest discovery</h2>



385 million years ago, upstate New York was a tropical paradise near the equator. Thanks to continental drift, this ancient forest has traveled thousands of miles to its current location.



The fossil forest sits in an abandoned quarry, roughly half the size of a football field. This represents just a slice of what was likely a massive forest system stretching from New York into Pennsylvania.



Charles Ver Straeten, curator of sedimentary rocks at the <a href="https://www.nysm.nysed.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">New York State Museum</a>, made the discovery in 2009. While scouting the former highway department property, his trained eye spotted wandering patterns in the stone that looked like marine features.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-age-and-preservation">Revolutionary age and preservation</h2>



The site contains 385-million-year-old rocks with fossilized woody roots forming horizontal patterns up to 18 feet (5.5 meters) wide. As Christopher Berry, a paleobotanist at Cardiff University, explains: "You are walking through the roots of ancient trees."



This discovery pushes back advanced tree evolution by millions of years. The research, published in <a href="https://www.cell.com/current-biology/home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current Biology</a> in December 2019, fundamentally changes our understanding of when complex forests first emerged.



Researchers believe a massive flood buried the forest floor, creating perfect fossilization conditions. Over millions of years, sediment hardened into rock, preserving these root patterns like nature's time capsule.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meet-archaeopteris-the-first-modern-tree">Meet Archaeopteris: the first modern tree</h2>



The star of this ancient forest is Archaeopteris – not to be confused with the feathered dinosaur Archaeopteryx. This tree was far older and more revolutionary.



William Stein from <a href="https://www.binghamton.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Binghamton University</a> describes the roots as "strikingly modern, essentially what you'd see outside in my yard right now." These weren't simple root systems you'd expect from ancient plants.



Some fossilized roots are six inches (15 centimeters) in diameter, forming 36-foot-wide (11-meter) patterns. These giants grew up to 65 feet (20 meters) tall with five-foot-diameter (1.5-meter) trunks.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-changing-impact">Climate-changing impact</h2>



These trees fundamentally changed Earth's environment. Kevin Boyce, a Stanford University geoscientist, explains how their deep roots triggered "weathering," chemical reactions that pulled carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.



This process dropped atmospheric CO2 levels from 10-15 times higher than today to roughly modern concentrations. These ancient trees helped create atmospheric conditions that made complex life possible.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ancient-forest-ecosystem">Ancient forest ecosystem</h2>



The forest was remarkably diverse. Scientists identified Eospermatopteris, palm tree-like plants with short roots that reached 30 feet (9 meters) tall but lacked woody structure. The forest also housed cladoxylopsids and a mysterious third species still being studied.



All reproduced through spores rather than seeds – millions of years before seeds evolved. This tropical environment had no grass, flowers, or flying insects, just towering trees creating Earth's first complex forest canopy.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-significance">Scientific significance</h2>



Before this finding, the Gilboa forest, located 25 miles (40 kilometers) away, held the "oldest forest" title. Cairo's trees are 2-3 million years older, showing that complex forest ecosystems developed much faster than scientists believed possible.



Patricia Gensel, a <a href="https://www.unc.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of North Carolina</a> paleobotanist, notes: "The size of those root systems is really changing the picture. Even 20 years ago, researchers assumed trees with such complex root systems didn't evolve so early."



The Cairo site presents three unique root systems, suggesting Devonian period forests were diverse ecosystems with different trees occupying different environmental niches, much like today's forests.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-preservation-efforts">Modern preservation efforts</h2>



In 2022, New York State Senator Michelle Hinchey secured a $170,000 grant for the town of Cairo to construct specialized fencing around the fossil forest site. The town plans to conduct a feasibility study exploring the possibility of creating an educational center and working lab on-site.



Joe Hasenkopf, chair of the Cairo Planning Board, hopes to partner with educational institutions to create a research facility serving scientists, students, and the public.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lessons-for-today-s-climate">Lessons for today's climate</h2>



Why does a 385-million-year-old forest matter today? It shows how dramatically forests can change Earth's climate. These ancient woodlands created the atmospheric conditions supporting complex life.



Understanding how prehistoric forests transformed the planet helps us appreciate modern forests' critical role in addressing climate change. Forests remain Earth's most effective carbon capture systems.



These prehistoric trees changed Earth's atmosphere by pulling massive amounts of carbon dioxide from the air. As we face modern climate challenges, this ancient forest reminds us of trees' incredible power to transform our planet's environment.



The next time you walk through a forest, remember you're experiencing an ecosystem whose blueprint was established 385 million years ago in upstate New York. These ancient pioneers didn't just survive – they thrived and changed the world forever.



The full study was published in the journal Current Biology.



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Earth's oldest forest found in the United States

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ New York is the site of the world's oldest...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Acid rain and a crisis solved.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-don-t-we-ever-hear-about-acid-rain-anymore-the-environmental-crisis-that-was-solved">Why don't we ever hear about "acid rain" anymore? The environmental crisis that was solved</h2>



Remember the 1980s when acid rain dominated headlines? Dire warnings about rain eating buildings, killing fish, and destroying forests filled every news cycle. Then, almost like magic, acid rain vanished from public discourse. What happened? Did we actually solve one of the late 20th century's most pressing environmental challenges?



The answer might surprise you. Unlike many environmental issues that drag on indefinitely, acid rain represents one of modern history's most successful ecological recovery stories. It's a tale of science, politics, and technology working together to tackle what seemed impossible.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What was acid rain?</h2>



Acid rain isn't regular rain having a bad day – it's precipitation that became significantly more acidic due to air pollution. When power plants, factories, and vehicles burn fossil fuels, they release sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) into the atmosphere.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The science behind it</h2>



Think of acid rain as nature's chemistry experiment gone wrong. These compounds react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form sulfuric and nitric acids. When mixed with water vapor in clouds, they create precipitation with dangerously low pH levels.



While clean rain has a pH of about 5.6, acid rain could drop as low as 4.2 to 4.4 – roughly as acidic as tomato juice or coffee. According to US Geological Survey documentation, Scottish chemist Angus Smith first coined "acid rain" in 1872, but it didn't become a household phrase until the 1960s and 1970s when Swedish scientist Svante Odén documented its devastating effects on Scandinavian lakes and European forests.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The crisis at its peak</h2>



During the height of public concern, environmental damage was both widespread and visible. This wasn't some abstract future threat – people could see destruction happening in real-time.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Environmental devastation</h2>



The most dramatic impacts were impossible to ignore. Research documented by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation shows that in the Adirondack Mountains, more than 200 lakes became so acidic they couldn't support fish life. The Adirondack Council reports that 409 lakes once supported brook trout, but many lost their fish populations due to acid rain.



By 1976, when scientists cataloged all acidified lakes in the Adirondack Park, researchers found that half of the lakes over 2,000 feet above sea level had no fish, according to studies published in environmental journals. The acidification process worked like a slow-motion disaster. As acid rain fell into watersheds, it gradually lowered pH levels. Fish couldn't survive in acidic water, and their food sources died off too.



Trees at high elevations showed stress directly linked to acid rain. It weakened them by leaching nutrients and making them susceptible to disease. Historical records show Germany's Black Forest saw nearly half its trees damaged by the mid-1980s.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Economic impact</h2>



Acid rain wasn't just environmental – it was expensive. Acidic precipitation corroded infrastructure, buildings, and monuments. Historic stone structures deteriorated at accelerated rates. Tourism suffered as lakes became fishless and forests declined. EPA economic analyses from the period documented repair costs mounting into billions annually.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The solution: government action and technology</h2>



Transformation from crisis to success required unprecedented cooperation between governments, industries, and environmental groups.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The Clean Air Act of 1990</h2>



The turning point came with the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, signed by President George H.W. Bush. This represented a fundamentally new approach to environmental regulation, as documented in EPA historical records.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Cap-and-trade success</h2>



Instead of mandating specific technologies, the 1990 amendments introduced something revolutionary: a cap-and-trade system for sulfur dioxide emissions. EPA program documentation shows this market-based approach set overall limits but allowed companies to trade emission allowances.



The genius was harnessing market forces to find cost-effective pollution reduction. Companies reducing emissions cheaply could sell excess allowances to those facing higher costs. Research published in environmental economics journals and EPA progress reports shows this resulted in dramatic SO2 reduction at a fraction of projected costs.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Technology advances</h2>



Policy provided the framework, but technology made reductions possible. Studies in atmospheric science journals document the widespread adoption of flue gas desulfurization systems ("scrubbers") that removed sulfur dioxide before it reached the atmosphere. By the 2000s, new installations could remove over 95% of SO2 emissions, according to EPA technical reports.



The push coincided with cleaner energy development. Natural gas produces fewer sulfur compounds than coal. Wind and solar, emerging in the 1990s, captured growing market share, reducing reliance on high-sulfur coal.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-we-don-t-hear-about-it-today">Why we don't hear about it today</h2>



Why did acid rain disappear from headlines? Simple: the problem was largely solved.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Success doesn't make news</h2>



There's an old journalism saying: "If it bleeds, it leads." Environmental success stories don't generate urgency like crisis reporting. Media attention shifted to other challenges: climate change, plastic pollution, and biodiversity loss. There's only so much environmental anxiety the public can absorb, and newer concerns replaced acid rain.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Mission accomplished</h2>



The primary reason is beautifully simple: interventions worked. EPA monitoring data shows sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990. Academic research published in environmental science journals confirms pH levels in formerly affected areas returned closer to normal. This represents one of history's most dramatic environmental recoveries. Studies by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation show fishless lakes now support healthy populations. Forests recovered, and building damage slowed dramatically.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-is-it-really-gone">Is it really gone?</h2>



The crisis is largely resolved, but monitoring data shows the problem isn't completely eliminated – it's managed to acceptable levels. Some areas still experience occasional events during high pollution periods. International environmental research indicates that rapidly industrializing Asian countries face similar problems to what we experienced decades ago, though they're implementing successful strategies.



EPA research shows nitrogen oxide emissions proved more challenging than sulfur dioxide, coming from vehicles and mobile sources. Climate science studies suggest changing weather patterns add complexity to how acid rain forms and falls.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What this teaches us</h2>



The acid rain experience proves that seemingly intractable environmental problems can be solved with scientific understanding, political will, and technological innovation. Environmental monitoring data shows recovery speed was remarkable – within a decade, measurable improvements appeared in air quality and ecosystem health.



Success came from bipartisan support across party lines. Policy analysis studies show the market-based approach appealed to those preferring economic incentives while achieving environmental goals. This support created lasting policy surviving political changes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Conclusion</h2>



Acid rain's disappearance from public consciousness represents environmental science's greatest success stories. Through effective regulation, technological innovation, and international cooperation, we transformed an overwhelming crisis into a manageable challenge.



Today's silence isn't because we forgot – it's because we solved it. The 1990 Clean Air Act, combined with technology and energy market changes, reduced acid rain emissions over 90%, according to comprehensive EPA data analysis.



This success offers hope for current challenges. It proves complex problems can be solved when science, policy, and technology work together. As we face climate change and plastic pollution, acid rain reminds us that dramatic positive change is possible.



Next time someone asks whether environmental regulations work, remember acid rain. It's proof that sometimes, we get it right.



<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>



Sources: This article draws from EPA official documentation and progress reports, peer-reviewed research published in environmental and atmospheric science journals, historical data from the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation records, US Geological Survey publications, policy analysis studies, and environmental monitoring data collected over three decades.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Frequently Asked Questions</h2>



1. Is acid rain completely gone? No, but EPA monitoring shows it's reduced to manageable levels. US sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990, making acid rain much less severe than the 1980s crisis.



2. How long did solving take? Environmental monitoring data shows significant improvements began within 5-10 years of 1990s emission controls. Full ecosystem recovery took longer – some areas need 20-30 years for complete recovery.



3. What made the solution successful? Clear scientific understanding, visible damage motivating action, bipartisan support, available technology, and innovative market-based policies like cap-and-trade.



4. Do other countries have acid rain problems? Yes, particularly rapidly industrializing Asian countries. However, international environmental research shows many implement similar successful control strategies.



5. Could acid rain return? Potentially, if regulations weaken or we return to high-sulfur coal without controls, though effects would take years to become severe according to environmental projections.



6. Can you recommend any teaching tools on the subject of "acid rain"? The United States Environmental Protection Agency produced a wonderful teacher's guide for ages 14 and under that you can find on the EPA website here: <a href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf</a>



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The environmental problem we actually solved

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk Acid rain and a crisis solved. Why don't we...

Fresh,Radish,Harvest,On,Soil,In,Garden.

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Mid-July is an opportune time to kick-start a thriving fall garden, and this guide lays out the best vegetables and herbs to plant now for a fruitful autumn harvest. 



Fast-growing leafy greens such as spinach, lettuce, kale, and arugula perform especially well in the waning summer heat, with harvests beginning as soon as 30 days. 



These cool-season crops relish the transition into fall, offering repeated yields with cut-and-come-again methods.



Root vegetables like radishes, carrots, and beets also excel during this period. Radishes deliver satisfaction in under a month, while carrots and beets mature in about two months. Employing succession planting ensures a continuous stream of produce deep into the cooler months. 



For a boost of fresh flavor, herbs like cilantro, basil, dill, and chervil are excellent picks. These heat-loving varieties flourish in July’s warmth and are harvest-ready in about 30 days, especially when sown continuously.



Gardeners in zones 6 through 9 can benefit from planting bush beans and snap peas, which don’t require trellising and are ideal for compact plots. 



Maturing in 50–60 days, they’re a smart choice for quick, protein-rich harvests. For those in hotter regions, heat-tolerant crops such as okra and southern peas provide reliable yields and thrive in scorching conditions.



This guide emphasizes more than crop selection—it highlights the importance of timing, soil preparation, and ongoing sowing techniques. 



With thoughtful planning and attention to regional climate needs, even late-summer gardeners can enjoy fresh salads, hearty stews, and the satisfaction of a robust, homegrown harvest well into fall.



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What to plant in your garden in mid-July

https://youtu.be/Fi2OeEwuzRM?si=vTyd2m9FMmtyWkex Mid-July is an opportune time to kick-start a thriving...

Green,Ecoduct,Over,An,Empty,Highway,During,Sunset.

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A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that wildlife tunnels significantly reduce amphibian road mortality during seasonal migrations. 



Frogs and salamanders often cross roads to reach breeding ponds each spring, but many are killed by vehicles. 



Researchers from the <a href="https://www.uvm.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Vermont</a>, in collaboration with local citizens and the Vermont Agency of Natural Resources, installed two underpass tunnels in 2015. 



Over a 12-year monitoring period, they observed an 80.2% reduction in amphibian deaths, and up to 94% for non-climbing species like salamanders. 



The study used a before-after-control-impact design and documented more than 5,200 amphibians, highlighting the tunnels’ effectiveness even in nearby buffer zones.



Funded at $342,397 - far cheaper than wildlife crossings for large mammals - the project showcased the power of community-led conservation.



Local groups initiated the effort after observing mass amphibian deaths. Wildlife cameras later captured over 2,200 amphibians using a tunnel in just one spring, along with other species like raccoons and bobcats, indicating wider ecosystem benefits.



This marks the first peer-reviewed, long-term data set in the northeastern U.S. confirming amphibian-specific underpasses work. 



The study urges transportation departments to incorporate these designs into road planning and highlights how community action, thoughtful infrastructure, and persistence can make a real difference for biodiversity.



The full study was published in the <a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1617138125000780" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal for Nature Conservation</a>.



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-----

Wildlife tunnels save millions of amphibians

https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that...

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. 



The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.



<figure class="wp-block-embed aligncenter is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/Ug657J67iEo?si=w96YjGMsg939LD_3
</div></figure>



Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. 



Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.



Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. 



They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).



Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.



Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.



This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

[sendtonews key="3upvlAaHgO-2256633-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?



One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;



While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;



Video Credit: ACS Reactions



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

How does salt makes things taste better?

[sendtonews key="X0f6OHYoI4-2310561-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;



'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."



"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Santiago, Chile in South America

[sendtonews key="JRaP49ISmm-2357509-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

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Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.



The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;



"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."



"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."



"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."



The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.



Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

[sendtonews key="e4ZG0Jawp3-2374785-12187" type="single"] Astronomers at Johns Hopkins University have created...

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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.



According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."



Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;



ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. 



Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

[sendtonews key="uV9Lh2fQbV-1760058-12187" type="single"] Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.



"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.



"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."



Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

[sendtonews key="qjvhBOBnY8-2426650-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.



"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.



"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."



Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

[sendtonews key="oL4FnPTGCV-2384527-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.



The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.



At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;



"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.



"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."



The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.



Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

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Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."



The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.



"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;



"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

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