The benefits of psilocybin-assisted therapy for major depression reportedly endures for years, if not forever. 



In a new analysis of people who took part in a 2020 psilocybin clinical trial, 67 percent were still in full remission from depression an average of five years later - up from 58 percent at the one-year mark.



Study lead author Alan Davis is an associate professor and director of the <a href="https://www.cpdre.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Center for Psychedelic Drug Research and Education</a> at The Ohio State University.



“Across the board - <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/gut-microbes-have-an-unexpected-link-to-anxiety/">anxiety</a>, depression, global functioning, self-reported depression - we kept seeing the same signal of continued improvement," said Davis.



The follow-up results offer a rare long view of outcomes after psychedelic-assisted therapy, an area where long-term data are still sparse.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-psilocybin-the-basics">Understanding psilocybin - the basics</h2>



Psilocybin is a natural compound found in certain mushrooms, often called “magic mushrooms.” When you ingest psilocybin, your body quickly converts it into psilocin, the active form that interacts with your brain. 



Psilocin closely resembles <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-dopamine-and-serotonin-shape-behavior/">serotonin</a>, a key neurotransmitter, so it binds to serotonin receptors - especially the 5-HT2A receptor. 



This binding alters the way nerve cells communicate, which leads to changes in perception, mood, and thought patterns. 



From a scientific standpoint, psilocybin disrupts the brain’s usual patterns of activity and connectivity. 



Brain imaging studies show that it quiets the “default mode network,” a system linked to self-reflection and the inner voice we all carry. 



At the same time, it boosts communication between brain regions that don’t normally interact.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-curing-depression-with-psilocybin">Curing depression with psilocybin</h2>



The peer-reviewed study, published in 2021, enrolled adults with major depressive disorder and compared two groups: one received psilocybin treatment immediately, and the other started after a wait-list period.



All the participants ultimately completed a standardized protocol: two dosing sessions with psilocybin paired with about 13 hours of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/psychotherapy-is-key-to-the-success-of-psychedelic-treatment/">psychotherapy</a> (including preparation, support during sessions, and integration).



The initial results showed large reductions in depression severity, with half of participants in remission up to one year.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tracking-patients-over-time">Tracking patients over time</h2>



Of the 24 people in the original trial, 18 took part in the five-year check-in. Online questionnaires were used to assess depression, anxiety, and functional impairment. 



The researchers also applied a clinician-rated depression scale and conducted qualitative interviews to capture changes the numbers might miss.



The team made a conservative assumption to avoid overstating success. They counted the six who did not return as having fully relapsed to pre-treatment levels.



Even under that assumption, depression scores remained “very large and significantly” reduced at five years, Davis noted, and the share of participants in complete remission nudged upward.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-than-psilocybin">More than psilocybin</h2>



The lasting gains cannot be chalked up solely to the two psilocybin sessions. Only three people reported no additional depression-related treatment in the years since. 



Others used antidepressant medications, tried <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ketamine-treatment-may-now-last-months-instead-of-weeks/">ketamine</a> or other psychedelics, or engaged in psychotherapy.



Interviews helped explain that context. Many participants described life with depression as profoundly constricted before the trial - too little energy, too little hope to engage. 



Afterward, several said their depression felt more situational and manageable. They reported a greater capacity for positive emotion and motivation, and a different relationship to low moods when they returned.



A few who experimented with psychedelics on their own found the experiences less helpful without a clinical framework. This underscores a theme from other work by Davis and colleagues: the therapeutic container matters.



A strong alliance with trained therapists, structured preparation, and integration support may play as big a role as the drug itself.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-psilocybin-safety-over-time">Psilocybin safety over time</h2>



At the five-year mark, 11 of 18 participants reported no adverse effects since the trial. Looking back, three remembered feeling unprepared for the heightened emotional sensitivity that followed their dosing sessions. 



Two said tapering off <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cure-for-alcohol-addiction-was-discovered-by-accident/">medications</a> and waiting during the original trial was especially difficult, and two wished they’d had more formal integration therapy afterward.



The study is small, non-randomized at follow-up, and based on a motivated sample - limitations the authors emphasize.



With just 18 people contributing long-term data, it’s impossible to generalize broadly or disentangle psilocybin’s contribution from other treatments and life changes.



Larger, placebo-controlled trials with systematic follow-up will be needed to test durability, dosing strategies, and who benefits most.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-psilocybin-depression-and-healthcare">Psilocybin, depression, and healthcare</h2>



Even with the study's limitations, the pattern is encouraging. Many participants maintained remission or continued to function better. 



Several described a shift that outlasted symptom scores - more engagement with family, work, and meaningful activities, and fewer episodes of withdrawal and isolation, which are among depression’s most disabling features.



“Five years later, most people continued to view this treatment as safe, meaningful, and important - something that catalyzed an ongoing betterment of their life,” Davis said.



“Despite some symptoms coming back, they weren’t experiencing the same levels of impairment - suggesting this approach might, for some, kick-start lasting positive change.”



The bottom line: psilocybin-assisted therapy remains experimental, and it’s not a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-gut-bacteria-morganella-morganii-could-cause-depression-not-a-brain-disorder/">depression</a> cure-all. But in this small cohort, the combination of guided psychedelic sessions and psychotherapy was associated with durable relief - and in many cases, a different relationship to depression - years down the road.



The study is published in the <a href="https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/aop/article-10.1556-2054.2025.00461/article-10.1556-2054.2025.00461.xml" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of Psychedelic Studies</a>.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Patients report no signs of depression five years after psilocybin treatment

The benefits of psilocybin-assisted therapy for major depression reportedly endures for years, if not forever. In a new analysis of people who took part in a 2020 psilocybin clinical trial, 67 percent were still in full remission from depression an average of five years later - up from 58 percent at the one-year mark. Study lead author Alan Davis is an associate professor and director of the Center for Psychedelic Drug Research and Education at The Ohio State University. “Across the board - anxiety, depression, global functioning,...

Green,Plants,With,Biochemistry,Structure,Illustration

Researchers at Purdue University have made significant strides in understanding plant communication through <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-capture-plant-communication-on-video/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">chemical signals</a>, revealing their intricate language. 



Plants, incapable of movement, have evolved unique mechanisms for survival and communication, particularly through <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-christmas-trees-produce-that-fresh-festive-scent/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Volatile Organic Compounds</a> (VOCs). 



These compounds serve as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-talk-to-plants-using-light-based-messaging/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">distress signals</a>, warning neighboring plants of potential dangers, such as insect attacks or diseases. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-roots-to-receptors-the-plant-communication-network">Roots to receptors: The plant communication network</h2>



<a href="https://ag.purdue.edu/directory/doudarev" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Natalia Dudareva</a>, a Distinguished Professor at Purdue in the departments of Biochemistry and Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, emphasizes the importance of VOCs in plant communication. 



She describes it as a form of immunization, where plants primed by these signals respond more vigorously to threats, despite showing no visible changes under normal conditions.



“<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tomato-plants-talk-to-one-another-to-signal-danger/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Plants inform</a> neighboring plants about pathogen attacks. It looks almost like immunization. Under normal conditions, you don’t see any changes in the receiver plant. But as soon as a receiver plant is infected, it responds much faster. It’s prepared for response," explained Dudareva.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-plants-use-vocs-as-invisible-signals">How plants use VOCs as invisible signals</h2>



The concept of plants communicating through VOCs is not new to science, but the mechanisms behind this <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plant-leaves-send-signals-to-their-roots-on-dry-days-telling-them-to-keep-digging-deeper-for-water/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">communication</a> have remained largely unexplored due to the lack of identifiable markers. 



However, recent discoveries by Dudareva and her team have shed light on this process. Their research has documented how petunias produce volatiles to sterilize parts of their flowers, protecting against microbial invasion. 



This discovery, first <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41589-019-0287-5" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">published in 2019</a>, also introduced stigma size as a reliable marker for studying inter-organ communication in plants.



Shannon Stirling, a Ph.D. student at Purdue and the study's lead author, has contributed significantly to this research. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-karrikins-and-plant-communication">Karrikins and plant communication</h2>



Through meticulous analysis, including measurements of stigma size affected by exposure to VOCs, Stirling's work has helped establish a consistent trend in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fungi-engage-in-more-conversations-after-rainfall/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">communication process</a>. 



“There are a lot of sugars on the stigma, especially in petunias. It means that bacteria will grow very nicely without these volatiles present,” Dudareva explained. 



“But if the stigma does not receive tube-produced volatiles, it’s also smaller. This was interorgan communication. Now we had a good marker -- stigma size -- to study this communication process," she concluded.



This trend is further supported by genetic studies that pinpointed a karrikin-like signaling pathway as a crucial element in this <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/breakthrough-plants-emit-sounds-when-they-are-stressed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">communication</a>. 



Karrikins, interestingly, are compounds not produced by plants but are associated with smoke or fire exposure, raising intriguing questions about plant evolutionary biology.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-selectivity-of-plant-receptors">Selectivity of plant receptors</h2>



The study also highlights the exceptional selectivity of plant receptors, particularly in recognizing specific sesquiterpene compounds. 



Matthew Bergman, a postdoctoral researcher and co-author of the study, points out the receptor's ability to differentiate between mirror images of compounds, emphasizing the precision of this signaling system in avoiding false triggers.



“The plant produces many different volatile compounds and is exposed to plenty of others,” Bergman said. “It’s quite remarkable how selective and specific this receptor is exclusively for this signal being sent from the tubes. Such specificity ensures that no other volatile signals are getting by. There’s no false signaling.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-secrets-of-plant-pistils-and-stigmas">Secrets of plant pistils and stigmas</h2>



Stirling's expertise in protein manipulation has been pivotal in identifying the interactions between signaling molecules and receptors. The process involves delicate techniques to modify protein levels in petunia pistils, a challenging task given the small size of these organs. 



“Pistils and stigmas are small. They’re a little difficult to work with because of their size,” Stirling said. “Even the sheer amount of stigmas you need to get enough sample for anything is quite large because they don’t weigh much.”



This methodological breakthrough could pave the way for further discoveries in plant signaling and communication.



Petunias, with their vivid colors and fragrances, are more than just a visual delight. As Bergman notes, their value extends into the realm of scientific research, serving as an effective model for understanding complex biological processes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plant-talk-as-both-an-art-and-a-science">Plant talk as both an art and a science</h2>



In summary, this fascinating research has peeled back the layers of mystery surrounding plant communication. These brilliant scientists discovered how petunias, through the sophisticated use of volatile organic compounds, communicate threats to their neighbors. This communication, in turn, effectively immunizes them against potential dangers. 



This study highlights the intricacies of plant signaling pathways, particularly through the discovery of the karrikin-like signaling mechanism and the precise receptor specificity for sesquiterpene compounds, while setting the stage for future research in plant biology. 



By advancing our understanding of these complex communication systems, scientists unlock new possibilities for enhancing plant resilience and health, paving the way for agricultural innovations and environmental conservation strategies.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-volatile-organic-compounds-vocs-and-plant-communication">More about Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and plant communication</h2>



As discussed above, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plants-can-warn-each-other-of-imminent-dangers/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Volatile Organic Compounds</a> (VOCs) represent a vast group of chemicals that plants and other organisms naturally emit. These compounds easily evaporate at room temperature, making them a significant part of the air we breathe. 



In the plant kingdom, VOCs serve as critical components in a sophisticated communication network. They play pivotal roles in attracting pollinators, deterring herbivores, and signaling neighboring plants about environmental stressors.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-role-of-vocs-in-plant-communication">Role of VOCs in plant communication</h3>



Plants utilize VOCs to convey vital information to their surroundings. This form of communication is especially crucial in responding to threats such as herbivore attacks or disease. 



When a plant gets damaged, it releases specific VOCs into the air. These signals can directly repel pests or attract natural enemies of the pests, such as predators or parasitoids, effectively reducing the damage to the plant.



Moreover, VOCs are not just about defense. They are instrumental in forming symbiotic relationships and facilitating <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-gives-pine-trees-fresh-scent/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plant-to-plant interactions</a>. 



For example, when one plant is attacked, neighboring plants can detect the VOCs released and preemptively bolster their own defenses, a phenomenon known as "priming." This capability suggests a level of interconnectedness and communal support among plant populations.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-vocs-in-attracting-pollinators-and-symbiosis">VOCs in attracting pollinators and symbiosis</h3>



Beyond defense, plants produce VOCs to lure pollinators. These chemical signals can attract specific insects or animals, ensuring the plant's reproductive success. 



The diverse <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-do-skunky-cannabis-emissions-affect-air-quality/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">array of scents</a> and odors produced by flowers is primarily due to VOCs, tailored to appeal to the plant's pollinators, whether they be bees, birds, or bats.



Furthermore, VOCs facilitate symbiotic relationships between plants and microorganisms. Certain VOCs can attract beneficial microbes that help the plant absorb nutrients more efficiently or provide resistance against pathogens. 



This interaction underscores the complexity of VOCs in plant ecology, extending beyond plant-to-plant communication to encompass a broader ecological network.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-of-vocs-on-ecosystem-dynamics">Impact of VOCs on ecosystem dynamics</h3>



The exchange of VOCs among plants and between plants and other organisms significantly influences ecosystem dynamics. It affects plant competition, biodiversity, and the structure of plant communities. 



VOCs can mediate the outcome of plant interactions, determining which species dominate in certain conditions and contributing to the overall health and resilience of ecosystems.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-vocs-and-future-study-on-plant-communication">VOCs and future study on plant communication</h3>



As discussed above, Volatile Organic Compounds are more than mere byproducts of plant metabolism. They are vital communicative tools that plants use to interact with their environment. 



Through the release of VOCs, plants can defend against predators, attract pollinators, and communicate with neighboring flora, showcasing a sophisticated level of interaction that mirrors the complexity of animal communication networks. 



As research in this field progresses, we continue to uncover the depth and breadth of plant communication, revealing an intricate world where plants are far from passive entities in their ecosystems.



This study, which appears in the March 22, 2024, issue of the journal <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adl4685" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science</a>, is a collaborative effort involving scientists from <a href="https://www.purdue.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Purdue</a>, <a href="https://www.univ-st-etienne.fr/en/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Université Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne</a><a href="https://www.ucdavis.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"> in France, and the University of California-Davis</a>.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Plants have an astonishing biochemical communication network

Researchers at Purdue University have made significant strides in understanding...

When scientists and policymakers decide on which regions to prioritize for conservation, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-biodiversity-crisis-is-actually-worse-than-we-thought/">biodiversity</a> is frequently their top consideration. The rationale is clear: ecosystems with higher biodiversity tend to support a broader range of species and offer a wider spectrum of ecosystem services, making them prime candidates for conservation.



However, the task of quantifying biodiversity is fraught with challenges. Various metrics offer different lenses through which the intricate interactions of life within ecosystems, such as forests, can be viewed, sometimes leading to conflicting interpretations of biodiversity's significance.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-measuring-forest-productivity">Measuring forest productivity </h2>



A recent study led by the <a href="https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Florida Museum of Natural History</a> has shed light on this issue through a detailed analysis of two decades' worth of data. This comprehensive review suggests that the most straightforward biodiversity metric - simply counting the total number of species within a specific area - provides the most accurate reflection of a forest's productivity.



"Ecosystem services provided by forests - including wildlife habitat, wood, fiber, and carbon storage - depend on forest productivity, the collective biomass growth of individual trees. Forest productivity is thought to increase with tree biodiversity, but there are many ways to quantify biodiversity, with little consensus on which measures are most important," wrote the study authors.



"Despite experimental and observational studies demonstrating that biodiversity enhances primary productivity, the best metric for predicting productivity at broad geographic extents - functional trait diversity, phylogenetic diversity, or species richness - remains unknown."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-biodiversity-metrics-and-forest-productivity-nbsp">Biodiversity metrics and forest productivity&nbsp;</h2>



“There aren’t many studies that look at the differences between measurements of diversity,” said lead author Yunpeng Liu, a postdoctoral associate at the Florida Museum. With access to an extensive database maintained by the <a href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/">U.S. Forest Service</a>,&nbsp;



Liu and his team set out to explore how different biodiversity metrics correlate with the productivity of forests across the eastern United States, drawing on nearly two million tree measurements from 23,145 forest plots collected between 2000 and 2020.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-forests-with-diverse-species-interactions-nbsp">Forests with diverse species interactions&nbsp;</h2>



The findings revealed a consistent trend: forests with a higher number of tree species, or <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/environmental-changes-put-a-cap-on-species-richness/">species richness</a>, demonstrated greater productivity. This aligns with the understanding that diverse species interactions within an ecosystem bolster essential services such as carbon sequestration and provide renewable resources like wood.



Contrary to initial expectations, the study found that measures of phylogenetic diversity (which tracks the evolutionary relationships among species) and functional diversity (which looks at the variety of structural and biological traits) were negatively correlated with productivity. This unexpected discovery complicates the narrative on how different dimensions of biodiversity influence ecosystem functionality.



However, as co-author Douglas Soltis (a distinguished professor with the Florida Museum of Natural History) argues: “These aren’t mutually exclusive measurements. They’re all ways that we might be able to make better conservation decisions.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ecosystem-resilience-and-productivity-nbsp">Ecosystem resilience and productivity&nbsp;</h2>



The study also ventured into the implications of these findings for ecosystem resilience and productivity. Co-author Robert Guralnick, curator of biodiversity informatics at the Florida Museum, admitted the uncertainties that still linger, highlighting the ongoing need for research into the dynamics of tree interactions and the traits that enable diverse forests to flourish.



Unfortunately, there is not enough information about various specific traits, such as the shape and depth of roots, to make accurate assessments. “It may also be that there are aspects of how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tree-species-diversity-shaped-by-climate-change-for-21000-years/">trees</a> of the same or different species structure their interactions with each other, especially as tree communities become more diverse, that we don't yet understand,” Guralnick added.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-valuable-insights-for-conservation-practices">Valuable insights for conservation practices</h2>



By illuminating the multifaceted role of biodiversity in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/forests-face-threats-from-multiple-industries/">forest health</a> and productivity, the study provides valuable insights for conservation practices. It particularly highlights the significance of species richness as a straightforward and reliable indicator for evaluating ecosystem health.&nbsp;



“It’s reassuring for other investigators and policymakers to know that species richness is reliable. This is especially important when making conservation decisions with short notice and limited data,” Soltis concluded.



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2314231121" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a>.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Species richness linked to forest productivity in the eastern U.S.

When scientists and policymakers decide on which regions to prioritize...

Sea-buckthorn,,Sea,Buckthorn,Oil

In the search for the next superfood, Canadian sea buckthorn berries are emerging as a powerful contender. Additionally, they show promising benefits for managing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plant-based-diets-significantly-reduce-diabetes-risk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">diabetes</a> and obesity.



A recent study focused on this underexplored shrub reveals its rich antioxidant content and significant potential for health benefits.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-untapped-potential-of-sea-buckthorn">The untapped potential of sea buckthorn</h2>



Originating from the coasts of northwestern Europe and the temperate regions of central Asia, sea buckthorn is a thorny, deciduous plant renowned for the nutritional and medicinal properties of its berries and leaves. 



The plants contain high levels of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, which are crucial for heart health and cognitive function. Additionally, these parts of the plant are rich in vitamins E, B, and A - essential nutrients that support skin health, energy levels, and vision. 



The berries and leaves are also packed with polyphenols, antioxidants that protect against cellular damage and offer various health benefits. Despite its popularity in Asia and northwestern Europe, North America has yet to fully embrace this superfood.



Recent research led by Professor Fereidoon Shahidi at <a href="https://www.mun.ca/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Memorial University of Newfoundland </a>advances the understanding and promotion of sea buckthorn in North America. PhD student Renan Danielski emphasized the crop’s distinctive qualities and its potential for success in North America.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-closer-look-at-canadian-sea-buckthorn">A closer look at Canadian sea buckthorn</h2>



The experts meticulously analyzed the composition of sea buckthorn, with a particular focus on polyphenols. Consequently, the team's analysis of Canadian sea buckthorn compounds underscores their commitment to global comparison and market establishment in North America.



Professor Shahidi emphasized the importance of educating consumers about the cultivar's benefits, which could significantly enhance its market presence.



The research revealed that the pomace and seeds of sea buckthorn are rich in beneficial polyphenols, providing cardiovascular and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/coffee-with-milk-has-powerful-anti-inflammatory-properties/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">anti-inflammatory</a> benefits. 



Additionally, the team discovered that the berry's polyphenolic content varies by geography, with uniquely potent compounds in Newfoundland. This finding points to an exciting avenue for future research.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-health-benefits-and-future-research">Health benefits and future research</h2>



The antidiabetic and anti-obesity potential of sea buckthorn extracts is particularly promising. Consequently, this opens up opportunities for more detailed investigations into how they work and their possible uses in therapy.



Furthermore, Danielski highlighted the need for more research on the positive effects of sea buckthorn <a href="https://www.earth.com/search-results/?search=polyphenols&amp;start=0" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">polyphenols</a> on human health. Should future animal and human studies validate these benefits, sea buckthorn may become key in combating conditions like diabetes and obesity.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-sustainable-and-health-enhancing-option">A sustainable and health-enhancing option</h2>



The findings from this study position sea buckthorn berries as a valuable source of natural <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/olive-varieties-contain-different-levels-of-antioxidants/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">antioxidants</a> in North America. As consumer interest in functional foods and nutraceuticals grows, sea buckthorn emerges as a sustainable and health-enhancing alternative. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">More about sea buckthorn berries</h2>



Sea buckthorn berries are small, orange-yellow fruits that grow on shrubs of the genus Hippophae. These berries are known for their high nutrient content and have been used for centuries in traditional medicine across Europe and Asia.&nbsp;



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Vitamin content</h3>



They're particularly notable for their high vitamin C content, which can be several times higher than that of oranges. Sea buckthorn berries are also rich in various vitamins (like vitamins A, E, and B), minerals, antioxidants, and omega fatty acids (omega-3, -6, -7, and -9), making them a highly regarded superfood.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Common uses</h3>



The berries have a tart, tangy taste and can be eaten raw, though their sharp flavor may not be palatable to everyone. They're more commonly used in processed forms such as juices, oils, syrups, and supplements.&nbsp;



Sea buckthorn oil, extracted from the berries or seeds, is particularly valued in cosmetic and skin care products for its hydrating and rejuvenating properties.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Health benefits&nbsp;</h3>



Beyond their nutritional benefits, sea buckthorn berries have been researched for their potential health benefits, which include supporting heart health, skin health, and immune function. The berries’ antioxidants may help reduce inflammation, combat <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/grapes-provide-a-dietary-shield-to-protect-eye-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">oxidative stress</a>, and support overall health.



Cultivation of sea buckthorn plants is also environmentally beneficial, as the plants are hardy, resistant to pollution, and can help prevent soil erosion. This makes sea buckthorn an interesting plant both from an ecological and an agricultural standpoint.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jsfa.13386" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science of Food and Agriculture</a>.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Sea buckthorn berries have untapped potential as a superfood

In the search for the next superfood, Canadian sea buckthorn...

Macro,Root,Of,Young,Corn,In,Field,And,Texture,Of

As the world grapples with the escalating challenge of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/good-news-plants-are-absorbing-more-human-produced-co2-than-expected/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a>, exacerbated by worsening global drought conditions that threaten crop production, scientists have been fervently searching for innovative solutions to mitigate these effects. Focusing on plant roots may be the solution.



An intriguing development comes from researchers at <a href="https://www.psu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Penn State</a>, who have unveiled a new technology poised to revolutionize the resilience of crops to drought, enhance their nitrogen absorption, and facilitate deeper carbon storage in the soil.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-examining-plant-roots-with-x-rays">Examining plant roots with x-rays</h2>



Their pioneering research introduces a novel approach for estimating the depth of plant roots through the utilization of <a href="https://serc.carleton.edu/research_education/geochemsheets/techniques/XRF.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">X-ray fluorescence</a> spectroscopy. 



This technique involves scanning the leaves to detect specific chemical elements, revealing a direct correlation between the elemental composition of the foliage and the root depth. 



The significance of this lies in the roots' ability to absorb elements at varying soil depths, providing a non-invasive method to gauge their reach.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-deeper-plant-roots-are-more-drought-tolerant">Deeper plant roots are more drought tolerant</h2>



<a href="https://plantscience.psu.edu/directory/jpl4" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Jonathan Lynch</a>, a distinguished professor of plant science at the <a href="https://agsci.psu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">College of Agricultural Sciences</a> and the research team leader, explains the transformative potential of this technology. 



“We've known about the benefits of deeper rooting crops for a long time -- they are more <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-drought-crisis-un-warns-of-unprecedented-emergency/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">drought tolerant</a> and have an enhanced ability to take up nitrogen, which tends to move deep with water -- but the problem has been how to measure root depth in the field,” Lynch explained. 



“To breed deeper-rooted crops, you need to look at thousands of plants. Digging them up is expensive and time consuming because some of those roots are down two meters or more. Everybody wants deep-rooted crops -- but until now, we didn’t know how to get them," he continued.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-benefits-of-deep-root-systems">Environmental benefits of deep root systems</h2>



However, the challenge has always been in the measurement of root depth, a crucial step in breeding such crops. Lynch further highlights the environmental benefits of deeper-rooting systems, noting their capacity for more effective carbon storage in soil, thereby contributing to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/flowers-blooming-92-days-earlier-due-to-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a> mitigation. 



“Having deeper roots means that carbon the plants get from photosynthesis is stored down deeper in the soil when they build roots. And the deeper carbon is put in the soil, the longer it stays in the soil,” Lynch said. 



“The U.S. Department of Energy estimates that just having deep-rooted crops in America alone could offset years of our total carbon emissions. That’s huge -- think about all the acres growing crops in America. If those roots grow just a little bit deeper, then we’re storing massive amounts of carbon deeper in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/electronic-soil-boosts-crop-growth-by-over-50/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">soil</a>," he concluded.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-follow-the-leader">Follow the LEADER</h2>



The development of this method, named LEADER (Leaf Element Accumulation from DEep Root), is the result of six years of intensive research, including the collection and analysis of over 2,000 soil core samples from four research sites across the United States. 



Molly Hanlon, a key figure in this study and now a senior research scientist, describes the process of growing genetically distinct lines of corn across various research stations. 



Through the LEADER method, researchers successfully identified plots with the deepest root lengths with high accuracy, marking a significant advancement in soil science.



Hanlon explains that the LEADER method leverages the natural variance in soil's biological, physical, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/beneficial-plant-bacteria-likely-to-decline-due-to-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">chemical properties</a> across different layers, allowing plant roots to act as indicators of their own depth. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-transforming-crop-cultivation-in-a-warming-world">Transforming crop cultivation in a warming world</h2>



By analyzing the foliar accumulation of naturally occurring soil elements, as well as using tracers like strontium for more controlled experiments, the team was able to estimate root depth with remarkable precision.



While the initial study focused on corn due to its global significance as a food, feed, biofuel, and industrial material, Lynch is optimistic about the method's broader applications. 



He envisions the LEADER technology being adapted for a wide range of plant species and soil types, highlighting its potential to fundamentally enhance crop resilience, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/drying-without-dying-desert-moss-holds-the-key-to-drought-tolerance/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">water and nutrient efficiency</a>, and contribute to the long-term storage of soil carbon.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plant-roots-playing-a-role-in-climate-change-mitigation">Plant roots playing a role in climate change mitigation</h2>



In summary, the innovative research spearheaded by Penn State marks a significant leap forward in agricultural science. Their study offers a promising solution to the dual challenges of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/soil-salinity-disrupts-the-development-of-wheat-seedlings/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">crop resilience</a> and climate change mitigation. 



By unlocking the potential of deeper-rooting crops through the LEADER method, this new technology promises to revolutionize the way we understand and cultivate our food sources. At the same time, it provides substantial environmental benefits, from improved drought tolerance to enhanced carbon sequestration in soil. 



As we stand at the precipice of a new era in crop production, this pioneering work serves as a testament to the power of scientific innovation in fostering a more sustainable and resilient future for our planet.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-plant-roots">More about plant roots</h2>



As discussed above, plant roots play a pivotal role in the survival and prosperity of plants. They serve multiple vital functions, from absorbing water and nutrients to anchoring plants firmly in the ground.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-types-of-roots">Types of roots</h3>



Taproots: Characterized by a single, dominant root from which smaller, lateral roots branch out, taproots penetrate deeply into the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/understanding-how-soil-sequesters-carbon-from-the-atmosphere/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">soil</a>. This deep-rooted system, exemplified by carrots and dandelions, helps plants access water from deeper soil layers and securely anchor themselves.



Fibrous Roots: Fibrous root systems, consisting of a dense network of similarly sized roots, spread out just below the soil surface. Grasses and many flowering plants exhibit this root type, which excels in preventing soil erosion and rapidly absorbing moisture and nutrients from the topsoil.



Adventitious Roots: Adventitious roots sprout from unexpected parts of the plant, such as stems or leaves, often in response to stress or injury. They play a crucial role in vegetative propagation and can help plants survive in challenging conditions. Examples include the aerial roots of orchids and the prop roots of mangroves.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-functions-of-plant-roots">Functions of plant roots</h3>



Water and Nutrient Absorption: Roots tirelessly work to absorb water and dissolved minerals from the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/soil-erosion-rates-have-exploded-in-the-midwestern-us/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">soil</a>, transporting them to the rest of the plant. This absorption occurs primarily through root hairs, tiny extensions that increase the root's surface area and efficiency in nutrient uptake.



Anchorage and Support: Roots anchor plants to the ground, offering stability and support. This anchoring capability is crucial for plants to withstand various external forces, such as wind and rain, and support their growth upwards towards the light.



Storage of Nutrients: Many roots also serve as storage sites for nutrients and carbohydrates, which plants can utilize during periods of scarcity. Tubers and bulbs are examples of roots modified for storage, providing plants with the resources they need to survive adverse conditions.



Hormone Production: Roots are involved in hormone production, particularly auxins, which play a significant role in plant growth and development. These hormones help regulate various plant processes, including cell division and growth, ensuring healthy plant development.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-importance-of-plant-roots-in-the-ecosystem">Importance of plant roots in the ecosystem</h3>



Roots not only support plant life but also play a crucial role in the ecosystem. They help maintain soil structure, prevent erosion, and foster microbial communities essential for soil health. 



Moreover, roots contribute to the carbon cycle by storing carbon dioxide, thus playing a part in climate regulation.



In summary, the intricate world of plant roots is a testament to the complexity and resilience of plant life. As the foundation of plants, roots perform essential functions that not only ensure the survival of individual plants but also support broader ecological balance. 



Understanding the diversity and roles of roots can deepen our appreciation for these vital, yet often overlooked, components of the natural world.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://acsess.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/csc2.21149" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Crop Science</a>.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Measuring plant root health by scanning leaves with X-ray device

As the world grapples with the escalating challenge of climate...

Maize genetics play a pivotal role in determining the health and efficiency of plant roots, as uncovered by an international team of researchers led by the <a href="https://www.uni-bonn.de/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bonn</a>.



The study reveals a significant link between the genetic makeup of maize plants and the composition of microorganisms surrounding their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plants-change-their-roots-to-survive-harsh-conditions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">roots</a>.



Published in the prestigious journal Nature Plants, this research opens new pathways to breeding maize varieties more resilient to challenges such as drought and nutrient scarcity, showcasing the potential of genetics in revolutionizing agriculture.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-crucial-allies-beneath-the-surface">The crucial allies beneath the surface</h2>



Roots serve as plants' lifelines, anchoring them and enabling nutrient and water absorption. Yet, their success relies on a crucial but unseen coalition of bacteria and fungi. This tiny microbial layer, only a few millimeters thick around the roots, is vital for plant health.



Dr. Peng Yu, who leads the “Root Functional Biology” junior research group at INRES, University of Bonn, emphasized the importance of these microbes.



“These microorganisms are essential for the health and fitness of the plants,” said Dr. Yu. They enhance <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-find-proteins-that-control-nutrient-uptake-in-plants/">nutrient uptake</a>, offer protection from pathogens, and mirror the role of the human gut microbiome in maintaining health.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-genetic-influence-on-microbial-companions">A genetic influence on microbial companions</h2>



This research overturns the traditional belief that only soil influences the root microbiome. It demonstrates that maize genetics are equally important in determining which microorganisms surround the roots. These genetic factors not only impact plant health but also resilience against challenges such as drought and nutrient shortages.



Professor Dr. Frank Hochholdinger of INRES points out the significance of this finding amid climate change and phosphorus scarcity. He suggests that using genetic insights for breeding could produce maize varieties better equipped to withstand these pressures.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genes-and-microbes-maize-s-resilience-secrets">Genes and microbes: Maize's resilience secrets</h2>



The researchers harnessed the genetic diversity of maize, cultivated through selective breeding in diverse climates over centuries. They analyzed 129 varieties under stress conditions and examined the DNA of root microbes from over 3,000 samples. 



The study pinpointed specific genes in maize plants that interact with particular bacteria, enhancing the plant's resilience to environmental challenges.



A key finding was the role of Massilia bacteria, which gather around maize roots in low <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/kelp-farms-could-help-clean-up-coastal-nitrogen-pollution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nitrogen</a>, boosting lateral root growth and thus improving nutrient and water absorption. 



Further research showed that maize roots lure Massilia with flavones, a secondary metabolite, but this requires a specific gene, underscoring the intricate relationship between maize genetics and microbial support.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-breeding-tomorrow-s-drought-resistant-maize">Breeding tomorrow's drought-resistant maize</h2>



The study paves the way for breeding maize that's more resilient to drought and nutrient shortages, with genome and microbiome integration key to forecasting yields and boosting sustainability. 



Dr. Caroline Marcon's maize mutation database is crucial for exploring gene functions and their roles in plant-microbe interactions. Professor Hochholdinger emphasizes the potential impact on developing tougher maize varieties, highlighting a significant advance towards sustainable agriculture.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-maize-plants">More about maize plants</h2>



Maize, also known as corn in some countries, is a cereal grain first domesticated by indigenous peoples in southern Mexico about 10,000 years ago.&nbsp;



The leafy stalk of the plant produces pollen inflorescences and separate ovuliferous inflorescences called ears that yield kernels or seeds, which are fruits. Here are some key aspects of maize plants:



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Origins and domestication</h3>



Maize is believed to have been derived from a wild grass called teosinte. It underwent significant changes due to selective breeding by early agricultural communities, resulting in the large cobs and kernels we are familiar with today.



It played a crucial role in the rise of Mesoamerican civilizations, with evidence suggesting its cultivation dates back at least 7,000 years.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Key characteristics</h3>



Maize plants vary in height, with some varieties growing over 3 meters tall. They have a robust stem that resembles bamboo canes and large leaves that grow from the stem.



The kernels come in multiple colors, including yellow, red, blue, and white, depending on the variety. Each ear of maize contains several hundred kernels.



Maize has a fibrous root system that can extend deep into the soil, which helps in stabilizing the plant and absorbing nutrients and water.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Cultivation requirements</h3>



Maize is adaptable to a wide range of climates but prefers warm weather and well-drained soils. It requires a lot of sunlight and is sensitive to frost.



It is typically planted in the spring and harvested in the late summer or autumn, depending on the local climate and variety.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Staple food</h3>



Maize is a staple food in many parts of the world, consumed directly by humans or used as livestock feed. It is also processed into a variety of food products, including cornmeal, corn syrup, and corn oil.



Beyond its use as food, maize is a key ingredient in biofuels (especially ethanol), bioplastics, and as a raw material in industrial processes.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41477-024-01654-7" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Plants</a>.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Maize plant genetics shape root health and growth

Maize genetics play a pivotal role in determining the health...

We all know the phrase "the grass is always greener...", but what if there's literally no greener place to go? That's the reality facing many plant species in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/akara-rare-tropical-storm-develops-off-the-coast-of-brazil/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Brazil's</a> Cerrado. They're stuck in a race where the finish line is a mountaintop, and the climate change won't stop chasing them.



But it's not a straightforward disaster – new research shows that the story might be about winners, losers, and a whole lot of uphill battles.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cerrado-plants-and-climate-change">Cerrado plants and climate change</h2>



A new study by scientists from Brazil and Europe has looked at how warming temperatures might force over 7,000 plant species in the Cerrado to move. Plants, like animals, have a geographical range.



This is the area where the temperature, rainfall, and general conditions make it just right for them to survive and grow. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-has-officially-arrived-in-the-black-forest/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Climate change</a> is messing with those perfect conditions, and plants are feeling the heat – literally.



“Every plant and animal species has a ‘geographical range’ – the area where conditions are suitable for it to live,” said Mateus Silva, from the <a href="https://www.exeter.ac.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Exeter</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cerrado-ecology">Cerrado ecology</h2>



Think of the Cerrado as a smaller, but no less incredible, cousin to the Amazon rainforest. It's a place packed with roughly 12,000 flowering plant species. From towering trees to delicate orchids, the Cerrado's plants purify the air we breathe, support vast networks of wildlife, and sustain indigenous communities.



Sadly, this ecological treasure chest is under siege. Relentless conversion for agriculture and cattle ranching has eaten away roughly half of the Cerrado. This destruction doesn't just mean lost beauty – it unravels delicately balanced ecosystems, jeopardizes countless species, and disrupts the natural services these landscapes provide, like water cycling and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-has-officially-arrived-in-the-black-forest/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate</a> regulation.



The damage to the Cerrado has consequences far beyond Brazil. As climate change intensifies, preserving biodiverse regions like the Cerrado is becoming increasingly urgent. These complex living systems may hold solutions to problems like excess carbon or degraded soil. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-uphill-cerrado-plants-due-to-climate-change">Uphill Cerrado plants due to climate change </h2>



As temperatures rise globally, many plants instinctively seek cooler havens at higher altitudes. “As the climate warms, plants’ ranges are shifting, with many species going uphill,” said study co-author Mateus Silva from the University of Exeter. 



This uphill migration reveals nature's resilience – even slow-moving plants adapt to survive. Yet, this strategy has stark limits. Lowland plants may find some refuge uphill, assuming they can move fast enough to keep pace with the changing climate and aren't blocked by human-made obstacles. 



But the climb brings a hidden cost: it squeezes those already at higher elevations. Plants on mountaintops have no escape. As temperatures increase, they face a shrinking world with nowhere left to climb.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-outlook-for-2040">The outlook for 2040</h2>



This study paints a concerning picture for the Cerrado's plants. It's estimated that around 150 plant species will be in critical danger by 2040, losing a huge chunk of the area where they can live.



“About half of Cerrado plant species will experience a net range loss due to climate change by 2040,” said Silva. “And more than two thirds (68-73%) of the Cerrado landscapes will see a net loss in species numbers.” 



“Virtually the entire Cerrado area will experience some level of species replacement due to climate change, and this will be most intense in highland areas. Meanwhile, lowland areas will have less plant diversity as some species become unable to tolerate the new conditions.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-optimistic-worst-case-scenario">The "optimistic" worst case scenario?</h2>



The scientists call their predictions "optimistic." Why? Because they've only looked at the impact of changing temperatures and rainfall. They haven't yet factored in the Cerrado's terrible habitat destruction or the tangled mess of how one species being affected can have a ripple effect on others.



"The range loss highlighted by our study will be compounded by this habitat loss and fragmentation, which makes it harder for species to move to new areas,” Silva added.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cerrado-ascends-as-climate-changes">Cerrado ascends as climate changes</h2>



The Cerrado's highlands are unique. They aren't like the lowlands, offering cooler temperatures and different conditions. Since those uphill areas are likely refuges, they need special <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/south-americas-largest-savanna/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">conservation</a> efforts tailored to their unique needs. 



The study looked specifically at the short-term future for a reason – these are the time frames in which conservation efforts could make a real difference.



“It’s also important to note that our study did not examine interactions between species – this complex ecology is also likely to play an important role," said Silva.



"At this stage, we wanted to highlight the likely impact of large-scale patterns. The Cerrado highland areas reach 700-1,200m above sea level and they provide different conditions from the lowlands, highlighting the need for distinct conservation actions.”



Remember, the Cerrado is a remarkable and irreplaceable part of our planet. Its thousands of plant species, some of which cannot be found anywhere else in the world, are in a race for survival. Climate change is pushing them uphill, but human destruction is cutting off their escape route. While the science is important, it's time to move beyond simply watching and start taking serious action.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/ddi.13832" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Diversity and Distributions</a>.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Climate change triggers migration of thousands of plant species

We all know the phrase "the grass is always greener...",...

Smile,,Happy,And,Coffee,Shop,Young,Woman,Enjoying,A,Cup

Recent research has unveiled the potential health benefits of trigonelline -- a natural molecule found in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/coffee-plants-fight-climate-change-with-a-genetic-weapon/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">coffee</a>, fenugreek, and the human body. 



This discovery is pivotal in the quest to improve muscle health and functionality, especially as it pertains to the condition known as sarcopenia.



Sarcopenia is characterized by the gradual weakening of muscles due to cellular changes associated with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/drinking-tea-delays-biological-aging/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">aging</a>. This leads to a significant decline in muscle mass, strength, and ultimately, a reduction in physical independence. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-coffee-trigonelline-and-the-secrets-of-aging">Coffee, trigonelline and the secrets of aging</h2>



One of the critical factors in the progression of sarcopenia is the decrease in the cellular cofactor NAD+ and a reduction in energy production by <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mitochondria-cells-batteries-leaking-causes-inflammation-diseases/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mitochondria</a>, the cells' power generators.



The international research team, which , discovered that older individuals suffering from sarcopenia have lower levels of trigonelline. 



In pre-clinical models, supplementation with trigonelline not only increased NAD+ levels but also enhanced mitochondrial activity, thus aiding in the preservation of muscle function during <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/t-cells-could-be-used-to-slow-down-or-even-reverse-aging/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">aging</a>.



This revelation is part of a broader investigation into the mechanisms of human sarcopenia and builds on previous studies that uncovered novel aspects of this condition. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nad-the-molecular-fountain-of-youth">NAD+: The molecular fountain of youth</h2>



The research highlights the importance of NAD+ and its precursors, such as the amino acid L-tryptophan (L-Trp) and various forms of vitamin B3 (nicotinic acid, nicotinamide, nicotinamide riboside, and nicotinamide mononucleotide), in maintaining muscle health.



Assistant Professor Vincenzo Sorrentino from <a href="https://medicine.nus.edu.sg/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NUS Medicine</a>'s Healthy Longevity Translational Research Programme commented on the significance of these findings. 



"Our findings expand the current understanding of NAD+ metabolism with the discovery of trigonelline as a novel NAD+ precursor and increase the potential of establishing interventions with NAD+-producing vitamins for both healthy longevity and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/secrets-of-aging-discovered-in-plant-leaves/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">age-associated</a> diseases applications," Sorrentino explained.



The study underscores the role of nutrition and physical activity in sustaining muscle health as we age. Jerome Feige, Head of the Physical Health department at <a href="https://www.nestlenutrition-institute.org/research-center" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nestlé Research</a>, expressed his enthusiasm about the collaborative effort's outcome. 



"We were excited to discover through collaborative research that a natural molecule from food cross-talks with cellular hallmarks of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/anti-aging-molecule-extends-lifespan-by-improving-cellular-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">aging</a>. The benefits of trigonelline on cellular metabolism and muscle health during ageing opens promising translational applications," Feige elucidated.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-trigonelline-and-the-future-of-aging-and-muscle-health">Trigonelline and the future of aging and muscle health</h2>



In summary, this intriguing research, led by Nestlé Research and the Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine at NUS, underscores the significant potential of trigonelline. 



This natural molecule found in everyday foods like coffee and fenugreek, is pivotal in combating the effects of sarcopenia and enhancing muscle health as we age. 



Their discovery deepens our understanding of muscle aging and NAD+ metabolism while opening exciting new doors for nutritional and lifestyle interventions aimed at promoting <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/harvard-scientists-fountain-of-youth-pill-sparks-controversy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">healthy aging</a> and managing age-associated diseases. 



As we move forward, the implications of these findings promise to revolutionize our approach to maintaining muscle strength and physical independence, offering hope for a future where aging is associated with vitality rather than decline.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-trigonelline-and-coffee">More about trigonelline and coffee</h2>



As discussed above, trigonelline is a betaine form of niacin (vitamin B3). Its chemical name, N-methyl nicotinate, hints at its structure -- a nicotinic acid derivative with a methyl group attached. 



This configuration is crucial for its biological activities and its role in plant metabolism. In coffee beans, trigonelline contributes to the aroma and flavor, particularly during the roasting process, where it undergoes chemical changes.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-health-benefits-of-trigonelline">Health benefits of trigonelline</h3>



Research has unveiled multiple potential health benefits of trigonelline, making it a compound of interest in nutrition and medicine. It shows promise in several key areas.



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-blood-sugar-regulation">Blood sugar regulation</h4>



Studies suggest that trigonelline has a beneficial effect on blood sugar levels. It appears to enhance glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, making it a potential ally in managing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sleep-deprivation-linked-type-2-diabetes-risk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">type 2 diabetes</a>.



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-neuroprotective-effects">Neuroprotective effects</h4>



Trigonelline also exhibits neuroprotective properties. It may safeguard neural cells against damage and degeneration, offering potential pathways for treating conditions like <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/magnetic-particles-in-air-pollution-may-lead-to-alzheimers-disease/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Alzheimer's disease</a>.



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-anticancer-properties">Anticancer properties</h4>



Preliminary research indicates that trigonelline may possess anticancer capabilities. It seems to inhibit the growth of certain cancer cell lines, although more research is needed to understand its full potential and mechanisms.



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-heart-health">Heart health</h4>



By influencing lipid metabolism and reducing inflammation, trigonelline might play a role in heart health. Its potential to lower cholesterol levels and protect against cardiovascular diseases is an area of active research.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dietary-sources-and-supplements">Dietary sources and supplements</h3>



For those interested in the benefits of trigonelline, there are several dietary sources and supplements available. 



Coffee is the most well-known source, with its content varying based on the type of coffee and preparation method. 



Fenugreek seeds, often used in culinary and medicinal applications, are another rich source. Trigonelline supplements are also available for those seeking targeted intake.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-directions-for-trigonelline-and-coffee-research">Future directions for trigonelline and coffee research</h3>



The road ahead for trigonelline research is exciting and full of potential. As scientists delve deeper into its mechanisms of action and potential therapeutic applications, we may discover more about how this compound can contribute to human health and wellness. Ongoing and future studies will likely illuminate the full spectrum of benefits trigonelline has to offer.



In summary, trigonelline is a compound with significant health-promoting potential. From regulating blood sugar to offering neuroprotective effects, its range of benefits is broad and promising. 



As research continues to unfold, trigonelline may find its place not only in our cups but also in our overall approach to health and wellness.



The international research team behind this transformative study includes experts from the <a href="https://www.southampton.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Southampton</a>, <a href="https://www.unimelb.edu.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Melbourne</a>, <a href="https://ut.ac.ir/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Tehran</a>, <a href="https://www.southalabama.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of South Alabama</a>, <a href="https://www.u-toyama.ac.jp/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Toyama</a>, and <a href="https://www.ku.dk/english/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Copenhagen</a>.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s42255-024-00997-x" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Metabolism</a>.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Molecule found in coffee, trigonelline, keeps muscles young

Recent research has unveiled the potential health benefits of trigonelline...

Anyone who's endured rush-hour bumper-to-bumper traffic knows how unpleasant the air can get. Between fumes, dust, and all those exhaust pipes, it's definitely not a nature lover's paradise. But what if those trees and bushes lining our highways weren't just there for decoration? 



What if they were secretly cleaning the air you breathe? Well, a new study from <a href="https://www.gsu.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Georgia State University</a> says they just might be.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-power-of-trees">The power of trees</h2>



We all know trees are vital for the environment. They turn carbon dioxide into oxygen and give us shade – essentials for the planet. However, scientists have uncovered another lesser-known benefit of roadside greenery, and it may have you looking at those leafy medians in a whole new light.



"Trees and bushes near roadways don't solve the problem of air pollution caused by motor vehicles, but they can help reduce the severity of the problem," said Roby Greenwald, lead researcher on the study.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-trees-near-highways">Trees near highways</h2>



Think of plants along the highway as a giant, organic filter system. Their leaves and branches create a massive surface area. Air pollution particles, some so tiny you couldn't even see them individually, get trapped on these surfaces, effectively taking them out of circulation. These include:



<ul>
<li>Soot:&nbsp;Those black, carbon-filled particles that turn your fingers grimy if you live in a polluted city.</li>



<li>Ultrafine particles:&nbsp;Microscopic nasties invisible to the naked eye, but they can do serious damage to your respiratory system if you breathe them in over time.</li>
</ul>



The Georgia State study measured the air quality around busy Atlanta highways, comparing sites with plentiful trees to those without. 



Impressively, they found a 37% reduction in soot and a 7% reduction in ultrafine particles where trees and bushes were present.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-health-connection">The health connection</h2>



Air pollution is a bad news for our health. "A growing body of evidence has linked motor vehicle pollution to conditions such as asthma, chronic bronchitis, lung cancer, and heart attacks," said Greenwald.



It's especially worrying for the 45 million Americans living, working, or studying within a stone's throw of a major highway. Children are particularly vulnerable, as their lungs are still developing. 



So, anything that helps reduce their exposure, even a little, is a win for public health.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-not-a-miracle-solution">Not a miracle solution</h2>



While this is fantastic news, it's important to be realistic. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/planting-too-many-trees-could-spoil-the-planet/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Trees</a> aren't going to magically make all our pollution problems go away. "Trees and bushes near roadways don't solve the problem of air pollution caused by&nbsp;motor vehicles, but they can help reduce the severity of the problem," said Greenwald.



Greenwald emphasizes that for a truly <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/urban-greening-is-a-powerful-weapon-against-air-pollution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">comprehensive approach</a>, we need to tackle the root cause of the problem: our dependence on cars. This means making public transport more accessible and convenient, and investing in better cycling and pedestrian infrastructure. 



Getting people out of their cars and onto bikes or buses is the ultimate way to improve air quality for everyone.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-planting-trees-alongside-highways">Planting trees alongside highways</h2>



So, the next time you're stuck in traffic, give a little thanks to those unassuming trees along the road. They're working hard to make your commute that tiny bit healthier. As Greenwald noted: "We should plant more <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/trees-struggling-to-breathe-store-co2-hotter-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">trees</a> along roadways because they provide benefits that go beyond aesthetics."



This doesn't excuse us from finding real ways to ditch our car dependency. However, sometimes progress happens in small steps, and every cleaner breath we take thanks to some strategically placed greenery is a step in the right direction.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0296885" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PLOS ONE</a>.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Trees and bushes near highways improve air quality

Anyone who's endured rush-hour bumper-to-bumper traffic knows how unpleasant the...

In recent years, the perception of psilocybin and psilocin, the active compounds found in certain <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/synthetic-psilocybin-less-effective-therapy-than-natural-mushroom-extract/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mushrooms</a>, has shifted dramatically, along with the potency.



In the 1970s, federal authorities dismissed these compounds as illegal substances without medical benefits. Now, they are at the forefront of innovative treatments for challenging mental health conditions. These include treatment-resistant depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/psilocybin-can-safely-treat-mental-health-disorders/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PTSD</a>).



This evolution in understanding has resulted in regulatory changes. Some areas now allow the medical use of these mushrooms. Meanwhile, other regions are considering their decriminalization or even their use recreationally.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dosing-dilemma-ensuring-precision-in-psilocybin-therapy">Dosing dilemma: ensuring precision in psilocybin therapy</h2>



The growing acceptance of psilocybin for therapeutic use presents a new challenge for medical professionals: the need for precise dosing. Consequently, administering the correct dose to patients is crucial. It guarantees both the safety and effectiveness of the treatment.



To address this challenge, researchers at the <a href="https://www.uta.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Texas at Arlington</a> have created a groundbreaking method. This method accurately measures the potency of psilocybin and psilocin in Psilocybe cubensis, a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-psilocybin-mushrooms-got-their-magic/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">hallucinogenic mushroom</a> species that is commonly studied.



Kevin Schug, the Shimadzu Distinguished Professor of Analytical Chemistry at the university, emphasizes the significance of these advancements. 



"These legislative changes are expected to facilitate further research and potential clinical applications," Schug explains, highlighting the pivotal role of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/psilocybin-microdosing-may-improve-mental-health-by-boosting-stress-resilience/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">accurate dosing</a> in the therapeutic use of psilocybin.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-science-of-psilocybin-potency">The science of psilocybin potency</h2>



The team's method employs liquid chromatography paired with tandem mass spectrometry. This sophisticated analytical technique is used to extract and quantify the active compounds in mushrooms.



The study, detailed in the February issue of Analytica Chimica Acta, not only showcases the method's efficacy but also its reliability, as confirmed by cross-validation with two separate laboratories. 



This collaborative effort included contributions from <a href="https://www.scottsdaleresearchinstitute.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Scottsdale Research Institute</a> in Phoenix, <a href="https://www.ssi.shimadzu.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Shimadzu Scientific Instruments</a> in Maryland, and Millipore-Sigma in Round Rock, Texas, underscoring the comprehensive approach taken to ensure the method's accuracy and applicability.



Schug further elaborates on the importance of this development. "As medical professionals identify more safe and effective treatments using mushrooms, it will be important to ensure product safety, identify regulatory benchmarks, and determine appropriate dosing." 



He underscores the critical role of established and reliable analytical methods, like the one his team describes, in the integration of mushrooms into clinical settings.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-psilocybin-s-promising-future">Psilocybin's promising future</h2>



The introduction of this precise measurement technique marks a significant milestone in the journey toward the widespread acceptance and use of psilocybin in medical treatments. 



By providing a reliable way to gauge mushroom potency, this method paves the way for safer, more effective treatments, offering hope to those battling stubborn mental health conditions.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S000326702301382X?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Analytica Chimica Acta</a>.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Measuring psilocybin mushroom potency just got easier

In recent years, the perception of psilocybin and psilocin, the...

Tidal wetlands and blue carbon projects are at the forefront of climate change mitigation efforts. Representing a beacon of hope, they leverage the carbon-sequestering capabilities of coastal and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-induced-changes-in-ocean-salinity-threaten-biodiversity-and-marine-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marine ecosystems</a>.



Despite the growing popularity of blue carbon initiatives, the demand for credits significantly exceeds the available supply. 



Traditionally, the scope of blue carbon ecosystems has been limited to mangroves, saltmarshes, and seagrass. However, emerging scientific insights reveal a broader array of tidal <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rising-seas-release-more-methane-from-wetlands-than-expected/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wetlands</a>. 



These include tidal freshwater wetlands, transitional forests, and brackish marshes, all of which share key blue carbon ecosystem characteristics. This expands the potential for climate action.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tidal-wetlands-as-blue-carbon-ecosystems">Tidal wetlands as blue carbon ecosystems</h2>



Dr. Fernanda Adame of Griffith University's <a href="https://www.griffith.edu.au/australian-rivers-institute" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Australian Rivers Institute</a> spearheaded a pivotal study that highlights the untapped potential of overlooked tidal wetlands. 



The research, conducted in collaboration with international researchers from Australia, Indonesia, Singapore, South Africa, Vietnam, the U.S., and Mexico, broadens the scope of ecosystems identified as blue carbon habitats.



The experts concluded that tidal wetlands, influenced by tides beneath the highest astronomical tide, embody vital blue carbon ecosystems. 



After thoroughly analyzing their biophysical traits and management possibilities, the researchers discovered that these wetlands extend beyond mangroves, saltmarshes, and seagrass. They are effective in storing carbon in their soils and biomass, while emitting minimal greenhouse gases.



"By recognizing and prioritising their protection and restoration, we can unlock myriad benefits, including biodiversity conservation," said Dr. Adame.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-role-of-tidal-wetlands-in-reducing-emissions">The role of tidal wetlands in reducing emissions</h2>



The significance of coastal wetlands in climate change <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wetlands-are-powerful-weapons-in-the-fight-against-global-warming/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mitigation</a> cannot be overstated. They stand at the forefront of the fight against global warming, offering a pathway to significantly reduce atmospheric greenhouse gases. 



"By managing these ecosystems strategically, not only can we curb emissions, but we also make significant strides towards achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals," explained Dr. Adame.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-integrating-tidal-wetlands-into-global-climate-strategy">Integrating tidal wetlands into global climate strategy</h2>



Incorporating a wider variety of tidal wetlands into blue carbon initiatives offers a significant chance to enhance their carbon sink role and strengthen climate mitigation. This inclusive approach not only protects the environment but also promotes sustainable development and conservation.



Furthermore, as the scientific community calls for a reevaluation of what constitutes a blue carbon ecosystem, it's clear that expanding our understanding and inclusion of tidal wetlands can significantly impact our global climate action strategies.



Consequently, the study represents a pivotal step in redefining blue carbon projects. It underscores the critical role of tidal wetlands in ecological and climate stability. By embracing this broader perspective, we can safeguard our environment and foster a more sustainable and resilient future.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">More about blue carbon ecosystems&nbsp;</h2>



Blue carbon ecosystems refer to marine and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wetlands-are-caught-in-a-battle-between-co2-and-rising-seas/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">coastal habitats</a> that play a significant role in capturing and storing carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere, contributing to the mitigation of climate change.&nbsp;



These ecosystems have unique characteristics but are collectively known for their high efficiency in sequestering carbon.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Mangroves&nbsp;</h3>



Mangroves are tropical trees that thrive in salty coastal waters. They have complex root systems that not only protect shorelines from erosion and extreme weather events but also trap sediments rich in organic carbon, known as "blue carbon."&nbsp;



Mangroves are among the most carbon-rich forests in the tropics, capable of storing carbon both above and below ground in their biomass and soil.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Seagrasses</h3>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrasses-face-an-uncertain-future-due-to-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Seagrasses</a> are flowering plants that form dense underwater meadows in shallow seas. These meadows provide a habitat for a diverse range of marine life, stabilize the sea bed, and improve water quality.&nbsp;



Seagrasses have a remarkable ability to capture CO2 from the ocean, burying it in the sediment where it can remain trapped for centuries.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Salt marshes</h3>



Salt marshes are coastal wetlands found in temperate regions, dominated by salt-tolerant grasses and other plant species.&nbsp;



Like mangroves and seagrasses, salt marshes are efficient at trapping and storing carbon in their sediments. They act as natural buffers, reducing the impact of waves and storms on the coast, and support a wide variety of marine organisms.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Threats to blue carbon ecosystems&nbsp;</h3>



Despite their importance, blue carbon ecosystems are under threat from human activities such as coastal development, pollution, and climate change.&nbsp;



The destruction of these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/restoring-coastal-ecosystems-can-mitigate-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">habitats</a> not only releases stored carbon back into the atmosphere, exacerbating global warming but also diminishes the ecosystem services they provide, including coastal protection, biodiversity support, and fisheries enhancement.&nbsp;



Conservation and restoration efforts for blue carbon ecosystems are critical for climate change mitigation and for maintaining the health of marine environments.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/advance-article/doi/10.1093/biosci/biae007/7629946" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">BioScience</a>.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Tidal wetlands have enormous climate change mitigation potential

Tidal wetlands and blue carbon projects are at the forefront...

In a world precariously balanced on the brink of ecological shift, forests emerge as towering beacons of life, biodiversity, and essential <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/forests-play-an-overlooked-role-in-the-climate-system/">climate</a> stabilization. Recognizing the paramount importance of these ecosystems, the United Nations General Assembly proclaimed March 21 as the International Day of Forests in 2012.&nbsp;



This day is dedicated to raising awareness about the significance of all types of forests, from the tropical rainforests of the Amazon to the boreal forests of Siberia.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-are-forests-so-important">Why are forests so important?</h2>



"Forest trees and other plants soak up carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and store it away as they grow and thrive. Forests contain more than 660 gigatons of carbon, 18 times the amount emitted each year by human activities," wrote Amelia Meadows, <a href="https://www.worldwildlife.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">WWF</a>’s Director of Corporate Engagement for Forests.



"Forests are home to most of the world's terrestrial biodiversity, and tropical rain forests are home to more species than any other terrestrial habitat. A single acre of rain forest may be home to thousands of species."



"Forests provide a vast array of resources to all of us, including food, wood, medicine, fresh water, and the air we breathe. Without the trees, the ecosystem that supports the human population can fall apart."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-forests-and-innovation">Forests and innovation</h2>



The theme for 2024, "Forests and innovation: New solutions for a better world," underscores the critical role of technology in transforming how countries monitor their forests.&nbsp;



Meadows noted that the threats to forests are dire and increasing, which is why <a href="https://www.worldwildlife.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">WWF</a> and partners are finding innovative ways to protect, restore, and conserve these ecosystems. 



"Technology is a huge part of that. It helps us get a better picture of species populations and migratory patterns with tools like drones, camera traps, and e-DNA. Tech like GIS mapping and remote-sensing technology are integral to modern forestland management and restoration monitoring and maintenance efforts," wrote Meadows.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-transparent-forest-monitoring-nbsp">Transparent forest monitoring&nbsp;</h2>



Through innovative and transparent forest monitoring, a staggering 13.7 billion tons of carbon dioxide forest emission reductions or enhancements have been reported to the <a href="https://unfccc.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change</a>. This represents a monumental step forward in our global efforts to combat climate change by preserving our forest resources.



However, the challenges facing our forests are immense. Each year, 10 million hectares of forest are lost to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-deforestation-crisis-how-can-we-stop-massive-forest-losses/">deforestation</a>, and approximately 70 million hectares are affected by fires. These numbers not only signify a loss of trees but also a devastating impact on biodiversity, water cycles, and the livelihoods of millions of people globally.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-technology-is-revolutionizing-forest-conservation">Technology is revolutionizing forest conservation</h2>



In this light, the necessity for technological innovation becomes even more apparent. Technology is revolutionizing forest conservation, making efforts more effective, data-driven, and inclusive, and thus contributing significantly to the global fight against deforestation and climate change. Here are some of the key technologies being used:



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-remote-sensing-and-satellite-imagery">Remote sensing and satellite imagery</h3>



Satellites equipped with remote sensing technology provide comprehensive data on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/deep-learning-can-help-track-changes-in-forest-cover/">forest cover</a>, deforestation rates, and changes in land use. This technology allows for the monitoring of vast and inaccessible areas, offering real-time data that is crucial for conservation planning and action.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-drones-nbsp">Drones&nbsp;</h3>



Drones are increasingly used for detailed aerial surveys, mapping forested areas, monitoring wildlife, and assessing damage caused by natural disasters or illegal activities like logging and poaching. They can access difficult terrains and provide high-resolution images that help in the precise management and restoration of forests.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-geographic-information-systems-nbsp">Geographic information systems&nbsp;</h3>



GIS is a powerful tool for mapping and analyzing forest data, allowing conservationists to visualize and understand the spatial aspects of forests. It aids in decision-making by integrating various data types, including topography, vegetation types, and human impacts, thereby facilitating targeted conservation efforts.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-artificial-intelligence-and-machine-learning-nbsp">Artificial intelligence and machine learning&nbsp;</h3>



Artificial intelligence (AI) and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/machine-learning-could-help-save-mangrove-forests/">machine learning</a> algorithms can process vast amounts of environmental data collected from satellites, drones, and ground-based sensors. They are used to predict deforestation trends, identify illegal logging activities, and model the impacts of climate change on forests, enabling proactive and informed conservation strategies.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-forest-fire-detection-systems">Forest fire detection systems</h3>



Advanced sensors and satellite data are used to detect forest fires in real-time, enabling quick response to minimize damage. These systems can identify the precise location of fires, predict their spread based on weather and terrain data, and thus help in efficiently deploying firefighting resources.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-smart-sensors-nbsp">Smart sensors&nbsp;</h3>



Deployed throughout forests, smart sensors can monitor a wide range of environmental parameters, including temperature, humidity, soil moisture, and CO2 levels. This real-time data collection supports the health monitoring of forests and assists in the early detection of environmental stressors.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mobile-applications">Mobile applications</h3>



Apps enable community involvement in forest conservation by allowing users to report illegal activities, participate in citizen science projects, and access educational resources about local ecosystems and biodiversity.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-blockchain-technology">Blockchain technology</h3>



Blockchain is being explored for its potential to improve transparency and accountability in the supply chains of forest products. It can help verify the legality and sustainability of timber and other forest commodities, reducing the incidence of illegal logging and trade.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-technological-innovations-could-empower-indigenous-communities-nbsp">Technological innovations could empower Indigenous communities&nbsp;</h2>



International Day of Forests brings to the forefront the indispensable role of Indigenous Peoples in conserving forest landscapes. Often referred to as the custodians of the world’s remaining intact forests, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/indigenous-forests-prevent-15-million-yearly-cases-of-disease/">Indigenous communities</a> possess traditional knowledge and practices that are invaluable for biodiversity conservation and carbon storage.&nbsp;



Technological innovations offer a unique opportunity to empower these communities by mapping and securing customary lands. We can also support Indigenous Peoples in safeguarding their lands by providing access to climate finance.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-international-day-of-forests">International Day of Forests </h2>



International Day of Forests serves as a reminder of the intricate connection between forests, technology, and innovation. It's a call to action for individuals, communities, and governments to invest in new solutions for a better world. 



By embracing technology and innovation, we can address the pressing challenges of deforestation, forest degradation, and biodiversity loss. On this day, we are reminded of the power of collective action and the potential of innovative solutions to not only preserve but also enhance our forested landscapes for future generations.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

International Day of Forests 2024: New solutions for a better world 

In a world precariously balanced on the brink of ecological...

Namibia's fairy circles have long captivated the imagination with their enigmatic presence in the dry grasslands on the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mysterious-fairy-circles-are-likely-caused-by-termite-activity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Namib Desert's fringe</a>. These peculiar, circular, bald patches have puzzled scientists for decades, inspiring numerous theories about their formation. 



A recent study by researchers from the <a href="https://www.uni-goettingen.de/en/1.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Göttingen</a> in Germany and <a href="https://www.bgu.ac.il/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ben Gurion University</a> in Israel delves deep into this mystery, challenging previously held beliefs and providing new insights into the phenomenon.



The study, published in the journal Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics, focuses on the lifecycle of freshly germinated grass within these circles and its struggle for survival. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-studying-namibia-s-mysterious-fairy-circles">Studying Namibia's mysterious fairy circles</h2>



Contrary to the popular termite theory, the research reveals that these grass patches wither away due to a critical lack of water, not termite damage. 



The top 10 to 12 centimeters of soil, described as a "death zone," proves inhospitable for the young grass, which dies just 10 to 20 days following rainfall.



This research involved meticulous fieldwork, analyzing 500 individual grass plants across <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fairy-circles-cause-revealed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">four Namib regions</a>. 



Through detailed measurements of root and leaf lengths, statistical analyses, and the comparison of photographic evidence, coupled with extensive soil moisture measurements during the 2023 and 2024 rainy seasons, the team uncovered startling findings. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-perennial-grasses-vs-new-sprouts">Perennial grasses vs. new sprouts</h2>



The topsoil within fairy circles dries out significantly faster and remains drier compared to surrounding areas, creating an environment where freshly sprouted grass cannot thrive.



In sharp contrast, the study observed that perennial grass clumps around the fairy circles flourish, benefiting from deeper soil moisture levels. These clumps, with well-developed root systems extending 20 to 30 centimeters below the surface, exhibit a remarkable ability to quickly absorb water after rainfall. 



"With their well-developed root system, these clumps of grass soak up the water particularly well. After the rain, they have a huge competitive advantage over the freshly germinated grasses in the fairy circle," explains Dr. Stephan Getzin from Göttingen University's Ecosystem Modelling Department.



"The new grass only loses a small amount of water via transpiration from its small leaves, resulting in insufficient ‘suction power’ to pull new water from deeper soil layers," he continued.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-importance-of-soil-moisture-in-fairy-circles">Importance of soil moisture in fairy circles</h2>



The researchers also discovered that water's physical conductivity is highest in the soil's upper layers during the first 20 days after rain, favoring the established clumps of grass that primarily draw water from this zone. 



"This is the cause of the death of the new grass in the fairy circle. Continuous soil moisture measurements over several years support this conclusion. This is because the soil water in the fairy circle only decreases noticeably quickly with the strengthening and regrowth of the surrounding grass after rain," Gertzin explained further.



This phenomenon further exacerbates the difficulties faced by newly germinated grasses within the fairy circles, leading to their eventual death. 



Continuous soil moisture tracking over several years has reinforced these findings, highlighting the role of fairy circles as crucial water reserves for the drought-stricken grasses of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/dust-blows-off-the-coast-of-namibia-over-the-atlantic-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Namib</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-disproving-the-popular-termite-theory">Disproving the popular termite theory</h2>



Interestingly, the study also challenges the sand termite theory, which suggests that termites feeding on the roots of new grass contribute to the formation of fairy circles. The researchers provide a compelling argument, backed by systematic data, debunking this theory. 



They emphasize the lack of concrete evidence linking termite activity to the creation of these circles, critiquing the misinterpretation of cited research within the termite theory's support base.



The fairy circles, according to Getzin and his colleague Dr. Hezi Yizhaq, represent a fascinating example of "swarm intelligence" or self-organization among plants, as they adapt to scarce resources in arid environments. This survival strategy, manifested in the circles' round shape, maximizes soil water availability, showcasing nature's ingenuity in the face of adversity.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-one-step-closer-to-solving-this-namibian-mystery">One step closer to solving this Namibian mystery</h2>



In summary, this study has significantly advanced our understanding of Namibia's fairy circles, though many questions still remain. The scientists debunked the long-held termite theory and highlighted the crucial role of water scarcity in their formation. 



Through rigorous fieldwork and analysis, researchers have demonstrated that one significant cause of these enigmatic patterns results from the natural struggle for survival in harsh desert conditions, where perennial grasses outcompete newly germinated ones for limited water resources. 



This intriguing research highlights the adaptive strategies of desert flora and underscores the complexity and beauty of natural ecosystems, revealing the intricate balance that sustains life in one of the planet's most unforgiving landscapes.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1433831924000039?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics</a>.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

"Fairy circles" kill all newly-planted grasses, deepening their mystery

Namibia's fairy circles have long captivated the imagination with their...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that scientists never expected.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hidden-waters-beneath-ancient-craters">Hidden waters beneath ancient craters</h2>



Scientists have made a startling discovery that challenges everything we thought we knew about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/saturn-moon-mimas-has-remarkably-young-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Saturn's moon Mimas</a>. Beneath the heavily cratered surface that earned it the nickname "Death Star" lies a global ocean that formed just 5 to 15 million years ago—a remarkably young age by cosmic standards.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cassini-data-reveals-orbital-secrets">Cassini data reveals orbital secrets</h2>



The discovery, led by Dr. Valéry Lainey of the <a href="https://observatoiredeparis.psl.eu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Observatoire de Paris</a>, emerged from careful analysis of <a href="https://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>'s Cassini spacecraft data. By studying subtle irregularities in Mimas's orbit around Saturn, researchers detected the gravitational signature of liquid water hidden 20 to 30 kilometers beneath the moon's icy shell.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-an-unlikely-ocean-world">An unlikely ocean world</h2>



At only 400 kilometers in diameter, Mimas seemed like the least likely candidate to harbor a subsurface ocean. Unlike other ocean moons such as Europa and Enceladus, which show clear surface signs of internal activity, Mimas displays no obvious hints of the liquid water beneath its ancient, crater-scarred exterior.



"Mimas is a small moon, and its heavily cratered surface gave no hint of the hidden ocean beneath," explained Dr. Nick Cooper from <a href="https://www.qmul.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Queen Mary University of London</a>, a study co-author.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-astrobiology">Implications for astrobiology</h2>



The ocean's recent formation makes Mimas a prime target for studying how oceans develop and potentially support life. This discovery adds another member to the exclusive club of ocean worlds in our solar system, each offering unique insights into the conditions necessary for habitability.



The research, published in <a href="https://www.nature.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a> journal, demonstrates how advanced orbital analysis can reveal hidden features of celestial bodies, opening new possibilities for understanding ocean formation throughout the cosmos.



—–



Like what you saw and read?&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a>&nbsp;for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



—–



Check us out on&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth.com</a>.



—–

Scientists discover unexpected young ocean on Saturn's cratered moon Mimas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ 'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE
</div></figure>



On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop and sunlight barely penetrates through the polar winter. It was here, however, that an international team of scientists found <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/predatory-worms-were-terror-beasts-half-a-billion-years-ago/#google_vignette" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evidence of sea monsters</a> that would change our understanding of ocean life in the past.



This video captures the discovery of Timorebestia fossils that had been hidden for more than 500 million years in the Sirius Passet formation. The "terror beasts," as they are called, are a hidden chapter in the evolutionary history of <a href="https://www.earth.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth</a>, showing that sophisticated predator-prey interactions occurred much earlier than previously envisioned.



Dr. Jakob Vinther and his research team at the <a href="https://www.bristol.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bristol</a>, in collaboration with researchers at the <a href="https://eng.kopri.re.kr/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Korean Polar Research Institute</a>, braved extreme weather conditions at 82.5 north latitude to locate these giant creatures. Using sophisticated electron microprobe analysis, they revealed the detailed anatomy of the animals, including their muscle and nerve tissues.



The find upsets the traditional timeline of sea predators. Although we've long appreciated that Cambrian oceans were at one time ruled by <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jWI3-UgA3_o&amp;list=PL1QLQMW9MWDwpkFOnvgAmu7wT6rZmYqdJ&amp;index=19" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">arthropods</a>, these discoveries indicate that relatives of arrow worms were first to dominate the seas. These worms were building sophisticated food webs several million years before other predator groups arose.



Each fossil is a story of ancient hunger, with fossil stomach contents revealing these meter-long beasts dined on heavily armored arthropods regularly, cementing their place as the ocean's first apex predators.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Worms dominated seas before dinosaurs

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">New York is the site of the world's oldest forest.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-385-million-year-old-trees-discovered">385-million-year-old trees discovered</h2>



Scientists have uncovered something extraordinary just two hours north of New York City. The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/worlds-oldest-forest-discovered-close-to-new-york-city/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">world's oldest forest</a>, dating back 385 million years, offers a window into how Earth's first complex forests shaped our planet's atmosphere.



Located near <a href="https://townofcairo.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cairo, New York</a>, in Greene County, these weren't merely primitive plants struggling to survive. These were sophisticated trees with root systems remarkably similar to modern forests. This ancient woodland predates dinosaurs by 140 million years.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-cairo-forest-discovery">The Cairo forest discovery</h2>



385 million years ago, upstate New York was a tropical paradise near the equator. Thanks to continental drift, this ancient forest has traveled thousands of miles to its current location.



The fossil forest sits in an abandoned quarry, roughly half the size of a football field. This represents just a slice of what was likely a massive forest system stretching from New York into Pennsylvania.



Charles Ver Straeten, curator of sedimentary rocks at the <a href="https://www.nysm.nysed.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">New York State Museum</a>, made the discovery in 2009. While scouting the former highway department property, his trained eye spotted wandering patterns in the stone that looked like marine features.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-age-and-preservation">Revolutionary age and preservation</h2>



The site contains 385-million-year-old rocks with fossilized woody roots forming horizontal patterns up to 18 feet (5.5 meters) wide. As Christopher Berry, a paleobotanist at Cardiff University, explains: "You are walking through the roots of ancient trees."



This discovery pushes back advanced tree evolution by millions of years. The research, published in <a href="https://www.cell.com/current-biology/home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current Biology</a> in December 2019, fundamentally changes our understanding of when complex forests first emerged.



Researchers believe a massive flood buried the forest floor, creating perfect fossilization conditions. Over millions of years, sediment hardened into rock, preserving these root patterns like nature's time capsule.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meet-archaeopteris-the-first-modern-tree">Meet Archaeopteris: the first modern tree</h2>



The star of this ancient forest is Archaeopteris – not to be confused with the feathered dinosaur Archaeopteryx. This tree was far older and more revolutionary.



William Stein from <a href="https://www.binghamton.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Binghamton University</a> describes the roots as "strikingly modern, essentially what you'd see outside in my yard right now." These weren't simple root systems you'd expect from ancient plants.



Some fossilized roots are six inches (15 centimeters) in diameter, forming 36-foot-wide (11-meter) patterns. These giants grew up to 65 feet (20 meters) tall with five-foot-diameter (1.5-meter) trunks.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-changing-impact">Climate-changing impact</h2>



These trees fundamentally changed Earth's environment. Kevin Boyce, a Stanford University geoscientist, explains how their deep roots triggered "weathering," chemical reactions that pulled carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.



This process dropped atmospheric CO2 levels from 10-15 times higher than today to roughly modern concentrations. These ancient trees helped create atmospheric conditions that made complex life possible.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ancient-forest-ecosystem">Ancient forest ecosystem</h2>



The forest was remarkably diverse. Scientists identified Eospermatopteris, palm tree-like plants with short roots that reached 30 feet (9 meters) tall but lacked woody structure. The forest also housed cladoxylopsids and a mysterious third species still being studied.



All reproduced through spores rather than seeds – millions of years before seeds evolved. This tropical environment had no grass, flowers, or flying insects, just towering trees creating Earth's first complex forest canopy.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-significance">Scientific significance</h2>



Before this finding, the Gilboa forest, located 25 miles (40 kilometers) away, held the "oldest forest" title. Cairo's trees are 2-3 million years older, showing that complex forest ecosystems developed much faster than scientists believed possible.



Patricia Gensel, a <a href="https://www.unc.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of North Carolina</a> paleobotanist, notes: "The size of those root systems is really changing the picture. Even 20 years ago, researchers assumed trees with such complex root systems didn't evolve so early."



The Cairo site presents three unique root systems, suggesting Devonian period forests were diverse ecosystems with different trees occupying different environmental niches, much like today's forests.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-preservation-efforts">Modern preservation efforts</h2>



In 2022, New York State Senator Michelle Hinchey secured a $170,000 grant for the town of Cairo to construct specialized fencing around the fossil forest site. The town plans to conduct a feasibility study exploring the possibility of creating an educational center and working lab on-site.



Joe Hasenkopf, chair of the Cairo Planning Board, hopes to partner with educational institutions to create a research facility serving scientists, students, and the public.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lessons-for-today-s-climate">Lessons for today's climate</h2>



Why does a 385-million-year-old forest matter today? It shows how dramatically forests can change Earth's climate. These ancient woodlands created the atmospheric conditions supporting complex life.



Understanding how prehistoric forests transformed the planet helps us appreciate modern forests' critical role in addressing climate change. Forests remain Earth's most effective carbon capture systems.



These prehistoric trees changed Earth's atmosphere by pulling massive amounts of carbon dioxide from the air. As we face modern climate challenges, this ancient forest reminds us of trees' incredible power to transform our planet's environment.



The next time you walk through a forest, remember you're experiencing an ecosystem whose blueprint was established 385 million years ago in upstate New York. These ancient pioneers didn't just survive – they thrived and changed the world forever.



The full study was published in the journal Current Biology.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Earth's oldest forest found in the United States

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ New York is the site of the world's oldest...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Acid rain and a crisis solved.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-don-t-we-ever-hear-about-acid-rain-anymore-the-environmental-crisis-that-was-solved">Why don't we ever hear about "acid rain" anymore? The environmental crisis that was solved</h2>



Remember the 1980s when acid rain dominated headlines? Dire warnings about rain eating buildings, killing fish, and destroying forests filled every news cycle. Then, almost like magic, acid rain vanished from public discourse. What happened? Did we actually solve one of the late 20th century's most pressing environmental challenges?



The answer might surprise you. Unlike many environmental issues that drag on indefinitely, acid rain represents one of modern history's most successful ecological recovery stories. It's a tale of science, politics, and technology working together to tackle what seemed impossible.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What was acid rain?</h2>



Acid rain isn't regular rain having a bad day – it's precipitation that became significantly more acidic due to air pollution. When power plants, factories, and vehicles burn fossil fuels, they release sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) into the atmosphere.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The science behind it</h2>



Think of acid rain as nature's chemistry experiment gone wrong. These compounds react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form sulfuric and nitric acids. When mixed with water vapor in clouds, they create precipitation with dangerously low pH levels.



While clean rain has a pH of about 5.6, acid rain could drop as low as 4.2 to 4.4 – roughly as acidic as tomato juice or coffee. According to US Geological Survey documentation, Scottish chemist Angus Smith first coined "acid rain" in 1872, but it didn't become a household phrase until the 1960s and 1970s when Swedish scientist Svante Odén documented its devastating effects on Scandinavian lakes and European forests.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The crisis at its peak</h2>



During the height of public concern, environmental damage was both widespread and visible. This wasn't some abstract future threat – people could see destruction happening in real-time.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Environmental devastation</h2>



The most dramatic impacts were impossible to ignore. Research documented by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation shows that in the Adirondack Mountains, more than 200 lakes became so acidic they couldn't support fish life. The Adirondack Council reports that 409 lakes once supported brook trout, but many lost their fish populations due to acid rain.



By 1976, when scientists cataloged all acidified lakes in the Adirondack Park, researchers found that half of the lakes over 2,000 feet above sea level had no fish, according to studies published in environmental journals. The acidification process worked like a slow-motion disaster. As acid rain fell into watersheds, it gradually lowered pH levels. Fish couldn't survive in acidic water, and their food sources died off too.



Trees at high elevations showed stress directly linked to acid rain. It weakened them by leaching nutrients and making them susceptible to disease. Historical records show Germany's Black Forest saw nearly half its trees damaged by the mid-1980s.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Economic impact</h2>



Acid rain wasn't just environmental – it was expensive. Acidic precipitation corroded infrastructure, buildings, and monuments. Historic stone structures deteriorated at accelerated rates. Tourism suffered as lakes became fishless and forests declined. EPA economic analyses from the period documented repair costs mounting into billions annually.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The solution: government action and technology</h2>



Transformation from crisis to success required unprecedented cooperation between governments, industries, and environmental groups.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The Clean Air Act of 1990</h2>



The turning point came with the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, signed by President George H.W. Bush. This represented a fundamentally new approach to environmental regulation, as documented in EPA historical records.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Cap-and-trade success</h2>



Instead of mandating specific technologies, the 1990 amendments introduced something revolutionary: a cap-and-trade system for sulfur dioxide emissions. EPA program documentation shows this market-based approach set overall limits but allowed companies to trade emission allowances.



The genius was harnessing market forces to find cost-effective pollution reduction. Companies reducing emissions cheaply could sell excess allowances to those facing higher costs. Research published in environmental economics journals and EPA progress reports shows this resulted in dramatic SO2 reduction at a fraction of projected costs.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Technology advances</h2>



Policy provided the framework, but technology made reductions possible. Studies in atmospheric science journals document the widespread adoption of flue gas desulfurization systems ("scrubbers") that removed sulfur dioxide before it reached the atmosphere. By the 2000s, new installations could remove over 95% of SO2 emissions, according to EPA technical reports.



The push coincided with cleaner energy development. Natural gas produces fewer sulfur compounds than coal. Wind and solar, emerging in the 1990s, captured growing market share, reducing reliance on high-sulfur coal.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-we-don-t-hear-about-it-today">Why we don't hear about it today</h2>



Why did acid rain disappear from headlines? Simple: the problem was largely solved.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Success doesn't make news</h2>



There's an old journalism saying: "If it bleeds, it leads." Environmental success stories don't generate urgency like crisis reporting. Media attention shifted to other challenges: climate change, plastic pollution, and biodiversity loss. There's only so much environmental anxiety the public can absorb, and newer concerns replaced acid rain.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Mission accomplished</h2>



The primary reason is beautifully simple: interventions worked. EPA monitoring data shows sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990. Academic research published in environmental science journals confirms pH levels in formerly affected areas returned closer to normal. This represents one of history's most dramatic environmental recoveries. Studies by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation show fishless lakes now support healthy populations. Forests recovered, and building damage slowed dramatically.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-is-it-really-gone">Is it really gone?</h2>



The crisis is largely resolved, but monitoring data shows the problem isn't completely eliminated – it's managed to acceptable levels. Some areas still experience occasional events during high pollution periods. International environmental research indicates that rapidly industrializing Asian countries face similar problems to what we experienced decades ago, though they're implementing successful strategies.



EPA research shows nitrogen oxide emissions proved more challenging than sulfur dioxide, coming from vehicles and mobile sources. Climate science studies suggest changing weather patterns add complexity to how acid rain forms and falls.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What this teaches us</h2>



The acid rain experience proves that seemingly intractable environmental problems can be solved with scientific understanding, political will, and technological innovation. Environmental monitoring data shows recovery speed was remarkable – within a decade, measurable improvements appeared in air quality and ecosystem health.



Success came from bipartisan support across party lines. Policy analysis studies show the market-based approach appealed to those preferring economic incentives while achieving environmental goals. This support created lasting policy surviving political changes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Conclusion</h2>



Acid rain's disappearance from public consciousness represents environmental science's greatest success stories. Through effective regulation, technological innovation, and international cooperation, we transformed an overwhelming crisis into a manageable challenge.



Today's silence isn't because we forgot – it's because we solved it. The 1990 Clean Air Act, combined with technology and energy market changes, reduced acid rain emissions over 90%, according to comprehensive EPA data analysis.



This success offers hope for current challenges. It proves complex problems can be solved when science, policy, and technology work together. As we face climate change and plastic pollution, acid rain reminds us that dramatic positive change is possible.



Next time someone asks whether environmental regulations work, remember acid rain. It's proof that sometimes, we get it right.



<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>



Sources: This article draws from EPA official documentation and progress reports, peer-reviewed research published in environmental and atmospheric science journals, historical data from the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation records, US Geological Survey publications, policy analysis studies, and environmental monitoring data collected over three decades.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Frequently Asked Questions</h2>



1. Is acid rain completely gone? No, but EPA monitoring shows it's reduced to manageable levels. US sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990, making acid rain much less severe than the 1980s crisis.



2. How long did solving take? Environmental monitoring data shows significant improvements began within 5-10 years of 1990s emission controls. Full ecosystem recovery took longer – some areas need 20-30 years for complete recovery.



3. What made the solution successful? Clear scientific understanding, visible damage motivating action, bipartisan support, available technology, and innovative market-based policies like cap-and-trade.



4. Do other countries have acid rain problems? Yes, particularly rapidly industrializing Asian countries. However, international environmental research shows many implement similar successful control strategies.



5. Could acid rain return? Potentially, if regulations weaken or we return to high-sulfur coal without controls, though effects would take years to become severe according to environmental projections.



6. Can you recommend any teaching tools on the subject of "acid rain"? The United States Environmental Protection Agency produced a wonderful teacher's guide for ages 14 and under that you can find on the EPA website here: <a href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf</a>



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

The environmental problem we actually solved

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk Acid rain and a crisis solved. Why don't we...

Fresh,Radish,Harvest,On,Soil,In,Garden.

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/Fi2OeEwuzRM?si=vTyd2m9FMmtyWkex
</div></figure>







Mid-July is an opportune time to kick-start a thriving fall garden, and this guide lays out the best vegetables and herbs to plant now for a fruitful autumn harvest. 



Fast-growing leafy greens such as spinach, lettuce, kale, and arugula perform especially well in the waning summer heat, with harvests beginning as soon as 30 days. 



These cool-season crops relish the transition into fall, offering repeated yields with cut-and-come-again methods.



Root vegetables like radishes, carrots, and beets also excel during this period. Radishes deliver satisfaction in under a month, while carrots and beets mature in about two months. Employing succession planting ensures a continuous stream of produce deep into the cooler months. 



For a boost of fresh flavor, herbs like cilantro, basil, dill, and chervil are excellent picks. These heat-loving varieties flourish in July’s warmth and are harvest-ready in about 30 days, especially when sown continuously.



Gardeners in zones 6 through 9 can benefit from planting bush beans and snap peas, which don’t require trellising and are ideal for compact plots. 



Maturing in 50–60 days, they’re a smart choice for quick, protein-rich harvests. For those in hotter regions, heat-tolerant crops such as okra and southern peas provide reliable yields and thrive in scorching conditions.



This guide emphasizes more than crop selection—it highlights the importance of timing, soil preparation, and ongoing sowing techniques. 



With thoughtful planning and attention to regional climate needs, even late-summer gardeners can enjoy fresh salads, hearty stews, and the satisfaction of a robust, homegrown harvest well into fall.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;



-----

What to plant in your garden in mid-July

https://youtu.be/Fi2OeEwuzRM?si=vTyd2m9FMmtyWkex Mid-July is an opportune time to kick-start a thriving...

Green,Ecoduct,Over,An,Empty,Highway,During,Sunset.

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU
</div></figure>



A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that wildlife tunnels significantly reduce amphibian road mortality during seasonal migrations. 



Frogs and salamanders often cross roads to reach breeding ponds each spring, but many are killed by vehicles. 



Researchers from the <a href="https://www.uvm.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Vermont</a>, in collaboration with local citizens and the Vermont Agency of Natural Resources, installed two underpass tunnels in 2015. 



Over a 12-year monitoring period, they observed an 80.2% reduction in amphibian deaths, and up to 94% for non-climbing species like salamanders. 



The study used a before-after-control-impact design and documented more than 5,200 amphibians, highlighting the tunnels’ effectiveness even in nearby buffer zones.



Funded at $342,397 - far cheaper than wildlife crossings for large mammals - the project showcased the power of community-led conservation.



Local groups initiated the effort after observing mass amphibian deaths. Wildlife cameras later captured over 2,200 amphibians using a tunnel in just one spring, along with other species like raccoons and bobcats, indicating wider ecosystem benefits.



This marks the first peer-reviewed, long-term data set in the northeastern U.S. confirming amphibian-specific underpasses work. 



The study urges transportation departments to incorporate these designs into road planning and highlights how community action, thoughtful infrastructure, and persistence can make a real difference for biodiversity.



The full study was published in the <a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1617138125000780" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal for Nature Conservation</a>.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Wildlife tunnels save millions of amphibians

https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that...

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. 



The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.



<figure class="wp-block-embed aligncenter is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/Ug657J67iEo?si=w96YjGMsg939LD_3
</div></figure>



Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. 



Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.



Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. 



They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).



Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.



Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.



This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



---



By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="3upvlAaHgO-2256633-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



---



By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

[sendtonews key="3upvlAaHgO-2256633-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="X0f6OHYoI4-2310561-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?



One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;



While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;



Video Credit: ACS Reactions



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

How does salt makes things taste better?

[sendtonews key="X0f6OHYoI4-2310561-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="JRaP49ISmm-2357509-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;



'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."



"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Santiago, Chile in South America

[sendtonews key="JRaP49ISmm-2357509-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="e4ZG0Jawp3-2374785-12187" type="single"]</div>



Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.



The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;



"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."



"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."



"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."



The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.



Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

[sendtonews key="e4ZG0Jawp3-2374785-12187" type="single"] Astronomers at Johns Hopkins University have created...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="uV9Lh2fQbV-1760058-12187" type="single"]</div>



Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.



According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."



Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;



ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. 



Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

[sendtonews key="uV9Lh2fQbV-1760058-12187" type="single"] Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="qjvhBOBnY8-2426650-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.



"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.



"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."



Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

[sendtonews key="qjvhBOBnY8-2426650-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="oL4FnPTGCV-2384527-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.



"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.



"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."



Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

[sendtonews key="oL4FnPTGCV-2384527-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="0879czfG3k-1785905-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

[sendtonews key="0879czfG3k-1785905-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from NASA...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="6HyfrAJTBI-1831843-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.



The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.



At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;



"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.



"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."



The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.



Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

[sendtonews key="6HyfrAJTBI-1831843-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="QIoVYJqRBi-2434608-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."



The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.



"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;



"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

[sendtonews key="QIoVYJqRBi-2434608-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

News coming your way