<p>The benefits of psilocybin-assisted therapy for major depression reportedly endures for years, if not forever. </p>



<p>In a new analysis of people who took part in a 2020 psilocybin clinical trial, 67 percent were still in full remission from depression an average of five years later - up from 58 percent at the one-year mark.</p>



<p>Study lead author Alan Davis is an associate professor and director of the <a href="https://www.cpdre.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Center for Psychedelic Drug Research and Education</a> at The Ohio State University.</p>



<p>“Across the board - <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/gut-microbes-have-an-unexpected-link-to-anxiety/">anxiety</a>, depression, global functioning, self-reported depression - we kept seeing the same signal of continued improvement," said Davis.</p>



<p>The follow-up results offer a rare long view of outcomes after psychedelic-assisted therapy, an area where long-term data are still sparse.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-psilocybin-the-basics">Understanding psilocybin - the basics</h2>



<p>Psilocybin is a natural compound found in certain mushrooms, often called “magic mushrooms.” When you ingest psilocybin, your body quickly converts it into psilocin, the active form that interacts with your brain. </p>



<p>Psilocin closely resembles <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-dopamine-and-serotonin-shape-behavior/">serotonin</a>, a key neurotransmitter, so it binds to serotonin receptors - especially the 5-HT2A receptor. </p>



<p>This binding alters the way nerve cells communicate, which leads to changes in perception, mood, and thought patterns. </p>



<p>From a scientific standpoint, psilocybin disrupts the brain’s usual patterns of activity and connectivity. </p>



<p>Brain imaging studies show that it quiets the “default mode network,” a system linked to self-reflection and the inner voice we all carry. </p>



<p>At the same time, it boosts communication between brain regions that don’t normally interact.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-curing-depression-with-psilocybin">Curing depression with psilocybin</h2>



<p>The peer-reviewed study, published in 2021, enrolled adults with major depressive disorder and compared two groups: one received psilocybin treatment immediately, and the other started after a wait-list period.</p>



<p>All the participants ultimately completed a standardized protocol: two dosing sessions with psilocybin paired with about 13 hours of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/psychotherapy-is-key-to-the-success-of-psychedelic-treatment/">psychotherapy</a> (including preparation, support during sessions, and integration).</p>



<p>The initial results showed large reductions in depression severity, with half of participants in remission up to one year.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tracking-patients-over-time">Tracking patients over time</h2>



<p>Of the 24 people in the original trial, 18 took part in the five-year check-in. Online questionnaires were used to assess depression, anxiety, and functional impairment. </p>



<p>The researchers also applied a clinician-rated depression scale and conducted qualitative interviews to capture changes the numbers might miss.</p>



<p>The team made a conservative assumption to avoid overstating success. They counted the six who did not return as having fully relapsed to pre-treatment levels.</p>



<p>Even under that assumption, depression scores remained “very large and significantly” reduced at five years, Davis noted, and the share of participants in complete remission nudged upward.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-than-psilocybin">More than psilocybin</h2>



<p>The lasting gains cannot be chalked up solely to the two psilocybin sessions. Only three people reported no additional depression-related treatment in the years since. </p>



<p>Others used antidepressant medications, tried <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ketamine-treatment-may-now-last-months-instead-of-weeks/">ketamine</a> or other psychedelics, or engaged in psychotherapy.</p>



<p>Interviews helped explain that context. Many participants described life with depression as profoundly constricted before the trial - too little energy, too little hope to engage. </p>



<p>Afterward, several said their depression felt more situational and manageable. They reported a greater capacity for positive emotion and motivation, and a different relationship to low moods when they returned.</p>



<p>A few who experimented with psychedelics on their own found the experiences less helpful without a clinical framework. This underscores a theme from other work by Davis and colleagues: the therapeutic container matters.</p>



<p>A strong alliance with trained therapists, structured preparation, and integration support may play as big a role as the drug itself.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-psilocybin-safety-over-time">Psilocybin safety over time</h2>



<p>At the five-year mark, 11 of 18 participants reported no adverse effects since the trial. Looking back, three remembered feeling unprepared for the heightened emotional sensitivity that followed their dosing sessions. </p>



<p>Two said tapering off <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cure-for-alcohol-addiction-was-discovered-by-accident/">medications</a> and waiting during the original trial was especially difficult, and two wished they’d had more formal integration therapy afterward.</p>



<p>The study is small, non-randomized at follow-up, and based on a motivated sample - limitations the authors emphasize.</p>



<p>With just 18 people contributing long-term data, it’s impossible to generalize broadly or disentangle psilocybin’s contribution from other treatments and life changes.</p>



<p>Larger, placebo-controlled trials with systematic follow-up will be needed to test durability, dosing strategies, and who benefits most.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-psilocybin-depression-and-healthcare">Psilocybin, depression, and healthcare</h2>



<p>Even with the study's limitations, the pattern is encouraging. Many participants maintained remission or continued to function better. </p>



<p>Several described a shift that outlasted symptom scores - more engagement with family, work, and meaningful activities, and fewer episodes of withdrawal and isolation, which are among depression’s most disabling features.</p>



<p>“Five years later, most people continued to view this treatment as safe, meaningful, and important - something that catalyzed an ongoing betterment of their life,” Davis said.</p>



<p>“Despite some symptoms coming back, they weren’t experiencing the same levels of impairment - suggesting this approach might, for some, kick-start lasting positive change.”</p>



<p>The bottom line: psilocybin-assisted therapy remains experimental, and it’s not a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-gut-bacteria-morganella-morganii-could-cause-depression-not-a-brain-disorder/">depression</a> cure-all. But in this small cohort, the combination of guided psychedelic sessions and psychotherapy was associated with durable relief - and in many cases, a different relationship to depression - years down the road.</p>



<p>The study is published in the <a href="https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/aop/article-10.1556-2054.2025.00461/article-10.1556-2054.2025.00461.xml" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Journal of Psychedelic Studies</em></a>.</p>



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Patients report no signs of depression five years after psilocybin treatment

The benefits of psilocybin-assisted therapy for major depression reportedly endures for years, if not forever. In a new analysis of people who took part in a 2020 psilocybin clinical trial, 67 percent were still in full remission from depression an average of five years later - up from 58 percent at the one-year mark. Study lead author Alan Davis is an associate professor and director of the Center for Psychedelic Drug Research and Education at The Ohio State University. “Across the board - anxiety, depression, global functioning,...

<p>A recent study published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06448-z"><em>Nature</em></a> has raised alarming concerns about the survival of the world’s coastal <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/coastal-wetlands-can-become-too-salty-for-some-resident-plants/">wetlands</a> and coral reef islands in the face of rising sea levels caused by climate change.&nbsp;</p>



<p>An international team of researchers found that the ability of marshes and other low-lying coastal areas to survive depends significantly on whether global warming can be limited to less than 2 degrees Celsius (3.6 degrees Fahrenheit) above pre-industrial levels, as outlined by the Paris Agreement.</p>



<h2 id="h-moving-towards-a-tipping-point">Moving towards a tipping point</h2>



<p>“Coastal ecosystems exist where our oceans meet the land, including mangroves, coastal marshes and the fringes of sandy coral islands – the low-lying areas flooded and drained by tidal salt water,” said study lead author Professor Neil Saintilan from Sydney’s <a href="https://www.mq.edu.au/">Macquarie University</a>.</p>



<p>“Our research shows these coastal habitats can likely adapt to some degree of rising sea levels but will reach a tipping point beyond sea-level rises triggered by more than 1.5 to 2°C of global warming."</p>



<p>“Without mitigation, relative sea-level rises under current climate change projections will exceed the capacity of coastal habitats such as mangroves and tidal marshes to adjust, leading to instability and profound changes to coastal ecosystems.”</p>



<h2 id="h-sea-level-rise">Sea-level rise&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The experts found that coastal marshes, mangroves, and reef islands are unlikely to keep up with sea-level rise rates that exceed 7 millimeters (about one quarter of an inch) per year.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Unfortunately, such rates are anticipated by the year 2100 in most parts of the world if there are no substantial efforts to decrease greenhouse gas emissions.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Regions along the Gulf Coast are already experiencing higher sea-level rise rates. Earlier research from <a href="https://tulane.edu/">Tulane University</a> indicated that the existing rate of sea-level rise could submerge marshlands in Louisiana and potentially other Gulf Coast areas within the next 50 years.</p>



<h2 id="h-no-way-to-escape">No way to escape</h2>



<p>"Mangroves and other tidal plants have to get oxygen down to their roots to survive, and so that phase of the tide when water drains right out is really important,” said Professor Saintilan.</p>



<p>“When the plants become water-logged due to higher sea levels, they start to flounder. At Sydney Olympic Park, we’ve seen whole patches of mangroves die when water can’t drain out properly.”</p>



<p>“This sort of death would be devastating for many natural mangrove forests across Asia which are restricted in their capacity to retreat from rising seas due to land development and human habitation."</p>



<h2 id="h-some-of-the-world-s-most-valuable-ecosystems">Some of the world’s most valuable ecosystems&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Study co-author Torbjörn Törnqvist, a professor in Tulane’s Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, emphasized the global significance of these ecosystems.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Collectively, these are among the most valuable ecosystems on the planet. For example, the world’s fisheries depend to a significant extent on the health of coastal wetlands and coral reefs,” said Professor Törnqvist.</p>



<p>The findings of the study are closely aligned with the most recent sea-level projections of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), published in 2021.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 id="h-potential-for-widespread-collapse">Potential for widespread collapse&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The researchers discovered that if global warming stays below 2 °C compared to pre-industrial temperatures, many of the world’s coastal ecosystems will likely survive along the shorelines by 2100.&nbsp;</p>



<p>However, higher levels of warming will probably result in widespread collapse. Professor Törnqvist highlighted the critical role of the Paris Agreement in this context.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“This shows the importance of the Paris Agreement that aims to keep warming within 2 °C and ideally 1.5 °C,” he said. “Clearly, this would make a huge difference for coastal ecosystems. However, right now we are on track for 2.4 to 3.5 °C of warming by the end of this century, so a change of course is desperately needed. And this would have to happen very quickly.”</p>



<h2 id="h-study-implications">Study implications&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Even if global warming is limited to 1.5 °C, some coastal regions will lose the majority of their wetlands by the end of the century. The coastlines of Louisiana and Texas are particularly vulnerable.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The recent surge of record-breaking heat across much of the world indicates that this level of warming could be achieved in just a few years.</p>



<p>The study included contributions from researchers at other Australian universities and co-authors from Singapore, Hong Kong, the United Kingdom, and the United States.</p>



<p>Professor Törnqvist’s role in the research primarily involved developing innovative methods to assess wetland vulnerability to sea-level rise in the geologic past. His work was supported by the U.S. National Science Foundation.</p>



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Coastal wetlands are inching closer to extinction as the world heats up

A recent study published in the journal Nature has raised...

<p>In the northern region of Yellowstone National Park, a historically large bison herd is causing an unexpected hindrance to the recovery of quaking aspen saplings. This crucial species in the American West ecosystem is trying to bounce back from decades of over-browsing by elk.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The discovery was made by a research team led by Luke Painter of <a href="https://oregonstate.edu/">Oregon State University</a>. The study follows up on a paper Painter published five years ago in the journal Ecosphere, which indicated that the reintroduction of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/eastern-wolves-and-grey-wolves-evolved-separately/">wolves</a> in Yellowstone had sparked a recovery of aspen both within and outside the park.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 id="h-focus-of-the-study">Focus of the study</h2>



<p>“I’ve studied the response of aspen in northern Yellowstone to the reduction in elk after the wolves were brought back and found that during this time, bison increased and have begun to affect aspen," said Painter. "Now we’re showing strong evidence of a previously unreported behavior of bison bulls breaking aspen saplings.”</p>



<p>Painter noted that while some saplings were tall enough to avoid being browsed by elk and therefore had a higher chance of growing into trees, bison were breaking them off at lower heights. Additionally, other saplings were killed when bison scraped off the bark with their horns.</p>



<h2 id="h-aspen-recovery">Aspen recovery&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The quaking aspen predominantly reproduces through root sprouts, a process known as suckering, and aspen stands often consist of a single organism connected by a common root system. Fire stimulates aspen reproduction from both roots and seeds.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Throughout much of the 20th century, aspen sprouts were unable to grow into trees due to consumption by elk during winter.&nbsp;</p>



<p>However, with the reintroduction of wolves and an increase in the population of other large predators like grizzly bears and cougars, elk numbers in northern Yellowstone decreased, providing relief to the aspen.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 id="h-new-twist-in-the-story">New twist in the story</h2>



<p>“Some young aspen began growing into saplings – young trees taller than 2 meters – which was an indication they were no longer being consumed by elk and were likely to grow into mature trees,” said Painter.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“It was a trophic cascade that changed the Yellowstone ecosystem, creating conditions that could bring it closer to what it was historically, with more aspen, willow, and beaver, which depend on these plants. But the tremendous increase in bison over the last two decades has added a new turn to the story.”</p>



<h2 id="h-bison-behavior">Bison behavior&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Painter added that bison have long been known to exert significant effects on their environment, including removing and suppressing shrubs and trees by eating, trampling, and breaking them.&nbsp;</p>



<p>With the considerable increase in bison numbers in northern Yellowstone over the past 20 years, their impact on plants has also escalated. In areas with large bison populations, such as the iconic Lamar Valley, the bison are preventing some aspen stands from replacing their dying trees.</p>



<h2 id="h-what-the-researchers-discovered">What the researchers discovered&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The researchers examined a random sampling of plots in 87 randomly selected aspen stands, revealing that 18 percent of saplings had been broken.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Although they may resprout from their base, the lost height of the saplings and the vulnerability of new sprouts to being consumed by bison or other herbivores are concerning, note the researchers.</p>



<p>Painter and his colleagues, Robert Beschta and William Ripple from the OSU College of Forestry, found multiple lines of evidence to attribute the breakage to bison.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Most broken saplings were in areas of high bison density and low elk density, and they were broken in summer when elk wouldn’t have been foraging on them,” Painter said.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Plus we directly observed bison breaking aspen saplings. The purpose of the behavior doesn’t seem to be about accessing food, and we observed only bulls engaging in this behavior, so it may be related to displays of aggression.”</p>



<h2 id="h-rising-bison-numbers">Rising bison numbers</h2>



<p>The management of Yellowstone bison involves an agreement with the state of Montana that requires bison to remain in or very near the park. Bison that stray are either killed, captured, or hazed back into the park, primarily due to the risk of brucellosis - a bacterial infection that poses a threat to Montana’s cattle industry.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Although elk also carry brucellosis and have transmitted it to cattle, the same restrictions are not applied to them. Consequently, unlike other wildlife, bison are not permitted to disperse to other areas as their numbers and density increase.</p>



<h2 id="h-overlapping-conservation-goals">Overlapping conservation goals</h2>



<p>Painter noted that the conservation of bison in Yellowstone, whose numbers drastically declined nationally due to over-hunting in the 1800s, is a significant success story. Similarly, the recovery of aspen and other deciduous woody plants that began with the comeback of the park’s large predators is also a success.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Thus, one important conservation goal is affecting another important conservation goal,” he said. “Researchers are only beginning to understand how these conservation goals have overlapped and affected each other. We reported a piece of this complex puzzle, describing and quantifying one way that bison shape their habitat by suppressing trees.”</p>



<p>This study highlights the complex and interconnected nature of ecosystems and the challenges that arise in managing and conserving them.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The findings emphasize the need for a better understanding of the interactions between different species and their environment to develop effective conservation strategies.</p>



<p>The research is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ece3.10369"><em>Ecology and Evolution</em></a>.</p>



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Bull stampede: Bison behavior hinders aspen recovery in Yellowstone

In the northern region of Yellowstone National Park, a historically...

Aerial,View,Of,Deforestation.,Rainforest,Being,Removed,To,Make,Way

<p>In a potentially alarming revelation for our planet's climate, a new study led by Rutgers University suggests that vast swaths of the Amazonian lowland rainforest could gradually transform into dry, grassy savannas. </p>



<p>These lowland regions of the Amazon play a pivotal role in absorbing carbon dioxide, thereby serving as natural buffers against the escalating threats of climate change.</p>



<p>Published in the esteemed scientific journal <em><a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2301255120">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a></em>, the study presents a nuanced understanding of the phenomenon referred to as "double-stress." This involves a cycle of alternating flooding during wet seasons and droughts in dry periods. These sequences of events can stifle the growth of forest trees and instead promote the proliferation of short-lived grass species.</p>



<h2 id="h-how-rainforests-become-savannas">How rainforests become savannas</h2>



<p>Caio Mattos took the lead on this research while pursuing his doctoral studies at the <a href="https://sas.rutgers.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Rutgers School of Arts and Sciences</a>’ Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences. He remarked, “Because predictions of future climate indicate a drier climate for the tropics, knowing where and how today’s forests will become savannas will help us predict how the carbon cycle may change, exacerbating warming." </p>



<p>Mattos’ research also posits that multiple areas in the Amazon, which were once believed to be immune to such changes, now face a tangible risk of transitioning towards a more savanna-like state.</p>



<p>The implications of this are profound. The Amazon rainforest serves as one of Earth's most vital carbon sinks. It safeguards an estimated 123 billion tons of carbon both above and below the ground, as stated by the <a href="https://www.noaa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a> (NOAA). This critical process of "savannization" means that the Amazon's carbon-absorbing potential could be severely diminished.</p>



<p>Shedding light on the coexistence of forests and savannas under similar climatic conditions, the research explains that forests flourish in areas that are either consistently flooded or consistently drought-ridden. This equilibrium is threatened as projections predict a drier future climate. </p>



<p>This change would cause certain areas of the Amazon, which have hitherto been perennially flooded, to experience dry periods. Consequently, this would subject the core regions of Amazonia to the aforementioned double-stress or savanna-like conditions.</p>



<p>Professor Ying Fan Reinfelder of the Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences in the Rutgers School of Arts and Sciences highlighted the significance of the study. He noted, “This study demonstrates the power of hydrology in explaining the structure and function of vegetation ecosystems."</p>



<h2>Hydrological shifts create savannas</h2>



<p>In a call to the broader scientific community, Reinfelder further emphasized the need for global change research to concentrate more intently on hydrological shifts.</p>



<p>It's crucial to note that a forest is characterized by its dominant tree population and thick canopy. A savanna is a blend of woodland and grassland where tree spacing allows sunlight to boost grass growth. </p>



<p>Oceans and forests are the planet's primary carbon sinks, capturing carbon during photosynthesis. In contrast, savannas, despite being important for biodiversity, store significantly less carbon on a per-acre basis.</p>



<p>The looming threats of deforestation at the Amazon's fringes, driven by population pressures and climate change, have been well-documented over the years. However, Mattos' research offers fresh insights into potential transformations within the Amazon's interior. </p>



<p>He explained, “We found that flooding is key. In some parts of the landscape, groundwater fluctuates between being too shallow – drowning tree roots – and too deep – depriving roots of water. This double stress is only tolerated by savanna plant species.”</p>



<h2>Hydrology plays a key role</h2>



<p>To glean these insights, the team relied on hydrology, studying land-based water properties. They employed intricate computer modeling to simulate the Amazon's current water cycles. They then projected these models onto a future climate scenario for the years 2090-2100 using data from the IPCC's Hadley Center Model. </p>



<p>The comparison was stark. It revealed that areas like the floodplain forests in Amazonas and along the Madeira and Upper Negro rivers, known for their rich biodiversity, are likely to be impacted. Additionally, expansive peatlands in Peru, which are effective carbon absorbers, might undergo changes. These changes would result in the release of more carbon dioxide and accelerating global warming.</p>



<p>The study also benefited from the contributions of researchers Marina Hirota and Bernardo Flores from the Federal University of Santa Catarina, Brazil, Rafael Oliveira from the University of Campinas, Brazil, Gonzalo Miguez-Macho from the Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Spain, and Yadu Pokhrel from Michigan State University.</p>



<h2>More about the Amazon rainforest</h2>



<p>Nestled in South America, the Amazon Rainforest, often referred to as 'Earth's Lungs', stands as a testament to nature's grandeur and biodiversity. Stretching over nine countries and covering approximately 5.5 million square kilometers, it represents over half of the planet's remaining rainforests. Yet, despite its global significance, it's facing unprecedented challenges.</p>



<h3>A hotspot of biodiversity</h3>



<p>The Amazon Rainforest is an ecological marvel. It's home to a staggering variety of wildlife, with estimates suggesting that 10% of the known species in the world reside here. From the jaguars and pink dolphins to the myriad of insect species, the forest thrums with life.</p>



<p>This richness extends to flora too. The forest houses approximately 40,000 plant species, including 16,000 native tree types. The dense canopy, the emergent layer towering above, and the forest floor each host distinct habitats.</p>



<h3>An environmental powerhouse</h3>



<p>The Amazon plays a pivotal role in regulating the Earth's climate. The forest's trees and plants absorb vast amounts of carbon dioxide, making it a critical carbon sink. The Amazon River, the lifeline of the forest, discharges about 20% of the world's freshwater into the oceans.</p>



<p>Moreover, the forest influences rainfall patterns across the globe. Trees release water vapor into the atmosphere, which contributes to the global weather system.</p>



<h3>Threats looming over</h3>



<p>Despite its significance, the Amazon Rainforest is under grave threats on multiple fronts.</p>



<p>Deforestation: For cattle ranching, logging, and agriculture (notably soybean farming), large swathes of the forest are cleared annually. This not only leads to loss of habitat but also releases the stored carbon into the atmosphere.</p>



<p>Climate Change: A warmer climate impacts the delicate balance of the rainforest ecosystem, leading to dryer conditions, increased vulnerability to fires, and further loss of biodiversity.</p>



<p>Mining and Oil Drilling: These activities introduce toxins into the environment and lead to forest clearing, posing significant threats to both the indigenous communities and the local ecosystems.</p>



<h3>Indigenous communities: The forest's custodians</h3>



<p>The Amazon is home to nearly 400 indigenous groups, many of whom live in voluntary isolation. Their lives are intricately tied to the forest, relying on it for sustenance, medicine, and spirituality. </p>



<p>However, encroachment on their territories, often for logging or mining, threatens their way of life and the forest they've protected for generations.</p>



<h3>A path forward</h3>



<p>Efforts to save the Amazon Rainforest have never been more urgent. Several initiatives are underway.</p>



<p>Conservation and Reforestation: National parks and reserves are being established, and reforestation efforts are gaining momentum.</p>



<p>Sustainable Agriculture: Promoting methods that do not require deforestation, such as agroforestry, can allow for productivity without compromising the forest's integrity.</p>



<p>Empowering Indigenous Communities: Recognizing their rights, territories, and traditional knowledge can be pivotal in conservation strategies.</p>



<p>In essence, the Amazon Rainforest stands at the crossroads of ecological preservation and human advancement. The decisions made today will shape the fate of this irreplaceable treasure, which not only sustains the local communities but also underpins the health of our global environment.</p>



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Amazon's rainforests are at risk of transforming into dry, grassy savannas

In a potentially alarming revelation for our planet's climate, a...

<p>Prescriptions for fruits and vegetables can lead to better heart health and food security, according to a new study published by the American Heart Association in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.122.009520"><em>Circulation</em></a>.</p>



<p>Patients receive electronic cards or vouchers to access free or discounted produce at retail grocery or farmers' markets.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 id="h-improved-health-and-well-being">Improved health and well-being&nbsp;</h2>



<p>People with a higher risk of cardiovascular disease who participated in produce prescription programs increased their consumption of fruits and vegetables, resulting in improved body mass index (BMI), blood sugar, and blood pressure levels, as well as a decrease in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seed-systems-will-play-a-key-role-in-future-food-security/">food insecurity</a>.</p>



<p>Dr. Kurt Hager, lead author of the study and an instructor at UMass Chan Medical School, explained that produce prescription programs allow doctors to prescribe fruits and vegetables alongside medications.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"We know that food insecurity impacts health through several important pathways, including overall dietary quality, but also through stress and anxiety, mental health, and tradeoffs between paying for food and other basic needs such as housing costs, utilities, and medications,” said Dr. Hager.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“These results indicate produce prescriptions may lay an important foundation for improved health and well-being.”</p>



<h2 id="h-focus-of-the-study">Focus of the study</h2>



<p>The study involved participants receiving a median of $63 per month to purchase produce at local stores and farmers markets and attending nutrition classes.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Data was collected via questionnaires about fruit and vegetable consumption, food insecurity, and health status, and routine testing of blood pressure, weight, height, and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels at the start and end of the program.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The study did not include a control group, comparing outcomes among participants before and after program participation instead.</p>



<h2 id="h-key-findings">Key findings</h2>



<p>According to the results, adults reported an increase in their intake of fruits and vegetables by nearly one cup per day (0.85 cups per day), while children's intake increased by about a quarter of a cup per day (0.26 cups per day).</p>



<p>Systolic blood pressure decreased by more than 8 mm Hg, and diastolic blood pressure decreased nearly 5 mm Hg among adults with high blood pressure at the start of the study.</p>



<p>Blood sugar, as measured by HbA1C levels, decreased by 0.29 to 0.58 percentage points among adults with diabetes. BMI improved significantly among adults with obesity, although children's BMI did not change.</p>



<p>The results also showed that adults were 62% more likely, and children more than twice as likely, to report better health status by program completion.</p>



<p>Participants were one-third less likely to report food insecurity after completing the programs compared to beforehand.</p>



<h2 id="h-nutrition-insecurity">Nutrition insecurity&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Dr. Mitchell Elkind, chief clinical science officer of the American Heart Association and a tenured professor of neurology and epidemiology at Columbia University, noted that poor nutrition and nutrition insecurity are major drivers of chronic disease globally.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“This analysis of produce prescription programs illustrates the potential of subsidized produce prescriptions to increase consumption of nutritious fruits and vegetables, reduce food insecurity, and, hopefully, improve subjective and objective health measures," said Dr. Elkind.&nbsp;</p>



<p>He also highlighted the need for future research to include randomized controlled trials to offset any potential bias and more rigorously prove the benefits of produce prescription programs.</p>



<h2 id="h-food-is-medicine-initiative">Food is Medicine Initiative</h2>



<p>The <a href="https://www.heart.org/en/professional/food-is-medicine-initiative">Food is Medicine Initiative</a>, announced in September 2022 by the American Heart Association and The Rockefeller Foundation at a White House Conference on Hunger, Nutrition, and Health, aims to ensure patients receive medical prescriptions for healthy food to help prevent and manage chronic diseases.&nbsp;</p>



<p>A 2022 American Heart Association Policy Statement noted that poor nutrition plays a significant role in serious long-term illnesses, including cardiovascular disease and Type 2 diabetes.&nbsp;</p>



<p>In 2019 alone, poor nutrition contributed to nearly 8 million deaths. Food insecurity is defined as the lack of equitable and stable availability, access, and affordability to foods and beverages that promote well-being and prevent and treat disease.</p>



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Prescriptions for fruits and vegetables linked to better heart health

Prescriptions for fruits and vegetables can lead to better heart...

Green,Leaves,In,Front,Of,Blue,Sky.,Background

<p>Magnesium, a critical mineral element, plays a pivotal role in both human and plant physiology. For humans, magnesium deficiency can manifest as muscle cramps, given its role in the activity of over 300 enzymes vital for functions ranging from protein synthesis to blood sugar regulation. However, the element's intricate journey within plants, especially concerning its uptake and transport, remains veiled in mystery.</p>



<p>In a significant discovery, an international research team led by Professor Cornelia Spetea from the <a href="https://www.gu.se/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Gothenburg</a> sheds light on the significance of magnesium transport in plants, especially its impact on photosynthesis and chloroplast health. </p>



<p>This research, documented in the esteemed journal <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2023.1221436/full" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Frontiers in Plant Science</a>, is poised to reshape our understanding of plant metabolism and crop yield enhancement.</p>



<h2 id="h-plants-magnesium-and-photosynthesis">Plants, magnesium and photosynthesis</h2>



<p>Delving into the core of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/key-to-life-on-earth-photosynthesis-begins-on-the-quantum-level-with-a-single-photon/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">photosynthesis</a>, we find magnesium playing a lead role. This mineral is not only integrated into the very green pigment, chlorophyll, but also actively participates in the structuring of photosynthetic membranes. </p>



<p>It's remarkable to note that a substantial 15-35% of a plant's total magnesium is reserved within its chloroplasts. This signifies the ion's paramount importance in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/artificial-photosynthesis-machines-invented-to-create-oxygen-in-space/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">photosynthesis</a>.</p>



<p>The riddle, though, has been: how does magnesium travel within a plant? It's an enigma that has larger implications. Comprehending the movement of essential nutrients from soil to their active sites in plants, like the chloroplast, is key to optimizing plant health and growth.</p>



<h2>How the study was conducted</h2>



<p>The research team's exploration centered on the mechanism of how magnesium finds its way into the plant's chloroplast. They investigated three proteins – MGR8, MGR9, and MGT10 – previously identified in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. </p>



<p>All these proteins, positioned at the chloroplast envelope, facilitate the transport of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/slimming-down-on-a-western-diet-incredible-new-drug-could-make-it-happen/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">magnesium</a> across the membrane. Each has its distinct role in optimizing photosynthetic processes. Additionally, a newfound protein from the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, named MRS4, exhibited parallel functions to MGT10 in Arabidopsis.</p>



<p>The researchers identified the MGT10 protein as a magnesium ion channel. In contrast, MGR8 and MGR9 seem to be magnesium transporters, intriguingly requiring sodium ions for their operations. This is noteworthy as sodium, though not essentially required by plants, influences processes such as photosynthesis, especially in plants navigating saline soils.</p>



<h2>What the research team learned</h2>



<p>Elaborating on the findings, Professor Spetea mentioned, 'We observed an evident decrease in the photosynthetic performance of the mutant plants lacking one or two of these magnesium transport proteins, which underlines the importance of this element in plant metabolism.'</p>



<p>Further nuances came to light when observing mutant plants devoid of the MGT10 protein. Such plants were found to be non-viable. In the studied knock-down mutants, where this protein's expression was limited, researchers observed yellow leaf veins instead of the typical green, a clear indication of inhibited chlorophyll formation.</p>



<p>Delving deeper into this phenomena was Katalin Solymosi from Eötvös Loránd University in Hungary, who conducted the microscopic analyses. She described, 'A particular thylakoid organization was observed in the cells near the leaf veins. Within the same cell, chloroplasts with normal thylakoids co-existed with those having large-grana thylakoids and small membrane vesicles.' This observation warrants further exploration to discern the reason behind the presence of two differently organized plastid types within a single cell.</p>



<p>Interestingly, the yellow leaf vein discoloration is a symptom also observed in plants with certain viral infections or deficiencies of nutrients like iron. Thus, the recent findings underscore the hypothesis that symptoms akin to these might arise due to insufficient intracellular magnesium transport. The presence and optimal function of these proteins appear indispensable for both plant metabolism and by extension, global agriculture.</p>



<p>As the scientific community delves deeper into these revelations, the findings not only underscore the intricacies of plant physiology but also open avenues for optimizing agricultural practices worldwide.</p>



<h2>More about magnesium</h2>



<p>Magnesium, symbolized as "Mg" and bearing the atomic number 12, is a remarkable element with a vast array of roles in nature, industry, and human health.</p>



<h3>Origins and properties</h3>



<p>Situated in the alkaline earth metal category, magnesium is the eighth most abundant element in Earth's crust. Unlike many elements, it doesn't occur freely in nature, given its reactive demeanor. Instead, it's typically bound within mineral compounds, such as magnesite and dolomite.</p>



<p>Key properties of magnesium include its lightness, strength, and resistance to high temperatures. Interestingly, when ignited, it illuminates with a captivating bright white flame, a quality that has not gone unnoticed in various industries.</p>



<h3>Biological relevance</h3>



<p>At the core of photosynthesis in green plants is chlorophyll, the pigment responsible for their verdant hue. At the heart of chlorophyll? Magnesium. It plays a pivotal role in converting sunlight into energy.</p>



<p>But plants aren't the sole beneficiaries of magnesium's generosity. In humans, it's a co-factor in over 300 enzymatic reactions, influencing processes from energy production to DNA synthesis. The diet often satisfies our magnesium requirements, with nuts, whole grains, green leafy vegetables, and legumes being particularly rich sources.</p>



<p>A deficiency in this essential mineral manifests in a suite of symptoms, from muscle cramps and fatigue to more severe neurological symptoms. Conversely, its excessive intake, often due to over-supplementation, can tip the scales towards toxicity.</p>



<h3>Industrial exploits</h3>



<p>Magnesium's unique set of properties has made it invaluable in various industries. The aerospace sector, for instance, capitalizes on its lightness and strength. Then there's its vivid luminescence when burned, which finds applications in fireworks and flares.</p>



<p>Furthermore, magnesium alloys, which capitalize on the metal's lightweight attribute, have found their way into everyday products from car seats to electronics. Also, given its high-temperature resistance, it's a sought-after material in producing refractories for furnaces.</p>



<h3>Extraction and future prospects</h3>



<p>The world's oceans are a treasure trove of magnesium, with seawater offering a vast supply. Brines are another source. The element is often extracted via the electrolysis of fused magnesium chloride.</p>



<p>Considering the surge in industries leaning towards lightweight materials for sustainability and efficiency, magnesium's star is set to rise even higher in the industrial panorama.</p>



<p>In summary, from the verdant forests facilitating our planet's lungs to the very enzymes that dictate our physiological well-being, magnesium's silent, ubiquitous presence is undeniably foundational. It's a testament to nature's intricate design, where even elemental pieces play monumental roles.</p>



<p>---</p>



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Magnesium is an essential mineral for plant growth and health

Magnesium, a critical mineral element, plays a pivotal role in...

<p>For many, Kencur ginger is simply an aromatic addition to their culinary repertoire, adding a unique twist to various dishes. For others, it's a tried-and-true herbal remedy, ideal for soothing an upset stomach. But recent discoveries indicate that there’s more to this tropical plant, native to Southeast Asia, than meets the eye.</p>



<p>Kencur belongs to the ginger family, a group of plants celebrated for their medicinal properties. But an intriguing <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17588">study</a> from <a href="https://www.omu.ac.jp/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Osaka Metropolitan University</a> suggests this particular relative might offer even more in the realm of health benefits. Preliminary findings reveal that Kencur might be a weapon in the ongoing battle against cancer.</p>



<p>Leading the research is Associate Professor Akiko Kojima of the Graduate School of Human Life and Ecology. Under her guidance, the team delved into the plant's molecular components and their effects on cancer cells.</p>



<h2 id="h-kencur-extract-and-emc">Kencur extract and EMC</h2>



<p>What they found was more than just promising, it was potentially revolutionary. Their experiments showed that Kencur extract, and more specifically its main active component called ethyl p-methoxycinnamate (EMC), had a pronounced effect in suppressing cancer cell growth.</p>



<p><a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17588">These findings</a> weren't limited to just petri dishes either. The suppressive effects were observed in animal tests as well.</p>



<p>This isn’t the first time scientists have eyed EMC with interest. Prior research hinted at its anti-cancer potential, especially concerning its ability to decrease the expression of mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM).</p>



<p>This particular factor has been closely associated with cancer cell proliferation. Yet, despite these initial findings, the exact mechanism through which EMC exerted its effects remained shrouded in mystery. Professor Kojima's team aimed to shed light on this conundrum.</p>



<h2>Potential new frontier in cancer treatment</h2>



<p>In a conversation about the significance of the findings, Professor Kojima remarked, “The results of this study confirm the anti-cancer effects of Kencur extract and its main active ingredient, EMC. It is highly expected that TFAM will become a new marker for anti-cancer effects in the future as research advances in related fields.”</p>



<p>The discovery has implications that might extend far beyond the laboratory. If further research continues to support these findings, we could be looking at a new frontier in cancer treatment. This unassuming plant from Southeast Asia, previously known for its flavor and soothing properties, might just find its way into oncology centers around the world.</p>



<p>The scientific community, and indeed the world, will be watching closely as Professor Kojima and her team delve deeper into Kencur’s potential. If Kencur proves to be as effective in human trials as it has in early studies, this age-old spice might just earn a new reputation – not just as a flavor enhancer, but as a life-saver.</p>



<h2>More about Kencur ginger</h2>



<p>Kencur, scientifically known as <em>Kaempferia galanga</em>, is a plant from the Zingiberaceae family, the same family as <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/ginger-root-uses-earthpedia/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ginger</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/5-great-anti-inflammatory-herbs/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">turmeric</a>. </p>



<p>Native to Southeast Asia, Kencur is also known by various other names. These include aromatic ginger, sand ginger, cutcherry, and resurrection lily. The plant and its rhizome have been used traditionally in a variety of ways, both culinarily and medicinally.</p>



<p>Here's a breakdown of what's known about Kencur:</p>



<h3>Appearance</h3>



<p>The plant has wide leaves and grows low to the ground. Its rhizomes (underground stems) are small, tuberous, and aromatic. The plant also produces small flowers which are typically white or light purple.</p>



<h3>Culinary uses</h3>



<p>Flavor: Kencur has a distinct taste. It's spicy, a bit peppery, and has a camphor-like aroma.</p>



<p>Use in Dishes: The rhizome is often used in traditional Southeast Asian cuisine. It's a key ingredient in dishes like "jamu" in Indonesia and "som khaek" in Thailand.</p>



<p>Preparation: Kencur can be used fresh, dried, or powdered. Its intense flavor means it's typically used sparingly.</p>



<h3>Medicinal uses of EMC</h3>



<p>Kencur has been employed in traditional medicine across several cultures, particularly in Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand.</p>



<p>It's believed to have a range of health benefits, including as an anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and anti-microbial agent. The plant has also been used for stomach problems, respiratory issues, and to boost the immune system.</p>



<p>As mentioned above, recent research has indicated that Kencur might have potential anti-cancer properties, particularly due to its component, ethyl p-methoxycinnamate (EMC).</p>



<h3>Other uses</h3>



<p>Apart from culinary and medicinal uses, Kencur's aromatic properties mean it's sometimes found in cosmetics and perfumes. It has also been used in traditional rituals and ceremonies in some cultures.</p>



<h3>Active compounds</h3>



<p>Kencur contains several bioactive compounds, with ethyl p-methoxycinnamate (EMC) being one of the most studied. Other phytochemicals present in the plant include flavonoids, terpenoids, and essential oils.</p>



<h3>Cultivation</h3>



<p>Kencur prefers tropical and subtropical climates and is grown in several countries across Southeast Asia. It can be propagated from small sections of its rhizome, which are planted in well-draining soil and typically harvested after 8-10 months.</p>



<p>In summary, while Kencur might not be as globally renowned as its relatives like ginger or turmeric, its rich history in Southeast Asian culture and the emerging research around its potential health benefits mean it's a plant worth noting. </p>



<p>As with many traditional medicines, while early indications of its health benefits are promising, further rigorous scientific research is necessary to substantiate many of these claims.</p>



<p>---</p>



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Anti-cancer effects discovered in Kencur ginger that could revolutionize treatment

For many, Kencur ginger is simply an aromatic addition to...

<p>Scientists at the <a href="https://www.cshl.edu/">Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory</a> (CSHL) have identified the mechanism by which plants pass down genetic memories to their offspring. This discovery has significant implications for agriculture, food supplies, and the environment.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The research, conducted by CSHL Professors Rob Martienssen and Leemor Joshua-Tor, was focused on the transmission of chemical markers that guide cells on how to use the genetic code embedded in DNA. This phenomenon, known as epigenetic inheritance, is especially prevalent in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plants-pass-down-memories-to-help-offspring-survive/">plants</a>.</p>



<h2 id="h-focus-of-the-study">Focus of the study</h2>



<p>Martienssen and Joshua-Tor investigated how plants transmit markers that inhibit the activity of transposons, also known as "jumping genes."</p>



<p>When activated, transposons can relocate and interfere with other genes. To prevent this and safeguard the genome, cells attach regulatory markers to specific DNA sites, a process known as methylation.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 id="h-making-room-for-genetic-memories">Making room for genetic memories&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The researchers have revealed how the protein DDM1 facilitates the enzyme responsible for placing these markers on new DNA strands.</p>



<p>Plant cells require DDM1 to access their DNA, which is densely packed around packing proteins called histones to maintain a compact and organized genome.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“But that blocks access to the DNA for all sorts of important enzymes,” Martienssen noted. For methylation to take place, “you have to remove or slide the histones out of the way.”</p>



<h2 id="h-how-the-research-was-conducted">How the research was conducted&nbsp;</h2>



<p>DDM1 was first identified by Martienssen and former CSHL colleague Eric Richards three decades ago. Since then, it has been found to slide DNA along its packing proteins, thereby exposing sites that need methylation.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Martienssen compared this movement to a yo-yo gliding along a string, with the histones “moving up and down the DNA, exposing parts of the DNA at a time, but never falling off.”</p>



<p>Using genetic and biochemical experiments, Martienssen identified the specific histones displaced by DDM1. Meanwhile, Joshua-Tor employed cryo-electron microscopy to capture detailed images of the enzyme interacting with DNA and associated packing proteins.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This allowed the researchers to observe how DDM1 latches onto particular histones to remodel packaged DNA.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 id="h-what-the-researchers-learned">What the researchers learned&nbsp;</h2>



<p>“An unexpected bond that ties DDM1 together turned out to correspond to the first mutation found all those years ago,” Joshua-Tor remarked.</p>



<p>Moreover, the experiments uncovered how DDM1's preference for certain histones preserves epigenetic controls across generations.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The researchers demonstrated that a specific histone, found only in pollen, resists DDM1 and serves as a placeholder during cell division.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“It remembers where the histone was during plant development and retains that memory into the next generation,” explained Martienssen.</p>



<p>This discovery has far-reaching implications beyond the plant kingdom. Humans also rely on proteins similar to DDM1 to maintain DNA methylation, suggesting that this new insight may shed light on how these proteins preserve the functionality and integrity of our genomes.</p>



<h2 id="h-more-about-genetic-memories">More about genetic memories&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The creation of "genetic memories" involves the transmission of information from one generation to another that is not coded in the DNA sequence itself. Instead, it refers to the inheritance of traits or characteristics that are transmitted through epigenetic markers.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Epigenetics involves changes in gene expression or cellular phenotype that do not involve alterations of the underlying DNA sequence.</p>



<h3 id="h-epigenetic-markers">Epigenetic markers</h3>



<p>In the context of the study, genetic memories are forged through the transmission of epigenetic markers that guide cells on how to use the DNA code. These markers are crucial for the regulation of genes and the maintenance of the genome.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 id="h-jumping-genes">Jumping genes</h3>



<p>Specifically, the study conducted by Martienssen and Joshua-Tor investigated how plants transmit markers that keep transposons, or 'jumping genes,' inactive. Transposons can move around the genome and disrupt other genes, so it is essential to silence them to protect the genome.</p>



<h3 id="h-ddm1">DDM1</h3>



<p>The researchers found that a protein called DDM1 plays a critical role in this process by making way for the enzyme that places regulatory markers (methylation) on new DNA strands.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This process is complicated by the fact that the DNA in plant cells is tightly packaged around proteins called histones. DDM1 helps by sliding the DNA along its packing proteins to expose the sites that need methylation.</p>



<p>Interestingly, the study also revealed that a specific histone found only in pollen resists DDM1 and acts as a placeholder during cell division, thus preserving epigenetic controls across generations.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This finding suggests a mechanism by which plants "remember" where certain histones were during development and retain that memory into the next generation.</p>



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Genetic memories: How plants pass down information across generations

Scientists at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (CSHL) have identified...

<p>Smoothies have become a popular choice for those seeking a quick and delicious way to consume the fruits and vegetables essential for a healthy <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mediterranean-lifestyle-linked-to-a-30-percent-lower-risk-of-death/">diet</a>. But could your go-to banana-blueberry blend actually be shortchanging you nutritionally?&nbsp;</p>



<p>A new study from <a href="https://www.ucdavis.edu/">UC Davis</a> has revealed that the mix of ingredients you throw into your blender is more crucial than you think in determining the nutritional output of your smoothie.</p>



<h2 id="h-the-power-of-flavanols">The power of flavanols</h2>



<p>The study hinges on understanding flavanols, a class of bioactive compounds found in several fruits and vegetables like apples, blueberries, blackberries, grapes, pears, and even cocoa.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Previous research has shown that flavanols benefit heart and cognitive health, positioning them as crucial dietary components.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The UC Davis researchers aimed to investigate how these important compounds fare when included in smoothies, a widely popular dietary staple.</p>



<p>Study lead author Javier Ottaviani is the director of the Core Laboratory of Mars Edge and an adjunct researcher with the UC Davis Department of Nutrition.</p>



<p>“We sought to understand, on a very practical level, how a common food and food preparation like a banana-based smoothie could affect the availability of flavanols to be absorbed after intake,” said Ottaviani.</p>



<h2 id="h-focus-of-the-study">Focus of the study</h2>



<p>When you slice an apple or peel a banana, you often see the exposed flesh of the fruit turning brown. This browning is due to the action of an enzyme known as polyphenol oxidase (PPO), which is naturally found in many fruits and vegetables.&nbsp;</p>



<p>When these PPO-rich foods are cut, bruised, or exposed to air, the enzyme triggers the browning process. The UC Davis researchers were particularly interested in understanding whether this enzyme impacts the absorption of flavanols when consumed in smoothies.</p>



<h2 id="h-how-the-research-was-conducted">How the research was conducted&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The researchers administered two types of smoothies to participants: one containing bananas, which are naturally high in PPO activity, and another made from mixed berries with low PPO activity.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Blood and urine samples were taken and analyzed to measure the absorption of flavanols after the smoothies were ingested. Participants also consumed a flavanol capsule as a control.</p>



<h2 id="h-what-the-researchers-discovered">What the researchers discovered&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The experts found that those who consumed the banana smoothie had a staggering 84% lower absorption of flavanols in comparison to the control group.</p>



<p>“We were really surprised to see how quickly adding a single banana decreased the level of flavanols in the smoothie and the levels of flavanol absorbed in the body,” said Ottaviani. “This highlights how food preparation and combinations can affect the absorption of dietary compounds in foods.”</p>



<h2 id="h-study-recommendations">Study recommendations&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Last year, the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics emphasized the importance of consuming between 400 to 600 milligrams of flavanols per day for cardiometabolic health.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Based on the findings, Ottaviani suggests that people who aim to meet these flavanol intake recommendations should consider combining flavanol-rich fruits like berries with other low-PPO ingredients like oranges, pineapples, mangoes, or yogurt.</p>



<p>Ottaviani assures that bananas are still an excellent fruit to consume or include in smoothies. However, if the goal is to maximize flavanol absorption, it may be best not to combine bananas with flavanol-rich fruits like berries.</p>



<h2 id="h-future-research">Future research&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The study opens up intriguing avenues for future research, exploring how the preparation of other foods might impact the availability of flavanols.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Ottaviani noted that tea is a major dietary source of flavanols, and depending on how it is prepared, a different amount of flavanols would be available for absorption.</p>



<p>“This is certainly an area that deserves more attention in the field of polyphenols and bioactive compounds in general,” said Ottaviani.</p>



<p>The study is published in the Royal Society of Chemistry’s journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/D3FO01599H"><em>Food and Function</em></a>.</p>



<h2 id="h-healthy-smoothie-ideas">Healthy smoothie ideas</h2>



<ul>
<li>Green smoothie: Spinach, banana, almond milk, and a dash of honey.</li>
</ul>



<ul>
<li>Berry blast: Mixed berries, Greek yogurt, and a splash of orange juice.</li>
</ul>



<ul>
<li>Tropical twist: Mango, pineapple, coconut water, and a bit of lime juice.</li>
</ul>



<ul>
<li>Protein power: Vanilla protein powder, almond milk, banana, and peanut butter.</li>
</ul>



<ul>
<li>Antioxidant boost: Blueberries, pomegranate juice, chia seeds, and a small banana.</li>
</ul>



<ul>
<li>Spiced up: Carrot, ginger, orange, and a sprinkle of cinnamon.</li>
</ul>



<ul>
<li>Chocolate avocado: Unsweetened cocoa powder, avocado, banana, and almond milk.</li>
</ul>



<ul>
<li>Morning coffee: Cold brew coffee, banana, oats, and almond milk.</li>
</ul>



<ul>
<li>Nutty banana: Almond milk, banana, and a scoop of almond or cashew butter.</li>
</ul>



<ul>
<li>Veggie delight: Kale, cucumber, apple, and lemon juice.</li>
</ul>



<p><em>—--</em></p>



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The science behind a smoothie: The ingredients you choose makes a difference

Smoothies have become a popular choice for those seeking a...

<p>A recent study from <a href="https://duke.edu/">Duke University</a> has revealed the remarkable physics behind the ability of witch hazel plants to launch seeds with incredible velocity.</p>



<p>The team discovered that members of the witch hazel family can propel heavier <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/groundbreaking-technology-uncovers-the-mysteries-of-alfalfa-seeds/">seeds</a> just as swiftly as lighter ones, thanks to the spring-loaded mechanism of their fruits.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 id="h-focus-of-the-study">Focus of the study</h2>



<p>The study, led by graduate student Justin Jorge and senior author Sheila Patek, explored the world of plant biomechanics through high-speed video camera recordings and meticulous measurements.</p>



<p>The witch hazel, commonly found in forests, is often admired for its sweet-smelling shrub with crinkly ribbon-like petals.&nbsp;</p>



<p>However, according to Jorge, it is more akin to a howitzer due to the impressive firepower of its fruits.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 id="h-rapid-seed-dispersion">Rapid seed dispersion&nbsp;</h2>



<p>When witch hazels are ready to disperse their seeds, their woody seed capsules split open. Pressure builds up, and eventually the seeds shoot out like bullets fired from a rifle, hitting 30 feet per second in about half a millisecond.</p>



<p>This rapid seed dispersion happens so swiftly that it is almost impossible to capture with a regular camera. "If you blink you'll miss it," said Jorge. </p>



<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="mfCzjlSZy8-2963542-12187" type="single"]</div>



<h2 id="h-how-the-study-was-conducted">How the study was conducted&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The research team utilized a high-speed video camera capable of recording at 100,000 frames per second to document the phenomenon.</p>



<p>The team collected fruits from three different witch hazel species found in Duke Gardens or Duke Forest.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The collected seeds varied in weight, with the lightest ones weighing only 15 milligrams - lighter than a grain of rice, while others were ten times more massive.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 id="h-what-the-researchers-discovered">What the researchers discovered&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Surprisingly, the witch hazels were able to fling the heavier seeds just as fast as the lighter ones.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“We found that the launch speeds were all roughly the same,” said Jorge. “Given the order of magnitude difference in seed masses, I was not expecting that at all.”</p>



<p>Their findings, published in the <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2023.0234"><em>Journal of the Royal Society Interface</em></a>, delved into the mechanics of how the plants achieve this feat.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The researchers discovered that the secret to the seed's velocity lies in the spring-loaded launch of the fruit capsule.</p>



<h2 id="h-seed-propulsion">Seed propulsion&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The three species investigated in the study employed the same mechanism for seed propulsion.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Before the seeds are ejected, the fruit capsule dries out and deforms, akin to a piece of wood warping. The compression of the woody fruit capsule's walls is what eventually sends the seed flying.</p>



<p>“It’s similar to how you can shoot out a watermelon seed by squeezing it between your fingers,” explained Jorge.</p>



<h2 id="h-spring-like-seed-capsule">Spring-like seed capsule&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Typically, to propel a heavier object at the same speed as a lighter one, more force is required. The witch hazel achieves this by using springs.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The researchers estimated the elastic potential energy stored in the spring-like seed capsule by measuring the force needed to wedge the seed back into place.&nbsp;</p>



<p>They found that witch hazel species with heavier seeds have larger capsules that can store more elastic energy.</p>



<p>Jorge plans to investigate further by examining the forces acting on witch hazel seeds as they fly through the air and assessing how far they can travel.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 id="h-study-implications">Study implications&nbsp;</h2>



<p>This study not only sheds light on the remarkable adaptations of the witch hazel, but also contributes to the broader understanding of seed dispersion mechanisms in the plant kingdom.</p>



<p>The researchers say that some of the lessons learned from nature could lead to better designs for robots.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“People ask me all the time, ‘why are you looking at seed-shooting plants?’” Jorge said. “It’s the weirdness of their springs."</p>



<p>“When we think of springy things, we typically think of rubber bands, coils, or archery bows,” Jorge said. “But in biology, we have all these weird, complex shapes."</p>



<p>"Perhaps there are some benefits to these shapes that can be used to improve the design of synthetic springs, such as those used in small jumping robots, but first we need to understand how these biological springs work.”</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: Patek lab, Duke University</em></p>



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Witch hazel plants propel seeds at bullet speeds

A recent study from Duke University has revealed the remarkable...

<p>In the rainforests of Costa Rica, a unique habitat forms high up in the trees. These "canopy soils" are an often overlooked aspect of forest ecology.&nbsp;</p>



<p>A new study from <a href="https://www.usu.edu/">Utah State University</a> and <a href="https://www.imperial.ac.uk/">Imperial College London</a> not only exposes the wealth of biodiversity contained in canopy soils but also emphasizes their vulnerability in the face of climate change and deforestation.</p>



<h2 id="h-focus-of-the-study">Focus of the study</h2>



<p>Canopy soils are essentially pockets of soil that accumulate along tree branches, creating a thriving ecosystem for various plant and animal species. But understanding how these soils form and the kind of biodiversity they nurture has been a challenge for ecologists.</p>



<p>"We found canopy soils most often form in cool, foggy areas in these tropical forests where there are large, old trees," said study first author Jessica Murray. "Unfortunately, this describes some of the most at-risk forest types, which are threatened by changing climate and deforestation.”</p>



<p>The significance of these findings is further emphasized by Dr. Bonnie Waring, Murray's PhD supervisor at Imperial.</p>



<p>“Canopy soils in tropical cloud forests are rich in life and nutrients and could be large carbon stores. The fact it’s taken until now to even start to recognise their importance is amazing – not least because we may be destroying them faster than we can study them," said Dr. Waring.</p>



<h2 id="h-a-world-above-our-heads">A world above our heads</h2>



<p>Murray climbed trees across six primary <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/amazon-animals-will-suffer-as-the-rainforest-turns-into-savanna/">rainforest</a> sites in Costa Rica, including some of the last continuous swaths of primary rainforest in South America.&nbsp;</p>



<p>These varied landscapes, with altitudes spanning from 67 to 2,700 meters above sea level and temperatures ranging between 10-24 ◦C, offered diverse conditions ranging from varying rainfall patterns to dense fog.</p>



<p>Scaling trees as tall as 30 meters, Murray discovered that each soil mat - a combination of soil, moss, and plants - was a distinct microhabitat, akin to “its own little forest."</p>



<p>Within these mats, a thriving community of plants and animals existed. Birds fed on abundant invertebrates. Epiphytes, which are plants that grow on other plants, flourished due to the nitrogen-rich environment created by mosses.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Interestingly, trees themselves appeared to be aware of this nutrient abundance, as evidenced by roots growing into the canopy soils to extract their share of nourishment.</p>



<h2 id="h-a-fragile-balance">A fragile balance</h2>



<p>The research indicates that the most abundant canopy soils are found in higher, cooler zones with a consistent fog presence and elder trees. The longevity of these soils remains uncertain, but estimates suggest that some might take over a century to fully mature, making their potential loss even more devastating.</p>



<p>With rising global temperatures, these cloud forests are experiencing shifting fog levels, potentially leading to the demise of many canopy soils. The towering trees that currently support them might soon be inadequate.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Adding to the issue, significant portions of these forests face the impacts of deforestation. And in areas where recovery efforts are underway, the time might still be insufficient for the full restoration of these mature canopy soils.</p>



<p>“Determining the contribution of canopy soils to forest carbon budgets is important for assessing their role in mitigating climate change," said Murray.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"It could also be an important marker for recovery: if these soils are crucial for the forest to be an optimum carbon sink, then their formation should be a final marker of a truly recovered forest.”</p>



<h2 id="h-study-implications">Study implications&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Dr. Waring noted that the research demonstrates the value of intact forest ecosystems: restoration of logged forests is important, but some features can’t be put back. "We need some policies that focus on preserving landscapes that are ecologically diverse and carbon-rich.”</p>



<p>In an era where forest conservation is increasingly urgent, these findings shed light on an overlooked aspect of forest ecology and underscore the fragile nature of the relationships within these habitats.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2023.116609"><em>Geoderma</em></a>.</p>



<p><em>—--</em></p>



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High in the treetops, canopy soils protect the forest below

In the rainforests of Costa Rica, a unique habitat forms...

<p>Australia's iconic grass-trees, locally known as yaccas, have long been admired for their hardiness and elegance. However, a new study has unveiled an astonishing characteristic of these plants: their vital role in protecting <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fireworks-can-have-long-lasting-impacts-on-wildlife/">wildlife</a> from extreme weather conditions.</p>



<p>These grass-trees (Xanthorrhoea semiplana sub species semiplana) are no ordinary plants. They're equipped with long, thick, and dry grassy skirts that not only act as a natural insulation against lethal temperatures but also serve as an effective umbrella.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 id="h-unique-abilities">Unique abilities</h2>



<p>According to the research carried out by the <a href="https://www.unisa.edu.au/">University of South Australia</a> and Kangaroo Island Research Station, temperatures under the grass-tree canopies were found to be up to 20 degrees cooler during the scorching summer days. Conversely, in winter, the shelter provided by the grass skirts offers significantly warmer conditions at night.</p>



<p>Furthermore, the older yaccas possess a distinctive feature: the ability to keep the soil beneath them entirely dry under 80 percent of their expansive canopies during prolonged periods of heavy rain. This offers a dependable refuge for many animals, particularly during the wet season.</p>



<h2 id="h-stable-temperatures">Stable temperatures&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Lead researcher Dr Topa Petit said it’s not surprising that many creatures seek shelter under yaccas, particularly the older species with the largest and thickest skirts.</p>



<p>“Several of the 29 species of Australian grass-trees are known to host native bush rats, threatened bandicoots, echidnas and pygmy-possums, among other wildlife,” said Dr. Petit.</p>



<p>“Temperatures over 40 degrees can be lethal to some of our wildlife, but grass-trees provide extremely stable temperatures with very little variation."</p>



<p>“The remarkable ability of these grass-trees to protect wildlife from deadly climatic extremes – as well as providing effective hiding spots from predators – strengthens the mounting evidence that these plants are keystone species.”</p>



<h2 id="h-yaccas-face-multiple-threats">Yaccas face multiple threats&nbsp;</h2>



<p>However, the yaccas on the mainland and Kangaroo Island are facing multiple threats which could have dramatic consequences for wildlife, noted Dr Petit.</p>



<p>One such threat is the soil pathogen Phytophthora cinnamomi, which has been causing extensive dieback among the grass-trees. Additionally, fuel reduction programs, summer fires, and land clearing are exacerbating the plight of these vital plants.</p>



<p>“Grass-tree resilience to bushfires appears to be overestimated,” said Dr. Petit. “Moreover, even if grass-trees are not killed by fires, their very old thick skirts of dead leaves burn, leaving no shelter to animals in post-bushfire environments.”</p>



<h2 id="h-conservation-efforts">Conservation efforts</h2>



<p>In 2022, the Federal Government added fire regimes that cause declines in biodiversity to the list of Key Threatening Processes.</p>



<p>“Historically, grass-trees were cleared for agriculture. They are now cleared or burnt in so-called fuel reduction programs. Extensive research has shown that this practice increases fuel loads and dries out the landscape.”</p>



<p>Dr Petit noted that after yaccas are scorched by fire, it can take decades to regain their role as effective shelters and they become more susceptible to Phytophthora infestations.</p>



<p>“It’s important that habitat management be backed by sound research and scientific monitoring rather than hysteria. We owe it to the future of our ecosystems.”</p>



<h2 id="h-more-about-yaccas">More about yaccas&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Beyond the recent findings about their role in shielding wildlife from extremes, yaccas have always been an integral part of the Australian ecosystem. Their flower spikes provide food for nectar-feeding birds and insects, while the dense skirts of their older leaves offer shelter for various ground-dwelling animals.</p>



<h3 id="h-appearance">Appearance</h3>



<p>Grass-trees, or yaccas, have a distinct appearance. They feature a stout, often blackened trunk, topped with a crown of long, slender, and arching leaves. Depending on the species and age, some grass-trees can reach heights of up to several meters.</p>



<h3 id="h-flowering-spike">Flowering spike</h3>



<p>One of the most striking features of the yacca is its flowering spike. These can be very tall, sometimes over 3 meters in length, and are densely packed with small, white flowers. The spikes are a rich source of nectar and attract various pollinators.</p>



<h3 id="h-fire-resilience">Fire resilience</h3>



<p>Yaccas have evolved in Australia's fire-prone environments. Their trunks are fire-resistant, and in many species, fire stimulates flowering. After a fire, the yacca can regenerate from its base using stored nutrients.</p>



<h3 id="h-slow-growth">Slow growth</h3>



<p>Grass-trees grow very slowly. It can take several years for them to grow just a few centimeters. Older specimens with tall trunks represent many decades, if not centuries, of growth.</p>



<h3 id="h-uses">Uses</h3>



<p>Indigenous Australians have found various uses for the grass-tree. The resin from the plant has been used as an adhesive for tools, while the flowering spike, when soaked in water, can produce a sweet drink.</p>



<h3 id="h-conservation">Conservation</h3>



<p>While many species of yaccas are still widespread, their habitats face challenges from land clearing for agriculture and urban development, as well as diseases like the previously mentioned Phytophthora cinnamomi.</p>



<p>The research is published in <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/PC23014"><em>Pacific Conservation Biology</em></a>.</p>



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Yaccas protect Australian wildlife from deadly climate extremes

Australia's iconic grass-trees, locally known as yaccas, have long been...

<p>Human activities have left a lasting mark on the distribution of plant species for centuries. The transplantation of plants into regions beyond their indigenous territories (whether intentionally or unintentionally) has been a defining characteristic of this human influence.&nbsp;</p>



<p>On a global scale, approximately 10 percent of non-native species become full-blown invaders that ultimately wreak havoc on ecological systems. Led by <a href="https://ethz.ch/en.html">ETH Zurich</a>, an international team of researchers has investigated the susceptibilities of various regions to non-native tree invasions.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The results, published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06440-7"><em>Nature</em></a>, provide brand new insights into the human and ecological factors that amplify the issue of tree invasions worldwide.</p>



<h2 id="h-focus-of-the-study">Focus of the study</h2>



<p>Human activity is one of the biggest contributors to tree invasions, particularly in regions surrounding maritime ports. These ports, being the hubs for the movement of massive volumes of commodities, inadvertently introduce plants and seeds from diverse geographical origins.&nbsp;</p>



<p>However, it's not just proximity to human activity that determines the gravity of tree invasions. The study sheds light on the shield provided by native <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-biodiversity-crisis-is-actually-worse-than-we-thought/">biodiversity</a>.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Forests with abundant indigenous species create an intricate web of ecological niches. This makes it very difficult for alien tree species to establish themselves.</p>



<h2 id="h-some-invaders-have-the-right-traits">Some invaders have the right traits</h2>



<p>The inherent characteristics of the invasive tree species also play an important role in gaining a foothold. Regions known for their harsh climate extremes tend to favor invaders bearing functional similarities to indigenous species.&nbsp;</p>



<p>By contrast, regions with more temperate conditions offer a fertile ground for non-native species –&nbsp; but only if they exhibit functional differences from native trees.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 id="h-tree-diversity-can-halt-invasions">Tree diversity can halt invasions&nbsp;</h2>



<p>This divergence helps them to avoid intense competition for resources, including sunlight, space, nutrients, or water. Ultimately, the richness of native forest diversity emerges as a formidable line of defense against tree invasions.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"We found that native biodiversity can limit the severity or intensity of non-native tree species invasions worldwide," said study lead author Camille Delavaux. “This means that the extent of invasion can be mitigated by promoting greater native tree diversity.”</p>



<h2 id="h-global-conservation-efforts">&nbsp;Global conservation efforts</h2>



<p>"By identifying regions that are most vulnerable to invasion, this analysis is useful for designing effective strategies to protect global biodiversity," noted Professor Thomas Crowther.</p>



<p>The global biodiversity blueprint, adopted during the COP 15 summit in Montreal in 2022, pinpoints the reduction of invasive species as a chief objective.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Professor Crowther emphasizes the potential of such research to shape policymaking: “This global understanding of non-native tree distributions can help countries to prioritize decision-making in efforts to halt and reverse the loss of biodiversity.”</p>



<h2 id="h-more-about-non-native-tree-invasions">More about non-native tree invasions&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Tree invasions occur when non-native species have been introduced to new environments and have become established. In their new habitats, these trees can spread rapidly, out-competing native species, altering habitats, and affecting ecosystem services.</p>



<h3 id="h-characteristics-of-invasive-trees">Characteristics of invasive trees</h3>



<ul>
<li>Rapid growth and reproduction.</li>



<li>Ability to thrive in a variety of soil types and conditions.</li>



<li>Resistance to pests and diseases in the new environment.</li>



<li>Effective seed dispersal mechanisms.</li>
</ul>



<h3 id="h-examples-of-invasive-trees">Examples of invasive trees</h3>



<ul>
<li>Australian Pine (Casuarina equisetifolia): Native to Australia and Southeast Asia but has invaded coastal areas in Florida and the Caribbean.</li>



<li>Tree of Heaven (Ailanthus altissima): Native to China but has spread widely in North America and Europe.</li>



<li>Eucalyptus: While they are native to Australia, they have spread rapidly in places like California, and can pose fire risks.</li>
</ul>



<h3 id="h-environmental-impact">Environmental impact</h3>



<h4 id="h-displacement-of-native-species">Displacement of native species</h4>



<p>Invasive trees can outcompete native trees for resources, leading to a decline in native biodiversity.</p>



<h4 id="h-change-in-soil-chemistry">Change in soil chemistry</h4>



<p>Some invasive trees release chemicals into the soil that hinder the growth of other plants, a phenomenon called allelopathy.</p>



<h4 id="h-increased-fire-risk">Increased fire risk</h4>



<p>Some invasive trees, like the eucalyptus, are more flammable and can increase the risk and intensity of wildfires.</p>



<h3 id="h-public-awareness">Public awareness</h3>



<p>Educating the public about the risks associated with invasive species can prevent unintentional introductions. Gardeners, for instance, might opt for native species or non-invasive alternatives if they're aware of the risks.</p>



<p>While trees are generally seen as beneficial, when they're introduced to regions where they didn't evolve, they can become problematic. Efforts are ongoing worldwide to manage and mitigate the effects of invasive tree species.</p>



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Diverse forests shut down non-native tree invasions

Human activities have left a lasting mark on the distribution...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that scientists never expected.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hidden-waters-beneath-ancient-craters">Hidden waters beneath ancient craters</h2>



<p>Scientists have made a startling discovery that challenges everything we thought we knew about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/saturn-moon-mimas-has-remarkably-young-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Saturn's moon Mimas</a>. Beneath the heavily cratered surface that earned it the nickname "Death Star" lies a global ocean that formed just 5 to 15 million years ago—a remarkably young age by cosmic standards.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cassini-data-reveals-orbital-secrets">Cassini data reveals orbital secrets</h2>



<p>The discovery, led by Dr. Valéry Lainey of the <a href="https://observatoiredeparis.psl.eu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Observatoire de Paris</a>, emerged from careful analysis of <a href="https://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>'s Cassini spacecraft data. By studying subtle irregularities in Mimas's orbit around Saturn, researchers detected the gravitational signature of liquid water hidden 20 to 30 kilometers beneath the moon's icy shell.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-an-unlikely-ocean-world">An unlikely ocean world</h2>



<p>At only 400 kilometers in diameter, Mimas seemed like the least likely candidate to harbor a subsurface ocean. Unlike other ocean moons such as Europa and Enceladus, which show clear surface signs of internal activity, Mimas displays no obvious hints of the liquid water beneath its ancient, crater-scarred exterior.</p>



<p>"Mimas is a small moon, and its heavily cratered surface gave no hint of the hidden ocean beneath," explained Dr. Nick Cooper from <a href="https://www.qmul.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Queen Mary University of London</a>, a study co-author.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-astrobiology">Implications for astrobiology</h2>



<p>The ocean's recent formation makes Mimas a prime target for studying how oceans develop and potentially support life. This discovery adds another member to the exclusive club of ocean worlds in our solar system, each offering unique insights into the conditions necessary for habitability.</p>



<p>The research, published in <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a></em> journal, demonstrates how advanced orbital analysis can reveal hidden features of celestial bodies, opening new possibilities for understanding ocean formation throughout the cosmos.</p>



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Scientists discover unexpected young ocean on Saturn's cratered moon Mimas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ 'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE
</div></figure>



<p>On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop and sunlight barely penetrates through the polar winter. It was here, however, that an international team of scientists found <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/predatory-worms-were-terror-beasts-half-a-billion-years-ago/#google_vignette" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evidence of sea monsters</a> that would change our understanding of ocean life in the past.</p>



<p>This video captures the discovery of Timorebestia fossils that had been hidden for more than 500 million years in the Sirius Passet formation. The "terror beasts," as they are called, are a hidden chapter in the evolutionary history of <a href="https://www.earth.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth</a>, showing that sophisticated predator-prey interactions occurred much earlier than previously envisioned.</p>



<p>Dr. Jakob Vinther and his research team at the <a href="https://www.bristol.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bristol</a>, in collaboration with researchers at the <a href="https://eng.kopri.re.kr/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Korean Polar Research Institute</a>, braved extreme weather conditions at 82.5 north latitude to locate these giant creatures. Using sophisticated electron microprobe analysis, they revealed the detailed anatomy of the animals, including their muscle and nerve tissues.</p>



<p>The find upsets the traditional timeline of sea predators.  Although we've long appreciated that Cambrian oceans were at one time ruled by <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jWI3-UgA3_o&amp;list=PL1QLQMW9MWDwpkFOnvgAmu7wT6rZmYqdJ&amp;index=19" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">arthropods</a>, these discoveries indicate that relatives of arrow worms were first to dominate the seas.  These worms were building sophisticated food webs several million years before other predator groups arose.</p>



<p>Each fossil is a story of ancient hunger, with fossil stomach contents revealing these meter-long beasts dined on heavily armored arthropods regularly, cementing their place as the ocean's first apex predators.</p>



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Worms dominated seas before dinosaurs

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">New York is the site of the world's oldest forest.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-385-million-year-old-trees-discovered">385-million-year-old trees discovered</h2>



<p>Scientists have uncovered something extraordinary just two hours north of New York City. The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/worlds-oldest-forest-discovered-close-to-new-york-city/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">world's oldest forest</a>, dating back 385 million years, offers a window into how Earth's first complex forests shaped our planet's atmosphere.</p>



<p>Located near <a href="https://townofcairo.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cairo, New York</a>, in Greene County, these weren't merely primitive plants struggling to survive. These were sophisticated trees with root systems remarkably similar to modern forests. This ancient woodland predates dinosaurs by 140 million years.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-cairo-forest-discovery">The Cairo forest discovery</h2>



<p>385 million years ago, upstate New York was a tropical paradise near the equator. Thanks to continental drift, this ancient forest has traveled thousands of miles to its current location.</p>



<p>The fossil forest sits in an abandoned quarry, roughly half the size of a football field. This represents just a slice of what was likely a massive forest system stretching from New York into Pennsylvania.</p>



<p>Charles Ver Straeten, curator of sedimentary rocks at the <a href="https://www.nysm.nysed.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">New York State Museum</a>, made the discovery in 2009. While scouting the former highway department property, his trained eye spotted wandering patterns in the stone that looked like marine features.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-age-and-preservation">Revolutionary age and preservation</h2>



<p>The site contains 385-million-year-old rocks with fossilized woody roots forming horizontal patterns up to 18 feet (5.5 meters) wide. As Christopher Berry, a paleobotanist at Cardiff University, explains: "You are walking through the roots of ancient trees."</p>



<p>This discovery pushes back advanced tree evolution by millions of years. The research, published in <em><a href="https://www.cell.com/current-biology/home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current Biology</a></em> in December 2019, fundamentally changes our understanding of when complex forests first emerged.</p>



<p>Researchers believe a massive flood buried the forest floor, creating perfect fossilization conditions. Over millions of years, sediment hardened into rock, preserving these root patterns like nature's time capsule.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meet-archaeopteris-the-first-modern-tree">Meet <em>Archaeopteris</em>: the first modern tree</h2>



<p>The star of this ancient forest is <em>Archaeopteris</em> – not to be confused with the feathered dinosaur <em>Archaeopteryx</em>. This tree was far older and more revolutionary.</p>



<p>William Stein from <a href="https://www.binghamton.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Binghamton University</a> describes the roots as "strikingly modern, essentially what you'd see outside in my yard right now." These weren't simple root systems you'd expect from ancient plants.</p>



<p>Some fossilized roots are six inches (15 centimeters) in diameter, forming 36-foot-wide (11-meter) patterns. These giants grew up to 65 feet (20 meters) tall with five-foot-diameter (1.5-meter) trunks.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-changing-impact">Climate-changing impact</h2>



<p>These trees fundamentally changed Earth's environment. Kevin Boyce, a Stanford University geoscientist, explains how their deep roots triggered "weathering," chemical reactions that pulled carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.</p>



<p>This process dropped atmospheric CO2 levels from 10-15 times higher than today to roughly modern concentrations. These ancient trees helped create atmospheric conditions that made complex life possible.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ancient-forest-ecosystem">Ancient forest ecosystem</h2>



<p>The forest was remarkably diverse. Scientists identified <em>Eospermatopteris</em>, palm tree-like plants with short roots that reached 30 feet (9 meters) tall but lacked woody structure. The forest also housed cladoxylopsids and a mysterious third species still being studied.</p>



<p>All reproduced through spores rather than seeds – millions of years before seeds evolved. This tropical environment had no grass, flowers, or flying insects, just towering trees creating Earth's first complex forest canopy.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-significance">Scientific significance</h2>



<p>Before this finding, the Gilboa forest, located 25 miles (40 kilometers) away, held the "oldest forest" title. Cairo's trees are 2-3 million years older, showing that complex forest ecosystems developed much faster than scientists believed possible.</p>



<p>Patricia Gensel, a <a href="https://www.unc.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of North Carolina</a> paleobotanist, notes: "The size of those root systems is really changing the picture. Even 20 years ago, researchers assumed trees with such complex root systems didn't evolve so early."</p>



<p>The Cairo site presents three unique root systems, suggesting Devonian period forests were diverse ecosystems with different trees occupying different environmental niches, much like today's forests.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-preservation-efforts">Modern preservation efforts</h2>



<p>In 2022, New York State Senator Michelle Hinchey secured a $170,000 grant for the town of Cairo to construct specialized fencing around the fossil forest site. The town plans to conduct a feasibility study exploring the possibility of creating an educational center and working lab on-site.</p>



<p>Joe Hasenkopf, chair of the Cairo Planning Board, hopes to partner with educational institutions to create a research facility serving scientists, students, and the public.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lessons-for-today-s-climate">Lessons for today's climate</h2>



<p>Why does a 385-million-year-old forest matter today? It shows how dramatically forests can change Earth's climate. These ancient woodlands created the atmospheric conditions supporting complex life.</p>



<p>Understanding how prehistoric forests transformed the planet helps us appreciate modern forests' critical role in addressing climate change. Forests remain Earth's most effective carbon capture systems.</p>



<p>These prehistoric trees changed Earth's atmosphere by pulling massive amounts of carbon dioxide from the air. As we face modern climate challenges, this ancient forest reminds us of trees' incredible power to transform our planet's environment.</p>



<p>The next time you walk through a forest, remember you're experiencing an ecosystem whose blueprint was established 385 million years ago in upstate New York. These ancient pioneers didn't just survive – they thrived and changed the world forever.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em>Current Biology</em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Earth's oldest forest found in the United States

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ New York is the site of the world's oldest...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Acid rain and a crisis solved.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-don-t-we-ever-hear-about-acid-rain-anymore-the-environmental-crisis-that-was-solved">Why don't we ever hear about "acid rain" anymore? The environmental crisis that was solved</h2>



<p>Remember the 1980s when acid rain dominated headlines? Dire warnings about rain eating buildings, killing fish, and destroying forests filled every news cycle. Then, almost like magic, acid rain vanished from public discourse. What happened? Did we actually solve one of the late 20th century's most pressing environmental challenges?</p>



<p>The answer might surprise you. Unlike many environmental issues that drag on indefinitely, acid rain represents one of modern history's most successful ecological recovery stories. It's a tale of science, politics, and technology working together to tackle what seemed impossible.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>What was acid rain?</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain isn't regular rain having a bad day – it's precipitation that became significantly more acidic due to air pollution. When power plants, factories, and vehicles burn fossil fuels, they release sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) into the atmosphere.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The science behind it</strong></h2>



<p>Think of acid rain as nature's chemistry experiment gone wrong. These compounds react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form sulfuric and nitric acids. When mixed with water vapor in clouds, they create precipitation with dangerously low pH levels.</p>



<p>While clean rain has a pH of about 5.6, acid rain could drop as low as 4.2 to 4.4 – roughly as acidic as tomato juice or coffee. According to US Geological Survey documentation, Scottish chemist Angus Smith first coined "acid rain" in 1872, but it didn't become a household phrase until the 1960s and 1970s when Swedish scientist Svante Odén documented its devastating effects on Scandinavian lakes and European forests.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The crisis at its peak</strong></h2>



<p>During the height of public concern, environmental damage was both widespread and visible. This wasn't some abstract future threat – people could see destruction happening in real-time.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Environmental devastation</strong></h2>



<p>The most dramatic impacts were impossible to ignore. Research documented by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation shows that in the Adirondack Mountains, more than 200 lakes became so acidic they couldn't support fish life. The Adirondack Council reports that 409 lakes once supported brook trout, but many lost their fish populations due to acid rain.</p>



<p>By 1976, when scientists cataloged all acidified lakes in the Adirondack Park, researchers found that half of the lakes over 2,000 feet above sea level had no fish, according to studies published in environmental journals. The acidification process worked like a slow-motion disaster. As acid rain fell into watersheds, it gradually lowered pH levels. Fish couldn't survive in acidic water, and their food sources died off too.</p>



<p>Trees at high elevations showed stress directly linked to acid rain. It weakened them by leaching nutrients and making them susceptible to disease. Historical records show Germany's Black Forest saw nearly half its trees damaged by the mid-1980s.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Economic impact</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain wasn't just environmental – it was expensive. Acidic precipitation corroded infrastructure, buildings, and monuments. Historic stone structures deteriorated at accelerated rates. Tourism suffered as lakes became fishless and forests declined. EPA economic analyses from the period documented repair costs mounting into billions annually.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The solution: government action and technology</strong></h2>



<p>Transformation from crisis to success required unprecedented cooperation between governments, industries, and environmental groups.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The Clean Air Act of 1990</strong></h2>



<p>The turning point came with the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, signed by President George H.W. Bush. This represented a fundamentally new approach to environmental regulation, as documented in EPA historical records.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Cap-and-trade success</strong></h2>



<p>Instead of mandating specific technologies, the 1990 amendments introduced something revolutionary: a cap-and-trade system for sulfur dioxide emissions. EPA program documentation shows this market-based approach set overall limits but allowed companies to trade emission allowances.</p>



<p>The genius was harnessing market forces to find cost-effective pollution reduction. Companies reducing emissions cheaply could sell excess allowances to those facing higher costs. Research published in environmental economics journals and EPA progress reports shows this resulted in dramatic SO2 reduction at a fraction of projected costs.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Technology advances</strong></h2>



<p>Policy provided the framework, but technology made reductions possible. Studies in atmospheric science journals document the widespread adoption of flue gas desulfurization systems ("scrubbers") that removed sulfur dioxide before it reached the atmosphere. By the 2000s, new installations could remove over 95% of SO2 emissions, according to EPA technical reports.</p>



<p>The push coincided with cleaner energy development. Natural gas produces fewer sulfur compounds than coal. Wind and solar, emerging in the 1990s, captured growing market share, reducing reliance on high-sulfur coal.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-we-don-t-hear-about-it-today"><strong>Why we don't hear about it today</strong></h2>



<p>Why did acid rain disappear from headlines? Simple: the problem was largely solved.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Success doesn't make news</strong></h2>



<p>There's an old journalism saying: "If it bleeds, it leads." Environmental success stories don't generate urgency like crisis reporting. Media attention shifted to other challenges: climate change, plastic pollution, and biodiversity loss. There's only so much environmental anxiety the public can absorb, and newer concerns replaced acid rain.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Mission accomplished</strong></h2>



<p>The primary reason is beautifully simple: interventions worked. EPA monitoring data shows sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990. Academic research published in environmental science journals confirms pH levels in formerly affected areas returned closer to normal. This represents one of history's most dramatic environmental recoveries. Studies by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation show fishless lakes now support healthy populations. Forests recovered, and building damage slowed dramatically.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-is-it-really-gone"><strong>Is it really gone?</strong></h2>



<p>The crisis is largely resolved, but monitoring data shows the problem isn't completely eliminated – it's managed to acceptable levels. Some areas still experience occasional events during high pollution periods. International environmental research indicates that rapidly industrializing Asian countries face similar problems to what we experienced decades ago, though they're implementing successful strategies.</p>



<p>EPA research shows nitrogen oxide emissions proved more challenging than sulfur dioxide, coming from vehicles and mobile sources. Climate science studies suggest changing weather patterns add complexity to how acid rain forms and falls.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>What this teaches us</strong></h2>



<p>The acid rain experience proves that seemingly intractable environmental problems can be solved with scientific understanding, political will, and technological innovation. Environmental monitoring data shows recovery speed was remarkable – within a decade, measurable improvements appeared in air quality and ecosystem health.</p>



<p>Success came from bipartisan support across party lines. Policy analysis studies show the market-based approach appealed to those preferring economic incentives while achieving environmental goals. This support created lasting policy surviving political changes.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Conclusion</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain's disappearance from public consciousness represents environmental science's greatest success stories. Through effective regulation, technological innovation, and international cooperation, we transformed an overwhelming crisis into a manageable challenge.</p>



<p>Today's silence isn't because we forgot – it's because we solved it. The 1990 Clean Air Act, combined with technology and energy market changes, reduced acid rain emissions over 90%, according to comprehensive EPA data analysis.</p>



<p>This success offers hope for current challenges. It proves complex problems can be solved when science, policy, and technology work together. As we face climate change and plastic pollution, acid rain reminds us that dramatic positive change is possible.</p>



<p>Next time someone asks whether environmental regulations work, remember acid rain. It's proof that sometimes, we get it right.</p>



<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>



<p><strong>Sources:</strong> <em>This article draws from EPA official documentation and progress reports, peer-reviewed research published in environmental and atmospheric science journals, historical data from the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation records, US Geological Survey publications, policy analysis studies, and environmental monitoring data collected over three decades.</em></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Frequently Asked Questions</strong></h2>



<p><strong>1. Is acid rain completely gone?</strong> No, but EPA monitoring shows it's reduced to manageable levels. US sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990, making acid rain much less severe than the 1980s crisis.</p>



<p><strong>2. How long did solving take?</strong> Environmental monitoring data shows significant improvements began within 5-10 years of 1990s emission controls. Full ecosystem recovery took longer – some areas need 20-30 years for complete recovery.</p>



<p><strong>3. What made the solution successful?</strong> Clear scientific understanding, visible damage motivating action, bipartisan support, available technology, and innovative market-based policies like cap-and-trade.</p>



<p><strong>4. Do other countries have acid rain problems?</strong> Yes, particularly rapidly industrializing Asian countries. However, international environmental research shows many implement similar successful control strategies.</p>



<p><strong>5. Could acid rain return?</strong> Potentially, if regulations weaken or we return to high-sulfur coal without controls, though effects would take years to become severe according to environmental projections.</p>



<p><strong>6. Can you recommend any teaching tools on the subject of "acid rain"?</strong> The United States Environmental Protection Agency produced a wonderful teacher's guide for ages 14 and under that you can find on the EPA website here: <a href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf</a></p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

The environmental problem we actually solved

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk Acid rain and a crisis solved. Why don't we...

Fresh,Radish,Harvest,On,Soil,In,Garden.

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/Fi2OeEwuzRM?si=vTyd2m9FMmtyWkex
</div></figure>



<p></p>



<p>Mid-July is an opportune time to kick-start a thriving fall garden, and this guide lays out the best vegetables and herbs to plant now for a fruitful autumn harvest. </p>



<p>Fast-growing leafy greens such as spinach, lettuce, kale, and arugula perform especially well in the waning summer heat, with harvests beginning as soon as 30 days. </p>



<p>These cool-season crops relish the transition into fall, offering repeated yields with cut-and-come-again methods.</p>



<p>Root vegetables like radishes, carrots, and beets also excel during this period. Radishes deliver satisfaction in under a month, while carrots and beets mature in about two months. Employing succession planting ensures a continuous stream of produce deep into the cooler months. </p>



<p>For a boost of fresh flavor, herbs like cilantro, basil, dill, and chervil are excellent picks. These heat-loving varieties flourish in July’s warmth and are harvest-ready in about 30 days, especially when sown continuously.</p>



<p>Gardeners in zones 6 through 9 can benefit from planting bush beans and snap peas, which don’t require trellising and are ideal for compact plots. </p>



<p>Maturing in 50–60 days, they’re a smart choice for quick, protein-rich harvests. For those in hotter regions, heat-tolerant crops such as okra and southern peas provide reliable yields and thrive in scorching conditions.</p>



<p>This guide emphasizes more than crop selection—it highlights the importance of timing, soil preparation, and ongoing sowing techniques. </p>



<p>With thoughtful planning and attention to regional climate needs, even late-summer gardeners can enjoy fresh salads, hearty stews, and the satisfaction of a robust, homegrown harvest well into fall.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>



<p>-----</p>

What to plant in your garden in mid-July

https://youtu.be/Fi2OeEwuzRM?si=vTyd2m9FMmtyWkex Mid-July is an opportune time to kick-start a thriving...

Green,Ecoduct,Over,An,Empty,Highway,During,Sunset.

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU
</div></figure>



<p>A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that wildlife tunnels significantly reduce amphibian road mortality during seasonal migrations. </p>



<p>Frogs and salamanders often cross roads to reach breeding ponds each spring, but many are killed by vehicles. </p>



<p>Researchers from the <a href="https://www.uvm.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Vermont</a>, in collaboration with local citizens and the Vermont Agency of Natural Resources, installed two underpass tunnels in 2015. </p>



<p>Over a 12-year monitoring period, they observed an 80.2% reduction in amphibian deaths, and up to 94% for non-climbing species like salamanders. </p>



<p>The study used a before-after-control-impact design and documented more than 5,200 amphibians, highlighting the tunnels’ effectiveness even in nearby buffer zones.</p>



<p>Funded at $342,397 - far cheaper than wildlife crossings for large mammals - the project showcased the power of community-led conservation.</p>



<p>Local groups initiated the effort after observing mass amphibian deaths. Wildlife cameras later captured over 2,200 amphibians using a tunnel in just one spring, along with other species like raccoons and bobcats, indicating wider ecosystem benefits.</p>



<p>This marks the first peer-reviewed, long-term data set in the northeastern U.S. confirming amphibian-specific underpasses work. </p>



<p>The study urges transportation departments to incorporate these designs into road planning and highlights how community action, thoughtful infrastructure, and persistence can make a real difference for biodiversity.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the <em><a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1617138125000780" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal for Nature Conservation</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Wildlife tunnels save millions of amphibians

https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that...

<p>Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. </p>



<p>The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-embed aligncenter is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/Ug657J67iEo?si=w96YjGMsg939LD_3
</div></figure>



<p>Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. </p>



<p>Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.</p>



<p>Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. </p>



<p>They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).</p>



<p>Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.</p>



<p>Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.</p>



<p>This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.</p>

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.</p>



<p>"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.</p>



<p>"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: ESA</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.</p>



<p>"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.</p>



<p>To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="3upvlAaHgO-2256633-12187" type="single"]</div>



<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.</p>



<p>"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."</p>



<p>"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."</p>



<p><em>Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?</p>



<p>One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;</p>



<p>While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: ACS Reactions</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

How does salt makes things taste better?

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;</p>



<p>'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."</p>



<p>"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: ESA</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Santiago, Chile in South America

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Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

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<p>Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.</p>



<p>The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."</p>



<p>"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."</p>



<p>"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."</p>



<p>The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

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<p>Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.</p>



<p>According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."</p>



<p>Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;</p>



<p>ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. </p>



<p>Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> </em>Staff Writer </p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.</p>



<p>"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.</p>



<p>"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."</p>



<p>Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.</p>



<p>"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.</p>



<p>"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."</p>



<p>Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: ESA</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;</p>



<p>According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.</p>



<p>In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.</p>



<p>The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.</p>



<p>The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.</p>



<p>The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. </p>



<p>Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.</p>



<p>The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.</p>



<p>At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.</p>



<p>"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."</p>



<p>The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.</p>



<p><em>Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

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Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."</p>



<p>The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.</p>



<p>"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: NASA Goddard</em></p>



<p><em>Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

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