<p>The benefits of psilocybin-assisted therapy for major depression reportedly endures for years, if not forever. </p>



<p>In a new analysis of people who took part in a 2020 psilocybin clinical trial, 67 percent were still in full remission from depression an average of five years later - up from 58 percent at the one-year mark.</p>



<p>Study lead author Alan Davis is an associate professor and director of the <a href="https://www.cpdre.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Center for Psychedelic Drug Research and Education</a> at The Ohio State University.</p>



<p>“Across the board - <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/gut-microbes-have-an-unexpected-link-to-anxiety/">anxiety</a>, depression, global functioning, self-reported depression - we kept seeing the same signal of continued improvement," said Davis.</p>



<p>The follow-up results offer a rare long view of outcomes after psychedelic-assisted therapy, an area where long-term data are still sparse.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-psilocybin-the-basics">Understanding psilocybin - the basics</h2>



<p>Psilocybin is a natural compound found in certain mushrooms, often called “magic mushrooms.” When you ingest psilocybin, your body quickly converts it into psilocin, the active form that interacts with your brain. </p>



<p>Psilocin closely resembles <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-dopamine-and-serotonin-shape-behavior/">serotonin</a>, a key neurotransmitter, so it binds to serotonin receptors - especially the 5-HT2A receptor. </p>



<p>This binding alters the way nerve cells communicate, which leads to changes in perception, mood, and thought patterns. </p>



<p>From a scientific standpoint, psilocybin disrupts the brain’s usual patterns of activity and connectivity. </p>



<p>Brain imaging studies show that it quiets the “default mode network,” a system linked to self-reflection and the inner voice we all carry. </p>



<p>At the same time, it boosts communication between brain regions that don’t normally interact.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-curing-depression-with-psilocybin">Curing depression with psilocybin</h2>



<p>The peer-reviewed study, published in 2021, enrolled adults with major depressive disorder and compared two groups: one received psilocybin treatment immediately, and the other started after a wait-list period.</p>



<p>All the participants ultimately completed a standardized protocol: two dosing sessions with psilocybin paired with about 13 hours of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/psychotherapy-is-key-to-the-success-of-psychedelic-treatment/">psychotherapy</a> (including preparation, support during sessions, and integration).</p>



<p>The initial results showed large reductions in depression severity, with half of participants in remission up to one year.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tracking-patients-over-time">Tracking patients over time</h2>



<p>Of the 24 people in the original trial, 18 took part in the five-year check-in. Online questionnaires were used to assess depression, anxiety, and functional impairment. </p>



<p>The researchers also applied a clinician-rated depression scale and conducted qualitative interviews to capture changes the numbers might miss.</p>



<p>The team made a conservative assumption to avoid overstating success. They counted the six who did not return as having fully relapsed to pre-treatment levels.</p>



<p>Even under that assumption, depression scores remained “very large and significantly” reduced at five years, Davis noted, and the share of participants in complete remission nudged upward.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-than-psilocybin">More than psilocybin</h2>



<p>The lasting gains cannot be chalked up solely to the two psilocybin sessions. Only three people reported no additional depression-related treatment in the years since. </p>



<p>Others used antidepressant medications, tried <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ketamine-treatment-may-now-last-months-instead-of-weeks/">ketamine</a> or other psychedelics, or engaged in psychotherapy.</p>



<p>Interviews helped explain that context. Many participants described life with depression as profoundly constricted before the trial - too little energy, too little hope to engage. </p>



<p>Afterward, several said their depression felt more situational and manageable. They reported a greater capacity for positive emotion and motivation, and a different relationship to low moods when they returned.</p>



<p>A few who experimented with psychedelics on their own found the experiences less helpful without a clinical framework. This underscores a theme from other work by Davis and colleagues: the therapeutic container matters.</p>



<p>A strong alliance with trained therapists, structured preparation, and integration support may play as big a role as the drug itself.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-psilocybin-safety-over-time">Psilocybin safety over time</h2>



<p>At the five-year mark, 11 of 18 participants reported no adverse effects since the trial. Looking back, three remembered feeling unprepared for the heightened emotional sensitivity that followed their dosing sessions. </p>



<p>Two said tapering off <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cure-for-alcohol-addiction-was-discovered-by-accident/">medications</a> and waiting during the original trial was especially difficult, and two wished they’d had more formal integration therapy afterward.</p>



<p>The study is small, non-randomized at follow-up, and based on a motivated sample - limitations the authors emphasize.</p>



<p>With just 18 people contributing long-term data, it’s impossible to generalize broadly or disentangle psilocybin’s contribution from other treatments and life changes.</p>



<p>Larger, placebo-controlled trials with systematic follow-up will be needed to test durability, dosing strategies, and who benefits most.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-psilocybin-depression-and-healthcare">Psilocybin, depression, and healthcare</h2>



<p>Even with the study's limitations, the pattern is encouraging. Many participants maintained remission or continued to function better. </p>



<p>Several described a shift that outlasted symptom scores - more engagement with family, work, and meaningful activities, and fewer episodes of withdrawal and isolation, which are among depression’s most disabling features.</p>



<p>“Five years later, most people continued to view this treatment as safe, meaningful, and important - something that catalyzed an ongoing betterment of their life,” Davis said.</p>



<p>“Despite some symptoms coming back, they weren’t experiencing the same levels of impairment - suggesting this approach might, for some, kick-start lasting positive change.”</p>



<p>The bottom line: psilocybin-assisted therapy remains experimental, and it’s not a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-gut-bacteria-morganella-morganii-could-cause-depression-not-a-brain-disorder/">depression</a> cure-all. But in this small cohort, the combination of guided psychedelic sessions and psychotherapy was associated with durable relief - and in many cases, a different relationship to depression - years down the road.</p>



<p>The study is published in the <a href="https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2054/aop/article-10.1556-2054.2025.00461/article-10.1556-2054.2025.00461.xml" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Journal of Psychedelic Studies</em></a>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Patients report no signs of depression five years after psilocybin treatment

The benefits of psilocybin-assisted therapy for major depression reportedly endures for years, if not forever. In a new analysis of people who took part in a 2020 psilocybin clinical trial, 67 percent were still in full remission from depression an average of five years later - up from 58 percent at the one-year mark. Study lead author Alan Davis is an associate professor and director of the Center for Psychedelic Drug Research and Education at The Ohio State University. “Across the board - anxiety, depression, global functioning,...

<p>The swamps of North and South Carolina are notorious for being nutrient-deprived, making them seemingly inhospitable for many <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-modified-plant-proteins-to-create-delicious-meat-alternatives/">plant</a> species.&nbsp;</p>



<p>However, the Venus flytrap has developed a unique survival strategy. Instead of relying solely on the scant nutrients in the soil, it's evolved to become a carnivore, catching and consuming small animals for nourishment.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 id="h-potentially-catastrophic-environment">Potentially catastrophic environment&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Its notorious snap traps, equipped with sensitive sensory hairs, trap and digest its prey, compensating for the lack of nitrogen, phosphate, and minerals. Yet, in the midst of swamps, another threat looms over these carnivorous wonders: fires.</p>



<p>Hidden beneath the tall, drying grass of these swamps, the Venus flytrap often remains unseen. As the summer progresses, this grass becomes particularly flammable, especially during the frequent lightning storms that North Carolina is known for. This creates a potentially catastrophic environment for the flytrap.</p>



<h2 id="h-focus-of-the-study">Focus of the study&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Professor Rainer Hedrich and Dr. Shouguang Huang, biophysicists from Julius-Maximilians-University (JMU) Würzburg in Bavaria, Germany, delved into the question of how this plant safeguards its critical snap traps and sensory hairs from fire.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The findings reveal an astonishing adaptation. The flytrap uses specialized heat receptors situated within the sensory hairs to detect and respond to heat.</p>



<p>"To find out how the flytrap behaves when burning a covering of dry grass, we transplanted plants with open snap traps from the greenhouse to the open field in the JMU Botanical Garden and covered them with hay," explained Hedrich. "Then we set fire to the hay at one end and forced it to spread to the other end with a fan."</p>



<h2 id="h-what-the-researchers-learned">What the researchers learned&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The aftermath? The flytraps had sealed all their traps, with some appearing charred, while others remained untouched. Remarkably, in just a few days, the undamaged traps resumed their usual function, snapping upon touch.</p>



<p>Further investigation led the JMU team to discover that these plants could detect impending fires even before the flames touch them.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"We had only recently elucidated the stimulus-response chain during trap closure after wounding. Now the question arose whether the traps might already react to the heat wave in the run-up to a fire," explained Hedrich.</p>



<p>Laboratory experiments confirmed their suspicions: directing a hot air blower at a trap was enough to trigger it to close.</p>



<p>"We propose that by sensing the temperature differential, flytraps can recognize the heat of an approaching fire, thus closing before the trigger hairs are burned, while they can continue to catch prey throughout hot summers,^ wrote the study authors.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 id="h-flytrap-defense-strategy">Flytrap defense strategy&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Dr. Shouguang Huang's controlled experiments revealed more about the mechanism at play. The Venus flytrap's trap, comprising two leaf halves, was exposed to varying temperatures using a Peltier element.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"When the temperature increased further to 55 degrees Celsius, a second action potential was triggered and the trap snapped shut," explained Dr. Shouguang.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Interestingly, the flytrap’s response at these temperatures activates specifically when subjected to a sudden heat wave, not a gradual increase, as Hedrich notes, "it reacts to the speed of the temperature change."</p>



<p>This rapid response ensures that the sensory hairs of the flytrap remain unscathed, and the damp marshland further shields them from severe heat. This intricate defense mechanism ensures that the Venus flytrap can continue its carnivorous pursuits even post-fire.</p>



<h2 id="h-astonishing-results">Astonishing results</h2>



<p>The true marvel lies in the sensory hairs themselves. These hairs are not only touch-sensitive, generating action potentials that lead to the snap of the trap but also react to sudden heat.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"To track the calcium signal, we used flytraps that carry a genetically encoded calcium sensor inside them," said Hedrich. The results were astonishing, with the sensory hair lighting up when exposed to heat. "This shows that the hairs operate as touch and heat sensors at the same time."</p>



<p>Currently, the JMU team is exploring the possibility of a calcium channel being a crucial part of the heat sensor. If proven true, they could be on the verge of unveiling a type of membrane-bound temperature sensor, previously unknown in plants.</p>



<p>The research is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2023.07.069"><em>Current Biology</em></a>.</p>



<p>—-</p>



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Fiery defense: Venus flytrap snaps shut when it detects heat from fire

The swamps of North and South Carolina are notorious for...

<p>In the last decade, there's been a significant shift in the size of some of our favorite <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-harness-fruit-waste-to-extract-energy/">fruits</a>. Among them, strawberries have experienced a remarkable 60% increase in average weight over just 12 years.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Raspberries and blueberries have also experienced substantial size increments since 2011, with their sizes doubling and tripling respectively.</p>



<h2 id="h-transformative-journey-of-strawberries">Transformative journey of strawberries </h2>



<p>Data from the <a href="https://www.sagrouponline.com/">S&amp;A Group</a>, the UK's leading independent supplier, points to the transformative journey of strawberries. In 2011, the average weight of a strawberry stood at 13.6g, which increased to 21.5g in 2023.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The transformation was not just limited to its weight. An increase in the berry's diameter was also evident, growing from a range of 23mm-25mm in 2011 to a staggering 27mm-41mm in 2023.</p>



<h2 id="h-more-desirable-varieties">More desirable varieties&nbsp;</h2>



<p>As reported by The Times, strawberries aren't the only berries witnessing this size evolution. Raspberries and blueberries have been following a similar trajectory.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The growth of these fruits can be attributed to the efforts of agronomists who have been dedicated to cultivating "more desirable varieties," says the industry representative body, British Berry Growers.</p>



<p>Interestingly, the size increase might have brought an unexpected bonus for those who indulged in British strawberries and raspberries this summer. These fruits were reportedly more flavorsome, a possible consequence of the slower ripening process caused by the year's cool spring.</p>



<h2 id="h-bigger-doesn-t-always-mean-better">Bigger doesn't always mean better</h2>



<p>However, Peter Judge, the group managing director of S&amp;A Group, offers an important insight, reminding consumers that size doesn't necessarily equate to flavor.&nbsp;</p>



<p>In a conversation with The Times, Judge mentioned, "UK retailers believe bigger berries are what the consumers want, but it is fair to say they don't always deliver flavor."&nbsp;</p>



<p>"We have a variety called Lady Isla, which is actually a small berry but is our best-flavored strawberry. It's not always the case that big berry equals big flavor."</p>



<h2 id="h-consumer-preferences">Consumer preferences&nbsp;</h2>



<p>But why this insistent push towards larger berries? The S&amp;A Group explains that the drive to cultivate larger fruits has been largely influenced by UK consumer preferences, which contrasts with the inclinations seen on the Continent.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Despite this push for size, there are limits in place. Supermarkets have set the bar, requesting suppliers to ensure strawberries in the packs don't exceed 45mm in diameter. This is because customers equate size to value for money.</p>



<h2 id="h-visual-appeal">Visual appeal</h2>



<p>Nick Marston, the chairman of British Berry Growers, offers further clarity on this trend. He explains, "This size spec increase is about allowing customers to waste less fruit when hulling the strawberries and giving nicer-sized pieces if the berries are cut up."&nbsp;</p>



<p>Beyond practicality, aesthetics play a role as well. suggests Marston. "It is also about visual appeal - good-size 'bold' fruit does appeal to consumers more than a pack of a very large number of very small berries."</p>



<h2 id="h-health-benefits-of-berries">Health benefits of berries&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Berries are packed with a variety of nutrients and offer numerous health benefits. Here are some of the health benefits of consuming berries:</p>



<h3 id="h-rich-in-antioxidants">Rich in antioxidants</h3>



<p>Berries, especially blueberries, are known to be high in antioxidants which can help fight oxidative stress and reduce the damage to cells caused by free radicals.</p>



<h3 id="h-heart-health">Heart health</h3>



<p>Berries can help improve heart health by reducing LDL cholesterol, blood pressure, and improving blood vessel function.</p>



<h3 id="h-anti-inflammatory-effects">Anti-inflammatory effects</h3>



<p>The antioxidants in berries can also have an anti-inflammatory effect, reducing the risk of chronic diseases.</p>



<h3 id="h-fiber">Fiber</h3>



<p>Berries are a good source of fiber which aids in digestion, helps maintain healthy blood sugar levels, and can promote a feeling of fullness.</p>



<h3 id="h-vitamin-c">Vitamin C</h3>



<p>Most berries are a good source of vitamin C, which is necessary for collagen production and helps boost the immune system.</p>



<h3 id="h-skin-health">Skin health</h3>



<p>The antioxidants in berries can help fight skin aging, reduce skin wrinkling, and counteract damage from harmful UV rays.</p>



<h3 id="h-weight-management">Weight management</h3>



<p>Due to their high fiber content and low-calorie count, berries can be a great addition to a weight loss diet.</p>



<h3 id="h-cancer-prevention">Cancer prevention</h3>



<p>Some studies suggest that the phytochemicals in berries may reduce the risk of certain types of cancer.</p>



<h3 id="h-brain-health">Brain health</h3>



<p>Berries may help delay mental decline, improve memory, and cognitive functions due to their antioxidant properties.</p>



<h3 id="h-bone-health">Bone health</h3>



<p>Berries like strawberries are rich in vitamin K, which plays a vital role in bone health.</p>



<h3 id="h-urinary-tract-health">Urinary tract health</h3>



<p>Cranberries, in particular, are known for preventing urinary tract infections (UTIs) by preventing certain bacteria from attaching to the urinary tract walls.</p>



<p>—-</p>



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Super-sized fruit: Strawberries weigh 60 percent more than they did 12 years ago

In the last decade, there's been a significant shift in...

Bowl,With,Aloe,Vera,On,Wooden,Tray

<p>Aloe barbadensis, commonly referred to as aloe vera, has long been celebrated for its ability to treat skin issues, promote digestive wellness, and heal wounds.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Experts have now discovered that the discarded peels of the aloe plant, often viewed as agricultural waste, may play a pivotal role in warding off insects, establishing themselves as a potent natural <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tiny-technology-protects-bees-from-insecticides/">insecticide</a>.</p>



<p>The researchers will present their breakthrough at the fall meeting of the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) this year.</p>



<h2 id="h-making-aloe-vera-peels-useful">Making aloe vera peels useful</h2>



<p>“It’s likely that millions of tons of aloe peels are disposed of globally every year. We wanted to find a way to add value and make them useful," said Dr. Debasish Bandyopadhyay, who led the study.</p>



<p>During a visit to a local aloe vera production facility, Dr. Bandyopadhyay made an intriguing observation: while insects wreaked havoc on other plants, they conspicuously avoided the aloe leaves.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This observation led to a potential theory, and Dr. Bandyopadhyay asked the facility's CEO for permission to examine the discarded rinds in his lab. The CEO initially offered samples of the company’s products instead.</p>



<h2 id="h-natural-pesticides">Natural pesticides&nbsp;</h2>



<p>While a few enterprising home gardeners have employed aloe gel as a component of natural pesticides, often blending it with pungent ingredients like onions and garlic, the peels have been notably absent from these concoctions.&nbsp;</p>



<p>On an industrial scale, these peels are primarily transformed into biomass to enhance soil quality in aloe farms. However, this approach is not without its environmental implications, as decomposing agricultural waste emits methane and other greenhouse gases, exacerbating the climate crisis.</p>



<h2 id="h-focus-of-the-study">Focus of the study</h2>



<p>Dr. Bandyopadhyay, recognizing the dual challenges of insecticidal demand and waste management, embarked on a mission. He set out to harness the potential of the peels as an insect deterrent, especially in regions grappling with insect infestations, and in the process, make aloe production more environmentally sustainable.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“The goal is to recycle this waste in a meaningful way while making aloe production greener and more sustainable,” said Dr. Bandyopadhyay.</p>



<p>His team from the <a href="https://www.utrgv.edu/">University of Texas Rio Grande Valley</a> initiated their research by drying the peels. To ensure that the plant's bioactivity remained intact, they employed a natural drying method.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 id="h-powerful-insecticidal-properties">Powerful insecticidal properties</h2>



<p>Subsequent extractions revealed the presence of octacosane in the hexane extract, an established mosquitocidal agent. However, the team's further analysis of the dichloromethane (DCM) extract uncovered even more potent insecticidal properties.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Using sophisticated techniques like high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, they identified over 20 compounds. Among them, six stood out: octacosanol, subenniatin B, dinoterb, arjungenin, nonadecanone, and quillaic acid – all recognized for their insecticidal attributes.</p>



<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="ldPWv0oq8s-2940751-12187" type="single"]</div>



<h2 id="h-future-research">Future research&nbsp;</h2>



<p>With the compounds now identified, the next step for the researchers is to put them to the test in real-world scenarios, pitting them against agricultural pests. There’s also exciting potential for these compounds to possess anti-mosquito and anti-tick properties, which might pave the way for consumer-friendly insect repellents.</p>



<p>“By creating an insecticide that avoids hazardous and poisonous synthetic chemicals, we can help the agricultural field,” said Dr. Bandyopadhyay. “But if the peels show good anti-mosquito or anti-tick activity, we can also help the general public.”</p>



<h2 id="h-more-about-aloe-vera">More about aloe vera</h2>



<p>Aloe vera is a succulent plant species renowned for its medical, cosmetic, and therapeutic benefits. Native to the Arabian Peninsula, it has been cultivated worldwide, especially in tropical and subtropical regions.</p>



<h3 id="h-medical-uses">Medical uses</h3>



<p>The inner gel of the aloe vera leaf is used in various over-the-counter products to treat a variety of skin conditions. It's known for its anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antiviral properties, which make it useful for treating burns, sunburns, and minor abrasions. Aloe vera gel can also help soothe and moisturize the skin.</p>



<p>Some studies suggest that aloe vera can aid in the treatment of more serious conditions, such as psoriasis and herpes simplex. Ingesting aloe vera has been explored as a remedy for digestive problems, including constipation and irritable bowel syndrome, although more research is needed in these areas.</p>



<h3 id="h-cosmetic-uses">Cosmetic uses</h3>



<p>Aloe vera is a common ingredient in skincare products, shampoos, and conditioners. Its hydrating properties make it popular for treating dry skin and hair. The plant's antioxidants, including vitamins C and E, can help protect the skin from the aging effects of the sun and environmental pollutants.</p>



<h3 id="h-nutritional-supplements">Nutritional supplements</h3>



<p>Aloe vera's inner gel can be processed into a juice that is sold as a dietary supplement. Proponents claim it supports immune function, digestion, and even blood sugar regulation, though scientific support for some of these claims is still under investigation.</p>



<h3 id="h-cultivation-and-care">Cultivation and care</h3>



<p>Aloe vera is often grown as a houseplant and is relatively easy to care for. It prefers well-drained soil and can thrive in both full sun and partial shade. The plant is drought-resistant, requiring minimal watering.</p>



<h3 id="h-environmental-impact">Environmental impact</h3>



<p>The recent discovery of using aloe vera peels as a potential natural insecticide underscores the plant's potential environmental contributions. Turning what was once waste into a valuable resource reflects a growing trend in sustainable practices, further enhancing the reputation of this versatile plant.</p>



<p>Video Credit: American Chemical Society </p>



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Aloe vera: The hidden powers of this natural pest control

Aloe barbadensis, commonly referred to as aloe vera, has long...

<p>A team of researchers led by the <a href="https://www.crick.ac.uk/">Francis Crick Institute</a> in London has recently discovered that molecules found in cruciferous <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/children-will-eat-more-vegetables-if-they-see-adults-enjoy-them/">vegetables</a> such as broccoli and cauliflower play a pivotal role in fortifying the lung barrier and alleviating infections.</p>



<p>Molecules in cruciferous vegetables – such as kale, broccoli, cauliflower, and cabbage – act as dietary "ligands" for a protein called AHR (aryl hydrocarbon receptor), which is predominantly located at barrier areas, including the gut and lungs.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 id="h-endothelial-cells">Endothelial cells&nbsp;</h2>



<p>When consumed, these molecules activate AHR, which then impacts a variety of genes. Some of these influenced genes serve to switch off the AHR system, allowing it to self-regulate.</p>



<p>While the influence of AHR on immune cells is already a well-known fact, the current study provides evidence that AHR also shows significant activity in endothelial cells, which form the lining of blood vessels in the lungs.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 id="h-focus-of-the-study">Focus of the study</h2>



<p>The lungs have a delicate barrier separating our body from the external environment, consisting of two layers, one of endothelial cells and one of epithelial cells.&nbsp;</p>



<p>While this barrier is essential for oxygen intake, it must also effectively shield against pollutants and pathogens.</p>



<h2 id="h-how-the-research-was-conducted">How the research was conducted&nbsp;</h2>



<p>By conducting an experiment on mice, the researchers aimed to clarify the role of AHR in lung barrier fortification. When mice were infected with the flu virus, blood was found in the airspaces in the lungs, indicating that it had leaked across a barrier breach.&nbsp;</p>



<p>However, when AHR was hyperactivated, there was significantly less blood in these airspaces. Moreover, mice exhibiting a more active AHR system experienced milder weight loss upon flu infection and demonstrated a heightened ability to counter secondary bacterial infections.</p>



<h2 id="h-what-the-researchers-discovered">What the researchers discovered&nbsp;</h2>



<p>By contrast, when AHR was prevented from being expressed in the lung endothelial cells of infected mice, an increased presence of blood and immune cells in the lung airspaces was noticed, signifying intensified barrier damage.</p>



<p>The study also highlighted an intriguing correlation between diet and AHR activity during viral infections. Mice infected with the flu displayed a reduction in protective lung AHR activity, but this was observed only in those fed with AHR ligands pre-infection.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 id="h-dietary-habits-and-lung-health">Dietary habits and lung health</h2>



<p>Such observations suggest that dietary habits directly impact AHR efficacy: due to illness, infected mice consumed lesser food, leading to diminished AHR ligand intake, translating into heightened lung damage.</p>



<p>These findings highlight the significance of an AHR ligand-rich diet. Mice on such a diet showed superior lung barrier health and sustained minimal damage during infections when compared to their counterparts on a regular diet.</p>



<p>“Until recently, we’ve mainly looked at barrier protection through the lens of immune cells. Now we’ve shown that AHR is important for maintaining a strong barrier in the lungs through the endothelial cell layer, which is disrupted during infection,” said senior author Andreas Wack, the Head of the Immunoregulation Laboratory at Francis Crick.</p>



<h2 id="h-gut-lung-axis">Gut-lung axis&nbsp;</h2>



<p>“People may be less likely to maintain a good diet when they’re ill, so aren’t taking in the molecules from vegetables which make this system work. It’s a good idea to eat lots of cruciferous vegetables anyway, but this shows it’s even more important to continue eating them when you’re ill!”</p>



<p>“What we’ve identified is a gut-lung axis – linking diet to protection against lung infection via endothelial cells,” added lead author Jack Major, a former doctoral student in Wack’s lab and currently a visiting scientist at Francis Crick.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“We looked at flu in this research, but other research has shown that COVID-19 may also reduce AHR activity in the lung. It will be interesting to investigate the impact of other respiratory viruses on AHR, and also whether different molecules in our diet use other pathways than AHR to affect lung function via endothelial cells.”</p>



<h2 id="h-study-implications">Study implications&nbsp;</h2>



<p>According to the scientists, AHR might play a crucial role in endothelial cells in other barrier organs. For instance, another recent study published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-06508-4"><em>Nature</em></a> has found that dietary factors stimulate AHR in gut endothelial cells, countering uncontrolled cell proliferation and inflammation.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This newly uncovered mechanism in the gut resembles the one observed in the lungs, further emphasizing the critical connection between dietary habits and organ health.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The research is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06287-y"><em>Nature</em></a>.</p>



<p>—</p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:andrei.ionescu5891@gmail.com"><em>Andrei Ionescu</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Cruciferous vegetables strengthen the lung barrier, protect us from illness

A team of researchers led by the Francis Crick Institute...

<p>Although switching to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plant-based-diets-are-proven-better-for-human-and-environmental-health/">plant-based diets</a> is urgently needed to mitigate climate change, a significant challenge in embracing meat alternatives is their dry and parched texture when they are consumed.&nbsp;</p>



<p>However, a team of scientists led by the <a href="https://www.leeds.ac.uk/">University of Leeds</a> has recently revolutionized the sensation of plant proteins, turning them from a thick and dry substance to one with a juicy and fat-like texture. Surprisingly, their only addition to the plant proteins is water.</p>



<h2 id="h-modifying-the-structure-of-plant-protein-molecules">Modifying the structure of plant protein molecules&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The key to this transformation lies in the formation of plant protein microgels via a procedure named microgeletion. Initially dry and coarse, plant proteins are submerged in water and then heated. This heat exposure modifies the protein molecules’ structure, making them cluster to establish a gel-like interconnected network that entraps water around them.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Upon homogenization, this gel disintegrates into a microgel consisting of minuscule particles invisible to the naked eye. When subjected to pressure, as during eating, these microgels release water, leading to a texture similar to that of single cream.</p>



<p>“What we have done is converted the dry plant protein into a hydrated one, using the plant protein to form a spider-like web that holds the water around the plant protein,” explained senior author Anwesha Sarkar, a professor of Colloids and Surfaces at Leeds.</p>



<p>“This gives the much-needed hydration and juicy feel in the mouth. Plant-based protein microgels can be created without having to use any added chemicals or agents using a technique that is widely available and currently used in the food industry. The key ingredient is water.”</p>



<h2 id="h-reigniting-consumer-interest-in-plant-proteins">Reigniting consumer interest in plant proteins&nbsp;</h2>



<p>According to the scientists, the inherent dryness of plant proteins has long been a “key bottle neck for consumer acceptability.” With this new approach, they are optimistic about reigniting consumer interest in plant proteins. This could inspire a decrease in dependence on animal-based proteins, which is an essential shift to attain global climate change goals.</p>



<p>Remarkably, over half of the annual 18 billion tons of CO2 equivalent emanating from food production originates from rearing and processing animal products. Fortunately, these protein microgels will likely offer “a unique platform to design the next generation of healthy, palatable, and sustainable foods,” as the authors put it.</p>



<h2 id="h-using-atomic-force-microscopy">Using atomic force microscopy&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Although during their investigation the scientists had mathematically predicted the behavior of the microgels and felt confident about their methodology, concrete evidence emerged through atomic force microscopy visualizations at the Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences at Leeds. This intricate technique utilizes a diminutive probe to scan molecular surfaces and produce an image.</p>



<p>“Seeing the images from the atomic force microscope was a such as exciting moment for us. The visualizations revealed that the protein microgels were pretty much spherical and not aggregating or clumping together. We could see individually spaced plant protein microgels,” Sarkar said. “Our theoretical studies had said this is what would happen but there is nothing quite like seeing it for real.”</p>



<p>“This study reveals the ingenuity and depth of science involved in modern food technology, from the chemistry of proteins, the way food is sensed in the mouth to an understanding of tribology - the friction between materials and sensory cells in the mouth. Tackling the big questions in food science requires interdisciplinary science,” added co-author Melvin Holmes, an expert in Food Science and Nutrition at Leeds.</p>



<h2 id="h-developing-healthier-food-options">Developing healthier food options</h2>



<p>The lubricity of these microgels suggests potential diverse applications in the food industry, such as using them as substitutes for fats extracted from products in order to develop healthier food options.</p>



<p>“This is quite a remarkable finding. It is striking that without adding a drop of fat, the microgels resemble the lubricity of a 20 percent fat emulsion, which we are the first to report,” said lead author Ben Kew, a PhD student in Food Science and Nutrition at Leeds.</p>



<p>“Our experimental data supported by theoretical analyses also mean we could begin to use these plant protein microgels in foods where fat has to be removed to reformulate into healthier next generation plant protein food options,” he concluded.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-40414-7"><em>Nature Communications</em></a><em>.</em></p>



<p>—</p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:andrei.ionescu5891@gmail.com"><em>Andrei Ionescu</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com</a>.</p>

Scientists modified plant proteins to create delicious meat alternatives

Although switching to plant-based diets is urgently needed to mitigate...

<p>According to the recent Consumption Habits survey conducted by <a href="https://www.gallup.com/home.aspx">Gallup</a>, an American analytics and advisory company, half of Americans have tried <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cannabis-plants-could-help-in-the-fight-against-climate-change/">cannabis</a> at some point in their lives, a behavior that has been steadily rising over the past quarter century.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Although this figure is nearly unchanged from the 49 and 48 percent ones from 2021 and 2022, it is statistically higher than the 45 percent in 2017 and 2019. Moreover, this year’s survey revealed that about one in six (17 percent) of the respondents claim to use cannabis regularly – a figure that has doubled since 2013.</p>



<h2 id="h-sharp-increase-in-the-70s">Sharp increase in the 70s</h2>



<p>Gallup’s previous investigations have shown that experimentation with cannabis increased sharply in the first decade after their initial survey in 1969. From 1969 to 1977, cannabis use has increased by 20 percent, from four to 24 percent.&nbsp;</p>



<p>By 1985, cannabis use rose by an additional nine points to 33 percent, and stalled at under 40 percent until 2015, when it increased to 44 percent.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 id="h-support-for-legalization">Support for legalization&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Cannabis activity remained at about 44 percent until 2019, and further increased to 49 percent by 2021. During the same time period, there was also a significant increase in the U.S. population’s support for legalizing cannabis, from 12 percent in 1969 to 68 percent today.</p>



<p>Across all gender, age, and education groups, nearly half of Americans have experimented with cannabis. However, there is a certain degree of differentiation by political party, with 57 percent of Democrats and 52 percent of independents claiming they have tried it, versus only 39 percent of Republicans.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 id="h-cannabis-use-by-age-group">Cannabis use by age group</h2>



<p>Regular use was highest among the younger demographics (18 to 34 years of age). At 29 percent, this group is over three times as likely as adults aged 55 and older (nine percent) to report current use. Among adults aged 35 to 54, regular use matches the national average (17 percent).&nbsp;</p>



<p>While similar percentages of men and women reported to use cannabis, adults without a college degree were twice as likely as college graduates to use it regularly. At the same time, Democrats (21 percent) were nearly twice as likely as Republicans (12 percent) to smoke cannabis on a regular basis, with independents’ use falling in between (17 percent).</p>



<h2 id="h-negative-effects-of-cannabis">Negative effects of cannabis&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The experts conducting the survey have also investigated Americans’ attitudes about the possible effects of cannabis on users.&nbsp;</p>



<p>While the majority showed low levels of concern for adult use – with 32 percent saying they are not too concerned and 23 percent not at all concerned – they were found much more likely to express concerns about the effect of cannabis on young adults and teens who are regular users.&nbsp;</p>



<p>About three in four respondents say they are very (40 percent) or somewhat concerned (35 percent). These attitudes may reflect the <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/index.htm">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a>’s warning that cannabis use may disproportionately affect young people, and trigger negative effects on their mental health and brain development.</p>



<h2 id="h-study-implications">Study implications&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Overall, the survey provides evidence that, as cannabis has become more available to Americans and legal in a growing number of states, use and experimentation have also increased.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Further research is needed to clarify this drug’s effects on the brain, cognition, and behavior of different demographics in order to provide more reliable guidelines for its safe use.</p>



<h2 id="h-more-about-cannabis-use">More about cannabis use</h2>



<p>Cannabis use refers to the consumption of the Cannabis sativa or Cannabis indica plants, typically for medicinal, recreational, or spiritual purposes. The primary psychoactive compound in cannabis is delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), though there are many other compounds, like cannabidiol (CBD), that can have different effects on the body. Here's a brief overview:</p>



<h3 id="h-recreational-use">Recreational Use</h3>



<p>Many people use cannabis for its euphoric and relaxing effects. It can enhance sensory perception, elevate mood, and induce feelings of relaxation.</p>



<h3 id="h-medicinal-use">Medicinal Use</h3>



<p>Cannabis has been used to treat a variety of medical conditions, including chronic pain, nausea associated with chemotherapy, certain types of seizures, and more. CBD, a non-psychoactive compound, is particularly noted for its potential therapeutic benefits without inducing a "high."</p>



<h3 id="h-spiritual-use">Spiritual Use</h3>



<p>Some cultures and religions use cannabis as a sacrament to facilitate meditation or communion with the divine.</p>



<h3 id="h-risks-and-concerns">Risks and Concerns</h3>



<p>While many people use cannabis without adverse effects, it's not without its risks. These can include impaired short-term memory, altered judgment, coordination problems, and potential for addiction. Long-term or heavy use can lead to changes in the brain that affect attention, memory, and learning.</p>



<p>—-</p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:andrei.ionescu5891@gmail.com"><em>Andrei Ionescu</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com</a>.</p>

Half of Americans have tried cannabis and nearly a fifth admit to using it regularly

According to the recent Consumption Habits survey conducted by Gallup,...

<p>In the icy cliffs of the Tibetan Plateau, a 390-million-year-old moss called Takakia dwells, shrouded in mystery and resilience. For a decade, a team of determined scientists embarked on a journey to some of the world's tallest peaks, battling the elements to uncover the secrets of this ancient moss.</p>



<p>Their findings, <a href="https://www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0092-8674(23)00736-5" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">published in Cell</a> on August 9, reveal a glimpse into the fast evolution of this species and its struggle against climate change.</p>



<h2>How to study Takakia</h2>



<p>Takakia is no ordinary moss. Growing slowly and residing only in small patches in the Tibetan Plateau, Japan, and the US, it requires an expedition to reach its 4,000-meter-high habitat in the Himalayas. The researchers undertook 18 expeditions, collecting samples and studying its environment.</p>



<p>“We set out to describe and analyze a living fossil,” states Ralf Reski, a plant biotechnologist at the <a href="https://uni-freiburg.de/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Freiburg</a> in Germany.</p>



<p>The journey to the moss's dwelling is not for the faint of heart. Co-expedition leader Ruoyang Hu from <a href="https://eng.cnu.edu.cn/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Capital Normal University</a> in China describes the landscape.</p>



<p>“In the Himalayas, you can experience four seasons within a day. At the foot of the mountain, it is sunny and clear. When you get to the halfway point, there is always a light rain—it feels like you’re walking in a cloud. And when you get to the top, it snows and it’s very cold.”</p>



<p>Accessibility is a challenge, with only half of the road reachable by vehicle. “We had to climb up the remaining way,” explains co-expedition leader Xuedong Li. The danger was real, as Li adds, “Three students got high-altitude sickness in our decade’s research. Thanks to our Tibetan guides, we transferred them to a lower altitude in time to get them medical care.”</p>



<h2>What is Takakia?</h2>



<p>Takakia's existence dates back 100 million years before the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/himalayan-glaciers-retreating-threat-is-much-worse-than-previously-believed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Himalayas</a> even formed. It adapted quickly to the changing environment, a survival trait that intrigued the scientists.</p>



<p>“The idea was to go as deep as possible into the history of the first land plants to see what they can tell us about evolution,” Reski reflects. “We found that Takakia is currently the genome with the highest number of fast-evolving genes. It's very active on the genetic level.”</p>



<p>The team discovered Takakia's ability to fix broken DNA and recover from UV damage. Yikun He, fellow plant biologist, explains the environmental forces behind this.</p>



<p>He said, “Takakia plants are covered with heavy snow for eight months each year, and then are subjected to high-intensity ultraviolet radiation during the 4-month light period.” These conditions led the plants to develop a network structure to resist snowstorms.</p>



<h2>Genetics, morphology and habitat</h2>



<p>One more mystery was solved by sequencing Takakia's genome. Reski explains, “People wondered, is it really a moss? Or is it something like an alga or a liverwort? But our work shows that it’s a moss.”</p>



<p>The morphology of Takakia has remained mostly unchanged despite extensive genetic alterations. Reski anticipates that these findings could inspire new fields of study regarding evolution with changing genomes and static morphology.</p>



<p>The scientists also turned their focus to Takakia's environment, observing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/melting-glaciers-pose-great-threat-to-biodiversity-in-mountain-ranges/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">glaciers melting</a>, climate warming, and increased UV radiation. In the lab, they found that the current UV levels could kill even other plants adapted to harsh conditions.</p>



<p>Tragically, despite Takakia's historic resilience, its populations are declining. The researchers noted a decrease of around 1.6% in Tibet annually. Hu's grim prediction is that the moss likely won't survive another century, and suitable regions for Takakia will shrink to a mere 1,000-1,500 square kilometers globally.</p>



<h2 id="h-plans-to-save-takakia-from-extinction">Plans to save Takakia from extinction</h2>



<p>To combat this, the team proposes public education and international efforts for continued research and protection, including cultivation in labs. “Plant scientists cannot sit idly by. We are attempting to multiply some plants in the laboratory and then transplant them to our experimental sites in Tibet,” says He, hopeful for the recovery or postponement of Takakia's extinction.</p>



<p>The findings resonate beyond the moss itself. “People have a responsibility to play a more active role in biodiversity conservation and restoration,” Hu urges, highlighting the vulnerability of rare and small species under climate change.</p>



<p>Reski adds a profound insight. He said, “We humans like to think that we are on top of evolution, but the dinosaurs came and went, and so might humans, if we are not careful with our planet. Takakia may die because of climate change, but the other mosses will survive, even if we humans cannot. You can learn a lot from the simplest plants about the history of this planet, and maybe the future.”</p>



<p>In the story of Takakia, we find a tale of survival, adaptation, and ultimately, a sobering warning. The research on this ancient moss transcends scientific curiosity, offering a perspective on our fragile connection to the environment and the urgent need to preserve biodiversity.</p>

Takakia has lived on Earth 400 million years, but it may not survive climate change

In the icy cliffs of the Tibetan Plateau, a 390-million-year-old...

<p>A breakthrough study has shed new light on how advanced technology can be used to help mitigate plant diseases. NASA's <a href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/">Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a> in Southern California, in collaboration with Cornell University, has demonstrated the possibility of identifying crop diseases before visible symptoms begin to manifest.</p>



<h2 id="h-focus-of-the-study">Focus of the study&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Globally, plant diseases destroy between 15 to 30% of harvests annually. Such diseases include withering molds, root-rotting bacteria, and viruses. Early detection of plant diseases can often mean the difference between losing an entire <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/drones-can-assess-the-severity-of-crop-diseases/">crop</a> and managing to salvage it.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The researchers used a state-of-the-art science instrument developed at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory called the Airborne Visible/InfraRed Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS-NG) to detect the early signs of a grape disease that costs billions of dollars in crop damage annually.</p>



<h2 id="h-early-detection-of-plant-diseases">Early detection of plant diseases </h2>



<p>In particular, the team focused on GLRaV-3 (grapevine leafroll-associated virus complex 3), a virus spread primarily by insects. GLRaV-3 results in reduced yields and inferior quality fruit, causing an estimated $3 billion in damages and losses to the U.S. wine and grape industry every year.</p>



<p>Historically, detecting GLRaV-3 has required labor-intensive vine-by-vine scouting and costly molecular testing. Yet, this study aimed to discern whether the AVIRIS-NG technology could assist in early detection and from a more comprehensive perspective, by using machine learning.</p>



<p>"Like humans, sick plants may not exhibit outward symptoms right away, making early detection the greatest challenge facing growers," said study senior author Dr. Katie Gold, assistant professor at Cornell University. This is particularly true for the grapevine leafroll virus, as it can take up to a year before a vine exhibits visible signs of infection.</p>



<h2 id="h-results-of-the-study">Results of the study</h2>



<p>The team tested the capability of the AVIRIS-NG instrument while it was installed on a research plane flying over roughly 11,000 acres of vineyards in Lodi, California, a prime grape-producing region. The data gathered was then fed into computer models designed to distinguish infection.</p>



<p>The researchers' findings were impressive; they managed to distinguish between infected and non-infected vines with an 87% accuracy rate, both before and after visible symptoms appeared.</p>



<p>“Without the hard work of the growers, industry collaborators, and the scouting teams, none of what we accomplished would have been possible," said Dr. Gold.</p>



<h2 id="h-implications-of-the-study">Implications of the study&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The researchers also showcased how the evolving capabilities in air and space technology can augment ground-based pathogen surveillance efforts. They referred to upcoming missions like NASA’s Surface Biology and Geology (SBG) that could provide data crucial for agriculture at the global scale, supporting data-driven and sustainable farming practices.</p>



<p>Fernando Romero Galvan, a doctoral candidate and lead author of the study, emphasized the importance of sustainable farming practices in the face of climate change and expressed his enthusiasm for the future of remote sensing and plant disease detection.</p>



<p>Study co-author Ryan Pavlick, a research technologist at JPL, highlighted the broader vision of this research. “The ultimate vision that we have is being able to do this across the planet for many crop diseases and for growers all over the world.”</p>



<h2 id="h-more-about-plant-diseases">More about plant diseases&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Plant diseases represent one of the significant challenges in agriculture and horticulture, leading to considerable economic losses and threatening food security. These diseases can be caused by a variety of pathogens, including fungi, bacteria, viruses, nematodes, and even parasitic plants. Here's an overview of some prevalent types of plant diseases.</p>



<h3 id="h-fungal-diseases">Fungal diseases</h3>



<p>Fungi are one of the most common causes of plant diseases. They reproduce through spores, which can spread quickly and over large distances, often carried by wind or water. Fungal diseases can affect all parts of a plant, from roots and stems to leaves and fruits. Examples include powdery mildew, rusts, and blights.</p>



<h3 id="h-bacterial-diseases">Bacterial diseases</h3>



<p>Bacteria can enter plants through natural openings or wounds and cause diseases such as bacterial leaf spot, crown gall, and bacterial wilt. The bacteria multiply within the plant's tissues, blocking the transport of water and nutrients, and leading to wilting and death of the plant.</p>



<h3 id="h-viral-diseases">Viral diseases</h3>



<p>Viruses are much smaller than bacteria or fungi and are often spread by insects, mites, or nematodes, which act as vectors transmitting the virus from plant to plant. Infected plants may show a variety of symptoms, including yellowing, stunted growth, malformed leaves, or loss of yield. Examples of viral diseases include mosaic diseases, leaf roll, and ringspot.</p>



<h3 id="h-nematode-diseases">Nematode diseases</h3>



<p>Nematodes are microscopic, worm-like organisms that feed on plant roots, causing damage and providing an entryway for other pathogens. Infected plants often show symptoms like wilting, stunting, and yellowing, particularly if the nematodes carry viruses or bacteria. An example is the root-knot nematode.</p>



<h3 id="h-parasitic-plant-diseases">Parasitic plant diseases</h3>



<p>Some plants can also act as parasites on other plants. They usually attach themselves to the host plant's roots or stems and absorb nutrients, often to the detriment of the host. The most famous example is probably mistletoe.</p>



<p>Managing plant diseases involves a combination of strategies, including cultural practices like crop rotation and sanitation, biological controls such as beneficial insects or organisms, chemical controls like fungicides and bactericides, and breeding plants for disease resistance.&nbsp;</p>



<p>With the advent of technology, as demonstrated in the study, new tools are being developed to detect and manage plant diseases more effectively, helping to safeguard our crops and food supply.</p>



<p>—-</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com</a>.</p>

NASA technology can detect plant diseases from above

A breakthrough study has shed new light on how advanced...

<p>Researchers have confirmed that peppermint oil aromatherapy has incredible potential for relieving <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-reveals-body-positions-that-indicate-your-dog-is-in-pain/">pain</a>. The study was focused on patients who were facing postoperative pain following open heart surgery.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Not only was the peppermint oil treatment effective in diminishing pain, but was also found to improve patients' sleep quality.&nbsp;</p>



<p>These preliminary findings, published in the <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/spcare-2023-004214"><em>BMJ Supportive &amp; Palliative Care</em></a> journal, offer a hopeful alternative to traditional pain management methods.</p>



<h2 id="h-studying-peppermint-oil-for-pain-relief">Studying peppermint oil for pain relief</h2>



<p>Open heart surgery is a significantly invasive procedure. It involves the division of the sternum and the necessity for mechanical breathing assistance.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The researchers note that both these aspects inherently carry a high risk of severe pain, anxiety, and sleep deprivation. Adequate pain management promotes swift recovery and may also minimize the likelihood of postoperative complications.</p>



<p>However, pain medication presents its own set of problems. Both the pain and the drugs utilized to alleviate it could extend the period of mechanical ventilation needed. This, in turn, escalates the risk of postoperative complications, mortality, hospital stay duration, and overall healthcare costs.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 id="h-pain-medication-alternatives">Pain medication alternatives</h2>



<p>As such, researchers are increasingly investigating alternatives or supplements to pharmaceutical solutions that could safely mitigate pain.</p>



<p>Aromatherapy is one such promising solution, although its effectiveness remains an area of contention. Previous studies have suggested the potential benefits of inhaled essential oils, with peppermint oil being a common choice in palliative care.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This led the researchers to examine whether peppermint oil could lessen the postoperative pain and enhance sleep quality in heart surgery patients.</p>



<h2 id="h-how-the-research-was-conducted">How the research was conducted&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The study involved sixty-four adults who were randomly divided into two groups. The first group was administered 0.1ml of 10% essential peppermint oil, while the second received 10 ml distilled water.&nbsp;</p>



<p>These treatments were administered half an hour before their breathing tube removal and then thrice daily through a nebulizer until the second night post-surgery - seven doses in total.</p>



<p>There were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of gender, age, weight, surgical procedure, anesthesia duration, intubation length, amount of pain relief administered, and time spent on mechanical breathing support.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The researchers used the Numeric Pain Rating Scale and the St Mary’s Hospital Sleep Questionnaire to assess the changes in pain severity and sleep quality, respectively. The final analysis included 59 patients: 30 from the aromatherapy group and 29 from the comparison group.</p>



<h2 id="h-what-the-researchers-learned">What the researchers learned&nbsp;</h2>



<p>After the two-day period, the average pain severity score in the aromatherapy group was 3.22, compared to 4.56 in the comparison group. This is a statistically significant difference, according to the researchers.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Furthermore, sleep quality scores revealed a marked improvement in the aromatherapy group when compared to the comparison group. It's noteworthy that those treated with peppermint oil aromatherapy needed less pharmaceutical pain relief than the other group.</p>



<p>The researchers attribute the pain-relieving properties of peppermint oil to its main components - carvone, limonene, and especially, menthol. Referring to previously published studies, they also mention the relaxing and sedative effects of peppermint essential oil.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Reducing postoperative stress and pain, which are typically high when patients awake in intensive care after heart surgery, should improve sleep quality.</p>



<h2 id="h-implications-of-the-study">Implications of the study&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Although this trial was small, and researchers couldn't fully exclude the possible environmental impacts of light and noise on sleep quality, their conclusions were promising.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"The results show that inhalation of peppermint essential oil can reduce the pain intensity of patients after open heart surgery and consequently reduce the use of pain relievers by patients," wrote the study authors.</p>



<p>“Also, the use of this herbal product can improve the sleep quality of patients in the first nights after surgery and bring them more comfort. Considering the effect of peppermint essential oil inhalation on pain and sleep quality… it can be concluded that this herbal product can be safely used as a complementary treatment in relieving pain and making patients comfortable after heart surgery.”</p>



<h2 id="h-more-about-peppermint-oil">More about peppermint oil</h2>



<p>Producers derive peppermint oil from the peppermint plant, which grows throughout Europe and North America. This plant is a cross between watermint and spearmint. Manufacturers obtain this potent oil through the steam distillation of the aerial parts of the plant, particularly the leaves.</p>



<p>The primary active ingredients in peppermint oil include menthol and menthone, which are responsible for many of its health benefits. Other significant components include limonene, pulegone, caryophyllene, and pinene.</p>



<h3 id="h-health-benefits">Health Benefits</h3>



<h4 id="h-digestive-health">Digestive health</h4>



<p>Researchers have found peppermint oil to be beneficial for gastrointestinal health. It can ease symptoms of Irritable Bowel Syndrome, including bloating, gas, and stomach pain. </p>



<p>Peppermint oil can relax the muscles of the gastrointestinal tract, which can be beneficial for people suffering from indigestion.</p>



<h4 id="h-peppermint-oil-and-pain-relief">Peppermint oil and pain relief</h4>



<p>Research indicates that topical application of peppermint oil can help relieve certain types of pain, including headaches and muscle aches. Its cooling sensation can also alleviate the pain of minor burns.</p>



<h4 id="h-respiratory-benefits">Respiratory benefits</h4>



<p>The menthol in peppermint oil can help clear the respiratory tract. That remedy makes it a choice ingredient in many over-the-counter cold and flu remedies. Manufacturers use it in balms and inhalants to alleviate symptoms such as congestion and coughing.</p>



<h4 id="h-mental-health">Mental health</h4>



<p>Research has shown that the aroma of peppermint oil enhances memory and increases alertness.</p>



<h3 id="h-usage-and-precautions-of-peppermint-oil">Usage and precautions of peppermint oil</h3>



<p>You can use peppermint oil in several ways. It can be inhaled for aromatherapy, applied to the skin after being diluted with a carrier oil, or used in a diffuser to spread the scent throughout a room. Some people also add a few drops to their bathwater for a refreshing soak.</p>



<p>Despite its benefits, individuals should use peppermint oil with caution. It is a potent oil, and when applied directly to the skin, it can cause allergic reactions or skin irritation in some people. It's always advisable to do a patch test before applying it widely. </p>



<p>Children, or women who are pregnant or nursing, should use it only with the approval of a healthcare provider, as general recommendation does not typically support its use.</p>



<p>Typically, individuals do not ingest peppermint oil, and they should do so only under the guidance of a healthcare professional. It can cause side effects such as heartburn, flushing, mouth sores, and headache.</p>



<p>—-</p>



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Peppermint oil is shown to reduce pain, improve sleep, and enhance memory

Researchers have confirmed that peppermint oil aromatherapy has incredible potential...

<p>Scientists have uncovered the potent anti-obesity properties of a tropical plant native to Hainan Island, China, named <a href="https://www.eurekalert.org/multimedia/994166">Mallotus furetianus</a> (MFE). This discovery represents a significant stride towards combating global obesity.</p>



<p>The research was carried out by an international team of scientists led by Professor Akiko Kojima from the Graduate School of Human Life and Ecology at <a href="https://www.omu.ac.jp/en/">Osaka Metropolitan University</a>.</p>



<h2 id="h-focus-of-the-study">Focus of the study&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Obesity is a leading risk factor for a spectrum of life-threatening conditions, including hypertension and diabetes.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The pervasiveness of this health crisis has amplified the necessity for creative and innovative approaches to fight against it. The discovery of MFE's anti-obesity properties could potentially introduce a natural solution to this complex problem.</p>



<p>The international research team had previously studied the effects of MFE extract on fatty liver prevention. However, the correlation between MFE and obesity, and the mechanisms behind it, had remained elusive until this recent breakthrough.</p>



<h2 id="h-what-the-researchers-discovered">What the researchers discovered&nbsp;</h2>



<p>To test the antiobesity efficacy of MFE, the researchers turned to obesity model mice. Their experiments revealed that the treatment with MFE extract resulted in a notable suppression in the increase of body weight and adipose tissue weight.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Additionally, there were observable morphological alterations in the liver and adipose tissue of the test subjects, indicating a significant biological impact.</p>



<p>A more in-depth investigation into the underlying mechanisms exposed the capability of MFE to inhibit fat synthesis.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The researchers found that MFE effectively suppresses the expression of several transcription factors that play a key role in adipocyte differentiation, thereby controlling the body's ability to produce fat.</p>



<h2 id="h-implications-of-the-study">Implications of the study&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Professor Kojima and her team are dedicated to the exploration of food ingredients that can effectively combat obesity.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Our research group is searching for food ingredients with anti-obesity effects, based on the idea that if we can find and incorporate them into our daily diets, we can contribute to people's health and longevity," said Professor Kojima.</p>



<p>The astounding results of the study not only solidify a connection between the extract of Mallotus furetianus and its anti-obesity effects, but also highlight its potential as a novel food ingredient with anti-obesity properties. This could pave the way for more natural and diet-based solutions to the world's obesity problem.</p>



<p>The results of the study are published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.3551"><em>Food Science &amp; Nutrition</em></a>.</p>



<h2 id="h-mallotus-furetianus">Mallotus furetianus</h2>



<p>Mallotus furetianus is a species of tropical plant that is native to Hainan Island, China. Detailed information about this specific species is limited in the scientific literature.&nbsp;</p>



<p>However, the genus Mallotus to which it belongs is well-known and includes several species used in traditional medicine across Asia for their potential therapeutic benefits.</p>



<h2 id="h-plants-and-weight-loss">Plants and weight loss</h2>



<p>There are several plants that may aid weight loss by boosting metabolism, reducing appetite, or decreasing fat absorption. However, these plants alone won't cause significant weight loss without a balanced diet and regular physical activity. Here are a few examples:</p>



<h3 id="h-green-tea">Green Tea</h3>



<p>Known for its antioxidant properties, it can help increase your metabolism and fat burning process.</p>



<h3 id="h-mint">Mint</h3>



<p>Mint is said to control appetite, and its scent can help suppress food cravings.</p>



<h3 id="h-fennel">Fennel</h3>



<p>Fennel seeds can help suppress your appetite by making you feel full. It's also known to have diuretic properties.</p>



<h3 id="h-ginger">Ginger</h3>



<p>This common household spice can boost metabolism and has a filling effect, which can help reduce calorie intake.</p>



<h3 id="h-fenugreek">Fenugreek</h3>



<p>It's a common household spice that can slow down stomach emptying and help control appetite.</p>



<h3 id="h-cinnamon">Cinnamon</h3>



<p>This spice can help keep you feeling satisfied and prevent hunger pangs.</p>



<h3 id="h-cayenne-pepper">Cayenne pepper</h3>



<p>Capsaicin, the compound that gives cayenne pepper its heat, may help boost your metabolism and slightly reduce hunger.</p>



<h3 id="h-turmeric">Turmeric</h3>



<p>Its active compound curcumin has been linked to weight loss and prevention of fat accumulation.</p>



<h2 id="h-more-about-obesity">More about obesity</h2>



<p>Obesity is a complex medical condition characterized by an excessive amount of body fat. It is generally measured using the body mass index (BMI), which is a calculation involving a person's weight and height. A BMI of 30 or more is usually considered obese, while a BMI of 25 to 29.9 is classified as overweight.</p>



<h3 id="h-health-risks">Health risks</h3>



<p>Obesity is a significant public health issue due to its high prevalence globally and its association with various health risks. It is linked to a variety of serious health conditions, including heart disease, diabetes, hypertension, certain types of cancer, and sleep apnea. Furthermore, obesity can also have negative effects on mental health, leading to issues such as depression, anxiety, and low self-esteem.</p>



<h3 id="h-causes">Causes</h3>



<p>The main cause of obesity is an energy imbalance between calories consumed and calories expended. In other words, consuming more calories than the body uses for physical activity and normal body functions leads to weight gain.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This can be due to a high intake of energy-dense foods that are high in fat and sugars, and a decrease in physical activity due to increasingly sedentary forms of work, changing modes of transportation, and increasing urbanization.</p>



<h3 id="h-treatment">Treatment&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Tackling obesity often involves lifestyle changes. This could involve dietary changes, like eating more fruits, vegetables, and lean proteins, and reducing intake of sugary drinks, junk food, and high-fat foods. Increasing physical activity is also crucial. For some people, medication or surgery may be necessary.</p>



<h3 id="h-prevention">Prevention&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Preventing obesity is of utmost importance as well. This requires public health initiatives that promote healthy food choices and physical activity, in addition to individual efforts.</p>



<p>Despite the numerous interventions available, obesity remains a challenging condition to treat and prevent, and novel treatments like the one suggested by the recent research on Mallotus furetianus are being actively investigated.</p>



<p>—-</p>



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Tackling fat with food? Tropical plant in China has anti-obesity properties

Scientists have uncovered the potent anti-obesity properties of a tropical...

<p>In a revelation that adds a new layer to our understanding of biodiversity, researchers at <a href="https://www.utexas.edu/">The University of Texas at Austin</a> have found that tropical trees might be implementing a form of botanical "social distancing" to maintain a rich diversity of species.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The study, published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.adg7021"><em>Science</em></a>, proposes an intriguing explanation for the remarkable coexistence of hundreds of tree species in a single square mile of tropical forests. This has been a long-standing ecological puzzle that has confounded scientists.</p>



<h2 id="h-studying-tropical-trees-and-forests">Studying tropical trees and forests</h2>



<p>Using computational modeling and data collected over three decades, the researchers conducted their study. The experts discovered a fascinating aspect of the spatial distribution of adult trees in a Panamanian <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/elephants-are-forest-gardeners-that-help-reduce-global-warming/">forest</a>. </p>



<p>Surprisingly, researchers found these trees to be three times further from other adults of the same species than expected. This goes against the common saying, "the apple doesn’t fall far from the tree," which suggests that offspring tend to settle close to their parent tree.</p>



<p>Annette Ostling is an associate professor at the University’s Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences and the Department of Integrative Biology. Working together with postdoctoral researcher Michael Kalyuzhny, they focused their study on a forest research plot equivalent in size to 100 football fields. </p>



<h2 id="h-what-the-study-revealed">What the study revealed</h2>



<p>The research site is located on Barro Colorado Island in the Panama Canal. It has been under scientific scrutiny for the past 100 years. The investigation revealed that the spatial distribution of the trees far exceeded the typical dispersal distance of seeds.</p>



<p>“This is a stepping stone to understanding the dynamics of things like carbon storage that matter in relation to climate change,” said Ostling. “It’s such a fundamental question that, even if the applications are not yet known, there’s still a lot to learn, and this is one ingredient in understanding.”</p>



<p>The strong tendency of juvenile trees to establish themselves away from their parent tree puzzled the researchers. They proposed that the only theoretical explanation for such behavior is the presence of factors that discourage them from settling near their parent tree.</p>



<h2 id="h-making-room-for-other-tree-species">Making room for other tree species</h2>



<p>The computational models suggested that each tree species likely experiences more adverse effects from its own kind than from other species. Researchers hypothesize that species-specific threats such as fungi or insects cause this phenomenon.</p>



<p>These antagonists, by hindering the growth of young trees near their parent tree, inadvertently "make room" for other species to establish. The resultant landscape is a forest rich in species diversity, with no single species dominating.</p>



<p>“Due to an abundance of available data on this particular forest, we knew the exact location of every tree and also how far seeds travel,” Kalyuzhny said. “We were able to ask: How should the forest look if trees just established where the seeds fell? With our computational models, it turned out that the real forest does not look like this at all – the real trees are much more far apart.”</p>



<h2 id="h-implications-of-the-study">Implications of the study&nbsp;</h2>



<p>This research is a significant step forward in understanding species diversity. It comes at the perfect time, when the world is experiencing a mass extinction. The team’s work bridges the gap between contrasting theories on forest formation and equips scientists with critical tools to learn how tropical forests and their inhabitants evolve over time.</p>



<p>“Trees are the engineers that provide resources for the entire ecosystem, and since most of the species in the world reside in the tropics, we must better understand what maintains the biodiversity of planet Earth,” said Kalyuzhny.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Many medications are sourced from the tropics, including thousands of substances with anti-cancer activity. The research digs into this fundamental question about the natural world.”</p>



<h2 id="h-more-about-tropical-trees">More about tropical trees&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Tropical trees are an essential part of the world's biodiversity. They are found in the tropics, a region of the Earth near the equator that experiences warm temperatures throughout the year. This region includes parts of South and Central America, Africa, Asia, and Australia.</p>



<h3 id="h-carbon-cycle">Carbon cycle</h3>



<p>Tropical trees are known for their diverse species and are critical to the global carbon cycle. They play a crucial role in absorbing carbon dioxide and releasing oxygen. This makes them vital to human survival and combating climate change.</p>



<h3 id="h-size">Size</h3>



<p>Some tropical trees, like the kapok and the ceiba, can reach astonishing heights, often growing over 200 feet tall. Their thick, large canopies provide habitats for a myriad of other plant and animal species.</p>



<h3 id="h-leaves">Leaves</h3>



<p>Tropical trees often have broad leaves to maximize photosynthesis, given the abundant sunlight in these regions. Many species also have buttress roots. These are large, wide roots at the base of the tree that provide support to the tall and heavy trees, helping them extract nutrients from the often nutrient-poor tropical soil.</p>



<h3 id="h-fruits">Fruits&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Tropical trees also produce a variety of fruits that are essential to the local ecology and economy. These include bananas, cocoa, coffee, mangoes, and many others.</p>



<p>Unfortunately, tropical trees are under threat due to deforestation, often driven by agriculture, logging, and mining. This deforestation not only endangers the trees themselves but also the countless species that depend on them for survival.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Protecting tropical trees and the rainforests they inhabit is a crucial task for maintaining global biodiversity and climate balance.</p>



<p>—-</p>



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Tropical trees use social distancing to promote forest diversity

In a revelation that adds a new layer to our...

<p>In a new study published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-40311-z"><em>Nature Communications</em></a>, scientists have unearthed the earliest evidence of avian leaf-eating behavior, dating back approximately 120 million years.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This discovery, focusing on the extinct <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/two-new-species-of-poisonous-birds-discovered/">bird</a> Jeholornis, fundamentally shifts our understanding of the early evolution of bird diets and their relationship with the plant kingdom.</p>



<h2 id="h-focus-of-the-study">Focus of the study</h2>



<p>Unearthed from the northeastern region of China, the immaculately preserved Jeholornis fossil has been subjected to a revolutionary type of microscopic analysis.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The research was conducted by experts from the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology (IVPP) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and their collaborators.</p>



<p>The bird is roughly the size of a modern-day pheasant. It possesses characteristics which link it closely with predatory, feathered dinosaurs, such as teeth and a long bony tail. However, an unexpected twist came to light when researchers examined the fossilized stomach contents of this juvenile, arboreal species.</p>



<h2 id="h-what-the-researchers-learned">What the researchers learned&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The results showed that Jeholornis was not a predator as one might assume from its dinosaur relatives. The bird had consumed tree leaves from a group of flowering plants known as magnoliids, which today include magnolia, cinnamon, and avocado trees.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"The fossils from the Jehol Biota in China show us that very early in bird evolution they switched from predatory behaviors to using their wings to fly into trees so they could eat the fruits, seeds, and leaves of plants like so many species do today," explained study co-author Dr. LI Zhiheng.</p>



<p>Today, the symbiotic relationship between birds and flowering plants, or angiosperms, is well documented, with birds pollinating flowers, consuming their fruits, and dispersing their seeds. But the fossil record had previously provided little insight into the evolutionary origins of these intricate ecological relationships.</p>



<p>Researchers also found gizzard stones (gastroliths) in the stomach areas of the fossil skeletons, implying that some early birds had plant-inclusive diets. Other Jeholornis fossils had fossilized fruit and seeds in their digestive systems, providing further evidence of plant consumption.</p>



<h2 id="h-how-the-research-was-conducted">How the research was conducted&nbsp;</h2>



<p>To delve deeper into these early bird diets, the international team of scientists set out to identify microscopic fossilized plant remnants within the ancient stomach contents of the bird skeleton. This cutting-edge approach led them to search for phytoliths – tiny, resilient structures comprised of opaline silica (silicon dioxide) produced by plants.</p>



<p>The team meticulously processed the samples to uncover the microscopic remains of long-decayed plants.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"After comparison with over 4,000 kinds of modern phytoliths, we can see that most of the identifiable fossil phytoliths from the stomach come from the leaves of magnoliids," explained study first author Dr. WU Yan. This evidence further solidified the notion that Jeholornis was a leaf eater.</p>



<p>The team supported their conclusions with detailed statistical analysis of Jeholornis's lower jaw, revealing similarities with extant birds known for plant-based diets, including the hoatzin, a leaf specialist native to South America's tropical forests. These insights were provided by study co-author Dr. HU Han from Oxford University.</p>



<h2 id="h-implications-of-the-study">Implications of the study&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The study also highlights the pivotal role of flowering plants in living bird diversity. Today, many bird species rely on nectar and various plant parts to fuel their energetic flight and rapid growth, while their vibrant feather colors are often derived from their plant-based diets.</p>



<p>The implications of these findings are profound, as Dr. Thomas Stidham from the IVPP and a co-author of the study, said: "As we can see with this extinct, vegetarian, tree-living bird, the evolution of birds has been linked to flowering plants for over 100 million years with fruits, seeds, and even leaves serving as main courses on the bird menu starting originally when birds still had teeth and long, bony dinosaurian tails."</p>



<p>This research not only uncovers a prehistoric bird's diet but also sheds light on the long and intertwined history of bird and plant evolution, illuminating how these two branches of life have shaped each other for over a hundred million years.</p>



<p><em>Image Credit: IVPP</em></p>



<p>—--</p>



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Prehistoric birds switched from dinosaur diets to eating leaves

In a new study published in the journal Nature Communications,...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that scientists never expected.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hidden-waters-beneath-ancient-craters">Hidden waters beneath ancient craters</h2>



<p>Scientists have made a startling discovery that challenges everything we thought we knew about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/saturn-moon-mimas-has-remarkably-young-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Saturn's moon Mimas</a>. Beneath the heavily cratered surface that earned it the nickname "Death Star" lies a global ocean that formed just 5 to 15 million years ago—a remarkably young age by cosmic standards.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cassini-data-reveals-orbital-secrets">Cassini data reveals orbital secrets</h2>



<p>The discovery, led by Dr. Valéry Lainey of the <a href="https://observatoiredeparis.psl.eu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Observatoire de Paris</a>, emerged from careful analysis of <a href="https://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>'s Cassini spacecraft data. By studying subtle irregularities in Mimas's orbit around Saturn, researchers detected the gravitational signature of liquid water hidden 20 to 30 kilometers beneath the moon's icy shell.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-an-unlikely-ocean-world">An unlikely ocean world</h2>



<p>At only 400 kilometers in diameter, Mimas seemed like the least likely candidate to harbor a subsurface ocean. Unlike other ocean moons such as Europa and Enceladus, which show clear surface signs of internal activity, Mimas displays no obvious hints of the liquid water beneath its ancient, crater-scarred exterior.</p>



<p>"Mimas is a small moon, and its heavily cratered surface gave no hint of the hidden ocean beneath," explained Dr. Nick Cooper from <a href="https://www.qmul.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Queen Mary University of London</a>, a study co-author.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-astrobiology">Implications for astrobiology</h2>



<p>The ocean's recent formation makes Mimas a prime target for studying how oceans develop and potentially support life. This discovery adds another member to the exclusive club of ocean worlds in our solar system, each offering unique insights into the conditions necessary for habitability.</p>



<p>The research, published in <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a></em> journal, demonstrates how advanced orbital analysis can reveal hidden features of celestial bodies, opening new possibilities for understanding ocean formation throughout the cosmos.</p>



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<p>—–</p>

Scientists discover unexpected young ocean on Saturn's cratered moon Mimas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ 'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE
</div></figure>



<p>On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop and sunlight barely penetrates through the polar winter. It was here, however, that an international team of scientists found <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/predatory-worms-were-terror-beasts-half-a-billion-years-ago/#google_vignette" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evidence of sea monsters</a> that would change our understanding of ocean life in the past.</p>



<p>This video captures the discovery of Timorebestia fossils that had been hidden for more than 500 million years in the Sirius Passet formation. The "terror beasts," as they are called, are a hidden chapter in the evolutionary history of <a href="https://www.earth.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth</a>, showing that sophisticated predator-prey interactions occurred much earlier than previously envisioned.</p>



<p>Dr. Jakob Vinther and his research team at the <a href="https://www.bristol.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bristol</a>, in collaboration with researchers at the <a href="https://eng.kopri.re.kr/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Korean Polar Research Institute</a>, braved extreme weather conditions at 82.5 north latitude to locate these giant creatures. Using sophisticated electron microprobe analysis, they revealed the detailed anatomy of the animals, including their muscle and nerve tissues.</p>



<p>The find upsets the traditional timeline of sea predators.  Although we've long appreciated that Cambrian oceans were at one time ruled by <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jWI3-UgA3_o&amp;list=PL1QLQMW9MWDwpkFOnvgAmu7wT6rZmYqdJ&amp;index=19" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">arthropods</a>, these discoveries indicate that relatives of arrow worms were first to dominate the seas.  These worms were building sophisticated food webs several million years before other predator groups arose.</p>



<p>Each fossil is a story of ancient hunger, with fossil stomach contents revealing these meter-long beasts dined on heavily armored arthropods regularly, cementing their place as the ocean's first apex predators.</p>



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Worms dominated seas before dinosaurs

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">New York is the site of the world's oldest forest.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-385-million-year-old-trees-discovered">385-million-year-old trees discovered</h2>



<p>Scientists have uncovered something extraordinary just two hours north of New York City. The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/worlds-oldest-forest-discovered-close-to-new-york-city/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">world's oldest forest</a>, dating back 385 million years, offers a window into how Earth's first complex forests shaped our planet's atmosphere.</p>



<p>Located near <a href="https://townofcairo.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cairo, New York</a>, in Greene County, these weren't merely primitive plants struggling to survive. These were sophisticated trees with root systems remarkably similar to modern forests. This ancient woodland predates dinosaurs by 140 million years.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-cairo-forest-discovery">The Cairo forest discovery</h2>



<p>385 million years ago, upstate New York was a tropical paradise near the equator. Thanks to continental drift, this ancient forest has traveled thousands of miles to its current location.</p>



<p>The fossil forest sits in an abandoned quarry, roughly half the size of a football field. This represents just a slice of what was likely a massive forest system stretching from New York into Pennsylvania.</p>



<p>Charles Ver Straeten, curator of sedimentary rocks at the <a href="https://www.nysm.nysed.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">New York State Museum</a>, made the discovery in 2009. While scouting the former highway department property, his trained eye spotted wandering patterns in the stone that looked like marine features.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-age-and-preservation">Revolutionary age and preservation</h2>



<p>The site contains 385-million-year-old rocks with fossilized woody roots forming horizontal patterns up to 18 feet (5.5 meters) wide. As Christopher Berry, a paleobotanist at Cardiff University, explains: "You are walking through the roots of ancient trees."</p>



<p>This discovery pushes back advanced tree evolution by millions of years. The research, published in <em><a href="https://www.cell.com/current-biology/home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current Biology</a></em> in December 2019, fundamentally changes our understanding of when complex forests first emerged.</p>



<p>Researchers believe a massive flood buried the forest floor, creating perfect fossilization conditions. Over millions of years, sediment hardened into rock, preserving these root patterns like nature's time capsule.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meet-archaeopteris-the-first-modern-tree">Meet <em>Archaeopteris</em>: the first modern tree</h2>



<p>The star of this ancient forest is <em>Archaeopteris</em> – not to be confused with the feathered dinosaur <em>Archaeopteryx</em>. This tree was far older and more revolutionary.</p>



<p>William Stein from <a href="https://www.binghamton.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Binghamton University</a> describes the roots as "strikingly modern, essentially what you'd see outside in my yard right now." These weren't simple root systems you'd expect from ancient plants.</p>



<p>Some fossilized roots are six inches (15 centimeters) in diameter, forming 36-foot-wide (11-meter) patterns. These giants grew up to 65 feet (20 meters) tall with five-foot-diameter (1.5-meter) trunks.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-changing-impact">Climate-changing impact</h2>



<p>These trees fundamentally changed Earth's environment. Kevin Boyce, a Stanford University geoscientist, explains how their deep roots triggered "weathering," chemical reactions that pulled carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.</p>



<p>This process dropped atmospheric CO2 levels from 10-15 times higher than today to roughly modern concentrations. These ancient trees helped create atmospheric conditions that made complex life possible.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ancient-forest-ecosystem">Ancient forest ecosystem</h2>



<p>The forest was remarkably diverse. Scientists identified <em>Eospermatopteris</em>, palm tree-like plants with short roots that reached 30 feet (9 meters) tall but lacked woody structure. The forest also housed cladoxylopsids and a mysterious third species still being studied.</p>



<p>All reproduced through spores rather than seeds – millions of years before seeds evolved. This tropical environment had no grass, flowers, or flying insects, just towering trees creating Earth's first complex forest canopy.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-significance">Scientific significance</h2>



<p>Before this finding, the Gilboa forest, located 25 miles (40 kilometers) away, held the "oldest forest" title. Cairo's trees are 2-3 million years older, showing that complex forest ecosystems developed much faster than scientists believed possible.</p>



<p>Patricia Gensel, a <a href="https://www.unc.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of North Carolina</a> paleobotanist, notes: "The size of those root systems is really changing the picture. Even 20 years ago, researchers assumed trees with such complex root systems didn't evolve so early."</p>



<p>The Cairo site presents three unique root systems, suggesting Devonian period forests were diverse ecosystems with different trees occupying different environmental niches, much like today's forests.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-preservation-efforts">Modern preservation efforts</h2>



<p>In 2022, New York State Senator Michelle Hinchey secured a $170,000 grant for the town of Cairo to construct specialized fencing around the fossil forest site. The town plans to conduct a feasibility study exploring the possibility of creating an educational center and working lab on-site.</p>



<p>Joe Hasenkopf, chair of the Cairo Planning Board, hopes to partner with educational institutions to create a research facility serving scientists, students, and the public.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lessons-for-today-s-climate">Lessons for today's climate</h2>



<p>Why does a 385-million-year-old forest matter today? It shows how dramatically forests can change Earth's climate. These ancient woodlands created the atmospheric conditions supporting complex life.</p>



<p>Understanding how prehistoric forests transformed the planet helps us appreciate modern forests' critical role in addressing climate change. Forests remain Earth's most effective carbon capture systems.</p>



<p>These prehistoric trees changed Earth's atmosphere by pulling massive amounts of carbon dioxide from the air. As we face modern climate challenges, this ancient forest reminds us of trees' incredible power to transform our planet's environment.</p>



<p>The next time you walk through a forest, remember you're experiencing an ecosystem whose blueprint was established 385 million years ago in upstate New York. These ancient pioneers didn't just survive – they thrived and changed the world forever.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em>Current Biology</em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Earth's oldest forest found in the United States

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ New York is the site of the world's oldest...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Acid rain and a crisis solved.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-don-t-we-ever-hear-about-acid-rain-anymore-the-environmental-crisis-that-was-solved">Why don't we ever hear about "acid rain" anymore? The environmental crisis that was solved</h2>



<p>Remember the 1980s when acid rain dominated headlines? Dire warnings about rain eating buildings, killing fish, and destroying forests filled every news cycle. Then, almost like magic, acid rain vanished from public discourse. What happened? Did we actually solve one of the late 20th century's most pressing environmental challenges?</p>



<p>The answer might surprise you. Unlike many environmental issues that drag on indefinitely, acid rain represents one of modern history's most successful ecological recovery stories. It's a tale of science, politics, and technology working together to tackle what seemed impossible.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>What was acid rain?</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain isn't regular rain having a bad day – it's precipitation that became significantly more acidic due to air pollution. When power plants, factories, and vehicles burn fossil fuels, they release sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) into the atmosphere.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The science behind it</strong></h2>



<p>Think of acid rain as nature's chemistry experiment gone wrong. These compounds react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form sulfuric and nitric acids. When mixed with water vapor in clouds, they create precipitation with dangerously low pH levels.</p>



<p>While clean rain has a pH of about 5.6, acid rain could drop as low as 4.2 to 4.4 – roughly as acidic as tomato juice or coffee. According to US Geological Survey documentation, Scottish chemist Angus Smith first coined "acid rain" in 1872, but it didn't become a household phrase until the 1960s and 1970s when Swedish scientist Svante Odén documented its devastating effects on Scandinavian lakes and European forests.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The crisis at its peak</strong></h2>



<p>During the height of public concern, environmental damage was both widespread and visible. This wasn't some abstract future threat – people could see destruction happening in real-time.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Environmental devastation</strong></h2>



<p>The most dramatic impacts were impossible to ignore. Research documented by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation shows that in the Adirondack Mountains, more than 200 lakes became so acidic they couldn't support fish life. The Adirondack Council reports that 409 lakes once supported brook trout, but many lost their fish populations due to acid rain.</p>



<p>By 1976, when scientists cataloged all acidified lakes in the Adirondack Park, researchers found that half of the lakes over 2,000 feet above sea level had no fish, according to studies published in environmental journals. The acidification process worked like a slow-motion disaster. As acid rain fell into watersheds, it gradually lowered pH levels. Fish couldn't survive in acidic water, and their food sources died off too.</p>



<p>Trees at high elevations showed stress directly linked to acid rain. It weakened them by leaching nutrients and making them susceptible to disease. Historical records show Germany's Black Forest saw nearly half its trees damaged by the mid-1980s.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Economic impact</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain wasn't just environmental – it was expensive. Acidic precipitation corroded infrastructure, buildings, and monuments. Historic stone structures deteriorated at accelerated rates. Tourism suffered as lakes became fishless and forests declined. EPA economic analyses from the period documented repair costs mounting into billions annually.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The solution: government action and technology</strong></h2>



<p>Transformation from crisis to success required unprecedented cooperation between governments, industries, and environmental groups.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The Clean Air Act of 1990</strong></h2>



<p>The turning point came with the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, signed by President George H.W. Bush. This represented a fundamentally new approach to environmental regulation, as documented in EPA historical records.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Cap-and-trade success</strong></h2>



<p>Instead of mandating specific technologies, the 1990 amendments introduced something revolutionary: a cap-and-trade system for sulfur dioxide emissions. EPA program documentation shows this market-based approach set overall limits but allowed companies to trade emission allowances.</p>



<p>The genius was harnessing market forces to find cost-effective pollution reduction. Companies reducing emissions cheaply could sell excess allowances to those facing higher costs. Research published in environmental economics journals and EPA progress reports shows this resulted in dramatic SO2 reduction at a fraction of projected costs.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Technology advances</strong></h2>



<p>Policy provided the framework, but technology made reductions possible. Studies in atmospheric science journals document the widespread adoption of flue gas desulfurization systems ("scrubbers") that removed sulfur dioxide before it reached the atmosphere. By the 2000s, new installations could remove over 95% of SO2 emissions, according to EPA technical reports.</p>



<p>The push coincided with cleaner energy development. Natural gas produces fewer sulfur compounds than coal. Wind and solar, emerging in the 1990s, captured growing market share, reducing reliance on high-sulfur coal.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-we-don-t-hear-about-it-today"><strong>Why we don't hear about it today</strong></h2>



<p>Why did acid rain disappear from headlines? Simple: the problem was largely solved.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Success doesn't make news</strong></h2>



<p>There's an old journalism saying: "If it bleeds, it leads." Environmental success stories don't generate urgency like crisis reporting. Media attention shifted to other challenges: climate change, plastic pollution, and biodiversity loss. There's only so much environmental anxiety the public can absorb, and newer concerns replaced acid rain.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Mission accomplished</strong></h2>



<p>The primary reason is beautifully simple: interventions worked. EPA monitoring data shows sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990. Academic research published in environmental science journals confirms pH levels in formerly affected areas returned closer to normal. This represents one of history's most dramatic environmental recoveries. Studies by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation show fishless lakes now support healthy populations. Forests recovered, and building damage slowed dramatically.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-is-it-really-gone"><strong>Is it really gone?</strong></h2>



<p>The crisis is largely resolved, but monitoring data shows the problem isn't completely eliminated – it's managed to acceptable levels. Some areas still experience occasional events during high pollution periods. International environmental research indicates that rapidly industrializing Asian countries face similar problems to what we experienced decades ago, though they're implementing successful strategies.</p>



<p>EPA research shows nitrogen oxide emissions proved more challenging than sulfur dioxide, coming from vehicles and mobile sources. Climate science studies suggest changing weather patterns add complexity to how acid rain forms and falls.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>What this teaches us</strong></h2>



<p>The acid rain experience proves that seemingly intractable environmental problems can be solved with scientific understanding, political will, and technological innovation. Environmental monitoring data shows recovery speed was remarkable – within a decade, measurable improvements appeared in air quality and ecosystem health.</p>



<p>Success came from bipartisan support across party lines. Policy analysis studies show the market-based approach appealed to those preferring economic incentives while achieving environmental goals. This support created lasting policy surviving political changes.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Conclusion</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain's disappearance from public consciousness represents environmental science's greatest success stories. Through effective regulation, technological innovation, and international cooperation, we transformed an overwhelming crisis into a manageable challenge.</p>



<p>Today's silence isn't because we forgot – it's because we solved it. The 1990 Clean Air Act, combined with technology and energy market changes, reduced acid rain emissions over 90%, according to comprehensive EPA data analysis.</p>



<p>This success offers hope for current challenges. It proves complex problems can be solved when science, policy, and technology work together. As we face climate change and plastic pollution, acid rain reminds us that dramatic positive change is possible.</p>



<p>Next time someone asks whether environmental regulations work, remember acid rain. It's proof that sometimes, we get it right.</p>



<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>



<p><strong>Sources:</strong> <em>This article draws from EPA official documentation and progress reports, peer-reviewed research published in environmental and atmospheric science journals, historical data from the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation records, US Geological Survey publications, policy analysis studies, and environmental monitoring data collected over three decades.</em></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Frequently Asked Questions</strong></h2>



<p><strong>1. Is acid rain completely gone?</strong> No, but EPA monitoring shows it's reduced to manageable levels. US sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990, making acid rain much less severe than the 1980s crisis.</p>



<p><strong>2. How long did solving take?</strong> Environmental monitoring data shows significant improvements began within 5-10 years of 1990s emission controls. Full ecosystem recovery took longer – some areas need 20-30 years for complete recovery.</p>



<p><strong>3. What made the solution successful?</strong> Clear scientific understanding, visible damage motivating action, bipartisan support, available technology, and innovative market-based policies like cap-and-trade.</p>



<p><strong>4. Do other countries have acid rain problems?</strong> Yes, particularly rapidly industrializing Asian countries. However, international environmental research shows many implement similar successful control strategies.</p>



<p><strong>5. Could acid rain return?</strong> Potentially, if regulations weaken or we return to high-sulfur coal without controls, though effects would take years to become severe according to environmental projections.</p>



<p><strong>6. Can you recommend any teaching tools on the subject of "acid rain"?</strong> The United States Environmental Protection Agency produced a wonderful teacher's guide for ages 14 and under that you can find on the EPA website here: <a href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf</a></p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

The environmental problem we actually solved

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk Acid rain and a crisis solved. Why don't we...

Fresh,Radish,Harvest,On,Soil,In,Garden.

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/Fi2OeEwuzRM?si=vTyd2m9FMmtyWkex
</div></figure>



<p></p>



<p>Mid-July is an opportune time to kick-start a thriving fall garden, and this guide lays out the best vegetables and herbs to plant now for a fruitful autumn harvest. </p>



<p>Fast-growing leafy greens such as spinach, lettuce, kale, and arugula perform especially well in the waning summer heat, with harvests beginning as soon as 30 days. </p>



<p>These cool-season crops relish the transition into fall, offering repeated yields with cut-and-come-again methods.</p>



<p>Root vegetables like radishes, carrots, and beets also excel during this period. Radishes deliver satisfaction in under a month, while carrots and beets mature in about two months. Employing succession planting ensures a continuous stream of produce deep into the cooler months. </p>



<p>For a boost of fresh flavor, herbs like cilantro, basil, dill, and chervil are excellent picks. These heat-loving varieties flourish in July’s warmth and are harvest-ready in about 30 days, especially when sown continuously.</p>



<p>Gardeners in zones 6 through 9 can benefit from planting bush beans and snap peas, which don’t require trellising and are ideal for compact plots. </p>



<p>Maturing in 50–60 days, they’re a smart choice for quick, protein-rich harvests. For those in hotter regions, heat-tolerant crops such as okra and southern peas provide reliable yields and thrive in scorching conditions.</p>



<p>This guide emphasizes more than crop selection—it highlights the importance of timing, soil preparation, and ongoing sowing techniques. </p>



<p>With thoughtful planning and attention to regional climate needs, even late-summer gardeners can enjoy fresh salads, hearty stews, and the satisfaction of a robust, homegrown harvest well into fall.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>



<p>-----</p>

What to plant in your garden in mid-July

https://youtu.be/Fi2OeEwuzRM?si=vTyd2m9FMmtyWkex Mid-July is an opportune time to kick-start a thriving...

Green,Ecoduct,Over,An,Empty,Highway,During,Sunset.

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU
</div></figure>



<p>A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that wildlife tunnels significantly reduce amphibian road mortality during seasonal migrations. </p>



<p>Frogs and salamanders often cross roads to reach breeding ponds each spring, but many are killed by vehicles. </p>



<p>Researchers from the <a href="https://www.uvm.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Vermont</a>, in collaboration with local citizens and the Vermont Agency of Natural Resources, installed two underpass tunnels in 2015. </p>



<p>Over a 12-year monitoring period, they observed an 80.2% reduction in amphibian deaths, and up to 94% for non-climbing species like salamanders. </p>



<p>The study used a before-after-control-impact design and documented more than 5,200 amphibians, highlighting the tunnels’ effectiveness even in nearby buffer zones.</p>



<p>Funded at $342,397 - far cheaper than wildlife crossings for large mammals - the project showcased the power of community-led conservation.</p>



<p>Local groups initiated the effort after observing mass amphibian deaths. Wildlife cameras later captured over 2,200 amphibians using a tunnel in just one spring, along with other species like raccoons and bobcats, indicating wider ecosystem benefits.</p>



<p>This marks the first peer-reviewed, long-term data set in the northeastern U.S. confirming amphibian-specific underpasses work. </p>



<p>The study urges transportation departments to incorporate these designs into road planning and highlights how community action, thoughtful infrastructure, and persistence can make a real difference for biodiversity.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the <em><a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1617138125000780" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal for Nature Conservation</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Wildlife tunnels save millions of amphibians

https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that...

<p>Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. </p>



<p>The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-embed aligncenter is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/Ug657J67iEo?si=w96YjGMsg939LD_3
</div></figure>



<p>Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. </p>



<p>Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.</p>



<p>Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. </p>



<p>They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).</p>



<p>Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.</p>



<p>Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.</p>



<p>This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.</p>

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.</p>



<p>"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.</p>



<p>"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: ESA</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.</p>



<p>"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.</p>



<p>To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.</p>



<p>"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."</p>



<p>"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."</p>



<p><em>Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

[sendtonews key="3upvlAaHgO-2256633-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?</p>



<p>One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;</p>



<p>While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: ACS Reactions</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

How does salt makes things taste better?

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;</p>



<p>'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."</p>



<p>"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: ESA</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Santiago, Chile in South America

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Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

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<p>Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.</p>



<p>The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."</p>



<p>"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."</p>



<p>"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."</p>



<p>The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

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<p>Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.</p>



<p>According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."</p>



<p>Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;</p>



<p>ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. </p>



<p>Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> </em>Staff Writer </p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.</p>



<p>"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.</p>



<p>"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."</p>



<p>Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

[sendtonews key="qjvhBOBnY8-2426650-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.</p>



<p>"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.</p>



<p>"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."</p>



<p>Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: ESA</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

[sendtonews key="oL4FnPTGCV-2384527-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;</p>



<p>According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.</p>



<p>In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.</p>



<p>The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.</p>



<p>The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.</p>



<p>The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. </p>



<p>Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.</p>



<p>The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.</p>



<p>At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.</p>



<p>"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."</p>



<p>The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.</p>



<p><em>Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

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Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."</p>



<p>The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.</p>



<p>"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: NASA Goddard</em></p>



<p><em>Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

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